Pavement Evaluation By Saadia
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Pavement Evaluation
1
PAVEMENT EVALUATION MSc. Transportation Engineering Teacher Incharge; Dr. Sajjad Maqbool
Presented by; Saadia Tabassum
Pavement Evaluation
2
“Pavement evaluation is a technique of assessing the condition of a pavement, both structurally and from the point of view of surface characteristics” Objectives;
To research on the performance of pavements of different specifications over a period of time To assess maintenance needs such as patch repairs, renewals and resealing To assess the need for structural overlay on distressed pavements
Pavement Evaluation
3
Pavement Evaluation is a Measure of Pavement Performance Pavement Performance is a function of its relative ability to serve traffic over a period of time (Highway Research Board, 1962). Evaluation
Categories
Roughness
(often called “smoothness”) Surface Distress Skid Resistance Structural Evaluation Pavement Evaluation
4
Objective of various system of measurement (roughness meter, deflection, skid resistance equipment, visual distress survey....etc.)
Establish maintenance priorities Determine maintenance and rehabilitation strategies Predict pavement performance
Pavement Evaluation
5
Pavement Roughness “is an expression of irregularities in the pavement surface that adversely affect the ride quality of vehicle (and thus the user).”
Rough Pavements Pavement Evaluation
6
Pavement Roughness
Roughness Measurement Present Serviceability Rating (PSR) International Roughness Index (IRI)
Measurement Techniques Rod & Level Survey Dipstick Profiler Profilographs Response Type Road Roughness Meter (RTRRM) Profiling Devices
Pavement Evaluation
7
Roughness Measurement
Present Serviceability Rating (PSR) "The judgment of an observer as to the current ability of a pavement to serve the traffic it is meant to serve" (Highway Research Board, 1962).
Individual Present Serviceability Rating Form Pavement Evaluation
8
Roughness Measurement
International Roughness Index (IRI) "IRI is used to define a characteristic of the longitudinal profile of a traveled wheel track and constitutes a standardized roughness measurement. The commonly recommended units are meters per kilometer (m/km) or millimeters per meter (mm/m).”
Pavement Evaluation
IRI Roughness Scale
9
Measurement Techniques
Categories of Equipments for roughness survey data collection
Roughness Measuring Equipment
Pavement Evaluation
10
Measurement Techniques
Categories of Equipments for roughness survey data collection • Rod and Level survey • Dipstick Profiler (for small quantity of pavement profile measurement)
Pavement Evaluation
Dipstick Profiler
11
Measurement Techniques
Categories of Equipments for roughness survey data collection • Profilographs …..for rigid pavement construction inspection, quality control, and acceptance. …..not practical for network condition survey.
Profilograph Pavement Evaluation
Profilograph Output 12
Measurement Techniques
Categories of Equipments for roughness survey data collection • Response Type Road Roughness Meter (RTRRM) ….. RTRRM systems are adequate for routine monitoring of a pavement network and providing an overall picture of the condition of the network ….. RTRRMs measure the vertical movements of the rear axle of an automobile or the axle of a trailer relative to the vehicle frame.
Pavement Evaluation
13
Measurement Techniques
Categories of Equipments for roughness survey data collection • Profiling Devices ….. Profiling devices are used to provide accurate, scaled, and complete reproductions of the pavement profile within a certain range.
Van mounted road profiler Pavement Evaluation
Distress data collection van 14
Surface Distress “Any indication of poor or unfavorable pavement performance or signs of impending failure; any unsatisfactory performance of a pavement short of failure" (Highway Research Board, 1970).
Distress modes
Fracture (cracking or spalling) Distortion (rutting, corrugation & shoving) Disintegration (striping, raveling or spalling)
Pavement Evaluation
15
Surface Distress
Water bleeding & Pumping Raveling Alligator Cracking
Pavement Evaluation
Rutting Stripping Bleeding
JointSlippage reflection cracking Cracking Corrugation & Shoving
16
Distress Measurement ….either Subjective or Objective
Measurement Techniques
Visual method – old High speed imaging van –advance technology
Equipped with high resolution cameras Specifically designed workstations Advantages Safety Accurate and complete distress data Effective quality control system More efficient data collection Video and digital images are available for other users Pavement Evaluation 17
Measurement Techniques
Pavement Evaluation
Visual Method
18
Measurement Techniques
Pavement Condition Rating Van
Screen Shot from a Computer-Based Automatic Crack Detection System Inside A Pavement Condition Rating Van Pavement Evaluation 19
Skid Resistance “Skid resistance is the force developed when a tire that is prevented from rotating, slides along the pavement surface (Highway Research Board, 1972).”
Important Pavement Evaluation Parameter owing to;
Inadequate skid resistance leads to higher accidents Obligation of agencies to provide user with reasonably safe roadway Skid resistance measurements can be used to evaluate various type of material and construction particles
Pavement Evaluation
20
Skid Resistance Measurement
Quantified by;
Friction Factor or Skid Number
Friction factor (like a coefficient of friction): f = F/L Skid number: SN = 100(f) where:
F = L
Pavement Evaluation
frictional resistance to motion in plane of interface = load perpendicular to interface
21
Skid Resistance Measurement
Typical Skid Number
Pavement Evaluation
22
Measurement Techniques
Common Methods The locked wheel tester ….this method uses a locked wheel skidding along the tested surface to measure friction resistance.
