P3 Drug Design 3 (prof. Mae).pdf

S2 IKD minat Farmako 2018

DRUG DISCOVERY FROM NATURAL RESOURCES

Mae Sri Hartati Wahyuningsih Department of Pharmacology and therapy Faculty Of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada

Specific instructional objectives 1. To know definition and types of Herbal Medicine 2. To know the development of traditional Medicine to be a modern drug. 3. To know how to get active compound from natural resources. 4. To know some example of research funding

THE USE OF NATURAL MATERIALS Natural material

Cosmetics

Food

DRUGS

Traditional medicine

Food supplement +Vit, Amino. acid & mineral

DEVELOPMENT OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE TO BE A MODERN DRUG Flora, Animals Marine lives Microorganisms Traditional Medicine

JAMU Standardized herbal medicine

Single or mixture

FITOFARMAKA

Standardized, preclinic &clinic testing

Bioassay guided active compounds isolation ACTIVE COMPOUND

Dose v/s respons

CHEMOPREVENTIVE CHEMOPROTECTIVE

Synthetic, Derivatives, Analogs synthetic , Isolation, preclinic & clinic testing. etc

DRUGS

PENGELOMPOKAN DAN PENANDAAN OBAT HERBAL INDONESIA DATA EMPIRIK TURUN MENURUN

JAMU SWA PENGOBATAN

DATA PRA KLINIK (Bahan Uji Terstandar)

DATA KLINIK (Bahan Uji terstandar)

HERBAL TERSTANDAR

FITOFARMAKA

PENGELOMPOKAN OBAT HERBAL INDONESIA JAMU 1. Disediakan secara tradisional (pil, serbuk seduh dsb) 2. Dasar pengalaman 3. Tanaman penyusun (510) atau lebih 4. Aman 5. Pembuktian secara empiris

OBAT HERBAL TERSTANDAR 1. Terbuat dari ekstrak 2. Dasar penelitian ilmiah

FITOFARMAKA 1. Terbuat dari ekstrak, dan dapat disejajarkan dengan obat modern 2. Dasar penelitian ilmiah 3. Tanaman penyusun maksimum 5 (lima) 4. Aman 5. Pembuktian secara ilmiah dengan data klinik

6. Memenuhi persyaratan mutu yg berlaku

3. Tanaman penyusun maksimum 5 (lima) 4. Aman 5. Pembuktian secara ilmiah dengan data praklinik 6. Memenuhi persyaratan mutu yg berlaku

7. Bahan baku belum terstandarisasi

7. Bahan baku terstandarisasi (FI, MMI)

7. Bahan baku terstandari sasi (FI, MMI)

6. Memenuhi persyaratan mutu yg berlaku

Riset untuk memastikan Khasiat dan keamanan

Quality

CPOTB

Safety

Efficacy

Budidaya

Standardisasi

Riset

MUTU SIMPLISIA

 Definisi Fitofarmaka KEP. Ka. B.POM. RI., No: HK.00.05.4.2411., th 2004 Tentang PENGELOMPOKAN DAN PENANDAAN OBAT BAHAN ALAM INDONESIA.

 Fitofarmaka merupakan bentuk obat tradisional dari bahan alam yang dapat disejajarkan dengan obat modern karena proses pembuatannya yang telah terstandar, ditunjang dengan bukti ilmiah sampai dengan uji klinik pada manusia.

PEDOMAN FITOFARMAKA Kep. Men. Kes.RI. (761/92)

PRIORITAS PEMILIHAN 1. 2. 3. 4.

Bahan baku relatif mudah diperoleh Didasarkan pada pola penyakit di Indonesia Perkiraan manfaat terhadap penyakit tertentu cukup besar Memiliki rasio resiko dan kegunaan yang menguntungkan penderita 5. Merupakan satu-satunya alternatif pengobatan

TAHAP PENGEMBANGAN FITOFARMAKA 1. Seleksi bahan tanaman 2. Pengujian farmakologi (in vivo) - Penapisan aktivitas (belum ada petunjuk aktivitas) - Langsung pemastian khasiat (ada petunjuk) 3. Pengujian toksisitas (akut, subakut, kronik, spesifik) - Spesifik (Toksik pada janin, mutagenisitas, karsinogen) 4. Pengujian farmakodinamika (in vitro & in vivo) (Preklinik ??) 5. Pengembangan sediaan (formulasi) 6. Penapisan fitokimia dan standarisasi sediaan 7. Pengujian klinik  ??

