Microhyro Power In Nepal
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Small Microhydro power plant in Nepal
One of the least developing countries
Per capita energy consumption: 15 GJ (the lowest per capita energy consumption)
Nepal's per capita GDP (PPP) stands at US $ 1,370 (i.e. Purchasing power parity)
Energy is one of the foundations of modern civilizations and economies. Electricity is prerequisite for increasing economic productivity.
Renewable Energy, an alternative energy resource and a gradual transformation from non‐ renewable to renewable energy. It can play a role of a catalyst in Rural Development of Nepal.
Hydropower is the indigenous and renewable energy resource for Nepal.
Economic Hydropower potential of Nepal is estimated as 42,000 MW. MHP is estimated over than 50 MW.
Classification of Hydro power plant
Micro Hydro Power
Up to 100 kW
Mini Hydro Power
Above100 kW to 1 MW
Small Hydro Power
Above 1 MW to 10 MW
Medium Hydro Power
Above 10 MW to 300 MW
Large Hydro Power
Above 300 MW
Power development in Nepal S.N.
Name of HPP
Capacity in MW
1
Major Hydropower Existing
460
2
Existing Small Hydropower (Grid connected)
12.79
3
Existing Small Hydropower (Isolated)
6.18
4
Under Construction SHP
0.90
5
Existing Private Sector Plants
148.68
6
Under Construction Private Sector Plants
5.20
7
Micro Hydro Power (Isolated)
8.60
Hydropower Sector Development Present Installed Capacity Nepal Electricity Authority (including private and others) 673.557 MW Per Capita Electrical energy 75 kWh
Classification of Micro Hydropower
Very Small
Up to 8 kW
Small Hydropower
8 – 20 kW
Medium Hydro Power
20 – 50 kW
Large Hydro Power
50 – 100 kW
Micro‐hydro Introduction
The major energy resources in rural areas : fuelwood, agricultural residues, dung, muscle power and traditional water mills.
The 85% of its 23 million population still lives at rural areas.
Commercial Energy 12.10%
Traditional Energy 87.42%
Renewable Energy 0.47%
Though one of the richest countries in the world in hydropower resources, the country is highly dependent upon biomass resources.
73.7% of the commercial energy consumption of the country still depends upon imported petroleum fuel.
The import of fossil fuels is not only a burden to the country's foreign currency reserve but is also highly responsible for air pollution and the respiratory related health diseases.
These point to the fact that the country is facing quite a burden while using fossil fuel use and it can be even more deteriorative in the long run for the developing country which does not have its own fossil fuel resource.
inevitable fact ‐ hydropower is the country's indigenous and renewable energy resource and it should be harnessed and used to meet the basic energy needs of the people
But the country's economy does not provide enough economic bases for a large‐scale investment exploiting large hydro‐potentials and for laying transmission and distribution network in rural areas.
For an example, Seti hydropower 760 MW to be developed in near future is totally dependent upon foreign assistance and the neighboring country India for its energy consumption.
In this context, renewable energy seems to be the viable option for electrifying the rural area.
Micro hydro potential
Theoretical hydroelectric potential of Nepal: 83,000 MW with 727,000 GWh per year.
The economic potential is around 42,000 MW only.
The above estimates of 83,000 MW is accounted for rivers with catchment area of over 300
km2 and a minimum specific discharge of 5 l/s‐km2, the minimum discharge corresponding to above catchment is 1.5 m3/s.
But most MHPs tap hydropower from rivers having discharge less than 1.5 m3/s.
Therefore, it can be assumed that the above estimate does not include MHP potential of Nepal.
While the hydropower potential estimate accounts for less than 500 numbers of large and small rivers.
Nepal has over 6,000 rivers of length over 2 km.
Therefore, the total theoretical potential of MHP is very large and is to be estimated accurately.
Nepal's MHP potential is yet unknown.
Very rough estimates show that it should be over 50 MW.
