Political And Economic Cooperation In Southeast Asia
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Political and economic cooperation in Southeast Asia Ing. Dudáš Tomáš, PhD.
Economy of Indonesia The
most populous moslim country in the world GDP – 914,26 billion USD (2008 est.) GDP/c – 3 900 USD (2008 est.) GDP growth – 6,1 % (2008 est.) GDP composition 14,4 % - 48,1 % - 37,5 % Labor force – 112,3 million Unemployment – 8,4 % (september 09) Inflation – 9,9 % (august 09)
Economy of Indonesia Population
below poverty line – 17,8 % Distribution of family income (Gini index) – 39 Main
export partners - Japan 20.2%, US 9.5%, Singapore 9.4%, China 8.5%, South Korea 6.7%, India 5.2%, Malaysia 4.7% (2008) Main import partners - Singapore 16.9%, China 11.8%, Japan 11.7%, Malaysia 6.9%, US 6.1%, South Korea 5.4%, Thailand 4.9% (2008)
Economy of Malaysia Rapidly
growing middle income country GDP – 384,3 billion USD (2008 est.) GDP/c – 15 200 USD (2008 est.) GDP growth – 4,6 % (2008 est.) GDP composition 10 % - 44 % - 46 % Labor force – 11,3 million Unemployment – 3,3 % (september 09) Inflation – 5,4% (august 09)
Economy of Malaysia Population
below poverty line – 5,1 % Distribution of family income (Gini index) – 46 Main
export partners - Singapore 15.6%, US 12.9%, China 12.5%, Japan 9.6%, Thailand 4.1% (2008) Main import partners -Singapore 23%, China 12.7%, Japan 9.8%, US 7.8%, Thailand 5.7%, South Korea 4.3% (2008)
Economy of Thailand Most
popular tourist destination in southeast
Asia GDP – 547,1 billion USD (2008 est.) GDP/c – 8 400 USD (2008 est.) GDP growth – 2,6 % (2008 est.) GDP composition 11,6 % - 45,1 % - 43,3 % Labor force – 37,3 million Unemployment – 1,4 % (september 09) Inflation – 5,5% (august 09)
Economy of Thailand Population
below poverty line – 10 % Distribution of family income (Gini index) – 42 Main
export partners - US 11.4%, Japan 11.4%, China 9.2%, Singapore 5.7%, Hong Kong 5.6%, Malaysia 5.6%, Australia 4.3% (2008) Main import partners - Japan 18.8%, China 11.2%, US 6.4%, UAE 6%, Malaysia 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.1%, Singapore 4% (2008)
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
ASEAN is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, the protection of the peace and stability of the region, and to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully
ASEAN - History
The bloc was established on 8 August 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand – met and signed the ASEAN Declaration, more commonly known as the Bangkok Declaration. The motivations for the birth of ASEAN were:
the desire for a stable external environment (so that its members’ governing elite could concentrate on nation building) the common fear of communism reduced faith in or mistrust of external powers in the 1960s the aspiration for national economic development not to mention Indonesia’s ambition to become a regional hegemon through regional cooperation the hope on the part of Malaysia and Singapore to constrain Indonesia and bring it into a more cooperative framework.
ASEAN - History
Throughout the 1970s, the organization embarked on a program of economic cooperation, following the Bali Summit of 1976.
This floundered in the mid-1980s and was only revived around 1991 due to a Thai proposal for a regional free trade area.
New members – Brunei (1984), Vietnam (1995), Laos and Burma (1997) and Cambodia (1999)
ASEAN plus three initiative – China, Japan, South Korea
East Asian Summit – ASEAN plus three and India, Australia and New Zaeland
ASEAN - History
Not only an economic group – a political as well
On 15 December 1995, the Southeast Asian NuclearWeapon-Free Zone Treaty was signed with the intention of turning Southeast Asia into a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Problem – not all members are democratic
21st century – environmental perspective
The organization started to discuss environmental agreements. These included the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast Asia Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful due to the outbreaks of the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 2006 Southeast Asian haze.
ASEAN Free Trade Area
The AFTA agreement was signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore The primary goals of AFTA seek to:
Increase ASEAN's competitive edge as a production base in the world market through the elimination, within ASEAN, of tariffs and non-tariff barriers; and Attract more foreign direct investment to ASEAN
The primary mechanism for achieving the goals given above is the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme, which established a schedule for phased initiated in 1992 with the self-described goal to increase the "region’s competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market"
The Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme
Unlike the EU, AFTA does not apply a common external tariff on imported goods. Each ASEAN member may impose tariffs on goods entering from outside ASEAN based on its national schedules
However, for goods originating within ASEAN, ASEAN members are to apply a tariff rate of 0 to 5 percent (the more recent members of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, aka CMLV countries, were given additional time to implement the reduced tariff rates)
ASEAN members have the option of excluding products from the CEPT in three cases:
1.) Temporary exclusions; 2.) Sensitive agricultural products; 3.) General exceptions. Temporary exclusions refer to products for which tariffs will ultimately be lowered to 0-5%, but which are being protected temporarily by a delay in tariff reductions
AANZFTA (ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area)
The Agreement Establishing the ASEAN - Australia - New Zealand Free Trade Area (ASEAN FTA) will liberalize and facilitate trade in goods, services and investment between New Zealand, Australia and the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) economies. Negotiations began in early 2005 and, after 16 rounds of negotiations, were substantively concluded in late August 2008. The ASEAN FTA was signed in February 2009 and is expected to enter into force on 1 July 2009.