 UJI PRAKLINIK DAN KLINIK Kep. Men. Kes. RI. (56/2000)

UJI PRAKLINIK: 1. Uji toksikologi (keamanan & spektrum efek toksik) - Umum (akut, subakut/subkronis, kronis) - Khusus (teratogenik, mutagenik, karsinogenik) 2. Uji farmakodinamik ( khasiat)

Hasil Uji Praklinik:

Indikasi awal Perkiraan dosis efektif Perkiraan batas aman

Hasil Uji Klinik: Fase I Fase II Fase III

Fase IV

: Menegaskan keamanan & profil farmakokinetik obat pd manusia sehat (farklin)  Tolerabilitas dan perkiraa dosis : Menegaskan kemanjuran & keamanan pd penderita skala sedang (100-200)  Kemanjuran & keamanan : Menegaskan kemanjuran & keamanan pd penderita skala besar (200-1000)  Manfaat klinis lebih absolut Bandingkan manfaat dan resiko :Menegaskan keamanan obat (Survei pasca pasar)  Resiko penggunaan

LEGALITAS Undang-undang No. 29 tahun 2004 tentang Praktik Kedokteran, dokter/dokter gigi dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan harus memenuhi standar pelayanan medis, yang pada prinsipnya harus memenuhi kaidah praktik kedokteran berbasis bukti (evidence based medicine) Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan No. 03/MENKES/PER/I/2010 tentang Saintifikasi Jamu. Saintifikasi Jamu adalah pembuktian ilmiah jamu melalui penelitian berbasis pelayanan kesehatan. Salah satu tujuannya adalah memberikan landasan ilmiah (evidenced based) penggunaan jamu secara empirik melalui penelitian berbasis pelayanan yang dilakukan di sarana pelayanan kesehatan, dalam hal ini klinik pelayanan jamu/dokter praktik jamu

 Hortus Medicus clinic is saintifikasi Herbal Clinic Type A, Implementation saintifikasi Herb.  Materials used in the form of crude material that have proven efficacy and safety through preclinical trials.  Supporting staff human resources 8 doctors 2 person pharmacist 3 assistant pharmacist 1 person healthcare analyst (laboratory) 1 nurse and 1 medical record  Diagnosis is implemented by incorporating the conventional diagnosis results of laboratory analysis of medical records and also is developed with qualitative data to assess the healthy aspect. Clinic location: Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional Jl. Raya Lawu No. 11 Tawangmangu Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah Telp. 0271-697010

TAHAPAN UJI UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN OBAT HERBAL Inventarisasi  Observasi  Seleksi UJI PRAKLINIK OBAT HERBAL

Kel. I

Aman (+) Khasiat (+) Terus beredar (jalur formal)

Standardisasi Uji Klinik Bermanfaat

Kel. II

Aman (+) Khasiat (-) Boleh beredar (jalur non formal)

Isolasi Tek. Farmasi Uji Klinik Bermanfaat

PELAYANAN KESEHATAN

Kel. III

Aman (-) Khasiat (+) Tidak dipakai sampai penelitian lanjut

ISOLAT Uji Klinik Bermanfaat

Obat Jadi

Kel. IV

Aman (-) Khasiat (-) Dilarang beredar dan dipakai

ACTIVE COMPOUND ISOLATION

ACTIVE COMPOUND ISOLATION

(Active substance and standardization marker)

 Phytochemical approach - Takes a long time, costly

 Bioassay Guided Isolation approach (each –stage monitoring of activity testing) - Fast and in expensive

Phytochemical approach

TLC of Sixteen top plants BPOM

Bioassay Guided Isolation Approach Heksan : EtOAc (3 : 1, v/v)

Material

Extraction

CHCl3

TLC analysis

Crude extracts

Bioactivity screening

MeOH

Fractionation

Inactive extracts

1:1,v/ v

Active extracts

Heksan : EtOAc (3 : 1, v/v)

