سلوك ثبات انهيار مبيدي الفنيتروثيون والملاثيون تحت ظروف بيئية متحكم فيها
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سلوك ثبات/انھيار مبيدي الفنيتروثيون Fenitrothionوالمالثيون Malathionتحت ظروف بيئية متحكم فيھا *
** * ** * –
الملخص : ! $ # #/ ) & ( ( +, * ( & ) ) $ 2 34 2 ) 2 # 1 $ - . / -0 4# 7 8 # (74, 4# $ 6 5 2 2 ) 40 : 30 : 20) 3 6 $ ( ( #9 @+# ! 5 . 6# > ,= < 7 !; (-o .B# 3 -C # $ # # #0 A $ $ ( $ ) - 14 : 19 : 22 $ ( # $ # - 16 : 21 : 33 (t0.5 # , E : D 7 6 3 34 2 %83 : 79 : 62 E#0 + D# # 1 $ ( $ $ # 5 . 2 4 #G $ ( # %88 : 85 : 81 # # $ # # $ ( / #8 # # # - 24 : 22 .B# # $ # # #8 / . $ ( C 3 1.09 3C # $ # / . D 7 - 26 : 27 .B# -C # D A # $ # #8 I5 $ $ ( # H $ 7 ,5 $ ( # 3 1.19 $ # # 3 1.14 # 1 6 # 1 A! 3 6 J B . 1 A! $ 7 H ) 7 #0 1 $ ! J -o 40 : 30 3 I ! $ $ < C . $ ( $ # $ (: $ # # $ ( I # H 7 6# > , 1 # I 7 $ 38B #0 H $ /5 # : C 70.64 : 42.32 : 40.49 $ # .B# # ( 7 $ $ # C 51.18 : 32.98 : 26.42 $ .
: المقدمة ! " Sked, (1986) , )- ! + #$ % & & ' () #$ & * *
.(- / 0 1 + ! &
( ) 2 & & 3)- 4 5 % 6 % . # - 5 : & $ * ; & 4 9 &
! " Zidan, et al (2002) 9 = > &
. * /) 4
?>- !@%-
* A4 ' % & : , Harris and Ahlrichs, (1967) C3 . .(-B
1 ; ,
.( -
) (2 ) , Zidan, et al (1976) ! > D& E % / 1 3)
* $ 3 F?- , * 3) : G H ! Afifi, et al, 1 . 1 ( 6 $ = > & ' * /) J #1 I (2002) * J D? I Abd El-Rahman, (2002) K . /) * . (& I 1%- ( = > & 4
1%- 3; K E 4 E ! & $ *1 9)
.( - E % ! E / E # @4L E # E Abd El-Rahman, (1986) * & * : * ;6 ... 4
() Wang, et al, (2002) E Singh, et al, (2002) E Mohamed, (1992) '3; = . ; * #1 #
* /) 4 1 * ? * / 2 / 9 : % , ! & * /) 1%- * 9) ' . = > & .. / 0 1 ?
: المواد والطرق : .1 : .1.1 : Fenitrothion (Sumithion :* ) * / .1.1.1 O,O-dimethyl-O-(3methyl-4-nitrophenyl) Phosphorothioate : االسم العلمي C9 H12 N O5 P S : التركيب والصيغة البنائية NO 2 S H3CO H3CO
Formula weight Specific gravity Vapour pressure Melting point Boiling Point Safety
P O
CH3
: 277.23 : 1.34/25 oC. : 1.37x10-4 mm Hg/20 oC. : 0.3 oC. : 118 oC. : Toxicity Class III.
(Mercaptothion :* Carbofos :K 1 ) * ? .2.1.1 : Malathion O,O-dimethyl-S(1,2-dicarboethoxyethyl)Phosphorodithioate : االسم العلمي C10 H19 O6 P S2 : التركيب والصيغة البنائية O S P H3CO H3CO
O
CH 3
O
CH 3
S O
Formula weigh Specific gravity Vapour pressure Melting point Boiling Point Safety
: 330 : 1.23/25 oC. : 4x10-5 mm Hg/30 oC. : 2.85 oC. : 120 oC. : Toxicity Class III.
: 2 .2.1 C3 2 #1 ) * ' J #4L ' * J ? ) ! ': #; * /) , - 0.304 3P & ! , &% O ' 1 - ' E !4 ' E4 @ #1 6 0.139 $ $ $/ /( & Q$ A% (1) : @ 4 C 4 . (C3 =?) 3 .. / )
: # 6 .3.1 * *) L ; * * ) J % * ; ) G: 4 * 3) 4) 0 - / D& & & *% 2 H ) ?) // 4 /( ? *% ! & & #1 %
. (2) : 5 & $ 4 ( ) &
: >4 .2 : /) ' J 1 * ? * / C .1.2 * 2 ' : & ) ' 1 D& G% * @/) C ' & * 5 0 #1 /) ' * J & ( active ingredient : 1 ! ) / 1700 E 1400
E 35 E 28 E 21 E 14 E 7 E 5 E 3 E 1 E 0 ; 1 3) :?6 .?) ? 5 98 E77 E 63 E 56 E 49 E 42 $ (Extraction) .?) - D& (GLC) $ 9L 1 6 * (%15) =% ( 250) (1 G ( 30) ' : & 1 D& (/- *4 A C *: ! G S * #1 % 4 D? (/ ) (1 G $ 4 ( 25×300) 1 6 ) (Clean up) @ - 4 / H =% H = ( * ! ) ( 0.5 ;? % 10 J/ ( 24 / 0130) D& E ' @ ' , * .) @ * 0& $ 4 & : .) =% (06040)
* : & '3; = C >&? G $? ( * & #1 - #$ %6 * 10 =% .) & . * * & #1 %2 : 6 2 + L H
@+# $ :(1) -C H 6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. Parameters Unit Well water --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Temperature Conductivity pH Turbidity Colour Total solids Dissolved oxygen Total silica CO2
o
C us/c NTU Unites mg/l mg/l mg/l. mg/l.
