Phaseolus Vulgaris

1 INTRODUCTION Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), is one of the most important vegetables in the Cordillera Region. It is grown for their tender and green pods, or seeds. They are excellent sources of protein and vitamins. They are easy to grow and do not require intensive management.

It is relatively cheap and available in the region.

This is

popularly known as Baguio beans in the Philippines and common beans in other countries. Legumes in can be used as good substitute on major sources of protein like fish, meat and dairy products when these become expensive and unavailable. They can contribute to the energy and body building nutrients in the human diet. Other varieties of legumes provide valuable green fodder for cattle, or yield the raw materials for many kinds of manufactured products. Farmers experience problems on soil fertility and occurrence of plant disease. Thus, application of inorganic fertilizer and application of pesticides are often carried out to attain maximum yield. However, the continuous application of such will destroy the soil structure and pollute the water source and environment. The application of organic fertilizer may therefore be a good alternative since it will not only reduce inputs of farmers but also improve soil tilt, soil structure, aeration and water holding capacity. When the organic residues are in the process of becoming soil/humus, they supply some essential nutrients to the plants, serve as the principal source of nitrates, organic phosphates, organic sulfates, borates, molybdates and chloride, increase the cation exchange capacity; and make phosphorus and most macronutrients more readily available to plants over a wide range pH range. Aside from these, organic production increase seed yield, minimize harvest losses and prolong shelf life of snap beans. Also, lesser expenses in production is assured to the farmer. Such production may reduce costs to 50% than that of using chemicals. The study was conducted to determine the performance of beans under organic production.

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Snap beans Some beans plants are low and bushy, while others are climbing vines. They have compound leaves, each of which is made up of three leaflets.

(World Book

Encyclopedia, 1992) PCARRD (1989) as cited by Bay-an (2002) stated that snap beans grow best in areas with temperature between 15ºC to 20ºC. Planting snap beans should be scheduled during typhoon free months, as these cannot stand adverse weather conditions.

In

Benguet, typhoons usually occur between the months of June to November. Hence planting should be done from December to April to avoid the onslaught of adverse weather. Effects of organic production to plant growth Ayban (2002) said that soils having high organic matter are more productive than those with low organic matter. It is on this premise that application of different fertilizers derived from different organic matter will likewise supply food nutrients to the plants at varying degrees depending upon the crops to be fertilized and the source of organic matter. Koshina (1990) as cited by Tawang (2003) found that nutrient elements from organic fertilizer are released slowly which is particularly important in avoiding salt injury, ensuring a continuous supply of nutrients during the growing season and producing products of better quality. Bay-an (2002) claimed that chicken dung, garden compost and PCM fertilizer when applied to pole beans, increased seed yield, induce taller plants, high pod production and high ROI. Also, snap beans fertilized with different organic fertilizer were moderate to highly resistant to bean rust and pod borer. Donahue (1971) as cited by Mabazza (1997) said that the organic matter supplies some or all nutrients needed by growing plants, as well as many hormones and antibiotics. These nutrients are released in harmony with the needs of plants when environmental conditions are favorable for rapid growth and the same condition favors a rapid release of nutrients from organic matter. Organic matter contains a large part of the

3 total reserves of Boron and Molybdenum, 6 to 60% of the Phosphorus reserves, up to 80% of the Sulfur and practically all of Nitrogen. Planting marigold with in a plot is as effective as controlling snap bean pest and disease like beetles, pod borers, aphids and bean rust using insecticide. (Kumanab, 2002) Tawang’s (2003) study showed that the pods fertilized with different organic composts could minimize harvest losses and prolong the shelf life of bush bean. On the other hand, plants fertilized with BSU composts registered the highest ranking on the weight of marketable pods, total yield of pods per plot and computed yield per hectare. He also revealed that BSU compost gave the highest ROI.

4 MATERIALS AND METHODS The materials used for this study are pole and sitting bean seeds, trellises and organic fertilizers such as mushroom compost, sunflower leaves, horse manure and chicken manure. An area was thoroughly cleaned, cultivated and made into plots. Five out of 25 plots were used in this study each measuring 1m x 12 m. Two to three seeds were planted per hill at a depth of 2-3 inches and were spaced 25 cm per hill and 25 cm per row. Each plot was treated with different organic fertilizers. Treatment per plot are as follows: Plot1 – Mushroom compost Plot2 – Sunflower leaves Plot3 – Sunflower leaves Plot4 – Chicken manure Plot5 – Horse manure The plants were irrigated at an average of 2-3 times a week. Weeds removed from plots were placed on top of the plot for mulching and fertilizer. Insect pests such as pod borers, caterpillar and cabbage looper were manually removed each time the crop is irrigated. Leaves affected with rust were removed. African marigolds growing near the plots were not removed to serve as repellants. The data to be gathered are as follows: 1. Number of days to emergence – This is determined by counting the number of days from date of planting to the time at least 50% of the seeds have emerged. 2. Number of days to flowering – This is determined by counting the number of from date of emergence to the time at least 50% of the plants in the plot have fully opened flowers. 3. Number of days to first harvest – This was taken by counting the number of days from emergence to first pod formation.

