Pak Relation.docx

Pak China relation FAILURES  Pakistan did not accept the communist regime of China till 1951.  The relations remained strained when Pakistan became a part of the anti communist pacts SEATO and CENTO in 1955.  In 1959 Pakistan condemned military action in Tibet which was a cause of displeasure for china.  The Chinese government did not help Pakistan on the East Pakistan IN 1971 issue and urged the Pakistan government to resolve the issue internally.  The support of China on the matter was also missing as the pressure from USSR(was supporting India) was far bigger than the friendship with Pakistan.  During the 1990`s China wanted Pakistan to resolve its issue of Kashmir with India and perhaps she wanted a compromise which caused resentment within Pakistan.  The Chinese government was not also much pleased when Pakistan backed out from the Kargil Hill on the US pressures rather than banking on the Chinese support and defeating India. SUCESSUES  Pakistan recognized the communist government of China in 1950 and supported it in gaining the UNO membership.  In 1963 the boundary line between the two countries was demarcated to avoid any conflict in future.

 Pakistan accepted a $60 million interest free loan from the Chinese government and became the worlds largest importer of Pakistan`s cotton.  Pakistan imported heavy industrial machinery and developed heavy mechanical complex at Taxila.  PIA became the first air line to start regular service to Beijing which resulted in increased business.  Pakistan also negotiated the talk between the Chinese and the US government in the early 60’s.  Pakistan became a closer friend of China when it helped Pakistan in the war against India in 1965.  Pakistan became an important purchaser of the Chinese arms after the 1965 war.  Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto paid visit to China and convinced the Chinese government to convert the loans to aid that had been given to Pakistan in the past few years.  Pakistan and China came closer as they announced the expansion of the famous silk rout. The Chinese expertise and the collaboration with Pakistan finally resulted in the Karakoram Highway flourishing the trade in tourism between the countries.  The relations hit the highest points when both the countries signed the treaty for nuclear cooperation in 1986.  Series of trade agreements were signed in 1960

 The positive stance of Pakistan on the communist regime issue of China helped Pakistan earn a strong strategic ally and a great support on the Kashmir issue  China continued to extend her support for the Pakistan government over the Afghanistan issue.  In the 1990s, China designed and supplied the heavy water Khusab reactor, which plays a key role in Pakistan’s production of plutonium. A subsidiary of the China National Nuclear Corporation also contributed in Pakistan’s efforts to expand its uranium enrichment capabilities by providing 5,000 custom made ring magnets, which are a key component of the bearings that facilitate the high-speed rotation of centrifuges.  China also provided technical and material support in the completion of the Chasma Nuclear Power Reactor and plutonium reprocessing facility, which was built in the mid 1990s.  China has also launched Pakistan’s first satellite to orbit in 1990 because Pakistan had no Spaceport However, Pakistan does have a space program. Pakistan’s Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) is Pakistan’s national space agency and was established in 1961.  A 300-megawatt nuclear power plant, built with Chinese help in Punjab province, is c China is helping to build a second 300megawatt nuclear plant due to be finished by 2010 CONCLUSION

 Conclusively, it can be said that as a whole Pakistan has maintained cordial relations with China. The two countries have been living in harmony. Delegations from almost all walks of life exchanged visits. Up to 1999, there were strong economic, trade and cultural ties between the two countries. And Pakistan received significant military and industrial equipment from China. PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH THE SOVIET UNION SUCESSES  In 1962 when USA supported India in the war between India and china over the border. Pakistan changed its foreign policy and started to seek for the support of USSR and other communist states.  USSR loaned 11 million pounds to Pakistan .  Trade agreement between both the countries was signed during Ayyub's era.  In 1961, the USSR as a gesture of goodwill started exploring oil reserves in Pakistan.  1966 USSR improved relations between Pakistan and India at Tashkent by ending the war of 1965 this strengthened relations between both the countries and US base in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was closed  1962,USSR agreed to set up steel mill in Karachi  1999,Nawaz Sharif visited Moscow and signed trade agreements FAILURES

