Notes Ch # 1

Chapter # 1

PHYSICS AN INTRODUCTION Q#1: Choose the correct answer of the statement from the given choices I.

Energy obtained by breaking 1kg of uranium is equal . to the energy obtained from burning kg of oil. (a) one million(b)2million (c)3million (d) 4million

II.

In 20th century __________declared that mass and energy are forms of each other. (a)Newton (b) Einstein (c) Galileo (d) Hero

III.

The branch of physics concern with the motion of body is known as (a) Light (b) Sound (c) heat and thermodynamics (d) mechanics

IV.

________ is the forth state of matter (a) Gas (b) light (c) plasma (d) liquid

V.

The study of internal structure of earth is known as ________ (a) Astronomy (b) Geophysics (c) Seismography (d) Electromagnetism

VI.

Ibn-ul-hathem works on ___________ (a) Heat and thermodynamics (b) Electromagnetism (c) Wave (d) Light

VII.

Alkundi worked on ___________ (a) Heat and thermodynamics (b) Electromagnetism (c) Sound (d) Light

VIII.

Kitab-ul-Astarlaab was written by ___________ (a) Ibn-ul-hathem (b) Alberuni (c) Alkundi (d) Abdus Slam

IX.

Dr. abdus Slam was awarded noble prize in _____________ (a) 1971 (b) 1979 (c) 1999 (d) 1997

X. (a) (b) (c) (d) XI. (a) (b) (c) (d) XII. (a) (b) (c) (d) XIII. (a) (b) (c) (d) XIV. (a) (b) (c) (d) XV. (a) (b) (c) (d) XVI. (a) (b) (c) (d) XVII. (a) (b) (c) (d) XVIII. (a) (b) (c) (d) XIX. (a) (b) (c) (d) XX. (a) (b) (c) (d) XXI. (a) (b) (c) (d) XXII.

(a) (b) (c) (d) XXIII. (a) (b) (c) (d) XXIV. (a) (b) (c) (d)

Q#2: Give short answer of the following questions

I.

Write the names of five phenomena which are governed by physics?

Ans: The phenomena of universe which are governed by physics are as under (a ) Movement of vehicles of breeze

(b ) flying of aero planes

(c ) Blowing

(d ) Production and transformation of sound (e ) Lighting of our rooms II.

Define Physics?

Ans: Physics is the branch of science which deals with the study of properties of matter, energy and their mutual relationship. III.

Define matter

Ans: every thing which has mass and occupies space is called matter. IV.

Define energy?

Ans: The capability of body to do work is called energy. V.

Why we introduce different branches of physics?

Ans: Due to expanding scope and research in Physics, it is important to introduce different branches of physics, so that every one can understand and study it more deeply. VI.

Define Mechanics?

Ans: That branch of Physics which deals with the motion and Physical effects which influence motion. VII.

Define Heat and thermodynamics?

Ans: That branch of Physics which deals with the thermal energy possessed by the molecules of matter and its use when it flows from one body to another. VIII.

Define sound?

Ans: That branch of Physics which deals with the Physical aspects of audible sound energy. IX.

Define light?

Ans: That branch of Physics which deals with the Physical aspects of visible light. X.

Define electromagnetism?

Ans: That branch of Physics which deals with the electric and magnetic phenomenon, and mutual relationship between them. XI.

Define atomic and molecular physics?

Ans: That branch of Physics which deals with the properties of mater at atomic and molecular level. XII.

Define Nuclear physics?

Ans: That branch of Physics which deals with the properties of isolated nuclei of an atom. XIII.

Define plasma physics?

Ans: That branch of Physics which deals with the properties of mater in plasma state. XIV.

Define solid state physics?

Ans: That branch of Physics which deals with the properties of mater in solid state. XV.

Define Astrophysics?

Ans: It is the branch of science in which we study the properties of heavenly bodies and interaction between matter and energy in space. XVI.

Define Geophysics?

Ans: The study of the internal structure of the earth and its activities like Seismography is called Geophysics. XVII.

