Physiology 1st Lecture - Physiology, Homeostasis
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Physiology one of the most important branches of Biology. Concerns with the functions characteristic of living organism. Physis = nature logos = science (1554, french physician Fernel) Independent science from 1749 (ditched from anatomy) human physiology = subject Physiological = normal (characteristic structure, function, parameter) human physiology does not describe just the body but explains the livung process, their essence, reasons, relationships, conditions and development, serves complex idea about human body and its functions. Dynamic and experimental subject.
Classification of physiology Special physiology human normal physiology pathophysiology clinical Physiology Physiology of: organs, systems, exercise, work, sport, nutrition, pregnancy, children, old age, aviation, cosmic, stress, etc.
Subject matter of Physiology Functions processes in human organism (integrated whole whole system works in harmony). Systems, organs, tissues, cells/subcellular structure. Specific human activities: abstract thinking, speech, wrighting, active work ... 1 Regulation of the functions nervous mechanisms reflex. Chemical: hormonal, humoral. Local. 2 Internal relations anatomical (vital systems), funcional (i.e endocrine glands). 3 External relations organism and environment quality, quantity, time, space. 4 Conditions external changeable, internal constant homeostasis. 5 Development of functions postnatal, children age, adult, old age.
Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
local.
What is occuring in the body? process Where? anatomy How the process progresses? mechanism Under which conditions? external, internal Why? Regulation? nervous (regulation, coordination, integration), hormonal, humoral, Development?
Why the processes go on? 1 2
Maintaining of the individual to maintain the integrity, to maintain the homeostasis, reaction to stimuli (sensory compund, motor, autonomice, hormonal, adaption. Maintain the species reproduction.
Physiology and the other sciences Vertical: Biology, Biophysics, Biochemistry, Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Mathematics. Horizontal: Pathophysiology, all medical branches.
Technical research, cosmic research. Norm, health.
Importance of physiology • • • • • • •
Integrates all theoretical disciplines serves complex idea about the human body and its function Determinates the line between the health and disease Bridge between theoretical and clinical subjects Basis of all clicical disciplines Basis of scientific thinking Nobel prize
Basic Physiological pricniples Characteristic of living matter: 1 2 3
Excitability Metabolism Reproduction
Physiological funcion Is the specific function of the definite structure, derivated from one of the basic property of the living matter due the influence of external environment. External environment > living matter > Physiological function (specialization of cells).
Homeostasis Staying the same. homois = similar Cl. Bernard (1865) "All live mechanisms have one aim, maintainence of constant conditions in the internal environment. Mc. Cannon (1929) Stability of chemical compositions and physico chemical properties of the internal environment named Homeostasis. Composition of the body: Fluid 60% (TBF total body fluid) Priteins 18% fats 15% minerals 7% = Weight
Unicellular organism ocean more or less constant millieu toncity = 3% NaCl 1 ECF extracellular fluid = external environment 2 Intracellular fluid ICF
Multicellular organism 1 2 3
External environment ICF internal environment homeostasis ECF > blood 5% regeneration: lungs, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, kidneys, endocrine syst, nervous syst, sensory organs receptors, skeletal muscles, skeleton, skin ICF > ECF 40% 20% Tonicity = 0.9% NaCl (Physiological solution) ECF = blood, ISF, lymph Organism complex form of the living matter, has a definite organizational structure, is an integrated whole, is an independently existing unit, reacts as an whole to various stimuli, is an open system, has a constant dynamic internal environment, is a self regulating system. Autoregulation relax. Stimulus receptor > afferent pathway > center > efferent path > effector (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands) > feedback
Homeostasis indicatiors: • • • •
Isovolemia constancy of the volume of the ECF Isoionia constancy of the chemical composition Isoosmia constancy of the osmotic and oncotic pressure. Isotheramia constancy of the body temprature blood pressure, heart rate...
Maintaining of homeostasis 1 Homeostasis mechanisms: nervous regulation, endocrine, local 2 Stress = strong reaction to stressors, Selye 1940 stressors factors that causes large homeostatic imbalances 3 Immune reactions
Physiological factors influencing the physiological factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
age sex weight height, surface body positions motor activity phsycic activity action of hormones functional state biorythm place of measurement food intake kind of food body temprature
15 16 17 18
external temprature altitude genetic factors social factor others...