32 700 6.75 55 55 416 2.2 0.32 9.24
10. Cations : Na+ K+ Mg++ Ca++ Fe++ Mn++ NH4+ Cu++ Zn++ Cr++
mg/l " " " " " " " " "
180 34 10.7 14.4 2.6 0.24 2.05 >0.002 0.54 0.003
11. Anions : CLSO4-PO4-NO2NO3CO3-HCO3-
mg/l " " " " " "
179 14 6.4 0.008 2.3 0.00 115.9
12. Heavy Metals : Cd Pb Ni Hg
µg/l " " "
>0.0002 >0.01 >0.007 0.0007
: D + + # L H
@+# $ :(2) -C H 6 الخواص الميكانيكية Soil Types
الخواص الفيزيائية
Sand %
Coarse Sand %
Fine Sand %
Silt %
Clay %
pH
Sandy Soil
91
21.6
78.4
1.3
7.7
Loamy Sand Soil
86
18.5
81.5
2.8
11.2
mmohs/cm/25oC
C.E.C meq/100mg
O.M %
Water Content
8.7
0.93
1.90
0.13
0.06
7.9
0.67
4.78
0.22
0.190
E.C
الخواص الكيميائية
Ca
Mg
Na
K
HCO3
Cl
SO4
Sandy Soil
43
62
114
20
303
106
34
Loamy Sand Soil
110
55
81
52
185
355
53
SOLUBLE CATIONS
SOLUBLE ANIONS
/ - #$ %15 * 10 =% H 9 & - 4 ) ( * :
G / - #$ %50 D & - 4 ) G 3; ') ! & & 4 ) * A . $ 9L 1 6
: 1 * ? * / / : 2.2 G * ? 0 4 0 * 30 ; : 3) J % * 0?6- & 1 % 4 * ? * / * 1 1 ! 5
53 & =% #1 % D& * * E14 E7 E5 E3 E1 E0 : / 5 & 5 & 3)
1 D& .. 5 98 E77 E63 E56 E49 E42 E35 E28 E21 %15 E%6 4) H& H/( 0 4 / 5 & & ) E 5 / - #$ %50
. (GLC) $ 9L 1 6
0 1 + ! & , & * ? * / C 3.2 : / 4 E * 4 / 0 1 - ! & /) 2.6×7.6 A$ * : 4 225 E170 E85 * / ( = S) * 1 @ 210 E140 E70 E20) ! & * I * ? * 1 @ #$ F( ?) * / 0 1 - * & (0 40 E30 D& . : 240 E120 E90 E60 E 30 E15 E0 I / ( 295) 1 * 20 4 A$ * 6 1 6 & 5 & & U = ) ; . $ 9L 70 E50 E30 E20 E10 : ) * / & * 5 *& D& * 1 * / ! * S 5 & ( PU 4410 K1) $ 9L 1 6 L = % FPD $ % 5 = 5 (PU 4820 Q * 1 9 & ) 4: 3 4 2 : #-
WHb 100/120 mesh 5 .( ! (3% OV-17) 0 9 / 010 G/ 0 3 / 0210 : 15 Q ?) * */ ! & 0320 = ! & 0320 *& * ! & 0 3/0300 =
30 4 L% @
0/ 25 * 0/ 30 * 6 *
: 15 Q ?) * */ ! & * ? E 0/ *& * ! & 0 3/0290 = 0 10 / 010 G/ 0 2 / 0190 0/ 25 * 6 * 0300 = ! & 0300 : & D& . 0/ 30 4 L% @
0/ 20 *
(1) : * / # & ( / ) . (2) : * ?
: النتائج والمناقشة
: 2 I # $ ( $ # #/ .1 V& V - ' ( ( 1- * = * V4 V @ - ! H1 ' .)-
: #$ > ) 1 ' 4 & ?) * ! 6 . # #$ % #$ & ! - /) ; D & & & * ( / $ ) & * (1) : 'V V 2 V " > D& $ 2L #1 6 (/ * V ? (1 ' – ' ' – '4 ') ) !4 ' Q$ > D& . (#$ & ) D& G% 3V) V1 * / * ? - - 1 - 3 4- / D& !) E34.71 E32.44 E23.34 * / D& @ & * ? * / V V V V %62.51 E58.35 E53.57 E49.83 E47.13 E44.00 E41.07 E39.98 E61.81 E53.32 E50.05 E47.26 E46.62 E44.80 E42.08 E40.35 E30.53 * V ? E77 E63 E56 E49 E42 E35 E28 E21 E14 E7 3) 1 %81.84 E69.17 S) V &- 4 4) ?) * ';> '3; ) . 5 98 V =V( !1 (K) - ( ) - K? 1 ( = DV& * )V * * - / C #1 2 =?) > (t0.5)
* / 33.06 t0.5 : 0.02096 : K 0.0091 : Q$V V C3V 5 21.99 E0.01368 E 0.03151 * ?
3.74 6.84 * ? 5 * D& % & : J/ *V ?V Q$V GV HV/ Q$V '3V; . 2 6 * / * Zidan, et al (1981) Miyamoto EMohamed, (1981) and Mikami (1982) Kobylinski, et al, (1984) Frobe, et al, (1988)and *& V (2002) * V)W #V// E Becerra and espinosa, (1993) . * )W * (2002) * )W
HV, Q$V > 1 ! ' #1 D& G% * C * V ? *V D& - ' $ K? ! !V1 4 G - ! * Q$ * E * / J =V/) I& * & % & : 533 @ G K? * / # 1 - - . (7.516.78) 2 ? % 33.11 E25.84 E21.56 D& * G &
5V * 7 E5 E3 % 40.00 E29.47 E26.32 * ? 56 & ? : ! G D & * G
* V ? V * / % 59.83 37.48 * F 93 * VL DV& V 63 V - 1 ! D & E %63.07 41.83 V: V1 IV/) &( 5 * ? * / % 59.93 E65.01 - C 1 2 =?)- &- 4) . * ? % & V V * V / K 0.03183 V: L D& D& J % * * % 79.37 V - V VL 98 G . * ? 0.03544 4.54 L % & : 1 ! & ! &( * ? % 85.41 E * / * V ? * / 19.55E 21.77 1 =( / Rice and , Humayoun(1977) *V V Q$V G 01 Q$ '3; # Mallet and Mallet (1988) , Lichtenstein et al .(1967) , Dishburger(1968) E Horvath(1982) E Chordhry and Webster (1985)ESharma, et al, (1987) . William and Terry (1989) Becerra and Espinosa (1993) -
J % *
1 ' Q$
& %48.07 4 D& * / G () K? : G
D & D& 42
C 3; %49.14 * ? E 28
* / %77.89 E65.27 E56.40 * ? J >&? G 5 63 E56 E49 / %75.55 E70.82 E66.53 * ? G &% C3 > : 1 * / % & : L %88.90 * ? - L 98 E 5.04 – 7.20 =% ! 1.06 * ? - Y D& * / %83.93 0.02042 * * / 0.01799 * &- 4) Q$ E * / * ? 0.04703 0.04143 * / K : * Q$ * * ? * ? 14.74 16.73 * / =( !1 : E
Szeto Sandoram, (1982) * & * ' G
3;
Miles and Takashima, (1991) E Nicolls, (1988) E Matthies, (1987) . Becerra and Espinosa(1993) Y D& * ? #1 ; ' 5
!1 : D& !41 ! ' H: 1 ' * / * ? E 21.77 E33.06 E16.73 5 =( D& !41 1 ' ! ' #1 H: - Y D& =) ' . 5 21.99 E19.55 E14.74 =( 1 : !4 ' #1 * ? 1 % & C 4 5
E4.54 – 6.90 E4.33 – 7.20 E3.74 – 6.84 ! 1
% & : : 1 * / 5 C 4 * I : A, 5
! 1 ' 7.07 – 6.90 E8.33 – 7.20
. !4 ' 1 6.38 – 6.84 =/) #%& * % &
: $ I # $ ( $ # #/ .2 * ? * / 2 / C % Q$ * (2) H 23 2 Q$ *; D& L #1
: ( * ? E #& * / ) J J
L * ? G Q$ > D& ; / 35 & * ? ( ) / *
#1 * / %32.76 ? %37.50 1 #1 . #1 * - 3) !1 4
E27.18 E24.22 E20.41 * D& # . * / > % 71.85 E54.52 E50.90 E45.01 E43.12 E41.21 E32.76 E30.61 E51.88 E46.88 E44.83 E43.75 E37.50 E34.66 E28.82 E25.42 E14.91 * ? 98 E77 E63 E56 E49 E42 E35 E28 E21 E14 E7 % 71.87 E55.63 . 5 * * - C #1 2 =?) > Q$ &- 4) !1 0.02570 4 K : 0.01116 * ? : 1 * )
? : * ? *
. 5
; 26.96 =(
27.89 E0.02485 E0.01079 * / H
%84.71 * ? * L * : 4 K? 1 1 9
%72.45 * /
# * / > E * ? - 3) E67.29 E62.25 E60.15 E57.19 E54.04 E51.61 E48.55 E40.58 E32.96 E29.83 E39.11 E36.95 E35.24 E31.22 E29.41 * ? %72.45 E28 E21 E14 E7 /
% 84.71 E61.84 E51.63 E46.25 E46.00 E43.44 . 5 98 E77 E63 E56 E49 E42 E35
#1 * C #1 A% 2 =?) * &- 4)
(0.0379 E0.0283) K : D& L E27.89) (22.51 E24.49) =( !1 : (0.0257 E0.0285) ! 1.17 * / # - * 5 * *& #1 L
(26.96
* ? =%
23 : 1 L ! 1.01 * /