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 P

Cytotoxicity screening Inactive fractions

Active fractions

Isolation & Purification

Pure bioactive compounds Identification (UV, IR,MS,NMR)

Chemical structure

ACTIVE COMPOUND IDENTIFICATION

Determining the chemical structure of isolated compound

Chemical structure is used: -

To To To To

find out physical property & chemical compound find out activity estimate find out activity mechanism serve as identity in the standardization of natural resouces

 Manners:    

Spectroscopic UV, IR, MS dan NMR Crystalography Derivation Others

MAJOR TYPES OF SECONDARY METABOLITES PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS (Aromatik)

- Flavonoids, Anthraquinones etc. TERPENOID COMPOUNDS (Isoprene) - Eugenol, Carotenoids, Taxol, Oleanolic acid etc. ALKALOIDS (Mengandung atom N, nitrogen)

- Vincristine, quinine, camptothecine etc. POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS (banyak aromatik) -EGCG (Epi Gallo Catechin gallate) etc.

POLYKETIDE COMPOUNDS (dari asam asetat) - Discodermolide etc.

BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OH

OH

OH

OH HO

O

OH

O

HO

OH

OH

O O HO

OH

OH (-)-Epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate EGCG

OH

OH

OH OH

OH

Green tea

Stimulant, diuretics, antioxidant, preventive effect on dental caries

HO O

OH OH OH

HO HO

O OH OH

OH

Black tea

Theaflavin

Black & green tea

OH HO

HO

O

Theasinensin C

Antimutagenic invitro, prevention on cancer cells proliferation, inhibit lipid peroxidation But little data on bioavailability of these polyphenols

Biosintesis Terpenoid MVA Asam mevalonat

DMAPP Dimetil Alil pirofosfat

IPP

GPP C10 O-PP

IPP=Isopentenil pirofosfat GPP = Geranyl pyrophosphate FPP = Farnesyl pyrophosphate GGPP = Geranyl geranyl pp Squalene = 30 carbons or 6 isoprene

SESQUITERPENOIDS

+ IPP MONOTERPENOIDS C15

FPP

O-PP

+ IPP FPP GGPP O-PP

Squalene DITERPENOIDS TRITERPENOIDS + STEROLS

BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE TERPENOID COMPOUNDS

OPP

OPP DMAP

IPP

Building blocks

β-Carotene (Carotenoids) Daucus carota

Degraded to retinol (Vitamin A), preventive actions against degenerative dissorders, non toxic coloring agent.

O O O

O

O NH

OH

O OH HO

O

O

O

O

O

Taxol

Taxus brevifolia (yew tree) 0.01% Paclitaxel, Docetaxel (derivative)

Taxol promotes the assembly of tubulin dimers into microtubules, which stabilizes by inhibiting depolymerization For ovarian tumors that do not respond to cis-Sisplatin, recently reported for metastatic breast cancers unresponsive to anthracycline etc.

BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ALKALOIDS •Alkaloid structures are varies, biogenetically most of alkaloids derived from amino acids (–N- atom contributors). Alkaloids are compounds having –N- in their molecule structures. Therefore alkaloids react alkalis due to a pair of free electron on –N- atom. Most of biologically active Secondary Metabolites are alkaloids OH

R = -CH3, Vinblastine R = -CHO, Vincristine

N N H

N

H 3CO

H

O OH H 3CO

N

CH 3 O

H

Catharanthus roseusR (Tapak doro) O

O OCH 3

Antimitotics, they bind to tubulin and prevent the formation of the microtubules that responsible for the formation of the mitotic spindle Treatment of cells with these alkaloids leads to an accumulation of cells in the M and G2 phases, and the effect is lethal in the S phase.

Lead compounds from marine chemistry N H

N H OH

N

N H

Manzamine-A

Anti malaria, comparable to artemisinin. A collaborative research between U of MissUGM-MMV Switzerland. Manzamine-A active against chloroquine resistent plasmodium. (Acanthostrongilophora sponge.)