Define Biophysics?

Ans: The study of Biological Sciences on the basic Principles of physics is called Biophysics. XVIII.

How physics facilitates Muslims?

Ans: As a Muslim we can observe the following application of physics in out daily life, we wake up early in the morning when 'AZAN' is called out from nearby mosque on loud speaker, then we open the water tap for ablution and many other religious duties with the different blessings of physics. XIX.

How water reaches to us through a tap?

Ans: Water reaches to us through a tap by following some laws of physics. XX.

How can we draw out water from a well?

Ans: We can draw out water from a well by using a pulley which a blessing of physics. XXI.

How physics involved in drawing water from well and tube well?

Ans: The drawing of water from a well or obtaining it from tube well are governed by the laws of physics. XXII.

Where can we see/observe applications of physics in our school?

Ans: At school we observe the following activities governed by the laws of physics (a )Hosting of flag (b) Playing of National Anthem on tape recorder (c ) ringing of bell (d) lighting of our class rooms XXIII.

What physics do for our entertainment?

Ans: The drama shown on T.V. and programs recorded on VCR, CD, DVD and computer for the sake of entertainment are outcome of research in physics. XXIV.

How physics make this world a global village?

Ans: the computer, telecommunication, aero planes and other fast means of communication and transportation have shortened the distance and make this world a global village. XXV.

How vast is the approach of physics in this universe?

Ans: The vastness of physics could be understood as, even the imagination of a poet cannot reach the immense distance in space which can easily be seen by physics. XXVI.

How physics help us to understand the nature?

Ans: Physics not only provide us physical comforts through their new inventions and research but also provide the vital evidence required to understand nature. XXVII.

How physics provide us energy for daily us?

Ans: As we know that atom bomb has emerged as a mean for destruction and devastation, but on the other hand it has great source of energy to meet our over increasing energy demands. XXVIII.

How can we meet our energy demands of future by physics?

Ans: If ever a man is able to control the fusion reaction then he would never face the shortage of energy in world forever in future. OR By controlling the fusion reaction, with the help of physics, we can meet our ever increasing energy demands. XXIX.

How physics effect/ broaden the other fields of knowledge?

Ans: Physics has not only made progress in its own field but it has also introduced new avenues of research in other fields of knowledge. XXX.

How physics facilitate biologists?

Ans: By providing the microscope, physics, which plays an important role in the progress of biology, and going a step further the electron microscope unveiled many hidden realities. XXXI.

How physics brought revolutionary changes in diagnostic techniques of medical science?

Ans: The discovery of X-rays, ultrasonic, LASER, E.C.G, E.E.G, Fiber optics and numerous other such tools have brought revolutionary changes in the diagnostic techniques of medical sciences. XXXII.

How physics improve the telecommunication?

Ans: Today living on the earth, we can communicate with the astronauts in space, the games of cricket, hockey or Olympics being played anywhere in the world can be witnessed directly by research in physics.

XXXIII.

Write the names of fields our daily life on which physics has registered its glory?

Ans: Physics has registered its glory on the following fields of our daily life (a) Commerce and industry (b) Trade (c) Agriculture (d) Education (e)

XXXIV.

Define scientific method?

Ans: A specific method used to search for truth is called scientific method. XXXV.

Write different steps of scientific method?

Ans: there are the following steps of scientific method

(a)Observation (b) Hypothesis (c) Experiment (d) Theory (e) Prediction (f) Law XXXVI.

Explain the scientific method with the help of a block diagram?

Ans: diagram XXXVII.

Define Observation?

Ans: This is the first step in scientific method make observation of nature processes and to collect the data about them. XXXVIII.

Give an example of observation?

Ans: It's our common observation that shadow of an opaque object is formed when it is placed in the path of light coming from the sun or a lamp, this is observation of nature. XXXIX.

How we develop hypothesis?

Ans: On the basis of the data collected through observations or experimentation, we can develop a hypothesis. XL.

Why we develop a hypothesis?

Ans: Hypothesis is developed in order to test its logical results. XLI.