5 4. Number of days to last harvest – This was taken by counting the number o days from emergence to the last harvest of pods. 5. Weight of marketable pods – This is gathered by getting the weight of pods which are straight, tender, and free from insect damage and diseases. 6. Weight of non-marketable pods – This is gathered by getting the weight of pods which are abnormal in shape and having 20% or more insect and disease damage. 7. Total yield per plot – The over-all total weight of marketable and nonmarketable pods. 8. Reaction of plant to insect pest and diseases – Rated according to the following scale: Scale Description

Remark

1

No infection

Highly resistant

2

20-30% infection

Moderately resistant

3

31-40% resistant

Resistant

4

41-60% infection

Susceptible

5

Higher than 60%

Very susceptible

9. Production cost – All the expenses incurred in this study were recorded. The total sales from different treatments and return in investment (ROI) were computed using the formula: ROI= Gross sales-Total expenses x 100 Total expenses

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Table 1. Number of days to emergence and flowering

Plot1-mushroom compost Plot2-sunflower leaves Plot3 -sunflower leaves Plot4-chicken manure Plot5-horse manure

Number of days to

Number of days to

emergence 10 days 9 days 8 days 8 days 9 days

flowering 38 days 38 days 37 days 38 days 39 days

Table 1 shows number of days to emergence and to flowering. Figures show no significant difference in number of days to emergence and number of days to flowering. Bean plants in plots with sunflower leaves and chicken manure have the least number of days to emergence (8 days) and bean plants with mushroom compost emerged 2 days later (10 days). Plot 3 has the least number of days to flowering that is 37 days while plot 5 has the most number of days to flowering (39 days). Results show that fertilizers applied influence the number of days of emergence and flowering but no significant difference. Table 2. Number of days to first and last harvest

Plot1-mushroom compost Plot2-sunflower leaves Plot3 -sunflower leaves Plot4-chicken manure Plot5-horse manure

Number of days to first

Number of days to last

harvest 49 days 48 days 47 days 48 days 48 days

harvest 88 days 86 days 84 days 87 days 87 days

Table 2 shows the number of days from emergence to first and last harvest. Plot 3 has the least days to first and last harvest. Plot 1 gave the most number of days to first and last harvest. Results suggest that fertilizers may affect number of days from emergence to first and last day of harvest but a minimal degree. Table 3. Weight of marketable and non-marketable pods

7 Weight of marketable

Weight of non-

pods (kg) 4.6 3.6 3 6.25 3.8

marketable pods (kg) 2.4 2.3 2.8 1.8 2

Plot1-mushroom compost Plot2-sunflower leaves Plot3 -sunflower leaves Plot4-chicken manure Plot5-horse manure

Pods were considered marketable if they are straight, tender and free from insect pest damage and diseases. Table 3 shows that bean plants fertilized with chicken manure produced the highest yield in pods. Non-marketable pods were those pods that are deformed and damaged by pests. Bean plants fertilized with horse manure gave the lowest weight on non-marketable pods, which significantly varies from that applied with sunflower leaves. Table 4. Total yield per plot Plot1-mushroom compost Plot2-sunflower leaves Plot3 -sunflower leaves Plot4-chicken manure Plot5-horse manure

Total yield per plot (kg) 7 5.9 5.8 8.05 5.8

The total yield of snap beans was computed by getting the sum weight of marketable and non-marketable pods. This is shown in Table 4. The figure shows a significant difference in the total yield of snap beans applied with chicken manure against the yield of the rest of the plots. Beans applied with horse manure and sunflower leaves shows no significant difference to the total yield. Fertilizers applied may have affected the total yield per plot of snap beans. Table 5. Reaction of snap beans to insect pests and diseases per plot

Plot1-mushroom compost Plot2-sunflower leaves Plot3 -sunflower leaves

Reaction to insect pests and diseases Bean rust Cutworm Pod borer Aphids 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2

8 Plot4-chicken manure Plot5-horse manure

2 3

3 3

3 3

2 2

Table 5 shows the reaction of snap beans to bean rust, cut worm, pod borer and aphids per plot based on the scale given. Figures show that all bean plants under the five treatments are resistant to cutworm and pod borer and are highly resistant to aphids. Bean plants treated with chicken manure and sunflower leaves are highly resistant to bean rust while those that were treated with mushroom compost and horse manure are resistant. This suggests that fertilizers applied have the same effect on bean plants regarding its reaction to pod borers, cutworms and aphids. The difference lies on the reaction of plants to bean rust.

Table 6. Cost and Return Analysis Expenses Seeds Labor Plot1-mushroom compost 20 60 Plot2-sunflower leaves 10 50 Plot3 -sunflower leaves 10 50 Plot4-chicken manure 10 60 Plot5-horse manure 22 50 *Computations based on Php25.00/kilo of pod.