Facts: Manzamine-A structure is complex. Very expensive collection cost. However, the sponge grows very fast and manzamine-A is also produced by microorganism symbiotic to sponge---- FERMENTATION is possible

DETERMINING COMPOUND POTENCY/PRODUCT

Compared to drugs (used clinically) Preclinical testing in vivo: - General toxicity testing (acute, sub acute, chronic) - Special toxicity testing (carcinogenicity, teratogenicity)   More compounds needed

`

To decrease the number of animals used for trials and samples. In vitro testing : Enzyme activity testing Anticancer testing (cell line) Antimicrobe testing Antiinflammation testing.

Determining action mechanism (Prediction of mechanism action tract )

 Apoptosic stimulation  Proliferation inhibition  Angiogenesis inhibition

Legitimation and formality 

 The Republic of Indonesia’s Supervisory Agency Chief’s

Decree on Food and Drug (BPOM-RI)>> Indonesia  Food and Drug Administration (FDA)>> Amerika Serikat

Manner:

• Documen of preclinic and clinic: According to indication, efficacy and safety (quality control) • Proven as effective and useful as safe medicine legal drug (trade mark)

 Incooperation with industries - HAKI Facility (Intelectual wealth right facility)

EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH FINDINGS

Catharanthus roseus Taxus brevifolia

Nerium indicum

M. Jalapa L

O P. macrocarpa 6

HO

1'

5

6' 5'

1

HO OH

T. diversifolia

HO

3

4'' 3''

OH

4'

2' 3'

OCH3

O

6'' 5''

2

4

O 2''

1''

OH

Phalerin ( 1)

Podofilotoksin

BIOASSAY GUIDED ISOLATION (I) Nerium indicum Mill. Nama daerah Familia

: Kembang Mentega, Jure : Apocynaceae

Dilaporkan sebagai antikanker secara tradisional (Hartwel, 1982)  Tumbuh subur sepanjang tahun di Indonesia sebagai tanaman hias.

Serbuk daun kering CHCl3

ISOLASI SENYAWA

Sari CHCl3

Sisa (tak aktif) Eter sentrifus (5oC,10’)

Sari tak larut

Sari larut Partisi dengan 3 corong pisah n-heksan:MeOH:H2O (28:18:4 v/v)

Lapisan Atas

F1

F2

Lapisan bawah

F3

F4

Vakum cair kromatografi

F5

BST 400 g/ml (72%)

F6

BST 400 g/ml (100%) Preparatif KLT Ni-(2,3)

NiO1 (Oleandrin)

NiO2

NiO2A

NiO2B

Ni-C NiO3

NiO2C

Preparatif KLT NiO2D

Uji Sitotoksik

Senyawa paling aktif Identifikasi

UV

IR

MS

NMR

Penelusuran MEKANISME KERJA

Heksan : Eter (1 : 1, v/v)

n-heksana : etil asetat (3 : 1 v/v)

100 %

1 1

2

3

4

5

EtOAc

2

3

4

5

6

7 F5

Etil asetat 100%

1

2

3

6

KLT kromatogram hasil ekstraksi, partisi, fraksinasi dan isolasi daun Nerium indicum Mill. (Fase diam : silika gel GF254 ) Dipandu dengan Bioassay

4

5

B

A Heksan : Eter (1 : 3 v/v), 3x

1

2

3

4

5

6

C

CHCl3 : Eter (1 : 1 v/v)

1

2

3

4

5 6

D PE : Etil asetat (1 : 1 v/v)

PE : Eter (1 : 1 v/v)

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

Kromatogram senyawa NiO1, NiO2A-D dan NiO3 Keterangan: 1. NiO1 4. NiO2C 2. NiO2A 5. NiO2D 3. NiO2B 6. NiO3 Fase diam : Silika gel GF254

5

6

Nilai IC50(ng/ml) 6 senyawa hasil isolasi dari daun Nerium indicum Mill. (konsentrasi tertinggi 12500 ng/ml)