 In 1965 Liaqat Ali khan was invited by the USSR to Moscow but he chose to visit USA instead , due to this relations between soviet union and Pakistan suffered  In 1954-55 Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO, this made USSR turn against Pakistan  The USSR now supported Indian claim over Kashmir and gave India economic and technical assistance  U2 incident turned USSR against Pakistan.  In 1950, USSR made an offer of oil exploration in Pakistan which was refused  In 1971, when Pakistan helped arrange china-US agreement, USSR got angered and signed a treaty of peace and friendship with India. They also promised to support India in any war against Pakistan  1979, when Pakistan opposed soviet occupation in Afghanistan and accepted US aid to support the mujahedeen …relations between both countries worsened  In 1984 Zia was coldly welcomed at the funeral of Andropov in Moscow  Later the USSR who also disapproved of Pakistan's nuclear programme started mass bombing on Pakistan.  This hostile situation continued until USSR finally withdrew from Afghanistan in 1988 PAKISTAN AND THE UNITED NATIONS

WHAT IS UNITED NATIONS?  The United Nations is an international Organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security. Economic development, social progress, human rights and achievement of world peace. It was found in 1945 after the second world war to stop wars between countries and to provide a platform for dialogue. There are currently 193 member states and it’s visible public figure is the Secretary General.  The organization has 6 principal organs namely; 1) General Assembly. 2) Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security) 3) Economic and Social Council. 4) Secretariat (for providing studies, information and facilities needed by UN). 5) International court of justice. 6) United nations Trusteeship Council (currently inactive). Other prominent UN System agencies include the world health organization (WHO), world food programme (WFP) and united nations children’s fund (UNICEF). WHY DID PAKISTAN JOIN UN?[7] 1) Pakistan was a newly born state which needed international recognition as an independent country in the world. Since India was already a member of UN, Pakistan was also keen to get it’s

membership in order to get the support from UN. Hostile countries like Afghanistan and India wanted to undo it. So to secure itself, Pakistan joined the UN. 2) Pakistan was economically weak and under developed. The British had deliberately neglected those areas which had Muslim majorities. Pakistan needed economic assistance and technological help to develop itself. So Pakistan joined the UN. 3) Pakistan had many disputes with India, for instance ; the canal water dispute and the Kashmir issue. These disputes needed to get settled and demanded international involvement to pressurize India so that a fair and just solution could be presented. 4) Jinnah wanted Pakistan to have friendly relations with other countries and the UN could be a platform for exchanging ides and develop mutual cooperation. This could benefit Pakistan in the long run. 5) By joining the UN, Pakistan could find an alternate source of military supplies which would strengthen it’s weak military defence. Success: 1) In 1947, the boundary Commission awarded Firozepur to India which contained the headwork’s of Ravi and Sutlej. In 1948, India closed the headwork’s of these rivers stopping the flow of water to Pakistan so the issue was taken to the World Bank which helped India and Pakistan to sign the Indus Water Treaty. It provided economic and technical assistance for various irrigation projects.

2) In 1947, the maharaja of Kashmir signed an agreement with India giving it control over the areas, but the Kashmiri’s revolted and they had the support of Pathan tribesmen and the Pakistan army. This war continued for over a year. Finally, UN intervention brought about a ceasefire between the two countries and Kashmir was divided with line of control drawn and accepted as an international border. This solved the problem temporarily. 3) In 1965, both countries again went to war over Kashmir and it lasted for 17 days with no decisive victory to any side. UN intervention forced both countries to cease fire and withdraw troops. 4) In 1971, India and Pakistan disputed over East Pakistan and India’s support helped Bengali’s get independence. It was finally UN intervention which brought an end to war. FAILURES  Despite UN intervention, the Indus Water Treaty was not just and fair. Pakistan lost it’s two rivers and this did not stop India from building dams on other rivers.  Hyderabad state was forcibly occupied by India. Matter was taken up to the UN, but India’s stubbornness did not allow the matter to have a fair hearing so it was left unresolved.  In 1949, the UN resolution on Kashmir which bounded India to hold plebiscite in Kashmir so that the issue of Kashmir could be solved according to the will of Kashmiris was not honored by India and the REFERNDUM was not held. So UN had failed to find a permanent solution to Kashmir problem.