H : ! 1.18
* ? H1 >
H L 1 J * ? * # 3; L L #1 * / * J * ? 1 Harris and
Q$ G 0/ 3;
1 *
Afifi and E Miels, et al, (1978) E Zidan, et al, (1976) E Warren, (1970) Reed et al .(1982) E Getzin, .(1981) E Berbert, (1988) E Kansouh, (1980)
Adhikari,
et al, (1991) E Racke,
et al, (1988) E
Getzin, .(1985)
. Zidan, et al, (1993)
: 3 J $ ( $ # #/ .3 ! & * D? , (3) Q$ * , Q$ #$(&- & A% D& * ? * / 2 C 210 E140 E70) ? H * /
0
20 - ! & 9
E30 E15) I 1 ?) ( = S 255 E170 E85) * ? ( = S >,1
0
40 E
0
30 ! & 9 & 1 ( 0 240 E120 E90 E60
D& I : ! I/) 23 *
, #1
? 9 * ? * : * / #1 / - E21.03 E25.57 %70.26 E32.71 E27.28 D&
0
30
. 5 : 240 %58.19 : D& I 1 (
0
40 E
0
30) ! & 9 ,
E10.41 E0.43 * / * - * * ? * / %62.13 E19.76 E17.08 * ? %30.64 . 5 * / D&
0
30
* =( !1 5 &
: 132.50 E49.89 E54.52 * ? : 210.64 E65.25 E56.89 A% - C *
0
40 ! & 9 & #1 * . 5
: 164.61 E41.32 E42.62 ? ! 9 . 5
D?
*
: 64.29 E32.29 E22.15 * ? * /
# 2 & I A% , > =( !1 E56.89 E624.32 ? ! & - * / 1 * > : 22.15 E54.52 E391.53 * ?
: 42.62
Kadoum ' G ; - * 4 D # * )- EZidan, et al,
(1977) E Afifi, (1976) E and Delmon, (1969) . Hegazy, et al, (1988) Zidan, (1981) E Getzin, .(1981)
: 6# > ,G J $ ( $ # #/ .4 =) # , / 0 1 ? 4- () K (1981) #// % / / .)- J =?) H 2 / 0 1 - , (4) Q$ (1976) * ) #// - - D& * ? * / 2 * : 4 %63.04 E80.94 E82.05 * / / 0 1 ? I ) ? %74.44 E86.78 E93.72 * ? 0.00426 E0.00711 E0.00743 * &- 4) Q$ . #
*
K : * Q$ * * ? 0.00588 E0.00915 E0.01139 * * / E0.02107 E0.02623 0.00981 E0.01637 E0.01711 * / E42.33 E40.50 * / =( !1 : * ? 0.01354 - : 51.18 E32.89 E26.42 * ? : 70.64 * & * ' G 0/ 3; E #
* D #
Greenhalgh and Marshall, E Livingston, (1971) E Crosby and Li, (1969) . Kearney, (1987) Afifi, et al, (1977) E (1976)
Table 1: Residues Recovered and Degradation Percent of Fenitrothion in Different Types of Water: RESIDUES RECOVERED (µ µg/ml)
Sampling Time
Distilled Water
Hard Water
Ground Water
(days)
pH
Residue
%Deg.
pH
Residue
%Deg.
pH
Residue
%Deg.
0
6.84
1400.00
00.00
6.90
1400.00
00.00
7.20
1400.00
00.00
3
6.73
1243.48
11.18
6.94
1098.16
21.56
7.13
1152.04
17.64
5
7.16
1130.64
19.24
6.96
1038.24
25.84
7.56
1022.28
26.98
7
6.86
1073.24
23.34
7.08
936.46
33.11
7.78
941.64
32.74
14
7.30
945.84
32.44
6.90
875.28
37.48
7.40
832.72
40.52
21
7.50
872.06
37.71
7.20
842.10
39.85
8.30
757.96
45.86
28
6.95
840.28
39.98
7.51
767.48
45.18
8.05
727.02
48.07
35
7.22
825.02
41.07
7.20
697.90
50.15
8.44
661.78
57.73
42
7.4
784.00
44.00
7.42
640.22
54.27
8.59
565.88
59.58
49
7.28
740.18
47.13
7.44
591.46
57.75
8.50
468.58
66.53
56
6.39
702.38
49.83
6.78
562.38
59.83
7.92
408.52
70.82
63
6.94
650.02
53.57
6.95
489.86
65.01
8.02
342.30
75.55
77
6.90
583.10
58.35
7.11
403.06
71.21
8.33
279.44
80.04
98
6.38
524.96
62.51
7.07
288.82
79.37
8.33
224.98
83.93
Slope
0.00910
0.01382
0.01799
t0.5
33.06
21.77
16.73
K
0.02096
0.03183
0.04143
Table 2: Residues Recovered and Degradation Percent of Malathion in Different Types of Water: Sampling
RESIDUES RECOVERED (µ µg/ml)
Time
Distilled Water
Hard Water
Ground Water
(days)
pH
Residue
%Deg
pH
Residue
%Deg
pH
Residue
%Deg
0
6.84
1700.00
00.00
6.90
1700.00
00.00
7.20
1700.00
00.00
3
6.88
1395.79
17.89
6.55
1252.00
26.32
7.14
1426.14
16.11
5
6.42
1298.49
23.62
6.50
1198.95
29.47
7.70
1213.87
28.59
7
7.26
1181.05
30.53
6.85
1020.00
40.00
7.71
1126.36
33.74
14
6.06
1014.09
40.35
8.00
988.92
41.83
7.60
975.52
42.62
21
7.07
984.69
42.08
7.30
957.53
43.67
7.90
894.41
47.39
28
6.31
938.40
44.80
6.68
884.42
47.98
7.53
872.51
48.68
35
5.22
907.54
46.62
6.26
841.05
50.53
7.61
846.67
50.19
42
5.01
896.52
47.26
5.76
797.58
53.08
7.52
812.94
49.14
49
4.60
849.16
50.05
5.80
718.37
57.74
7.20
741.15
56.40
56
4.47
793.64
53.32
4.89
627.89
63.07
5.33
590.35
65.27
63
4.32
649.16
61.81
4.91
518.07
69.53
5.04
375.79
77.89
77
4.33
524.09
69.17
4.06
475.79
72.01
4.74
248.08
85.41
98
3.74
308.64
81.84
4.54
248.08
85.41
4.33
188.73
88.90
Slope
0.01368
0.01539
0.02042
t0.5
21.99
19.55
14.74
K
0.03151
0.03544
0.04703
Table 3 : Residues Recovered (µg/30gm Soil) And Degradation Percent Of Both Pesticides In Loamy Sand & Sandy Soil : Sample Time
LOAMY SAND SOIL Fenitrothion
SANDY SOIL
Malathion
Fenitrothion
Malathion
(days)
Recov. amount
% loss
Recov. amount
% loss
Recov. amount
% loss
Recov. amount
% loss
0
150.00
00.00
150.00
00.00
150.00
00.00
150.00
00.00
3
131.48
12.35
122.41
18.39
137.87
8.09
138.35
7.77
5
117.09
21.94
110.27
26.49
128.71
14.19
131.67
12.22
7
105.26
29.83
105.89
29.41
119.38
20.41
121.63
14.91
14
100.56
32.96
103.18
31.22
113.67
24.22
111.87
25.42
21
89.13
40.58
97.14
35.24
109.23
27.18
106.77
28.82
28
77.17
48.55
94.58
36.95
104.09
30.61
98.01
34.66
35
72.59
51.61
91.34
39.11
100.86
32.76
93.75
37.50
42
68.94
54.04
84.39
43.44
88.19
41.21
84.37
43.75
49
64.21
57.19
81.00
46.00
85.32
43.12
82.76
44.83
56
59.78
60.15
80.63
46.25
82.48
45.01
79.68
46.88
63
56.63
62.25
72.56
51.63
73.65
50.90
72.18
51.88
77
49.15
67.23
57.24
61.84
68.22
54.52
66.56
55.63
98
41.32
72.45
22.93
84.71
42.23
71.85
42.19
71.87
Slope
0.01229
0.01337
0.01079
0.01116
t0.5
24.49
22.51
27.89
26.96
K
0.02830
0.03079
0.02485
0.02570
: The Role Of Temperature On The Persistence Of Fenitrothion And Malathion Residues : Exposure Periods
20 OC Regime Fenitrothion Malathion
30 OC Regime Fenitrothion Malathion
40 OC Regime Fenitrothion Malathion
(min.)