Body fluid: isovolemia Total body water (TBW) 60% intracellular (ICF) 40% extracellular (ECF) 20% > interstitial 15% , blood plasma 5% female TBW 50% neonate TBW 77% ICF 33% ECF 44% Dependence on: degree of development of organism (age), content of body mass (fat), sex, funcional state of organism.
Classification of physiology Special physiology human normal physiology pathophysiology clinical Physiology Physiology of: organs, systems, exercise, work, sport, nutrition, pregnancy, children, old age, aviation, cosmic, stress, etc.
Subject matter of Physiology Functions processes in human organism (integrated whole whole system works in harmony). Systems, organs, tissues, cells/subcellular structure. Specific human activities: abstract thinking, speech, wrighting, active work ... 1 Regulation of the functions nervous mechanisms reflex. Chemical: hormonal, humoral. Local. 2 Internal relations anatomical (vital systems), funcional (i.e endocrine glands). 3 External relations organism and environment quality, quantity, time, space. 4 Conditions external changeable, internal constant homeostasis. 5 Development of functions postnatal, children age, adult, old age.
Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
local.
What is occuring in the body? process Where? anatomy How the process progresses? mechanism Under which conditions? external, internal Why? Regulation? nervous (regulation, coordination, integration), hormonal, humoral, Development?
Why the processes go on? 1 2
Maintaining of the individual to maintain the integrity, to maintain the homeostasis, reaction to stimuli (sensory compund, motor, autonomice, hormonal, adaption. Maintain the species reproduction.
Physiology and the other sciences Vertical: Biology, Biophysics, Biochemistry, Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Mathematics. Horizontal: Pathophysiology, all medical branches.
Technical research, cosmic research. Norm, health.
Importance of physiology • • • • • • •
Integrates all theoretical disciplines serves complex idea about the human body and its function Determinates the line between the health and disease Bridge between theoretical and clinical subjects Basis of all clicical disciplines Basis of scientific thinking Nobel prize
Basic Physiological pricniples Characteristic of living matter: 1 2 3
Excitability Metabolism Reproduction
Physiological funcion Is the specific function of the definite structure, derivated from one of the basic property of the living matter due the influence of external environment. External environment > living matter > Physiological function (specialization of cells).
Homeostasis Staying the same. homois = similar Cl. Bernard (1865) "All live mechanisms have one aim, maintainence of constant conditions in the internal environment. Mc. Cannon (1929) Stability of chemical compositions and physico chemical properties of the internal environment named Homeostasis. Composition of the body: Fluid 60% (TBF total body fluid) Priteins 18% fats 15% minerals 7% = Weight
Unicellular organism ocean more or less constant millieu toncity = 3% NaCl 1 ECF extracellular fluid = external environment 2 Intracellular fluid ICF
Multicellular organism 1 2 3
External environment ICF internal environment homeostasis ECF > blood 5% regeneration: lungs, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, kidneys, endocrine syst, nervous syst, sensory organs receptors, skeletal muscles, skeleton, skin ICF > ECF 40% 20% Tonicity = 0.9% NaCl (Physiological solution) ECF = blood, ISF, lymph Organism complex form of the living matter, has a definite organizational structure, is an integrated whole, is an independently existing unit, reacts as an whole to various stimuli, is an open system, has a constant dynamic internal environment, is a self regulating system. Autoregulation relax. Stimulus receptor > afferent pathway > center > efferent path > effector (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands) > feedback
Homeostasis indicatiors: • • • •
Isovolemia constancy of the volume of the ECF Isoionia constancy of the chemical composition Isoosmia constancy of the osmotic and oncotic pressure. Isotheramia constancy of the body temprature blood pressure, heart rate...
Maintaining of homeostasis 1 Homeostasis mechanisms: nervous regulation, endocrine, local 2 Stress = strong reaction to stressors, Selye 1940 stressors factors that causes large homeostatic imbalances 3 Immune reactions
Physiological factors influencing the physiological factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
age sex weight height, surface body positions motor activity phsycic activity action of hormones functional state biorythm place of measurement food intake kind of food body temprature
15 16 17 18
external temprature altitude genetic factors social factor others...
Body fluid: isovolemia Total body water (TBW) 60% intracellular (ICF) 40% extracellular (ECF) 20% > interstitial 15% , blood plasma 5% female TBW 50% neonate TBW 77% ICF 33% ECF 44% Dependence on: degree of development of organism (age), content of body mass (fat), sex, funcional state of organism.
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