ROLE OF UN AGENCIES IN PAKISTAN: 1) UNIESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) provides easy to read material on world heritage sites in Pakistan and promotes eco-tourism in the northern areas. It has also set up community learning centers to educate people. WHO provides international assistance in achieving highest possible health standards in Pakistan. It has eradicated polio disease through vaccination programs, has also set up family planning centers and has started AIDs awareness in Pakistan ) ILO (International labor Organization) has successfully eliminated child labor from Sialkot football industry. It also gives advice to the government in improving the working conditions of labor. 4) WFP (World food Programme) has provided food aids to refugees and famine stricken areas of Balochistan and Thar desets. 5) IMF (International Monetary Fund) provides loans to the Pakistani government on it’s request for various projects. Most of the years, Pakistan borrows loams from IMF to fill the gap of negative balance of payment. World Bank has also sanctioned loans to Pakistan for the constructions of dams and barrages. It has frequently provided financial assistance PAKISTAN’S RELATION WITH MUSLIM COUNTRIES Pakistan’s sharing of religious and cultural heritage with Turkey, Middle East, Saudi Arabia and Gulf States made mutual support between them a natural factor.

These countries had no major disputes with Pakistan, and supported Pakistan in its relations with the wider world. It is also true that Pakistan hoped to follow a foreign policy based on creating unity amongst Muslim nations. This has not been possible. A reason for this is that although the Islamic ideology of all Muslim countries is the same, they sometimes disagree on political matters. For example, Egypt and Saudi Arabia did not like Pakistan signing the Baghdad Pact, and Egypt was particularly annoyed that Pakistan did not support it during the Suez Crisis of 1956. It also objected to Pakistan’s association with USA, since American support was the reason the hated Israel could survive against Arab opposition. Pakistan remained a keen supporter of the Palestinian cause. The Pakistani people identify themselves with Palestenians who are a Muslim community fighting against oppression. In 1969 Pakistan joined with 24 other Muslim nations to form the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC). The first meeting was called in Morocco. It was decided that permanent headquarters would be set up in Jeddah until Jerusalem was liberated from Israeli control. In 1971, one of the OIC meetings was held in Karachi and an Islamic Summit was held in Lahore in February 1974. As a member of the OIC, Pakistan supports the agreement that the Palestenian problem is a matter of concern for all Islamic countries. Israel’s occupation of the land has been condemned many times by the OIC.

After the 1971 war, Bhutto toured many Islamic countries to ensure that relations remained cordial. His tour covered Central Asia, Muslim Africa, the Gulf States and his Islamic neighbors. Pakistan was unable to defeat India in war, but he was still keen enough to prove that his country was still a major power in the Islamic world. The 1973 Arab-Israeli war led to an Islamic Summit hosted in Lahore from 22-24 September 1974. The heads of 35 Muslim countries attended along with the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). This proved that Pakistan had many allies all over the Muslim world. One of the success of these talks was that the wealthy allies offered aid to Pakistan. Within two years, Pakistan was receiving more financial aid from the Muslim countries than from the West. For example Iran gave a loan of about $730 million, the UAE a 100 million pounds, and from Libya, about $80 million THE GULF STATES With large revenues from their oil sales, the Muslims states of the Gulf were able to financially support Industrial development in Pakistan. Libya, Qatar, and the UAE all invested heavily in boosting the Pakistan economy in areas such as oil refining, shipping and banking. Saudi Arabia was one of the first countries to accept Pakistan as an independent country. As it grew richer, it sent more aid to Pakistan and also invested in Pakistan industry. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan it sent funds to help Afghan rebels and refugees. It is estimated that Pakistan’s second largest source of foreign exchange in the early 1980s were the remittances sent by three million Pakistani workers in the Middle East.

The friendship between Pakistan and other Muslim nations provided Pakistan to export its military expertise. Pakistan provided military expertise for many Gulf countries and had about 50, 000 military personnel operating in other countries. Military agreements with the Gulf countries were signed with Muslim States in the 1970s. Pakistan joined in the international coalition which sought to end the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait during the 1900-1901 Gulf War. Some elements in Pakistan, especially the Jamaat-i-Islami opposed this policy since they feared that if Iran Iraq would be defeated the Shi’ite government in Iran will have increased strength. PAKISTAN RELATION WITH TURKEY Turkey was an ally of Iran, hence maintained friendly relations with Pakistan during this period. The Turks also never forgot how the Muslims of the sub-continent had strongly supported the Khilafat Movement in 1918. Mutual support was a natural factor, since Turkey and Pakistan shared a religious and cultural heritage.  In February 1955, Turkey and Iraq were the first to join the Baghdad Pact which was later also signed by Pakistan.  Turkey was also part of RCD, which established close ties between Iran, Turkey and Pakistan.  Turkey supported Pakistan in it’s wars against India, but it remained unsuccessful in gaining aid for Pakistan from other countries. It is also true that the only Muslim country to support India against these wars was Malaysia.