Planning , Org , Contr , Ethics

PLANNING

MEANING : Planning is the function that determines in

advance what to do , how to do and who is to do it.

STEPS IN PLANNING Identifying goals Developing Planning Premises Determine Alternative Courses of Action Evaluate the Alternatives Select a course of Action Formulate derivative Plans

NATURE Goal oriented Primary function Intellectual or rational process Continuous Process Forward looking Involves choice Directed towards goals efficiency

IMPORTANCE : Focuses attention on objectives and results Reduces uncertainty and risk Provides sense of direction Encourages innovation and creativity Helps in coordination of activities Guides decision making Basis for decentralisation Provides efficiency in operations.

STRATEGIC PLANNING What is strategy ?  Course of action that defines and achieves organizations objectives and implements its missions. What is Strategic Planning?  Planning for strategies and implementing them to achieve organizational goals. Features :  Process of questioning  Time horizon  Pervasive process  Continuous process  Co-ordination

ORGANISING

CONCEPT OF ORGANISATION Organization as a Structure: refers to

network of relationships among jobs and positions in the organization. Organisation as a Process: refers to

process of determining ,arranging, grouping and assigning the activities to be performed.

FACTORS AFFECTING ORGANISATION STRUCTURE Environment Strategy Technology Size People

IMPORTANCE OF ORGANISATION Facilitates administration Facilitates growth and diversification Provides for optimum use of

technological improvements Encourages human use of human beings Stimulates Creativity

CONTROLLING

CONCEPT Process of ensuring that activities

are producing desired results.

SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTROL Guide to operations Policy verification Managerial accountability Employee morale Psychological pressure Coordination in action Organizational efficiency

STEPS/ELEMENTS IN CONTROL Establishment of standard: also includes level

of achievement of performance . This is based on certain traits: output , expense, resources. Measurement of performance: some techniques are personal observation, sample checking,performance report etc. Comparing performance with standards: it involves a) finding out the extent of deviation b) identifying the causes of such deviations Analysis of deviation: cases beyond the range should be reported. Taking corrective action: some techniques include revising,correcting the standards.

SOME ESSENTIALS OF EFFECTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM Focus on objectives and needs Forward looking Prompt Strategic Point Control Flexibility Objectivity Economical Motivating Suggestive Simple

ETHICS IN MANAGEMENT

CONCEPT OF VALUE They are a framework comprising of

convictions. They are based on the ethical and unethical behaviour of the humans.

FACTORS IN VALUE FORMATION Value forming institutions Organisational values Peers and colleagues Work and career Professional code

BENEFITS OF PROFESSIONAL CODE Customers Employees Organization Industry Society