Organs.docx

1.1. How many organs in the body could you live without? Looking to donate your digestive system? You will be surprised as to how much you could lose and still live. You can still have a fairly normal life without one of your lungs, a kidney, your spleen, appendix, gallbladder, tonsils, plus some of your lymph nodes, the fibula bones from each leg and six of your ribs. Losing your uterus, ovaries and breasts, or your testicles and prostate, is also quite survivable, although you might need hormone therapy to avoid other long-term problems, such as brittle bones. If you allow yourself artificial replacements and medication, we can go further and remove your stomach, colon, pancreas, salivary glands, thyroid, bladder and your other kidney. Still not enough for you? Theoretically, surgeons could amputate all of your limbs, and remove your eyes, nose, ears, larynx, tongue, lower spine and rectum. Supported by machines in an intensive care unit, they could also take away your skull, heart and your remaining lung, at least for a short while. This adds up to a theoretically survivable loss of around 45 per cent of your total body mass. But any trauma that destroyed all these organs all at once would almost certainly kill you from shock and blood loss. And surgically removing them one at a time over many months would likely also be fatal, due to infections in your immune-compromised state. 1.1.1. In the text above there are ten words in bold. Below you can find their definitions. Match the anatomical terms with the correct definitions: 1. The prominent oval masses of lymphoid tissue on each side of the throat: _____________ 2. The male reproductive glands: ______________ 3. The organ located below the liver, serving as a storage place for bile: ______________ 4. The long, thin and lateral bones of the lower leg: ______________ 5. One of the two bean-shaped organs which excrete urine: ______________ 6. A disorder that results in fragile bones that break easily: ______________ 7. The primary organs of the respiratory system: ______________ 8. The pairs of curved bones articulated with the vertebrae: ______________ 9. The largest organ in the lymphatic system: ______________ 10. A tube-shaped sac attached to the large intestine in the right side of the body: ______________ 1.1.2. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the text above: hormone, stomach, thyroid, bladder, limb, ears, spine, skull. 1. A frequent urge to urinate without pain can be a symptom of ________________ problems. 2. The patient was brought to the hospital with a cervical ________________ injury. 3. She took a course of ________________ therapy after the surgery, in order to lower the oestrogen levels. 4. A head injury occurs as a result of trauma to the scalp, ________________ or brain. 5. Every time she drinks milk, she gets a _________________ ache. 6. You should use some warm compresses to relieve your __________________ pain. 7. Amputation of the _________________ should be a last resort. 8. Common signs of an underactive ________________ are tiredness, weight gain and feeling depressed. 1.1.3. Match the common terms describing body parts in column A with their medical synonyms from column B: Backbone Clavicle Belly button Patella Bowels Scapula Collar bone Navel Gallbladder Larynx Kneecap Intestines Rib cage Uterus Shoulder blade Spinal column Voice box Cholecyst Womb Thorax 1

1.1.4. Give nouns corresponding to the following verbs: to donate .......................... to use to lose .......................... to live to replace .......................... to depend to amputate .......................... to move to remove .......................... to implant to inhale .......................... to cure to circulate .......................... to bruise to injure .......................... to analyse

.......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ..........................

1.1.5. Rewrite the sentences below, changing the verbs to nouns. Do not change the meaning of the sentences: 1. We digest our food easily if we rest after a meal. Our ... 2. This is the laboratory where they experiment with new chemicals. This is the laboratory for ... 3. The patient has recovered fully from his illness. The patient has made ... 4. The doctor prescribed him anti-inflammatory painkillers. The doctor wrote ... 5. His face is paralysed because he suffers from Bell's Palsy. He suffers... 6. The patient will be referred to a consultant. The patient will be given a ... 7. The intestine is obstructed by the tumour. The tumour causes ... 8. The football player was advised to bandage his ankles to prevent sprains. The football player was advised to wrap his ankles with ... 9. Several cases of influenza have already occurred this winter. They have registered the ... 10. He bruised his back because of the ladder fall. He suffered ... 2.2.1. The human body consists of 11 organ systems that interdependently. Match the description with one of the systems and with the corresponding organs: System Circulatory

Digestive Endocrine Integumentary

Lymphatic

Organs 1. pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, gonads 2. brain, spinal cord, nerves 3. skin, hair, nails 4. nasal, passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. 5. red bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

Muscular

6. heart, blood vessels

Nervous

7. bones, joints

Reproductive

Respiratory

8. oral cavity, liver, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum 9. skeletal muscles

Skeletal

10. kidney, urethra,

Functions A. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity. Returns leaked fluid from blood vessels to the blood. B. Produces movement, maintains posture and produces heat. C. Supports and protects, provides a framework for muscles, stores minerals and makes blood cells. D. Secretes hormones that regulate many processes like growth, metabolism and reproduction. E. Produces sex cells, allows transfer of sex cells and fertilization to occur, permits development and birth of offspring, nourishes offspring, and produces sex hormones. F. Supplies blood with of oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body. Ensures gaseous exchanges. G. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Maintains electrolyte balance, water balance and acid-base balance. H. Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Regulates body temperature, makes chemicals and hormones and acts as a sense organ. I. Transports nutrients, oxygen, metabolic wastes, water, salts, and disease-fighting cells J. Breaks down food and absorbs it for use as energy. It 2

Urinary

ureter, urinary bladder 11. Male: prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum Female: mammary glands, uterus, vagina, ovaries, uterine tube

eliminates indigestible waste. K. Controls body activities and the reaction to stimuli, activates muscles and glands.

2.2.2. Form anatomical adjectives derived from the regional terms: (e.g. forehead: frontal) Head: ................................. Navel: ................................. Brain: ................................. Abdomen: ................................. Eye: ................................. Hand: ................................. Nose: ................................. Thigh: ................................. Mouth: ................................. Fingers/toes: ................................. Chin: ................................. Spine: ................................. Breast: ................................. 2.2.3. Form adjectives with the help of negative prefixes: __fortunate, __human, __logical, __regular, __necessary, __reliable, __dissoluble, __legible, __visible, __relevant, __mobile, __practical, __mature, __sanitary, __aware, __invasive, __hygienic. 2.2.4. Give adjectives corresponding to the following nouns or verbs: hypertension to digest nerve femur pelvis melancholia surgery to assist dirt

.......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ..........................

pathology health success pain diet to expect to urge to permit caution

.......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ..........................

2.2.5. Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative): 1. The elastic band wrapped around his upper arm felt __________ than it had felt the day before. (tight – superiority) 2. A urea breath test __________ than other tests. (distressing – inferiority) 3. __________ pain may be felt when the IV needle is placed in a vein in your arm. (sharp – superlative) 4. This IV medication might make you feel __________ other antihistamines. (drowsy – equality) 5. If the discomfort is __________ , alert your doctor. (severe – superiority) 6. The patient's condition is __________ than it was in the morning. (bad – superiority) 7. I met Dr. Smith and Dr. Jones at the conference. __________ told me that he had written an article on stomach biopsy. (late – comparative) 8. The patient arrived at the A&E department with his __________ brother. (old – superiority) 9. I subscribed to the journal in order to have access to __________ surgery research. (late – superlative) 10. For __________ information, please contact the Microbiology Department. (far – superiority)

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