Cell Lines

Test Compounds NiO1

NiO2A

NiO2B

NiO2C

NiO2D

NiO3

Dox

Cpt

EVSA-T

9.2

>12500

74.1

36.6

17.5

195.6

9.2

246

MCF-7

5.1

8339

16.4

9.7

11.5

99.3

6.2

610.9

T47-D

887

>12500

11109

>12500

>12500

>12500

--

--

A498

12.0

11882

11.2

7.4

22.7

124.8

91.9

1048

H226

12.7

7989

286.2

137.1

25.6

259.2

133

1518

IGROV

8.2

>12500

42.6

19.2

9.8

71.2

22.9

161.2

M19

9.0

>12500

32.2

12.5

12.1

89.3

15.6

239.5

WiDR

8.0

>12500

35.0

14.9

13.9

120.7

14.2

537.7

HeLa

4.64

3470

14.17

>12500

4.83

29.769

8.9

--

Vero

325.38

>12500

>12500

>12500

>12500

>12500

--

--

Catatan

: A498=Renal, EVSA-T=Breast, H226=Lung, IGROV=Ovarian, HeLa=Serviks, MCF-7=Breast, Vero= Normal sel, M19=Melanoma, WiDR=Colon, T47-D= Breast, Dox=Doksorubisin, Cpt=Cisplatinum

C-O-C CH OH

H-18

5’-CH3

H-1’ H21

C-19

C-18

-OCH3

C-17

C-21 C-1’

C-22

C-23 CH3-C=O C-20

Spektra 13C-NMR

H-19

CH3-C=O

Spektra IR

-OCH3

Spektra UV (NiO2D)

C=O

H-22H-16 CDCl3

Spektra IR

Spektra 1H-NMR

O 21 

 18

O

23



20

22

12 17 19 1 2

13 9

14

H

O

15

O

OH

5 4

16

8

10 3

O

11

7 6

1'

O

5'

HO

3' 4'

2'

(C32H48O9)

H 3CO

Struktur kimia 5α-oleandrin (NiO2D)

Western Blotting Control 0

Bcl-2

Bax

β-actin

2

6

5-oleandrin 10

15

24

2

6

10

15

24 hrs

A. 26 kDa

B. 23 kDa

C.

Ekspresi protein Bcl-2 (A), Bax (B) dan β-actin (C) sel HeLa setelah pemberian 5-oleandrin kadar 3,88x10-4mM inkubasi selama periodik waktu

Spektra 13C-NMR C-19

-O-CH3

CDCl3

Spektra 1H-NMR

H-18 H-19

5’-CH3

C-19 C-18 5’-CH3

C-13

-OCH3

Spektra UV (NiO2C)

H-21

H-22

C-18

-OCH3

C-3 C-5

C-1’

C-21 C-17

C-1’

C-22

C-22

C-23 C-17 CH3-C=O C-20 C-16

C-20

C-23

264

C-O-C

CH C=O

OH

Spektra IR

O 21 

23

 18

O



20

22

12 17 19 1 2

13 9

15

OH

5 4

16 14

8

10 3

O

11

H

7 6

1'

O

5'

HO

3' 4'

H 3CO

2'

(C30H44O7)

Struktur kimia 16,17-dehidrodeasetil-5-oleandrin.

PUBLIKASI 1. Wahyuningsih, M.S.H., Wahyuono, S, and Wayan, T.A. 2000, Efek Sitotoksik Oleandrin, Senyawa Bioaktif Hasil Isolasi dari daun Nerium indicum Mill. Terhadap Sel Mieloma. Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran, 32(4),235-241. 2. Wahyuningsih, M.S.H., Wahyuono, S, and Wayan, T.A., 2000, Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Bioaktif dari daun Nerium indicum Mill. Majalah Farmasi Indonesia, 11(2),86-95 3. Prasetyawati C., Donatus, IA., Wahyuningsih MSH., Wahyuono, S., 2004. Sub chronic toxicity asssay of aqueous extract of the leaves of Nerium indicum Mill. on male white mice (Ratus norvegicus) strain wistar, Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 15(1), 13-19 4. Wahyuningsih, M.S.H., Mubarika S., RLH Bolhuis., K. Nooter., Ganjar, I. G and Wahyuono S., 2004, Cytotoxicity of oleandrin isolated from the leaves of Nerium indicum Mill. on several human cancer cell lines. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 15(2), 96-103 5. Wahyuningsih MSH., Mubarika S., Ganjar IG., and Wahyuono S., 2005, Deteksi mekanisme antikanker oleandrin hasil isolasi dari daun Nerium indicum Mill. terhadap sel MCF-7 menggunakan fluorescein isothiocyanate-annexin V dan gel agarose, Journal of Traditional Medicine, 10(33) 21-26. 6. Wahyuningsih MSH., Mubarika S., Ganjar IG., Hamann, M.T., and Wahyuono S, 2006 Identification of Cardenolide compounds as selective anticancer isolated from Nerium indicum Mill. Leaves and its cytotoxic effect. Journal of Traditional Medicine, 11(37).13-19.

