Growth And Development

Name: Effendy Class: ViiiB (14)

We all are Growth and Develop, What is Growth and Development? Growth is the process of size increase which is irreversible, which involves volume increment, length increment, and mass increment, Growth is has the following characteristic: •

It has quantitative property (able to measure)

•

It found in meristem tissue

•

The reproduction by mitosis

Development is process of becoming mature, there is the characteristic of development:

A.

•

It has qualitative property (cannot be measure)

•

It found in gamete

•

The reproduction by meiosis

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT..

1. Internal factors Internal factors are factors that come from inside of the body of the organisms theirself. Factor which included into internal factors are as follows: a. Gene Gene is property that doesn’t appear from outside. The gene is formed of some nucleate acid that is composed in macromolecule called DNA. The gene has function as carrier of genetic factors, so the property owned by its parent will be derived to its descendant.

b. Hormone Hormones that are involved in the process of growth and development among others are. •

Growth Hormone Growth hormone is hormone that race growth. In plant “auxin”

that

race

growth

of

sprout.

In

human

“hypophysis” gland that race the growth of bones and muscles. •

The Hormone of Growth inhibitor This hormone is having the function to stop the activity of growth and development. The condition of no growth and develop is called ‘Dorman’.

•

The Hormone of body organs former This hormone function is to simulate the formation of body organs. In plant ‘Rhizokalin’ to stimulate root formation.

•

€$€$€$€€$€$Injury hormone Injury hormone is a hormone that stimulates formation of new tissue from the edge part of injury which then will cover that injury part. In plant “traumalin” will from kalus tissue that will cover injury.

1. External Factors External factors are factors that come from outside of the body of the organisms theirself. Those are: a. Foods b. Temperature c. Light d. Air humidity

A.

GROWTH

AND

DEVELOPMENT

IN

PLANT.. The growth and development of pants are different with animal. In the animal, growth and development happen in all parts of the body, while in plant, growth and development happen only in certain parts. 1. Growth in plants Growth in plants happens in meristematic region, that is in the tip of stem and the tip of root. The meristematic region is also called growth point. Growth of the pant can be measured by auxano meter. a. Primary Growth Primary growth is increment of length size I the part of plant’s stem because the presence of active of primary meristem tissue. The primary meristem is called also apical meristem because found in the edge of stem and the edge of root. The primary growth makes stem and root higher or longer. Based on its activity, the growth region in the tip of root and the tip of stem is separated into three growth regions, those are. •

Cell Fision Region

•

Cell Extension region

•

Cell Diferenciation sel

a. Secondary growth Secondary growth is the increment of size or thickness of a plant body organs because of the activity of secondary meristematic tissue, that is Fellogen in stem cambium and root. The secondary growth causes the enlargement of stem diameter. In woody dicotyledon plants, the secondary growth happens because of the presence of maristematic cells activity between xylem and phloem. The xylem is formed to intermnal direction and phloem is formed to external direction. But the velocity of growth (formation) between xylem and phloem are different. Growth velocity in inner part is faster than growth in external part, so it makes epidermic tissue and cortex in outer skin will be broken.

Based on the growth point of plant, there are two theories of growth point in plant, those are. 1. Histogenic Theory –

Demeartogen, that is outer layer that forms epidermic

–

Periblem, that is inner layer that from cortex

–

Pleuron, that is inner layer that form stele

1. Tunica Corpus Theory –

Tunica, that is outer layer that forms epidermic and cortex

–

Corpus, that is inner layer that forms stele.

3. The Development of Plant The development of plants is a process to reach adultness of the plant. The development ha qualitative property (cannot be measured), but stated by the change of shape and adultness level. Plant is said adult if the plant has a flower. It’s mean the plant is mature.

A.

The GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAL.. The growth and development of animal happens in all parts of its body. The

growth and development of animal commonly begun from fertilization process of union of male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (ovum) to be zygote development phase. Zygote is ovum that has been ovulated and doesn’t yet do fision (cleavage) process into the form of embryo. Growth and development of animal can be seen from three phases, those are fision, gastrulation and organogenesis. 1.Fision Fision is a fision process of zygote to be cell descendant which happens by mitosis. Because fision happens by mitosis, the size of cell descendant are almost the same. The first begun from one to be two, two to be four, four to be eight, eight to be sixteen, and dividing zygote to be 4 cells, which in the third phase, the fision happens horizontally and produces 8 cells. Then cell fision continues forming morula and blastula.

Morula is advancement from cell fison that produces the composition of cell with the shape of dense ball, while blastula is development liquid called blastosol. 2. Gastrulation

Gastrulation is the process of arranging and regulating of cells into different layer, also happening the formation of cavity tract. By the formation of this cavity tract then happens a movement. In grastrula, it happens the formation of grastosol (arkenteron) then which will form intestine, blastofor then which will be anus, and embryonal layer. Embryonal layer in animal some have 2 layers, namely external layer (ectoderm), middle layer (mesoderm), and inner layer (endoderm). The ectoderm layer will be skin, while the endoderm will be tract wall and will develop to be various of function. Meanwhile mesoderm layer form body cavity (celom).