Contribution to Rural Development Access to Electricity
32.71 % of total population has access to electricity.
MHP is able serve 4.23 % of the rural population residing in hills and mountains.
MHP Development
The efforts to modernize traditional water mills started in the 1960s. The main focus of these efforts was the development of indigenous capability to manufacture modern turbines in the country.
The first MHPs were add‐on types.
Stand‐alone MHPs appeared in those places, where there were no milling needs or where the MHP sites were far away from the settlement or the power requirements were much higher than that an add‐on MHP could meet.
End use and income generation
MHP is generating a number of end user applications in villages giving an opportunity for employment and stimulating the income generation activities.
Grinder, Huller, Sheller, Bakery, Furniture, Saw Mill, Cold Store, Video Parlor, Oil Expeller, handicraft making, hotel, water pumping, photocopy, internet service centers, noodle making, tea drying, cardamom drying, making potato chips etc.
End use in MHP have been conceptualized as a promising component to make MHP scheme more sustainable as connecting more end users will help to increase the plant load factor.
Sikles Village, an example:
100 kW power plant electrifying 511 households and powering a) two grinders (7.5kW each) b) three haulers (two 4kW and one 7.5kW). c) two pearlers (7.5kW each), d) bakery (1.5kW) and e) Furniture shop (2.2 kW).
Rural Enterprise development
With the operation of MHP in the rural areas, people are now more motivated towards establishing the rural enterprises.
This has not only benefited the one who established the enterprises but to the society as a whole for availing essential services within the vicinity of the rural villages.
This might even reverse the migration from the villages though it has not been proved yet.
Eg. Initially Barpak Village: installed 50 kW
Now an additional 100 kW has been installed.
Environment Saving
Though the fossil fuel is an imported commodity and highly expensive in rural areas due to the transportation charges, these are commonly used in wick lamps for lighting.
As the MHP is installed the kerosene use has been found drastically reduced and in some cases, it is found used for emergency purposes only.
But for cooking application, though electric dekchis can be run by MHP, it is not able to be much useful.
MHP is not yet able to address a large portion of the fuel wood use in cooking
To a larger extent, MHP is successful in saving the environment and reducing the indoor air pollution due to the burning of kerosene for lighting.
In addition to that, diesel run grinding mills are either replaced or at the verge of replacement due to the MHPs.
The carbon credits due to MHP installation can be developed as Clean Development Mechanism.
Bundling together a number of MHPs, the credit obtained thus could be used for promoting MHPs in the areas.
Benefits to Society
Employment Educational program through TVs Health and Hygiene Increased study hours Increased working hours Reduced drudgery of women
Barriers Technology, research and development
very few researches have been conducted in technological development.
large gap in knowledge sharing between the developers, academicians and users.
turbine erosion due to the silt is ignored in MHPs.
none of the researches are directed towards technology improvement of end uses.
standardization of electromechanical parts has been there for long but not much exercise has been done in this sector.
Government Policy and Planning
Static energy planning, the long term goal and strategies are not properly exercised.
The increasing energy demand due to the increasing population may not be fulfilled by the centralized planning.
more donor driven rather than demand driven approach
Yet not able to address the vision of developing end uses in a sustainable way.
The lack of education and the training to the end users.
Lack of proper funding in the research and development.
Recommendation
The standardization concept can be initiated from turbine itself. At least efficiency test of the turbine can be started in a turbine test center.
To develop the entrepreneurship, micro‐finance institutions should be mobilized in rural areas.
End use technologies which can stimulate the rural economy should be explored and supported.
Training on end use operation, repair and management as well as the end use product marketing should be initiated.
Access of electricity from MHP for cooking needs for rural areas needs to be researched further.
Development of MHPs should be initiated as CDM.
A forum needs to be developed
financial support in research and development should be allocated.
Training on MHPs to the other developing countries should be explored.
District energy planning with more energy service area centers should be planned.
A turbine testing facility could be developed.
The research on silt erosion on turbines should be initiated and efficient micro turbines should be developed.