How many ways of observation?

Ans: Scientific observation can be done either by ordinary observation of natural phenomenon or by obtaining the results from different experiments. XLII.

Define experiment?

Ans: experiment is an organized repeatable process which is used to test the truth of hypothesis. XLIII.

Prove that light travels along a straight line?

Ans: Take three card boards A,B and C each with a hole are place in a straight line, such that the hole in card A is in front of a lamp. When we see through the hole of card C, we can see the light of the lamp. If any of these cards is displaced, we cannot see light through the hole of C. thus this experiment proves that light travels in a straight line. XLIV.

What is the importance of experiment in the scientific method?

Ans: it plays a role like a back bone in scientific method, on the basis of experiment a hypothesis becomes theory, and after the verification theory becomes law. XLV.

Define theory?

Ans: Hypothesis after the successful verification of an assumption and with the help of careful experimentation becomes a theory. XLVI.

What is the importance of theory in scientific method?

Ans: Theory explains the different phenomenon of nature on the basis of similarities and it could be applicable for similar phenomenon. XLVII.

What do you mean by prediction?

Ans: It is step of scientific method between theory and law; it is the pre-guess about the similar phenomenon on the basis of hypothesis and theory, which after verification becomes law. XLVIII.

Define law of scientific method?

Ans: The law is a statement regarding the behavior of nature and can predict about other aspects of nature regarding those observation which have been performed for this. XLIX.

What do you mean by a scientist?

Ans: A scientist by nature is enthusiastic to find the realities of nature. He is always like an admirer of the truth and reality, who has courage to reject any false theory on the basis of his on experimentation. L.

What Islam and Holy Quran say to us about the nature?

Ans: there are hundreds of verses of the holy Quran in which Allah urges the believers that they should study nature and ponder upon it. LI.

What Holy Quran says about the superiority of a scholar?

Ans: In the Surah Al- Zumar in the Holy Quran Allah says “Say (Unto them, O Muhammad, peace be upon him): are the who know equal with those who know not?” (Al- Zumar, verse 9) LII.

What holy Quran order about the observation of nature to us?

Ans: In Surah Al-Zumar Allah says: “hast thou not seen how Allah hath sent down water from the sky and hath caused it to penetrate the earth as water springs, and afterwards thereby produceth crops of divers hues; and afterward they wither and thou seest them turn yellow; then He maketh them chaff. Lo! Herein verily is a reminder for men of understanding. ” (Al- Zumar, verse 21) LIII.

What is the way of success in this life and hereafter according to Islam?

Ans: The Holy Quran orders the conquest of nature with the help of the knowledge, along with deep thought, to benefit from it so that Muslims may be successful in this life and the life hereafter. LIV.

To whom Europeans got the scientific knowledge?

Ans: It is normally thought that Europeans received the light of scientific knowledge from Greek scientists. LV.

Write the name of any five famous Greek scientists?

Ans: The famous Greek scientists were Pythagoras, Euclid’s, Archimedes, Aristotle, and Plato. LVI.

From where Europeans received true spirit of research?

Ans: The true spirit of research, observation and Experimentation, was transferred to Europeans from M Muslim scientists. LVII.

What is the difference in Muslim and Greek Scientist according to there work methodology?

Ans: Greek Scientists are ignorant of the arduous (tough) testing path to research and curiosity (desire of reading), While the Muslim Scientists are the founder of true spirit of research, i.e. Observation, Experimentation and Measurements. LVIII.

What is the difference in theories of Muslim and Greek Scientists?

Ans: The Theories of Greek Scientists are based on there general observation, While the theories of Muslim Scientists were based on the Scientific method. LIX.

Write the names of any five Muslim scientists who achieved greatness in Physics.

Ans: There are many Muslim Scientists who made the stepping stones of Knowledge for European Scientists; some of them are Alberuni, Alkundi, Al-Khwarizmi, Ibn-ulhathem, Abdus Slam, Abdul Qadeer. LX.

When and Where was born Ibn-ul-hathem?