PUBLIKASI 7. Wahyuningsih MSH., Mubarika S., Gandjar IG., Wahyuono S., Boersma AWM., Nooter K., 2008, Detection of apoptosis mechanism on renal cancer cell treated by 16,17-dehydrodeacetyl-5α-oleandrin compound isolated from Nerium indicum Mill. Leaves, Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 19 (4), 178-184. 8. Wahyuningsih MSH., Mubarika S., Bolhuis RLH., Nooter K., Oostrum RG., Wahyuono S., Gandjar IG., 2008, Selectivity of Compounds Isolated From The Leaves Of Nerium indicum Mill. On Various Human Cancer Cell Lines, The Medical Journal Of Malaysia, Suppl. A, 63, 24-25. 9. Wahyuningsih MSH.,Mubarika S., Mark T. Hamann, Gandjar IG., dan Wahyuono S., 2008, Structure identification of potential compound as selective renal anticancer isolated from Nerium indicum Mill. Leaves, Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 19 (2), 57-64. 10. Wahyuningsih MSH., Mubarika S., Ganjar IG., Wahyuono S.,Takeya T., 2017, 5αOleandrin reduce Bcl-2 protein and increase Bax protein expression on Hela cervical cancer cell, Univ Med, 36(2): 102-109. 11. Muhammad F., Yuliani FS., Wahyuningsih MSH, 2017,Aktivitas Antifibrotik Ekstrak Klorofom Nerium Indicum dalam Menghambat Proliferasi Fibroblas Keloid dengan MTT Assay, Prosiding Seminar Nasional “Peran Herbal untuk mencegah Proses Degenerasi, Auditorium Fakultas Kedokteran UGM, 22 April 2017, ISBN: 978-60250277-0-3: p.46-50.

BIOASSAY GUIDED ISOLATION (II) MAHKOTA DEWA

[Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.). Boerl.] Nama daerah : Makuto Dewo Familia : Thymelaeaceae Dilaporkan sebagai antikanker secara tradisional (Anonim, 2002), seduhan daun untuk kanker hati (Syariefa, 2001)  Tumbuh subur sepanjang tahun di Indonesia

Procedure Powdered, dried leaves Macerated CHCl3 CHCl3 Ext.

Material

Material

MeOH Ext.

Bioassay Guided Fractionation (BST) Active fraction

Bioassay Guided isolation

Chemical Structure

Active cmpd.

LC50 (BST)

Cytotoxicity and selectivity (IC50) assays on: 1. Cancer cells in vitro 2. Normal cells in vitro

Other mechanisms..?

MS spektra : mol. Weight (m/z 422), HR-EIMS : C20H22O10 UV

IR

MS 13C-NMR

1H-NMR

O HO

6

6'

5

1'

5'

1

HO

2

4 3

O HO H

H 6''

1''

5'' 2''

H

4''

HO HO

O

3''

H

4'

2' 3'

OCH 3

Phalerin

LC50 = 1.5 x 10-1 mM OH H (BST) IC50 = 1,9 x 10-1 mM [Myeloma cells (NS-1)]

Cytotoxic activity of Phalerin on several cancer cells lines No.