C1 70 ppm
C2 140 ppm
C3 210ppm
C1 85 ppm
C2 170ppm
C3 255ppm
C1 70 ppm
C2 140ppm
C3 210ppm
C1 85 ppm
C2 170ppm
C3 255ppm
C1 70 ppm
C2 140ppm
C3 210ppm
C1 85 ppm
C2 170ppm
C3 255ppm
0
70.00 100.00 68.78 98.26 67.31 96.16 66.74 95.34 65.80 94.00 64.19 91.7 62.12 8874 .00048 624.32 .00111
140.00 100.00 138.08 98.63 135.32 96.66 132.21 94.44 129.87 92.76 127.24 91.39 126.50 90.36 .00042 714.43 .00097
210.00 100.00 209.23 99.63 207.03 98.59 206.13 98.16 205.47 97.84 204.71 97.48 201.05 95.74 .00018 1690.2 .00041
85.00 100.00 84.02 98.85 83.72 98.49 81.92 96.38 78.99 92.93 75.27 88.55 71.43 84.04 .00077 391.53 .00177
170.00 100.00 169.31 99.59 168.11 98.89 164.71 96.93 154.44 93.79 154.55 90.91 149.64 88.02 .00057 529.01 .00131
255.00 100.00 252.33 98.95 250.41 98.09 244.09 95.72 237.89 93.29 231.14 90.46 226.34 88.76 .00053 568.03 .00122
70.00 100.00 60.58 86.54 53.49 76.41 50.82 72.60 43.33 61.19 32.47 46.39 19.09 27.28 .00529 56.89 .01218
140.00 100.00 132.55 93.35 126.22 88.90 94.91 66.84 88.27 62.17 81.86 57.66 46.52 32.71 .00461 65.25 .01062
210.00 100.00 197.12 93.86 191.84 91.35 177.42 84.49 173.73 82.73 162.18 77.23 147.54 70.26 .00143 210.64 .00329
85.00 100.00 72.48 85.63 51.10 60.05 39.08 45.98 33.93 39.94 25.94 30.46 21.90 25.57 .00552 54.52 .01271
170.00 100.00 129.29 76.11 117.66 69.24 77.23 45.35 73.50 43.20 67.49 39.63 47.83 21.03 .00603 49.89 .01389
255.00 100.00 243.78 95.61 222.81 87.38 211.21 82.85 190.97 74.91 180.33 70.73 148.40 58.19 .00227 132.50 .00523
70.00 100.00 54.47 77.82 48.47 72.35 39.98 57.11 35.67 50.96 24.79 35.39 11.96 17.08 .00706 42.62 .01626
140.00 100.00 106.62 92.01 90.34 77.97 70.47 60.82 50.89 43.92 43.43 37.49 22.90 19.76 .00728 41.32 .01677
210.00 100.00 180.49 90.56 177.49 84.52 166.84 79.45 159.48 75.94 136.53 65.02 130.48 62.13 .00183 164.61 .00421
85.00 100.00 43.16 74.43 28.28 48.67 19.51 33.62 14.54 25.07 7.36 12.70 2.57 0.43 .01359 22.15 .03129
170.00 100.00 121.11 71.18 106.08 49.64 65.78 38.66 48.31 28.39 31.94 18.69 17.78 10.41 .00932 32.29 .02146
255.00 100.00 216.84 85.00 198.36 77.78 172.58 67.66 160.33 62.84 134.27 55.65 78.19 30.64 .00468 64.29 .01078
15 30 60 90 120 240 Slope t 0.5 (min) K
*. Figures in italics are the recovered amounts percent .
The Role Of Ultra-Violet Light On The Persistence Of Fenitrothion And Malathion Residues : Exposure Periods
(min)0
0 15 30 60 90 120 240
C1 (70 PPM) Recovere d Loss Amounts % (µ µg/ml) 70.00 100.00 64.75 91.87 51.37 85.12 32.87 65.99 29.01 52.99 19.32 39.69 12.57 19.06
00 7.51 26.62 53.05 58.56 72.41 82.05
Fenitrothion C2 (140 PPM) Recovere d Loss Amounts % (µ µg/ml) 140.00 100.00 128.62 91.87 119.16 85.12 92.39 65.99 74.28 53.05 55.58 39.69 26.68 19.06
00 8.13 14.88 34.01 47.01 60.31 80.94
C3 (210 PPM) Recovered Amounts (µ µg/ml) 210.00 100.000 189.78 90.38 168.58 80.28 132.31 63.01 102.59 48.85 96.57 45.98 77.61 38.96
Malathion C2 (170 PPM)
C1 (85 PPM)
Loss %
00 9.62 19.72 36.99 51.15 54.02 63.04
Recovered Amounts (µ µg/ml) 85.00 100.00 62.32 73.40 44.13 51.92 32.81 38.59 21.85 25.71 12.81 15.07 5.34 6.28
Loss %
00 26.60 48.08 61.41 74.29 84.93 93.72
Recovered Amounts (µ µg/ml) 170.00 100.00 154.95 91.15 137.96 81.15 89.04 52.38 59.68 35.11 34.37 20.22 22.47 13.22
Loss %
00 8.85 18.85 47.62 64.89 79.78 86.78
C3 (255 PPM) Recovered Amounts (µ µg/ml) 255.00 100.00 241.11 94.55 224.78 88.15 192.38 75.44 164.35 64.45 117.93 46.25 65.19 25.56
Slope
0.00743
0.00711
0.00426
0.01139
0.00915
0.00588
t 0.5 (min)
40.50
42.33
70.64
26.42
32.89
51.18
K
0.01711
0.01637
0.00981
0.02623
0.02107
0.01354
*. Figures in italics are the recovered amounts percent.
