Patterns Of Growth And Development

PATTERNS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT *Growth – quantitative changes, measurable; increase in physical appearance *Development – qualitative change, can’t exactly measure; ability to function Ex. Behavior, attitude, maturity, intelligence (Multiple Intelligence Theory of Howard Gardner) 1. Directional a. Cephalocaudal – head to tail; head is developed first 2 months of intrauterine life - head is ½ the size of body At birth – head is biggest part of body; 1/3 of the body *head lag – don’t have control of head and neck *increased incidence of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) – idiopathic, related to suffocation because of head lag *don’t place baby at prone position – prone position provide good sleeping pattern but head must be turned to one side because the baby will not be able to breathe; contraindicated when baby is 1-3 months *pillows – hollow pillows are not allowed only thin pillows *2 months – head will pull up together w/ body; diminishing head lag *3 months – absence of head lag expected; baby knows how to turn left to right; control of head and neck *4 months – baby can turn body left and right; control chest *5 months – willful/voluntary roll over; control of abdomen * BE: 6mos + head lag = cerebral palsy Dev’t screening test = DDST (Denver Developmental Screening Test) b. Proximodistal *Proximo – refer to midline; center *Distal – peripheral, outer Ex. Teeth: 1st to erupt – Central lower incisors Lateral incisors Canine Molars 18 months – baby needs tooth brushing 1 ½ - 2 yrs – oral care only because baby can’t digest fluoride yet; water before and after meal feeding 2 yrs old – complete 18 deciduous teeth 5-6 yrs old – deciduous teeth will fall out 18 yrs old – ideally will have complete set of teeth * Age (months) – 6 = estimated # of teeth the baby is having 7 months – first tooth erupts 6 months – teething starts; takes 1 month before teeth erupts c. General to specific - the child will master simple task 1st before complicated functioning Ex. Language – earliest sign of giftedness in children Crying – 1st evidence of baby’s language 1st 3hrs – if not crying the baby may have problem speaking and crying *Coos and gurgles – meaningless sounds *Babbling sounds – kids playing with saliva *Mono syllables – dada, mama Dada is first uttered than Mama Baba – is first uttered *words, sentences, sing *speaking is easier than singing 2. Sequential - growth and development follow a predetermined sequence Ex. Ability to ambulate 1st evidence we can ambulate: 1. Creeping – chest and abdomen 2. Crawling - arms and knees 3. sit with support 4. w/o support 5. stand with support 6. walk with support 7. stand w/o support 8. Walk w/o support 9. run, hop, skip, jump *developmental – universal and individual; growth and development does not happen at same rate and pace Ex. Increases in height * Period of accelerated growth and period of growth gap: 1. Adolescent – maturity of hormones For women increase in height happens before menarche For guys increase in height happens after Spermarche Spermarche – production of sperm; ability of guy to reproduce Thelarche – sexual dev’t; enlargement of breast 2. Infancy - fastest *Sigmund Freud - all human behavior is energized by psychodynamic forces, divided into 3 components of personality - Father of ____

- proponent of psychoanalytic psychosexual theory *Components of Personality: 1. ID - pleasure principle - requires immediate gratification *refers to infants - born with no ego and superego, purely ID, someone considered to be Narcissistic, won’t stop crying unless fed and cuddled; ID develops and peaks 2. EGO - reality principle - develops during late infancy - peak: Toddler - toddlers are egocentric *Egocentrism - use of words such as I, Me, I’m, MY - everything is directed towards them - MY: toddler are possessive borrowing of toys is a no no 3. SUPER EGO - moral principle/arbitration - developed during preschool but does not peak - peak during School Age a. Ego Ideal – do good and you felt good b. conscience – did bad and felt bad toddlers – boastful liars; 6-12: honest *Principles of Growth and Development TODDLERHOOD - refers to age 1-3 P – period of negativism, parallel play, push & pull toys (cart), phone, pounding toys R – regression, ritualistic behavior A – accident, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt I - independence S – separation anxiety E – egocentrism *most common word uttered is NO: “No I can do this by myself” *Parallel Play – refers to kind of play, 2 toddler are playing side by side with no communication and sharing *Therapeutic play - if done with nurse or therapist Push and pull toys – carts Phone toys – increase vocabulary, 300 word vocabulary 900 word – preschool Pounding toys/boards – hammers, given to minimize temper tantrums Temper tantrums – anxiety that could not be verbalized, limited vocabulary, ignore temper tantrums *Expect a child to regress if: 1. Ill 2. Sick 3. Hospitalized *Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt *Ritualistic Behavior 1. time we expect to learn how to make signs of the cross (2y/o); we learn to say simple prayers 2. Time toddler will not sleep unless told of the same story over and over again *Accident – leading cause of death a. Infant: suffocation b. Toddler: Poisoning – lock poisons Falls - fences Drowning – don’t leave child alone in CR *Autonomy – struggle of child to be independent - eat alone, usually messy *Separation Anxiety - #1 fear of toddlers - fear of abandonment - happens as early as infancy - peak at toddler - time we have diff. putting child to sleep - should be resolved by age 7 *What to do: assure child you’ll be coming back, use meal time as time *EGO I, me, my – common words uttered, everything is directed towards them *Elimination – developmental milestone during this time is Toilet training *When is the best time? 18 mos. – 2yrs or 18 mos. *How to know? Signs of readiness: 1. sit, walk, squat 2. complain discomfort 3. baby will be able to control urination: dryness for 2hrs. before defecation Urination – precursor to defecation OC disorder – problems in toilet training *Constantly appreciate effort; praise & recognize for them to achieve autonomy