Dose (ug/ml)

Cells death (%) A498

Raji

Vero

1

500

50,90

23,65

14,79

2

250

38,39

19,28

13,99

3

83,33

22,74

18,51

8,49

4

27,78

14,69

15,68

7,96

5

9,26

10,27

15,16

6,08

6

3,087

4,16

13,62

2,11

7

1,028

0,49

11,05

0,45

8

0,34

0

3,8

0

Note:

A498 Raji Vero

= Kidney cancer cells = Lymphoma cancer cells = Normal cells

Number of latex consumed by 100 of macrophages No

Concentration (g/ml)

R1

R2

R3

Average

1

Control (medium)

285

270

258

271

2

Control (solvent, DMSO)

253

249

251

251

3

Phalerin 1,85

324

367

358

350

4

Phalerin 5,56

321

352

350

341

5

Phalerin 16,67

442

374

420

412

6

Phalerin 50

406

433

425

421

7

Phalerin 100

460

390

416

422

Increasing Number Of Latex Consumed By 100 Macrophages

No. Tested samples (μg/ml)

1 2 3 4 5

1.85 5.56 16.67 50 100

Increasing ratio (%)

39.44 35.86 64.14 67.73 68.13

A

B

C

(A). Makrofag sebelum diinkubasi control (100x) (B). Makrofag setelah dicuci RPMI dan distimuli lateks (400x) (C). Makrofag setelah pemberian phalerin 50 g/ml

ANTIRADICAL BIOASSAY (DPPH)

NO 2 . N ..

O 2N

.. N

NO 2

No.

Samples (µg/ml)

R-1 (%)

R-2 (%)

R-3 (%)

Average (%)

1

Phalerin 1.85

16.27

17.02

21.63

18.31

2

Phalerin 5.56

24.09

24.20

18.84

22.38

3

Phalerin 16.67

29.12

21.31

24.41

24.95

4

Phalerin 50

34.80

31.05

28.80

31.55

5

Phalerin 75

32.65

35.33

30.94

32.97

6

Phalerin 250

36.17

31.26

34.37

33.93

7

Phalerin 500

41.11

34.37

42.61

39.36

8

Quersetin 20

88.54

88.01

88.97

88.51

ANGIOGENESIS

Hasil pengamatan makroskopik pembentukan pembuluh darah dengan sampel pada berbagai kadar dari kecil hingga besar

PUBLIKASI 1. Wahyuono S., Wahyuningsih MSH., Mubarika S., Sudarmanto BA., Setiadi J. and Ganjar IG., 2005, Penetapan kadar Phalerin dalam buah Mahkota Dewa Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff). Boerl secara KLT-Densitometri. Journal of Traditional Medicine, 10(32).10-13. 2. Wahyuningsih MSH., Mubarika S., Artama WT., Ganjar I G and Wahyuono S., 2005, Sitotoksisitas Phalerin hasil isolasi dari daun Mahkota Dewa Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff). Boerl terhadap berbagai sel kanker manusia in Vitro. Journal of Traditional Medicine, 10(32).5-9. 3. Wahyuningsih MSH., Mubarika S., Ganjar I G., Hamann MT., Rao, K.V. and Wahyuono S., 2005, Phalerin, A New Benzophenoic glucoside isolated from the methanol extract of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff). Boerl. Leaves. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 16(1).51-57 4. Wijanarko H., Wahyuningsih MSH., Mubarika S., Ganjar I G and Wahyuono S., 2005, Aktivitas Phalerin hasil isolasi dari daun Mahkota Dewa Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff). Boerl sebagai pemacu fagositosis makrofag in Vitro. Journal of Traditional Medicine, 10(33) 11-15. 5. Wijanarko H., Wahyuningsih MSH., Mubarika S., Ganjar IG and Wahyuono S, 2006, Antiradical activity of Phalerin isolated from the leaves of Mahkota Dewa (P. macrocarpa (Scheff). Boerl), Journal of Traditional Medicine, 11(35).16-20. 6. Wahyuningsih MSH., Mubarika S., Wahyuono S., 2008, Effect Of Phalerin Isolated From Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl. Leaves on EVSA-T and P53 Protein Expression in Vitro, Journal of Traditional Medicines, 13(44), 83-89.