Loss %
00 5.45 11.58 24.56 35.55 53.75 74.44
: المراجع Abdel Rahman, A. G.; F. A. Afifi and Z. H. Zidan (1993): Adsorption of acetone solutions of fenamiphos and toldofos - methyl pesticides on soils. 4th conf. Agri. Dev. Res. Ain Shams Univ. Cairo, Feb., 1993. Annals Agri. Sci. Sp. Issie 2, 575 - 581 Adhikari, M., Mandal, A. K. and Ray, A. (1991): Sorption of Sumithion by soil. J. Indian - Society of soil science, 39, 4, 680 - 684 Afifi, F. A. (1976). 'Studies on the residual activity of certain insecticides on cotton plants.' ph.D. Thesis Fac. of Agric. Ain Shams Univ. Afifi, F. A. and A. S. H. Kansouh (1980). 'Dissipation and fate of chlorpyrifos and Aldicarb in clay soil under laboratory conditions.' Res. Bull. 1401, Fac. of Agric., Ain Shams univ. Afifi, F. A., A. S. H. Kansouh and M. M. Hosny (1977): The role of UV-light and plant variety in the residual activity of Dursban and Nuvacron on sprayed cotton plants. Bull. Ent. Soc. Egypt Econ. Ser., 10, 207-216. Becerra, V. and Espinosa, G. J. (1993): Behaviour and distribution of Malathion in a simulated aquatic system. Notas - Veterinarias, 3 : 1/2, 11-13 Berbert, P. R. (1988): Malathion residues in cocoa beans harvested at different intervals after application. Revista - theobroma, 18 : 2,115-121 Choudhry, G. G. and Webster, G. R. B. (1985): Protocol guide lines for the investigations of photochemical fat of pesticides in water, air and soils. Residue - Reviews, 86, 79-136. Crosby, D. G. and M. Y. Li (1969): Herbicides photodecomposition. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17: 1036-1040. Frobe, Z., Drevenkar, V., Stengl, B. and Stefanac, Z., (1988): Oxygen-flask combustion of accumulated organophosphorus pesticides for monitoring water pollution. Analytica chimica - Acta, 206: 1-2, 299-312 Getzin, L. W. (1981). 'Degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil: Influence of autoclaving, soil moisture and temperature.' J. Econ. Entomol. Vol. (74) No. 2 pp. 158. Getzin, L. W. (1985) Factors influencing the persistence and effectiveness of chlorpyrifos in soil. Journal of Economic Entomology, 78, 2, 412-418 Harris, C. R. and J. L. Ahlrichs (1967). 'Determination of clay surface acidity by infrared spectroscopy.' Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 311, 30.
Harris, C. R., and G. F. Warren (1970). 'Persistence and behaviour of soil insecticides.' Initiation paper presented at a Symposium on "Pesticides in soil: Ecology, Degradation & Movement " at Michigan State Univ., Feb. 25-27, 1970. Hegazy, M. E. A., Abdel-Razik, M. Diab, M. M. and Abu Zahw, M. M. (1988): Sumithion residues on and in potatoe tubers. Annals of Agric. Science, Cairo, 33 : 2, 1297-1298. Horvath, L. (1982) Persistence of organophosphorus pesticides in aquatic environments. Final report for the period 1 July 1976 - 13 July 1988 for the programme on isotope-tracer-aided research in aquataic environment. (Magyar Tudomaryos Akademia, Budapest, Zotopintezete). Humayoun Akhtar (1977): Degradation of tetrachlorvinphos & its major metabolite in aqueous media. J. Agric. Food Chem. Vol. 25, No. 4, 848-851 Kadoum, A. M. and Delmon, W. La Hve (1969). Effect of hybrid, moisture content, foreign material and storage temperature on the degradation of Malathion residue in grain shorghum. Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 62, No. 5, 1101-1163. Kearney, P. C., Muldoon, M. T., Somich, C. J. (1987). “UV-ozonation of eleven major pesticides as a waste disposal pretreatment.” Chemosphere. 16: 10-12, 2321-2330; 10 ref. Kobylinski, E. A., Dennis, W. H., and Rosencrance, A. B. (1984): Treatment of pesticide-aden wastewater by recirculation through activated carbon. ACS - symposium series, No. 259, 125-151. Lichtenstain, E. P., T. W. Fuhremann and R. F. Skrentny (1967). 'Effect of detergents and inorganic salts in water on the persistence and movement of insecticides in soils.' J. Econ. Entomol. 60: 1714-1721. Livingston, R. (1971): Photochemical auto-oxidation in Auto-oxidation and Antioxidations. vol. 1, Interscience, New York. pp: 294-298. Mallet, C. and Mallet, V. N. (1988): A multi-residue method for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in water by macro-bore gas chromatography. Proc. of the annual eastern Canada Workshop of pesticides residues & environmental contaminants, No. 20, 167-184. Matthies, M. (1987): Fate modelling of pesticide in ground water. Proceedings of pesticide science and technology of 6th International congress of pesticide congress of pesticide chemistry, Ottawa, Canada, 10-15/8/1986. 373-380.
Miels, W. R. j, C. R. Harris and P. Moy (1978). 'Insecticidal residue in organic soil of the Holland Marsh, Ontario, Canada, 1972-1975.' J. Econ. Entomol. 71 (1): 970. Miles, C. J. and Takashima, S. (1991). Fate of Malathion and O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate by-product in Hawaiian soil and water. Archives-ofEnvironmental-Contamination-and-Toxicology. 1991, 20: 3,325-329; 13 ref. Miyamoto J. and Mikami (1982). 'Degradation of pyrethroid insecticide in the field.' The Fifth International Congress of pesticide Chemistry (IUPAC). Abstracts. Aug. 29- Sept 4 Kyoto. Japan. Mohamed E. S. (1981). Behaaviour of certain pesticides in Egyptian soils.' ph. D. Thesis, Ain Shams Univ. Fas. of Agric. Nicholls, P. H. (1988): Factor influencing entry of pesticides into soil water pesticide science, 22 : 1, 123-137. Racke, K. D., R.J. Coats and R. K. Titus (1988). 'Degradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product, 3,5,6.-trichloro-2-pyridinol, in soil.' J. Enviro. Sci. and Health 23 (6): 527-539. Reed, W. T., A. Ehmann, P. W. Lee, G. F. Barber and J. L. Bishop (1982). 'The fate and impact of pydrin insecticide (fenvalerate) on non-target system following field application. The Fifth international Congress of pesticide Chemistry [IUPAC.]. Abstracts Aug. 29 sept. 4 Kyoto Japan. Rice, J.R., and H.J. Dishburger (1968). 'Determination of 0,0- Diethyl-0- [3,5,6. Trichloro -2-pyridyi] phosphorothioate in water and silt by gas chromatography.' J. Agric. Food Chem. 16: 867-9. Sharma, S. R. Rathore, N. S. and Ahmed, S. R. (1987) Studied on removal of Malathion from water by means of activated charcoal. Shed, P. (1986): Detoxification of herbicide residues in soil. Weed - Science, 33, 2, 33-41 Szeto, S. Y. and K. S. M. Sundaram (1982). 'Behaviour and degradation of chlorpyrifos-methyl in two aquatic models.' J. Agric. Food Chem. 30, 1032-1035. Wang, T. C. and Hoffman, M. E (1991). Degradation of organophosphorus pesticides in coastal water. Journal of the AOAC, 74(5): 883-886. William E. C. and Terry F. Bidleman (1989): Degradation of Malathion, endosulfan and ferrvalerate in sea water and sea water / sediment microcosms. J. Agri. Food. Chem. Vol. 37, 824 - 828
Zidan, H. Z.; F. A. Afifi and M. A. Mohamed (1993); Physicochemical and biological factors influencing the persistence of fenamiphos and toldofos-methyl in soils. 4th conf. Agri. Dev. Res. Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Feb. 1993. Annals Agri. Sci. Sp. Issue 2, 561 - 573. Zidan, Z. H, E. M. Ramadan and M. M. Ibrahim (1976). 'Persistence of certain Organophosphorus insecticides in soil, their effects on microflora and some chemical properties of soil.' Paper Presented in the 3rd Pest Control Conf. Ain Shams Univ., 2-5 October, 1976. Zidan, Z. H., A. M. Shabaan, A. K. Sobeiha, F. A. Mahmoud and M. S. El-Zemaity (1981). 'Degradation of Dursban and Temik in water, soil extracts and soil under Laboratory conditions.' 1st International Congress for soil Pollution and Protection from Pesticide Residues, 1981, P. 12. Zidan, Z. H., Hosni, M.M., and Afifi, F. A. (1977) Persistence, Downward movement and metabolic pathways of certain organophosphorus insecticides in soil. Proc. 2nd Arab Pesticide Conf., Tanta Univ.