One of the least developing countries
Per capita energy consumption: 15 GJ (the lowest per capita energy consumption)
Nepal's per capita GDP (PPP) stands at US $ 1,370 (i.e. Purchasing power parity)
Energy is one of the foundations of modern civilizations and economies. Electricity is prerequisite for increasing economic productivity.
Renewable Energy, an alternative energy resource and a gradual transformation from non‐ renewable to renewable energy. It can play a role of a catalyst in Rural Development of Nepal.
Hydropower is the indigenous and renewable energy resource for Nepal.
Economic Hydropower potential of Nepal is estimated as 42,000 MW. MHP is estimated over than 50 MW.
Classification of Hydro power plant
Micro Hydro Power
Up to 100 kW
Mini Hydro Power
Above100 kW to 1 MW
Small Hydro Power
Above 1 MW to 10 MW
Medium Hydro Power
Above 10 MW to 300 MW
Large Hydro Power
Above 300 MW
Power development in Nepal S.N.
Name of HPP
Capacity in MW
1
Major Hydropower Existing
460
2
Existing Small Hydropower (Grid connected)
12.79
3
Existing Small Hydropower (Isolated)
6.18
4
Under Construction SHP
0.90
5
Existing Private Sector Plants
148.68
6
Under Construction Private Sector Plants
5.20
7
Micro Hydro Power (Isolated)
8.60
Hydropower Sector Development Present Installed Capacity Nepal Electricity Authority (including private and others) 673.557 MW Per Capita Electrical energy 75 kWh
Classification of Micro Hydropower
Very Small
Up to 8 kW
Small Hydropower
8 – 20 kW
Medium Hydro Power
20 – 50 kW
Large Hydro Power
50 – 100 kW
Micro‐hydro Introduction
The major energy resources in rural areas : fuelwood, agricultural residues, dung, muscle power and traditional water mills.
The 85% of its 23 million population still lives at rural areas.
Commercial Energy 12.10%
Traditional Energy 87.42%
Renewable Energy 0.47%
Though one of the richest countries in the world in hydropower resources, the country is highly dependent upon biomass resources.
73.7% of the commercial energy consumption of the country still depends upon imported petroleum fuel.
The import of fossil fuels is not only a burden to the country's foreign currency reserve but is also highly responsible for air pollution and the respiratory related health diseases.
These point to the fact that the country is facing quite a burden while using fossil fuel use and it can be even more deteriorative in the long run for the developing country which does not have its own fossil fuel resource.
inevitable fact ‐ hydropower is the country's indigenous and renewable energy resource and it should be harnessed and used to meet the basic energy needs of the people
But the country's economy does not provide enough economic bases for a large‐scale investment exploiting large hydro‐potentials and for laying transmission and distribution network in rural areas.
For an example, Seti hydropower 760 MW to be developed in near future is totally dependent upon foreign assistance and the neighboring country India for its energy consumption.
In this context, renewable energy seems to be the viable option for electrifying the rural area.
Micro hydro potential
Theoretical hydroelectric potential of Nepal: 83,000 MW with 727,000 GWh per year.
The economic potential is around 42,000 MW only.
The above estimates of 83,000 MW is accounted for rivers with catchment area of over 300
km2 and a minimum specific discharge of 5 l/s‐km2, the minimum discharge corresponding to above catchment is 1.5 m3/s.
But most MHPs tap hydropower from rivers having discharge less than 1.5 m3/s.
Therefore, it can be assumed that the above estimate does not include MHP potential of Nepal.
While the hydropower potential estimate accounts for less than 500 numbers of large and small rivers.
Nepal has over 6,000 rivers of length over 2 km.
Therefore, the total theoretical potential of MHP is very large and is to be estimated accurately.
Nepal's MHP potential is yet unknown.
Very rough estimates show that it should be over 50 MW.
Contribution to Rural Development Access to Electricity
32.71 % of total population has access to electricity.