3. Organogesis Organogenesis is the process of formation of organs and organs system. Commonly the first organ formed by blood mesoderm which is located above archenteron. The organs formed by body layer are as follows. a.

Ectrodem Layer Ectoderm layer form organs, namely skin, hair, nail, nerve, system, and medulla adrenal.

b.

Mesoderm Layer Mesoderm layer form organs, those are muscle, blood and blood vascular, connective tissue (included bones), kidney, ureter, testis, ovarium, and uterus.

c.

Endoderm layer Endoderm layer forms organs, namely lever, pancreas, layer in uretra and gland, layer in trachea canal, bronchi, and lung.

A. HUMAN DEVELOPMET.. Development phase in human begun from under five period, childhood period, teenage period, adult period, and old period. Same as plant, in vertebrate animals and human also happens primary growth and secondary growth. The growth in human happens gradually according to age. Besides, the growth period in human has limitation. In male, growth will stop approximately 22 years old, while in female, growth will be stopped in approximately 18 years old.

B. METAMOPHOSIS AND METAGENESIS.. 1. Metamorphosis Metamorphosis is the change of shape from a certain phase until adult phase (imago). The metamorphosis has the following characteristics.[\ a. In metamorphosis happens the change of body shape from egg shape until adult shape. b. Metamorphosis happens in insect and frog. c. Metamorphosis some through chrysalis phase (pupa) and some do not pass through chrysalis phase.

a. Metamorphosis that doesn’t pass chrysalis phase (pupa) The metamorphosis of this kind happens in the process of shape change of frog. Frog change process of the frog consists of: 1. Ovulated eggs. 2. Embryo development phase, involves the phase of cell fision, blastula stadium, gastrula stadium, and tail begin to grow. 3. Hatching stadium. 4. Development during metamorphosis, those are. Inner gills

: it’s of 8 days old

Gills cover

: it’s of 12 day old

Back leg

: it’s of 2,5 months old

Front leg

: it’s of 3 months old

5. Metamorphosis is finished, it is indicated with tail disappearance. 6. The frog of 1 years old

a. Metamorphosis that through phase of chrysalis (pupa) This metamorphosis happens in insect. The metamorphosis in insect is separated in to two, those are imperfect metamorphosis and perfect metamorphosis. 1. Imperfect metamorphosis Imperfect metamorphosis commonly happens in the group of insect hemimetabola. Imperfect metamorphosis, the egg hatch to be young animal and development to be adult animal. The young animal (nympha) has the shape is similar with adult animal only in young animal it’s shape size is still small and has no wings. Besides, in animal that experience imperfect metamorphosis happens the process of skin change. The example of animal that experience imperfect metamorphosis are cockroach, cricket, termite, dragon fly, walang sangit (rice pest), and bugs. The phase of imperfect metamorphosis are as follows. Egg------------Young animal (nympha)---------------------adult animal Growth is marked with enlargement of body size while development happens when adultness in completing organs, such as wing in grasshopper.

2. Perfect metamorphosis Perfect metamorphosis commonly happens in the insect group of homometabola .In perfect metamorphosis there is different of real shape between larva and adult (imago). In larva phase, the activity done is eating and grows until rechecking maximum body size. Next, larva stops eat and change become chrysalis (pupa) is dormant phase (rest or doesn’t make an activity).

The

examples

of

animal

that

experience

metamorphosis are butterfly, bee, house fly, ant, and beetle. The phase of perfect metamorphosis is as follows. Egg---------larva (caterpillar)---------Chrysalis(pupa)------------Adult(imago)

perfect

2. Metagenesis Metagenesis is change of generation (descendant) from asexual generation (vegetative) to sexual generation (generative) and vice versa. Metagenesis happens in plant, particularly in moss plant and fern. Metagenesis involves sexual cycle (gametophyte generation) and asexual cycle (sporophyte generation). The gametophyte and sporophyte generation in moss plant have following characteristic: a. Gametophyte generation that is generation of gamete producer of moss plant. Their characteristics are long age, live lonely, and have big size b. Sporophyte generation that is spore producer of sporogonium. Their characteristics are short age live depend on its gametophyte, and have small size. Gametophyte and sporophyte generation of fern plant have the following characteristic: a. Gametophyte

generation,

which

is

gamete

producer

of

prothallium their characteristic are long age and live lonely. b. Sporophyte generation, which is spore producer of fern plant. Their characteristics are long age and live lonely. According there are difference between metamorphosis and metagenesis. Meanwhile the differences among other are. a. Metamorphosis is the change of shape form a certain phase until adult phase (imago). Meanwhile metagenesis is the succession of descendant (generation) from asexual generation (vegetative) to sexual generation (generative), or vice versa. b. Metamorphosis happens in animal, particularly in insect and frog mean while metagenesis happens in plant, particularly in most plant and fern plant.