Economy of Indonesia The
most populous moslim country in the world GDP – 914,26 billion USD (2008 est.) GDP/c – 3 900 USD (2008 est.) GDP growth – 6,1 % (2008 est.) GDP composition 14,4 % - 48,1 % - 37,5 % Labor force – 112,3 million Unemployment – 8,4 % (september 09) Inflation – 9,9 % (august 09)
Economy of Indonesia Population
below poverty line – 17,8 % Distribution of family income (Gini index) – 39 Main
export partners - Japan 20.2%, US 9.5%, Singapore 9.4%, China 8.5%, South Korea 6.7%, India 5.2%, Malaysia 4.7% (2008) Main import partners - Singapore 16.9%, China 11.8%, Japan 11.7%, Malaysia 6.9%, US 6.1%, South Korea 5.4%, Thailand 4.9% (2008)
Economy of Malaysia Rapidly
growing middle income country GDP – 384,3 billion USD (2008 est.) GDP/c – 15 200 USD (2008 est.) GDP growth – 4,6 % (2008 est.) GDP composition 10 % - 44 % - 46 % Labor force – 11,3 million Unemployment – 3,3 % (september 09) Inflation – 5,4% (august 09)
Economy of Malaysia Population
below poverty line – 5,1 % Distribution of family income (Gini index) – 46 Main
export partners - Singapore 15.6%, US 12.9%, China 12.5%, Japan 9.6%, Thailand 4.1% (2008) Main import partners -Singapore 23%, China 12.7%, Japan 9.8%, US 7.8%, Thailand 5.7%, South Korea 4.3% (2008)
Economy of Thailand Most
popular tourist destination in southeast
Asia GDP – 547,1 billion USD (2008 est.) GDP/c – 8 400 USD (2008 est.) GDP growth – 2,6 % (2008 est.) GDP composition 11,6 % - 45,1 % - 43,3 % Labor force – 37,3 million Unemployment – 1,4 % (september 09) Inflation – 5,5% (august 09)
Economy of Thailand Population
below poverty line – 10 % Distribution of family income (Gini index) – 42 Main
export partners - US 11.4%, Japan 11.4%, China 9.2%, Singapore 5.7%, Hong Kong 5.6%, Malaysia 5.6%, Australia 4.3% (2008) Main import partners - Japan 18.8%, China 11.2%, US 6.4%, UAE 6%, Malaysia 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.1%, Singapore 4% (2008)
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
ASEAN is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, the protection of the peace and stability of the region, and to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully
ASEAN - History
The bloc was established on 8 August 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand – met and signed the ASEAN Declaration, more commonly known as the Bangkok Declaration. The motivations for the birth of ASEAN were:
the desire for a stable external environment (so that its members’ governing elite could concentrate on nation building) the common fear of communism reduced faith in or mistrust of external powers in the 1960s the aspiration for national economic development not to mention Indonesia’s ambition to become a regional hegemon through regional cooperation the hope on the part of Malaysia and Singapore to constrain Indonesia and bring it into a more cooperative framework.
ASEAN - History
Throughout the 1970s, the organization embarked on a program of economic cooperation, following the Bali Summit of 1976.
This floundered in the mid-1980s and was only revived around 1991 due to a Thai proposal for a regional free trade area.
New members – Brunei (1984), Vietnam (1995), Laos and Burma (1997) and Cambodia (1999)
ASEAN plus three initiative – China, Japan, South Korea
East Asian Summit – ASEAN plus three and India, Australia and New Zaeland
ASEAN - History
Not only an economic group – a political as well
On 15 December 1995, the Southeast Asian NuclearWeapon-Free Zone Treaty was signed with the intention of turning Southeast Asia into a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Problem – not all members are democratic
21st century – environmental perspective
The organization started to discuss environmental agreements. These included the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast Asia Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful due to the outbreaks of the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 2006 Southeast Asian haze.
ASEAN Free Trade Area
The AFTA agreement was signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore The primary goals of AFTA seek to:
Increase ASEAN's competitive edge as a production base in the world market through the elimination, within ASEAN, of tariffs and non-tariff barriers; and Attract more foreign direct investment to ASEAN
The primary mechanism for achieving the goals given above is the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme, which established a schedule for phased initiated in 1992 with the self-described goal to increase the "region’s competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market"
The Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme
Unlike the EU, AFTA does not apply a common external tariff on imported goods. Each ASEAN member may impose tariffs on goods entering from outside ASEAN based on its national schedules
However, for goods originating within ASEAN, ASEAN members are to apply a tariff rate of 0 to 5 percent (the more recent members of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, aka CMLV countries, were given additional time to implement the reduced tariff rates)
ASEAN members have the option of excluding products from the CEPT in three cases:
1.) Temporary exclusions; 2.) Sensitive agricultural products; 3.) General exceptions. Temporary exclusions refer to products for which tariffs will ultimately be lowered to 0-5%, but which are being protected temporarily by a delay in tariff reductions
AANZFTA (ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area)
The Agreement Establishing the ASEAN - Australia - New Zealand Free Trade Area (ASEAN FTA) will liberalize and facilitate trade in goods, services and investment between New Zealand, Australia and the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) economies. Negotiations began in early 2005 and, after 16 rounds of negotiations, were substantively concluded in late August 2008. The ASEAN FTA was signed in February 2009 and is expected to enter into force on 1 July 2009.
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