MHP is able serve 4.23 % of the rural population residing in hills and mountains.
MHP Development
The efforts to modernize traditional water mills started in the 1960s. The main focus of these efforts was the development of indigenous capability to manufacture modern turbines in the country.
The first MHPs were add‐on types.
Stand‐alone MHPs appeared in those places, where there were no milling needs or where the MHP sites were far away from the settlement or the power requirements were much higher than that an add‐on MHP could meet.
End use and income generation
MHP is generating a number of end user applications in villages giving an opportunity for employment and stimulating the income generation activities.
Grinder, Huller, Sheller, Bakery, Furniture, Saw Mill, Cold Store, Video Parlor, Oil Expeller, handicraft making, hotel, water pumping, photocopy, internet service centers, noodle making, tea drying, cardamom drying, making potato chips etc.
End use in MHP have been conceptualized as a promising component to make MHP scheme more sustainable as connecting more end users will help to increase the plant load factor.
Sikles Village, an example:
100 kW power plant electrifying 511 households and powering a) two grinders (7.5kW each) b) three haulers (two 4kW and one 7.5kW). c) two pearlers (7.5kW each), d) bakery (1.5kW) and e) Furniture shop (2.2 kW).
Rural Enterprise development
With the operation of MHP in the rural areas, people are now more motivated towards establishing the rural enterprises.
This has not only benefited the one who established the enterprises but to the society as a whole for availing essential services within the vicinity of the rural villages.
This might even reverse the migration from the villages though it has not been proved yet.
Eg. Initially Barpak Village: installed 50 kW
Now an additional 100 kW has been installed.
Environment Saving
Though the fossil fuel is an imported commodity and highly expensive in rural areas due to the transportation charges, these are commonly used in wick lamps for lighting.
As the MHP is installed the kerosene use has been found drastically reduced and in some cases, it is found used for emergency purposes only.
But for cooking application, though electric dekchis can be run by MHP, it is not able to be much useful.
MHP is not yet able to address a large portion of the fuel wood use in cooking
To a larger extent, MHP is successful in saving the environment and reducing the indoor air pollution due to the burning of kerosene for lighting.
In addition to that, diesel run grinding mills are either replaced or at the verge of replacement due to the MHPs.
The carbon credits due to MHP installation can be developed as Clean Development Mechanism.
Bundling together a number of MHPs, the credit obtained thus could be used for promoting MHPs in the areas.
Benefits to Society
Employment Educational program through TVs Health and Hygiene Increased study hours Increased working hours Reduced drudgery of women
Barriers Technology, research and development
very few researches have been conducted in technological development.
large gap in knowledge sharing between the developers, academicians and users.
turbine erosion due to the silt is ignored in MHPs.
none of the researches are directed towards technology improvement of end uses.
standardization of electromechanical parts has been there for long but not much exercise has been done in this sector.
Government Policy and Planning
Static energy planning, the long term goal and strategies are not properly exercised.
The increasing energy demand due to the increasing population may not be fulfilled by the centralized planning.
more donor driven rather than demand driven approach
Yet not able to address the vision of developing end uses in a sustainable way.
The lack of education and the training to the end users.
Lack of proper funding in the research and development.
Recommendation
The standardization concept can be initiated from turbine itself. At least efficiency test of the turbine can be started in a turbine test center.
To develop the entrepreneurship, micro‐finance institutions should be mobilized in rural areas.
End use technologies which can stimulate the rural economy should be explored and supported.
Training on end use operation, repair and management as well as the end use product marketing should be initiated.
Access of electricity from MHP for cooking needs for rural areas needs to be researched further.
Development of MHPs should be initiated as CDM.
A forum needs to be developed
financial support in research and development should be allocated.
Training on MHPs to the other developing countries should be explored.
District energy planning with more energy service area centers should be planned.
A turbine testing facility could be developed.
The research on silt erosion on turbines should be initiated and efficient micro turbines should be developed.
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