Nursing Theory Development Bullets

28 UNIT I Nursing’s Perspective: Past, Present, and Future

TABLE 2-1 Chronology of Nursing Theory Development Date

Theorist

Theory/Publications

1859

Florence Nightingale

Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not

1952

Hildegard Peplau

Interpersonal Relations in Nursing

1964

Basic Principles of Patient Counseling

1992

Interpersonal relations: A theoretical framework for application in nursing practice (in Nursing Science Quarterly)

1955

Virginia Henderson

(with B. Harmer) Textbook for the Principles and Practice of Nursing

1966

The Nature of Nursing: A Definition and Its Implication for Practice, Research and Education

1991

The Nature of Nursing: Reflections after 20 Years

1960, 1968, 1973

Faye Abdelleh

(with Beland, Martin, and Matheney) Patient-Centered Approaches to Care

1961, 1990

Ida Jean Orlando (Pelletier)

The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship

1964

Ernestine Wiedenbach

Clinical Nursing: A Helping Art

1966, 1971

Joyce Travelbee

Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing

1969, 1973

Myra Levine

Introduction to Clinical Nursing

1989

The four conservation principles: Twenty years later

1991

The conservation principles: A model for health

1970

Martha Rogers

An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing

1980

Nursing: A science of unitary man

1989

Nursing: A science of unitary human beings

1971

Imogene King

Toward a Theory of Nursing: General Concepts of Human Behavior

1981

A theory for nursing: Systems, concepts and process

1989

King’s general systems framework and theory

1971, 1980, 1988, 1991

Dorothea Orem

Nursing Concepts of Practice

1976

Dorothy Johnson

Behavioral Systems and Nursing

1980 1976, 1984

The behavioral systems model for nursing Callista Roy

Introduction to Nursing: An Adaptation Model

1980

The Roy Adaptation Model

1987

Theory Construction in Nursing: An Adaptation Model

1991

The Roy Adaptation Model: The Definitive Statement

1976

Josephine Paterson &

Humanistic Nursing

Loretta Zderad 1978

Madeline Leininger

Transcultural Nursing, Concepts, Theories and Practice (continues)

CHAPTER 2 Theoretical Foundations of Nursing 29

TABLE 2-1 (continued) Chronology of Nursing Theory Development Date

Theorist

Theory/Publications

1980

Caring: A Central Focus of Nursing

1988

Leininger’s Theory of Nursing: Culture Care Diversity and Universality

1979

Jean Watson

Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring

1985

Nursing: Human Science and Human Care

1988

New dimensions of human caring theory

1989

Watson’s philosophy and theory of human caring in nursing

1979

Margaret Newman

Theory Development in Nursing

1983

Newman’s health theory

1986

Health as Expanding Consciousness

1980

Betty Neuman

1982, 1989

The Betty Neuman health care systems model: A total person approach to patient problems The Neuman Systems Model

1981, 1989

Rosemarie Parse

Man-Living-Health: A Theory of Nursing

1983

Joyce Fitzpatrick

Fitzpatrick’s rhythm model: Analysis for nursing science

1984

Patricia Benner

From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice

1989

The Primacy of Caring: Stress and Coping in Health and Illness

human being. “Each discipline singles out certain phenomena with which it will deal in a unique manner” (Fawcett, 1989, p. 5). The field of biology (the study of living organisms) has defined limits and boundaries that do not extend into psychology. Similarly, psychology (which is concerned with the behavior of individuals) does not extend its concerns into the domain of sociology, which has as its main focus the social behavior of human beings. The broadly identified concerns of a discipline are defined in its metaparadigm. The metaparadigm concepts provide the boundaries and limitations of a discipline, identify the common viewpoint that all members of a discipline share, and help to focus the activities of the members of that discipline. Disciplines are distinguished from each other by differing metaparadigm concepts. Most metaparadigms consist of several major concepts. Initial consensus on the metaparadigm concepts in nursing was achieved in 1984. According to Fawcett (1984), the major concepts that provide structure to the domain of nursing are person, environment, health, and nursing. These metaparadigm elements name the overall areas of concern for the nursing discipline. Each nursing theory presents a slightly different view of the metaparadigm concepts. Refer to the section entitled

“Selected Nursing Theories” for a discussion of how various theorists address and link the metaparadigm concepts. Consider for a moment the practice of nursing by a school nurse, an emergency room nurse, and a psychiatric nurse. What is the unifying thread among these various nurses? Although each nurse’s practice is obviously different, they all consider their work as part of the profession of nursing because all share the same major concerns. Regardless of the setting or the type of client involved, each nurse is concerned with person, environment, health, and nursing. Nursing’s metaparadigm is shared by all nurses despite differences in their individual practices. How is nursing’s metaparadigm different from that of other helping professions? The metaparadigm of medicine focuses on pathophysiology and the curing of disease. Nursing’s metaparadigm is broader and focuses on the person, health, and the environment. Consider a physician’s and a nurse’s view of a client who is newly diagnosed with diabetes. The physician is concerned with reducing the client’s abnormal blood glucose values to normal levels, if possible. The physician prescribes medications, an exercise regime, and nutritional counseling in an effort to control blood sugar levels. In dealing with the same client situation, the nurse is