Gross

Net income

ROI (%)

income 115 90 75 156.25 95

35 30 15 86.25 23

43.75 50 25 123.21 31.94

A simple cost and return analysis for 5x60 m2 area is shown in Table 6. This analysis is necessary to determine the return on investment (ROI). All treatments gave a positive ROI. This suggests that any of the treatment will surely generate profit. Snap beans fertilized with chicken manure obtained the highest ROI of 123.21%. This is

9 significantly different to the ROI of other bean plants applied with mushroom compost, sunflower leaves and horse manure.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Summary The study was conducted at Balili experimental area Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Five plots were thoroughly prepared for this study each measuring 1x12 meters. Two to three seeds were planted per hill with a distance of 25cm per hill and row. Each plot was treated with organic fertilizers: mushroom compost, sunflower leaves, chicken manure and horse manure. The different treatments have no significant effect on the difference of number of days to emergence and flowering, and number of days to first and last harvest. Bean plants with chicken manure produced the highest yield of marketable pods, yield per plot and ROI.

10 Conclusion Bean plants with chicken manure gave the highest yield on marketable pods, yield per plot and ROI. Based on results, snap beans perform well when applied with organic fertilizer. It produces higher yield when applied with chicken manure. Recommendation Based on the data, chicken manure is recommended among the other treatments used in this study. Chicken manure gave the highest marketable pods, total yield and ROI over the other treatments.

LITERATURE CITED AGAYAO, M.C. 2002. Seed Production of Bush Bean in a Farmer’s Field as Affected by Different Organic Fertilizers. BS Thesis (Unpublished), Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. p.5 AGUSTIN, M.K. 2002. The Effect of Planting Method of Marigold in Controlling Pest of Snap Beans. BS Thesis (Unpublished), Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. p. 4 AYBAN, A. 2002. Effect of Different Organic Fertilizers on the Tuberlet Production of Potato Derived From Rooted Stem Cutting. BS Thesis (Unpublished), Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. p.2

11 BABKEG, P.D. 1997. Evaluation of Organic Fertilizer for the Control of Bacterial Wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) on Potato. BS Thesis (Unpublished), Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. p. 16 BAO-AN, B.M. 200. Seed Production of Promising Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Genotypes. BS Thesis (Unpublished), Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. pp. 4-5 BAY-AN, M.C. 2002. Nodulation and Seed Production of Pole Snap Beans Grown in a Farmer’s Field Applied with Organic Fertilizer. BS Thesis (Unpublished), Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. pp. 2-3. MABAZZA Jr., F.B. 1997. Production of Six Promising Garden Pea Lines as Affected by Organic Fertilizer. BS Thesis (Unpublished), Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. pp. 4-5 PANDEY, R.K. 1991. A Primer on Organic Based Rice Farming. International Rice Research Institute. pp. 31-33 TAWANG, L.D. 2003. Harvest and Shelf Life of Bush Bean Applied with Different Organic Composts. BS Thesis (Unpublished), Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. pp. 14, 21 and 23

APPENDIX Asexual reproduction – Any process of reproduction that does not involve fusion of cells. Clone – A group of cells or organisms derived from a single ancestral cell or individual and all genetically alike. Cross fertilization – Fertilization of an organism by the fusion of a female gamete from one individual with a male gamete from a different individual. Roguing – A careful systematic evaluation of a seed production field and the removal of all undesirable plants. Genotype – genetic makeup or constitution of an individual with reference to the traits under consideration. Heritability – measure of inheritance

12 Heterosis –superiority displayed by a hybrid. Heterogeneity – being with different characteristics Homozygosity – being or having both genes of a pair dominant or recessive Hybrid – an individual resulting from a cross between two genetically unlike parents Inbred line – a cross between two pure lines, which are positively transgressive of the parents in respect of the complex character. Mass selection – selection of plants or animals that displays desired characteristics from each generation and breeding them. Phenotype – the appearance or discernable character of an individual, which is dependent upon genetic makeup Selection – choosing of plants with desirable traits for further propagation and discard plants that are inferior for that trait •

The method of harvesting used for snap beans is hand picking. Snap beans at harvest time is tender and in acceptable market size. Pods should not be hard when thumb pressed otherwise these should not be harvested for pods but should be left alone in the field until drying is just enough for seed production.

•

It is important to harvest crops in the right time to minimize susceptibility to decay. Produce not harvested at the right time may result to poor marketable quality thus leading to loss in profit.

•

Handle harvested crops properly so as to avoid any injuries. While harvesting, avoid putting too much stress on the plant so that it could still produce yield for next harvest. Avoid harvesting practices that may puncture the produce.

•

Potatoes can be harvest when foliage begins to dry out. Also days from planting to maturity can be computed. Sweet potato foliage also starts to dry out.

•

Harvest crops properly. Avoid too much digging to minimize punctures on tubers and roots. Let it dry under the sun to preserve good quality. Store in low humidity places. Put in durable packaging materials. Avoid too much piling during transportation.

• Good quality

Poor quality

13 Qualities

Smooth,

marketable

size, Has punctures, filthy, small in

Marketing

clean Washed, harvested with

size, undesirable shape Harvested too soon or too

operations

caution, harvested at right

late, punctured while

time

harvesting, not cleaned well