** * ** * –
الملخص : ! $ # #/ ) & ( ( +, * ( & ) ) $ 2 34 2 ) 2 # 1 $ - . / -0 4# 7 8 # (74, 4# $ 6 5 2 2 ) 40 : 30 : 20) 3 6 $ ( ( #9 @+# ! 5 . 6# > ,= < 7 !; (-o .B# 3 -C # $ # # #0 A $ $ ( $ ) - 14 : 19 : 22 $ ( # $ # - 16 : 21 : 33 (t0.5 # , E : D 7 6 3 34 2 %83 : 79 : 62 E#0 + D# # 1 $ ( $ $ # 5 . 2 4 #G $ ( # %88 : 85 : 81 # # $ # # $ ( / #8 # # # - 24 : 22 .B# # $ # # #8 / . $ ( C 3 1.09 3C # $ # / . D 7 - 26 : 27 .B# -C # D A # $ # #8 I5 $ $ ( # H $ 7 ,5 $ ( # 3 1.19 $ # # 3 1.14 # 1 6 # 1 A! 3 6 J B . 1 A! $ 7 H ) 7 #0 1 $ ! J -o 40 : 30 3 I ! $ $ < C . $ ( $ # $ (: $ # # $ ( I # H 7 6# > , 1 # I 7 $ 38B #0 H $ /5 # : C 70.64 : 42.32 : 40.49 $ # .B# # ( 7 $ $ # C 51.18 : 32.98 : 26.42 $ .
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: المواد والطرق : .1 : .1.1 : Fenitrothion (Sumithion :* ) * / .1.1.1 O,O-dimethyl-O-(3methyl-4-nitrophenyl) Phosphorothioate : االسم العلمي C9 H12 N O5 P S : التركيب والصيغة البنائية NO 2 S H3CO H3CO
Formula weight Specific gravity Vapour pressure Melting point Boiling Point Safety
P O
CH3
: 277.23 : 1.34/25 oC. : 1.37x10-4 mm Hg/20 oC. : 0.3 oC. : 118 oC. : Toxicity Class III.
(Mercaptothion :* Carbofos :K 1 ) * ? .2.1.1 : Malathion O,O-dimethyl-S(1,2-dicarboethoxyethyl)Phosphorodithioate : االسم العلمي C10 H19 O6 P S2 : التركيب والصيغة البنائية O S P H3CO H3CO
O
CH 3
O
CH 3
S O
Formula weigh Specific gravity Vapour pressure Melting point Boiling Point Safety
: 330 : 1.23/25 oC. : 4x10-5 mm Hg/30 oC. : 2.85 oC. : 120 oC. : Toxicity Class III.
: 2 .2.1 C3 2 #1 ) * ' J #4L ' * J ? ) ! ': #; * /) , - 0.304 3P & ! , &% O ' 1 - ' E !4 ' E4 @ #1 6 0.139 $ $ $/ /( & Q$ A% (1) : @ 4 C 4 . (C3 =?) 3 .. / )
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@+# $ :(1) -C H 6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. Parameters Unit Well water --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Temperature Conductivity pH Turbidity Colour Total solids Dissolved oxygen Total silica CO2
o
C us/c NTU Unites mg/l mg/l mg/l. mg/l.
32 700 6.75 55 55 416 2.2 0.32 9.24
10. Cations : Na+ K+ Mg++ Ca++ Fe++ Mn++ NH4+ Cu++ Zn++ Cr++
mg/l " " " " " " " " "
180 34 10.7 14.4 2.6 0.24 2.05 >0.002 0.54 0.003
11. Anions : CLSO4-PO4-NO2NO3CO3-HCO3-
mg/l " " " " " "
179 14 6.4 0.008 2.3 0.00 115.9
12. Heavy Metals : Cd Pb Ni Hg
µg/l " " "
>0.0002 >0.01 >0.007 0.0007
: D + + # L H
@+# $ :(2) -C H 6 الخواص الميكانيكية Soil Types
الخواص الفيزيائية
Sand %
Coarse Sand %
Fine Sand %
Silt %
Clay %
pH
Sandy Soil
91
21.6
78.4
1.3
7.7
Loamy Sand Soil
86
18.5
81.5
2.8
11.2
mmohs/cm/25oC
C.E.C meq/100mg
O.M %
Water Content
8.7
0.93
1.90
0.13
0.06
7.9
0.67
4.78
0.22
0.190
E.C
الخواص الكيميائية
Ca
Mg
Na
K
HCO3
Cl
SO4
Sandy Soil
43
62
114
20
303
106
34
Loamy Sand Soil
110
55
81
52
185
355
53
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SOLUBLE ANIONS
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Miles and Takashima, (1991) E Nicolls, (1988) E Matthies, (1987) . Becerra and Espinosa(1993) Y D& * ? #1 ; ' 5
!1 : D& !41 ! ' H: 1 ' * / * ? E 21.77 E33.06 E16.73 5 =( D& !41 1 ' ! ' #1 H: - Y D& =) ' . 5 21.99 E19.55 E14.74 =( 1 : !4 ' #1 * ? 1 % & C 4 5
E4.54 – 6.90 E4.33 – 7.20 E3.74 – 6.84 ! 1
% & : : 1 * / 5 C 4 * I : A, 5
! 1 ' 7.07 – 6.90 E8.33 – 7.20
. !4 ' 1 6.38 – 6.84 =/) #%& * % &
: $ I # $ ( $ # #/ .2 * ? * / 2 / C % Q$ * (2) H 23 2 Q$ *; D& L #1
: ( * ? E #& * / ) J J
L * ? G Q$ > D& ; / 35 & * ? ( ) / *
#1 * / %32.76 ? %37.50 1 #1 . #1 * - 3) !1 4
E27.18 E24.22 E20.41 * D& # . * / > % 71.85 E54.52 E50.90 E45.01 E43.12 E41.21 E32.76 E30.61 E51.88 E46.88 E44.83 E43.75 E37.50 E34.66 E28.82 E25.42 E14.91 * ? 98 E77 E63 E56 E49 E42 E35 E28 E21 E14 E7 % 71.87 E55.63 . 5 * * - C #1 2 =?) > Q$ &- 4) !1 0.02570 4 K : 0.01116 * ? : 1 * )
? : * ? *
. 5
; 26.96 =(
27.89 E0.02485 E0.01079 * / H
%84.71 * ? * L * : 4 K? 1 1 9
%72.45 * /
# * / > E * ? - 3) E67.29 E62.25 E60.15 E57.19 E54.04 E51.61 E48.55 E40.58 E32.96 E29.83 E39.11 E36.95 E35.24 E31.22 E29.41 * ? %72.45 E28 E21 E14 E7 /
% 84.71 E61.84 E51.63 E46.25 E46.00 E43.44 . 5 98 E77 E63 E56 E49 E42 E35
#1 * C #1 A% 2 =?) * &- 4)
(0.0379 E0.0283) K : D& L E27.89) (22.51 E24.49) =( !1 : (0.0257 E0.0285) ! 1.17 * / # - * 5 * *& #1 L
(26.96
* ? =%
23 : 1 L ! 1.01 * /
H : ! 1.18
* ? H1 >
H L 1 J * ? * # 3; L L #1 * / * J * ? 1 Harris and
Q$ G 0/ 3;
1 *
Afifi and E Miels, et al, (1978) E Zidan, et al, (1976) E Warren, (1970) Reed et al .(1982) E Getzin, .(1981) E Berbert, (1988) E Kansouh, (1980)
Adhikari,
et al, (1991) E Racke,
et al, (1988) E
Getzin, .(1985)
. Zidan, et al, (1993)
: 3 J $ ( $ # #/ .3 ! & * D? , (3) Q$ * , Q$ #$(&- & A% D& * ? * / 2 C 210 E140 E70) ? H * /
0
20 - ! & 9
E30 E15) I 1 ?) ( = S 255 E170 E85) * ? ( = S >,1
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40 E
0
30 ! & 9 & 1 ( 0 240 E120 E90 E60
