Part 4 Activity 4.docx

Part 4 early societies

Activity 4 The different elements that helped in the development of our town are the agriculture and economy.

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Agriculture is believed to be a pre-requisite for cities, which help preserve surplus production and create economies of scale.

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Cities reduced transport costs for goods, people, and ideas by bringing them all together in one spot.

A good environment and strong social organization are two necessities for the formation of a successful city. A good environment includes clean water and a favorable climate for growing crops and agriculture. A strong sense of social organization helps a newly formed city work together in times of need, and it allows people to develop various functions to assist in the future development of the city (for example, farmer or merchant). Without these two common features, as well as advanced agricultural technology, a newly formed city is not likely to succeed. Trade Routes Not all cities grew to become major urban centers. Those that did often benefited from trade routes—in the early modern era, larger capital cities benefited from new trade routes and grew even larger.

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urbanism: the study of cities, their geographic, economic, political, social, and cultural environment

Part 3 Activity vii xx zzz 

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Social mobility: Among the rural people, the social changes are seldom found. Mostly the people are satisfied with their social conditions. Very rarely they change their place of residence and profession. The change in their classes occur infrequently due to little changes in income. It means the rate of social mobility is insignificant among them. The urban life is ever changing due to expansion of education, technology and industry. The people change their professions; residences and classes for adjustment with the new social conditions. This type of adjustment in society is called social mobility. The rate of this mobility is higher in this area. Environment: In rural areas, the environment is almost natural. The people live in nature, work in nature and die in nature. The animals, trees, plants, crops, water channels, sunrise, sunset, moonlit night, starry night, clouds and rain are the companions of their life. In urban areas, the social life is based on industrial relations. The needs are satisfied by the production of industrial goods. Even the social relations have industrial means of communication.

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Division of labor: In a rural community the dominant profession is agriculture. The number of professions is limited in this community due to similarity in social conditions. The urban community has a large number of professional activities due to diverse , social conditions. Nature of relation: The relations in rural areas are informal and based of sincerity and mutual help. In urban areas the relations are formal and reciprocal. Social stratification: In rural lifestyle, the significant elements of social stratification area, caste, profession, and the economic resources. While in urban areas, the economic resource's and education standard are its important elements, Size of population: The rural population lives in smaller groups separately and in villages. The population in urban areas is clustered in millions. It means the size of population is larger in cities than in villages. Social differentiation: The social life in rural areas is simple and based on similar social conditions. In urban areas, the people of diverse nature live together. The people of different races, sects, castes, professions, classes and political parties live together. Social Interaction: In rural areas, the social interaction is informal, slow and under necessary conditions. In urban lifestyle, it is formal, reciprocal and fast. Solidarity. On the basis of similarity in social life, solidarity exists in rural areas. People live an organized social life. In urban areas, due to different social conditions the life is seldom organized due to which loose social solidarity is found. Seldom are the people satisfied with their present conditions. They make changes rapidly by which the bonds of old systems break and solidarity weakens in urban communities.

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