Lock Wheeled Skid Tester Pavement Evaluation
23
Measurement Techniques The
spin up tester
…. same basic setup as a locked wheel tester but operates in an opposite manner Surface
texture measurement
…. seeks to measure a pavement's macro texture then correlate it with skid resistance as measured by some other, more traditional method
Pavement Evaluation
24
Pavement Surface Deflection “pavement deflection is a function of traffic (type and volume), pavement structural section, temperature affecting the pavement structure and moisture affecting the pavement structure.”
Pavement Evaluation
25
Pavement Deflection Measurement
…measured as a pavement surface's vertical
deflected distance as a result of an applied (either static or dynamic) load. …advanced measurement devices record this vertical deflection in multiple locations Measurement Techniques
Static deflections (static load) Steady state deflections (oscillating load) Impact load deflections (impulse load)
Pavement Evaluation
26
Measurement Techniques
Static Deflection Equipment Benkelman Beam …operates on lever arm principle …measurement is made by placing the tip of the beam between the dual tires and measuring the pavement surface rebound as the truck is moved away
Benkelman Beam Schematic Pavement Evaluation
Benkelman Beam in use
27
Measurement Techniques
Steady State Deflection Equipment
DynaFlect & Road Rater …consists of a dynamic force generator (that produces the oscillating load), a motion measuring instrument (to measure the oscillating load), a calibration unit and several deflection measuring Dynaflect devices (transducers, accelerometers, seismometers, etc.).
Pavement Evaluation
Road Rater
28
Measurement Techniques
Impact (Impulse) Load Response
Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) …measures pavement response (deflection basin) by a series of sensors ... quicker and it more accurately simulates the transient loading of traffic
Sensors Loading Plate (weight) Pavement Evaluation
FWD Impulse Loading Mechanism and Sensors
29
Pavement Condition Rating Systems
Based on measurements of roughness, surface distress, skid resistance and deflection, pavements can be assigned a score that evaluates it and thus reflects their overall condition. This score, sometimes called a pavement condition rating, quantifies a pavement's overall performance and can be used to help manage pavement networks.
Pavement Evaluation
30
Pavement Condition Rating Systems
pavement condition scores can be used to;
Trigger treatment Determine the extent and cost of repair. Determine a network condition index. Allow equal comparison of different pavements
Pavement Evaluation
31
Thank you Questions?
Pavement Evaluation
32
1
PAVEMENT EVALUATION MSc. Transportation Engineering Teacher Incharge; Dr. Sajjad Maqbool
Presented by; Saadia Tabassum
Pavement Evaluation
2
“Pavement evaluation is a technique of assessing the condition of a pavement, both structurally and from the point of view of surface characteristics” Objectives;
To research on the performance of pavements of different specifications over a period of time To assess maintenance needs such as patch repairs, renewals and resealing To assess the need for structural overlay on distressed pavements
Pavement Evaluation
3
Pavement Evaluation is a Measure of Pavement Performance Pavement Performance is a function of its relative ability to serve traffic over a period of time (Highway Research Board, 1962). Evaluation
Categories
Roughness
(often called “smoothness”) Surface Distress Skid Resistance Structural Evaluation Pavement Evaluation
4
Objective of various system of measurement (roughness meter, deflection, skid resistance equipment, visual distress survey....etc.)
Establish maintenance priorities Determine maintenance and rehabilitation strategies Predict pavement performance
Pavement Evaluation
5
Pavement Roughness “is an expression of irregularities in the pavement surface that adversely affect the ride quality of vehicle (and thus the user).”
Rough Pavements Pavement Evaluation
6
Pavement Roughness
Roughness Measurement Present Serviceability Rating (PSR) International Roughness Index (IRI)
Measurement Techniques Rod & Level Survey Dipstick Profiler Profilographs Response Type Road Roughness Meter (RTRRM) Profiling Devices
Pavement Evaluation
7
Roughness Measurement
Present Serviceability Rating (PSR) "The judgment of an observer as to the current ability of a pavement to serve the traffic it is meant to serve" (Highway Research Board, 1962).
Individual Present Serviceability Rating Form Pavement Evaluation
8
Roughness Measurement
International Roughness Index (IRI) "IRI is used to define a characteristic of the longitudinal profile of a traveled wheel track and constitutes a standardized roughness measurement. The commonly recommended units are meters per kilometer (m/km) or millimeters per meter (mm/m).”
Pavement Evaluation
IRI Roughness Scale
9
Measurement Techniques
Categories of Equipments for roughness survey data collection
Roughness Measuring Equipment
Pavement Evaluation
10
Measurement Techniques
Categories of Equipments for roughness survey data collection • Rod and Level survey • Dipstick Profiler (for small quantity of pavement profile measurement)
Pavement Evaluation
Dipstick Profiler
11
Measurement Techniques
Categories of Equipments for roughness survey data collection • Profilographs …..for rigid pavement construction inspection, quality control, and acceptance. …..not practical for network condition survey.