D& I : ! I/) 23 *
, #1
? 9 * ? * : * / #1 / - E21.03 E25.57 %70.26 E32.71 E27.28 D&
0
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E10.41 E0.43 * / * - * * ? * / %62.13 E19.76 E17.08 * ? %30.64 . 5 * / D&
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: 132.50 E49.89 E54.52 * ? : 210.64 E65.25 E56.89 A% - C *
0
40 ! & 9 & #1 * . 5
: 164.61 E41.32 E42.62 ? ! 9 . 5
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*
: 64.29 E32.29 E22.15 * ? * /
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: 42.62
Kadoum ' G ; - * 4 D # * )- EZidan, et al,
(1977) E Afifi, (1976) E and Delmon, (1969) . Hegazy, et al, (1988) Zidan, (1981) E Getzin, .(1981)
: 6# > ,G J $ ( $ # #/ .4 =) # , / 0 1 ? 4- () K (1981) #// % / / .)- J =?) H 2 / 0 1 - , (4) Q$ (1976) * ) #// - - D& * ? * / 2 * : 4 %63.04 E80.94 E82.05 * / / 0 1 ? I ) ? %74.44 E86.78 E93.72 * ? 0.00426 E0.00711 E0.00743 * &- 4) Q$ . #
*
K : * Q$ * * ? 0.00588 E0.00915 E0.01139 * * / E0.02107 E0.02623 0.00981 E0.01637 E0.01711 * / E42.33 E40.50 * / =( !1 : * ? 0.01354 - : 51.18 E32.89 E26.42 * ? : 70.64 * & * ' G 0/ 3; E #
* D #
Greenhalgh and Marshall, E Livingston, (1971) E Crosby and Li, (1969) . Kearney, (1987) Afifi, et al, (1977) E (1976)
Table 1: Residues Recovered and Degradation Percent of Fenitrothion in Different Types of Water: RESIDUES RECOVERED (µ µg/ml)
Sampling Time
Distilled Water
Hard Water
Ground Water
(days)
pH
Residue
%Deg.
pH
Residue
%Deg.
pH
Residue
%Deg.
0
6.84
1400.00
00.00
6.90
1400.00
00.00
7.20
1400.00
00.00
3
6.73
1243.48
11.18
6.94
1098.16
21.56
7.13
1152.04
17.64
5
7.16
1130.64
19.24
6.96
1038.24
25.84
7.56
1022.28
26.98
7
6.86
1073.24
23.34
7.08
936.46
33.11
7.78
941.64
32.74
14
7.30
945.84
32.44
6.90
875.28
37.48
7.40
832.72
40.52
21
7.50
872.06
37.71
7.20
842.10
39.85
8.30
757.96
45.86
28
6.95
840.28
39.98
7.51
767.48
45.18
8.05
727.02
48.07
35
7.22
825.02
41.07
7.20
697.90
50.15
8.44
661.78
57.73
42
7.4
784.00
44.00
7.42
640.22
54.27
8.59
565.88
59.58
49
7.28
740.18
47.13
7.44
591.46
57.75
8.50
468.58
66.53
56
6.39
702.38
49.83
6.78
562.38
59.83
7.92
408.52
70.82
63
6.94
650.02
53.57
6.95
489.86
65.01
8.02
342.30
75.55
77
6.90
583.10
58.35
7.11
403.06
71.21
8.33
279.44
80.04
98
6.38
524.96
62.51
7.07
288.82
79.37
8.33
224.98
83.93
Slope
0.00910
0.01382
0.01799
t0.5
33.06
21.77
16.73
K
0.02096
0.03183
0.04143
Table 2: Residues Recovered and Degradation Percent of Malathion in Different Types of Water: Sampling
RESIDUES RECOVERED (µ µg/ml)
Time
Distilled Water
Hard Water
Ground Water
(days)
pH
Residue
%Deg
pH
Residue
%Deg
pH
Residue
%Deg
0
6.84
1700.00
00.00
6.90
1700.00
00.00
7.20
1700.00
00.00
3
6.88
1395.79
17.89
6.55
1252.00
26.32
7.14
1426.14
16.11
5
6.42
1298.49
23.62
6.50
1198.95
29.47
7.70
1213.87
28.59
7
7.26
1181.05
30.53
6.85
1020.00
40.00
7.71
1126.36
33.74
14
6.06
1014.09
40.35
8.00
988.92
41.83
7.60
975.52
42.62
21
7.07
984.69
42.08
7.30
957.53
43.67
7.90
894.41
47.39
28
6.31
938.40
44.80
6.68
884.42
47.98
7.53
872.51
48.68
35
5.22
907.54
46.62
6.26
841.05
50.53
7.61
846.67
50.19
42
5.01
896.52
47.26
5.76
797.58
53.08
7.52
812.94
49.14
49
4.60
849.16
50.05
5.80
718.37
57.74
7.20
741.15
56.40
56
4.47
793.64
53.32
4.89
627.89
63.07
5.33
590.35
65.27
63
4.32
649.16
61.81
4.91
518.07
69.53
5.04
375.79
77.89
77
4.33
524.09
69.17
4.06
475.79
72.01
4.74
248.08
85.41
98
3.74
308.64
81.84
4.54
248.08
85.41
4.33
188.73
88.90
Slope
0.01368
0.01539
0.02042
t0.5
21.99
19.55
14.74
K
0.03151
0.03544
0.04703
Table 3 : Residues Recovered (µg/30gm Soil) And Degradation Percent Of Both Pesticides In Loamy Sand & Sandy Soil : Sample Time
LOAMY SAND SOIL Fenitrothion
SANDY SOIL
Malathion
Fenitrothion
Malathion
(days)
Recov. amount
% loss
Recov. amount
% loss
Recov. amount
% loss
Recov. amount
% loss
0
150.00
00.00
150.00
00.00
150.00
00.00
150.00
00.00
3
131.48
12.35
122.41
18.39
137.87
8.09
138.35
7.77
5
117.09
21.94
110.27
26.49
128.71
14.19
131.67
12.22
7
105.26
29.83
105.89
29.41
119.38
20.41
121.63
14.91
14
100.56
32.96
103.18
31.22
113.67
24.22
111.87
25.42
21
89.13
40.58
97.14
35.24
109.23
27.18
106.77
28.82
28
77.17
48.55
94.58
36.95
104.09
30.61
98.01
34.66
35
72.59
51.61
91.34
39.11
100.86
32.76
93.75
37.50
42
68.94
54.04
84.39
43.44
88.19
41.21
84.37
43.75
49
64.21
57.19
81.00
46.00
85.32
43.12
82.76
44.83
56
59.78
60.15
80.63
46.25
82.48
45.01
79.68
46.88
63
56.63
62.25
72.56
51.63
73.65
50.90
72.18
51.88
77
49.15
67.23
57.24
61.84
68.22
54.52
66.56
55.63
98
41.32
72.45
22.93
84.71
42.23
71.85
42.19
71.87
Slope
0.01229
0.01337
0.01079
0.01116
t0.5
24.49
22.51
27.89
26.96
K
0.02830
0.03079
0.02485
0.02570
: The Role Of Temperature On The Persistence Of Fenitrothion And Malathion Residues : Exposure Periods
20 OC Regime Fenitrothion Malathion
30 OC Regime Fenitrothion Malathion
40 OC Regime Fenitrothion Malathion
(min.)