BIOASSAY GUIDED ISOLATION (III) Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray Nama daerah Familia

: Kembang bulan : Asteraceae

 Tumbuh subur sepanjang tahun di Indonesia

Heksan : EtOAc

Heksan : EtOAc

Serbuk daun kering (500 gram)

(3 : 1, v/v)

(3 : 1, v/v)

CHCl3

Residu

Ext CHCl3 IC50=16,61g/ml n-Heksan Insol Hk Sol

Sari Larut IC50.325,331g/ml)

MeOH

Ext MeOH IC50=1006,99 µg/ml

Vakum cair liq kromatografi F1 32,17g/ml

F2 11, 42 g/ml

F3 6,22 g/ml

F4 94,31 g/ml

KLT Preparatif A 146.89 g/ml

B 9,77 g/ml

C 136.58 g/ml

Identifikasi dan mekanisme kerja F4 F5 P

MeOH

Sari tak larut IC50. 3,078 g/ml)

Heksan : EtOAc (3 : 1, v/v)

F1 F2 F3

CHCl3

F5 41,74 g/ml

KLT Isolat teraktif fase diam (silika gel GF254 ) dan fase gerak {WB: EtOAc(1:1; v/v) (A), dan (3:1,v/v (B)} Deteksi : UV 254 dan 366 nm

Nilai IC50 Isolat A, B, dan C kembang bulan pada sel HeLa

160

146.886 136.579

140 120 100 80 47.074

60

40 20 0 Isolat atas (A)

Isolat tengah (B) IC50 (ug/mL)

PEMURNIAN

Isolat bawah ©

Indeks Selektivitas Isolat Kembang Bulan pada berbagai sel kanker 69.02

70

60

50 40.53 40

30

22.59 20

16.55

16.16

10

11.46

8.59

9.77 4.13 0.59

1.79

2.5

4.7

2.44

0.996

3.522

0 HeLa

WiDR

Myeloma

RAJI IC50 (ug/mL)

MCF7 Selektivitas

T47D

M19

EVSA-T

Spektra UV (B)

Spektra 13C-NMR

Spektra IR (B)

Spektra 1H-NMR

Molekuler model dari Tagitinin C (C19H24O6) BM=348

A

B

C

D

Ekspresi caspase 9 sel WIDR inkubasi 6 jam (A). Kontrol, (B). Pemberian Tagitinin C dosis ½ IC50, (C).Dosis IC50, (D). Dosis 2xIC50 (Perbesaran 400x)

PUBLIKASI 1. Mahardika, AB., Wahyuono S., Wahyuningsih, MSH., 2016, Sitotoxicity of Compound isolated from the leaves of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A.Gray) against T47D, MCF-7 and EVSA-T cells, Journal of Pharmaceutics, Inpress 2. Ranti I., Wahyuningsih MSH., Wirohadidjojo YW., 2016, The Antifibrotic Effect of Isolate Tagitinin C from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray on Keloid Fibroblast Cell, Pan African Medical Journal, Inpress 3. Wahyuningsih, MSH., Wijayanti MA., Budiyanto A., Muhammad Hanafi, 2015, Isolation and Identification of Potential Cytotoxic Compound from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray Leaves, Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 7 (6), 298-301. 4. Wahyuningsih, MSH., Wirohadidjojo, YW., Hidayat, R., Sadid, A., 2015, Antifibrotic Effect of Standardized Ethanol Extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray on Keloid Fibroblasts, Int J Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 7(4); 642-647 5. Syarif, RA., Wahyuningsih MSH., Mustofa, Ngatidjan, 2014, Inhibitory Activity of Purified Extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A.Gray) Leaves on Plasmodium falciparum Growth and Heme Polymerization, Journal of the Indonesian Medical Association (J Indon Med Assoc), 64 (5), 228-233.

PUBLIKASI 6.

Mardihusodo HR., Wahyuningsih MSH., Astuti I., 2013, The effect of active compound isolated from the leaves of T. diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray on cell cycle and angiogenesis of WiDr cell line, J Med Sci, 45 (3), September 7. Mahardika, AB., Wahyuono S., Wahyuningsih, MSH., 2016, Sitotoxicity of Compound Wahyuningsih MSH., Syarif RA., Suharmi S., Murini Tri., Saputra F., Adiguno Suryo W., 2013, Selectivity of Purified Extract from the leaves of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A.Gray) against Hela Cells, Trad. Med. J., 18(1), 22-28

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