Profilograph Pavement Evaluation
Profilograph Output 12
Measurement Techniques
Categories of Equipments for roughness survey data collection • Response Type Road Roughness Meter (RTRRM) ….. RTRRM systems are adequate for routine monitoring of a pavement network and providing an overall picture of the condition of the network ….. RTRRMs measure the vertical movements of the rear axle of an automobile or the axle of a trailer relative to the vehicle frame.
Pavement Evaluation
13
Measurement Techniques
Categories of Equipments for roughness survey data collection • Profiling Devices ….. Profiling devices are used to provide accurate, scaled, and complete reproductions of the pavement profile within a certain range.
Van mounted road profiler Pavement Evaluation
Distress data collection van 14
Surface Distress “Any indication of poor or unfavorable pavement performance or signs of impending failure; any unsatisfactory performance of a pavement short of failure" (Highway Research Board, 1970).
Distress modes
Fracture (cracking or spalling) Distortion (rutting, corrugation & shoving) Disintegration (striping, raveling or spalling)
Pavement Evaluation
15
Surface Distress
Water bleeding & Pumping Raveling Alligator Cracking
Pavement Evaluation
Rutting Stripping Bleeding
JointSlippage reflection cracking Cracking Corrugation & Shoving
16
Distress Measurement ….either Subjective or Objective
Measurement Techniques
Visual method – old High speed imaging van –advance technology
Equipped with high resolution cameras Specifically designed workstations Advantages Safety Accurate and complete distress data Effective quality control system More efficient data collection Video and digital images are available for other users Pavement Evaluation 17
Measurement Techniques
Pavement Evaluation
Visual Method
18
Measurement Techniques
Pavement Condition Rating Van
Screen Shot from a Computer-Based Automatic Crack Detection System Inside A Pavement Condition Rating Van Pavement Evaluation 19
Skid Resistance “Skid resistance is the force developed when a tire that is prevented from rotating, slides along the pavement surface (Highway Research Board, 1972).”
Important Pavement Evaluation Parameter owing to;
Inadequate skid resistance leads to higher accidents Obligation of agencies to provide user with reasonably safe roadway Skid resistance measurements can be used to evaluate various type of material and construction particles
Pavement Evaluation
20
Skid Resistance Measurement
Quantified by;
Friction Factor or Skid Number
Friction factor (like a coefficient of friction): f = F/L Skid number: SN = 100(f) where:
F = L
Pavement Evaluation
frictional resistance to motion in plane of interface = load perpendicular to interface
21
Skid Resistance Measurement
Typical Skid Number
Pavement Evaluation
22
Measurement Techniques
Common Methods The locked wheel tester ….this method uses a locked wheel skidding along the tested surface to measure friction resistance.
Lock Wheeled Skid Tester Pavement Evaluation
23
Measurement Techniques The
spin up tester
…. same basic setup as a locked wheel tester but operates in an opposite manner Surface
texture measurement
…. seeks to measure a pavement's macro texture then correlate it with skid resistance as measured by some other, more traditional method
Pavement Evaluation
24
Pavement Surface Deflection “pavement deflection is a function of traffic (type and volume), pavement structural section, temperature affecting the pavement structure and moisture affecting the pavement structure.”
Pavement Evaluation
25
Pavement Deflection Measurement
…measured as a pavement surface's vertical
deflected distance as a result of an applied (either static or dynamic) load. …advanced measurement devices record this vertical deflection in multiple locations Measurement Techniques
Static deflections (static load) Steady state deflections (oscillating load) Impact load deflections (impulse load)
Pavement Evaluation
26
Measurement Techniques
Static Deflection Equipment Benkelman Beam …operates on lever arm principle …measurement is made by placing the tip of the beam between the dual tires and measuring the pavement surface rebound as the truck is moved away
Benkelman Beam Schematic Pavement Evaluation
Benkelman Beam in use
27
Measurement Techniques
Steady State Deflection Equipment
DynaFlect & Road Rater …consists of a dynamic force generator (that produces the oscillating load), a motion measuring instrument (to measure the oscillating load), a calibration unit and several deflection measuring Dynaflect devices (transducers, accelerometers, seismometers, etc.).
Pavement Evaluation
Road Rater
28
Measurement Techniques
Impact (Impulse) Load Response
Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) …measures pavement response (deflection basin) by a series of sensors ... quicker and it more accurately simulates the transient loading of traffic
Sensors Loading Plate (weight) Pavement Evaluation
FWD Impulse Loading Mechanism and Sensors
29
Pavement Condition Rating Systems
Based on measurements of roughness, surface distress, skid resistance and deflection, pavements can be assigned a score that evaluates it and thus reflects their overall condition. This score, sometimes called a pavement condition rating, quantifies a pavement's overall performance and can be used to help manage pavement networks.
Pavement Evaluation
30
Pavement Condition Rating Systems
pavement condition scores can be used to;
Trigger treatment Determine the extent and cost of repair. Determine a network condition index. Allow equal comparison of different pavements
Pavement Evaluation
31
Thank you Questions?
Pavement Evaluation
32
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