C1 70 ppm
C2 140 ppm
C3 210ppm
C1 85 ppm
C2 170ppm
C3 255ppm
C1 70 ppm
C2 140ppm
C3 210ppm
C1 85 ppm
C2 170ppm
C3 255ppm
C1 70 ppm
C2 140ppm
C3 210ppm
C1 85 ppm
C2 170ppm
C3 255ppm
0
70.00 100.00 68.78 98.26 67.31 96.16 66.74 95.34 65.80 94.00 64.19 91.7 62.12 8874 .00048 624.32 .00111
140.00 100.00 138.08 98.63 135.32 96.66 132.21 94.44 129.87 92.76 127.24 91.39 126.50 90.36 .00042 714.43 .00097
210.00 100.00 209.23 99.63 207.03 98.59 206.13 98.16 205.47 97.84 204.71 97.48 201.05 95.74 .00018 1690.2 .00041
85.00 100.00 84.02 98.85 83.72 98.49 81.92 96.38 78.99 92.93 75.27 88.55 71.43 84.04 .00077 391.53 .00177
170.00 100.00 169.31 99.59 168.11 98.89 164.71 96.93 154.44 93.79 154.55 90.91 149.64 88.02 .00057 529.01 .00131
255.00 100.00 252.33 98.95 250.41 98.09 244.09 95.72 237.89 93.29 231.14 90.46 226.34 88.76 .00053 568.03 .00122
70.00 100.00 60.58 86.54 53.49 76.41 50.82 72.60 43.33 61.19 32.47 46.39 19.09 27.28 .00529 56.89 .01218
140.00 100.00 132.55 93.35 126.22 88.90 94.91 66.84 88.27 62.17 81.86 57.66 46.52 32.71 .00461 65.25 .01062
210.00 100.00 197.12 93.86 191.84 91.35 177.42 84.49 173.73 82.73 162.18 77.23 147.54 70.26 .00143 210.64 .00329
85.00 100.00 72.48 85.63 51.10 60.05 39.08 45.98 33.93 39.94 25.94 30.46 21.90 25.57 .00552 54.52 .01271
170.00 100.00 129.29 76.11 117.66 69.24 77.23 45.35 73.50 43.20 67.49 39.63 47.83 21.03 .00603 49.89 .01389
255.00 100.00 243.78 95.61 222.81 87.38 211.21 82.85 190.97 74.91 180.33 70.73 148.40 58.19 .00227 132.50 .00523
70.00 100.00 54.47 77.82 48.47 72.35 39.98 57.11 35.67 50.96 24.79 35.39 11.96 17.08 .00706 42.62 .01626
140.00 100.00 106.62 92.01 90.34 77.97 70.47 60.82 50.89 43.92 43.43 37.49 22.90 19.76 .00728 41.32 .01677
210.00 100.00 180.49 90.56 177.49 84.52 166.84 79.45 159.48 75.94 136.53 65.02 130.48 62.13 .00183 164.61 .00421
85.00 100.00 43.16 74.43 28.28 48.67 19.51 33.62 14.54 25.07 7.36 12.70 2.57 0.43 .01359 22.15 .03129
170.00 100.00 121.11 71.18 106.08 49.64 65.78 38.66 48.31 28.39 31.94 18.69 17.78 10.41 .00932 32.29 .02146
255.00 100.00 216.84 85.00 198.36 77.78 172.58 67.66 160.33 62.84 134.27 55.65 78.19 30.64 .00468 64.29 .01078
15 30 60 90 120 240 Slope t 0.5 (min) K
*. Figures in italics are the recovered amounts percent .
The Role Of Ultra-Violet Light On The Persistence Of Fenitrothion And Malathion Residues : Exposure Periods
(min)0
0 15 30 60 90 120 240
C1 (70 PPM) Recovere d Loss Amounts % (µ µg/ml) 70.00 100.00 64.75 91.87 51.37 85.12 32.87 65.99 29.01 52.99 19.32 39.69 12.57 19.06
00 7.51 26.62 53.05 58.56 72.41 82.05
Fenitrothion C2 (140 PPM) Recovere d Loss Amounts % (µ µg/ml) 140.00 100.00 128.62 91.87 119.16 85.12 92.39 65.99 74.28 53.05 55.58 39.69 26.68 19.06
00 8.13 14.88 34.01 47.01 60.31 80.94
C3 (210 PPM) Recovered Amounts (µ µg/ml) 210.00 100.000 189.78 90.38 168.58 80.28 132.31 63.01 102.59 48.85 96.57 45.98 77.61 38.96
Malathion C2 (170 PPM)
C1 (85 PPM)
Loss %
00 9.62 19.72 36.99 51.15 54.02 63.04
Recovered Amounts (µ µg/ml) 85.00 100.00 62.32 73.40 44.13 51.92 32.81 38.59 21.85 25.71 12.81 15.07 5.34 6.28
Loss %
00 26.60 48.08 61.41 74.29 84.93 93.72
Recovered Amounts (µ µg/ml) 170.00 100.00 154.95 91.15 137.96 81.15 89.04 52.38 59.68 35.11 34.37 20.22 22.47 13.22
Loss %
00 8.85 18.85 47.62 64.89 79.78 86.78
C3 (255 PPM) Recovered Amounts (µ µg/ml) 255.00 100.00 241.11 94.55 224.78 88.15 192.38 75.44 164.35 64.45 117.93 46.25 65.19 25.56
Slope
0.00743
0.00711
0.00426
0.01139
0.00915
0.00588
t 0.5 (min)
40.50
42.33
70.64
26.42
32.89
51.18
K
0.01711
0.01637
0.00981
0.02623
0.02107
0.01354
*. Figures in italics are the recovered amounts percent.
Loss %
00 5.45 11.58 24.56 35.55 53.75 74.44
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