Ans: Ibn-ul-hathem was born in Basra in 965 A.D. LXI.

When and Where was born Alberuni?

Ans: Alberuni was born in a village near Khwarizmi in 973 A.D. LXII.

When and Where was born Ibn-e-Ishaq?

Ans: Ibn-e-Ishaq was born in Basra in 3rd Century Hijjra.

LXIII.

Why Ibn-ul-hathem is famous?

Ans: This great scientist is known for his exceptional work in field of Optics. LXIV.

Write the name of famous book of Ibn-ul-hathem?

Ans: The name of his famous book is Al-manzir. LXV.

On which topic Ibn-ul-hathem write al-manzir?

Ans: In this book Ibn-ul-hathem explained the nature of light for first time in world. LXVI.

Who declared light is a form of energy?

Ans: Ibn-ul-hathem declared light to be a form of energy in the day when scientists were unaware even of the word “energy”. LXVII.

Write a brief note on the works of Ibn-ul-hathem in the field of light?

Ans: Ibn-ul-hathem was well aware of the refraction of light. He presented the theory of refraction. He also made research on the spherical mirrors. He explained the solar eclipse first time by observation. He invented the pinhole camera. He described the working and internal structure of eye in his book first time. LXVIII.

How Ibn-ul-hathem invented pinhole camera?

Ans: By making a small hole in door of a window during solar eclipse, he viewed the light of sun an the opposite wall and in this way he invented the pinhole camera. LXIX.

Which Muslim Scientist was courtier of Mehmood Gaznave?

Ans: Abu-Rehan Alberuni was the Muslim Scientist who joined court of Muslim conqueror Mehmood Ghaznave as His courtier. LXX.

Who built the Observatory for the Muslim Scientist Alberuni?

Ans: Mehmood Ghaznave was the Muslim conqueror who built the Observatory for Alberuni, when he realized that Alberuni is interested in Observation and Experimentation.

LXXI.

Write the names of books written by Alberuni?

Ans: Alberuni wrote many books on Physics but two are as Qanoon Almasoodi, Kitab-ul-Astrolabe. LXXII.

Alberuni write Qanoon Almasoodi on which topic?

Ans: In this book he discussed the measurement of Earth, Shape of Earth, the movement of sun and the moon, the shaping of moon and its different Phases and the movement of five large planets. One of his greatest achievements is the determination of longitude and latitude of the Earth. LXXIII.

Alberuni wrote Kitab ul Astrolabe on which topic?

Ans: In this book he explained the methods to work out the circumference of the earth and the depth of river. He also explained the method of determining the density of metals. LXXIV.

Who revealed that the Indus valley was infect the basin of big ocean?

Ans: Alberuni was revealed that the Indus Valley was infect the basin of a big ocean which gradually filled with mud. LXXV.

Who discovered that the circumference of earth in early times?

Ans: Alberuni was the Scientist who discovered the circumference of earth in early times. LXXVI.

Who described the working and internal structure of eye?

Ans: Ibn-ul-hathem was described the construction and working eye. LXXVII.

On which field Alkundi worked?

Ans: Alkundi worked on sound and music and wrote many books on this topic. LXXVIII.

Write the achievement of Alkundi?

Ans: Alkundi wrote many books regarding sound and music shows that the Muslims were well conversant centuries ago with music which is now popular in European universities. LXXIX.

Why Dr. Abdus Slam was awarded noble prize in Physics?

Ans: He was awarded Prestigious Noble prize in 1979 on his work of combining two basic forces of nature, i.e. weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force. LXXX.

Which two forces were combined by Abdus Slam?

Ans: Dr. Abdus Slam was combined two basic forces of nature i.e. weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force. LXXXI.

From where when and why Dr. Abdul Qadeer was returned to Pakistan?

Ans: Dr. Abdul Qadeer was returned to Pakistan from Urenco Enrichment Plant (Holland) in 1975, and patriotic spirit forced him to return. LXXXII.

Which Laboratory was renamed as recognition of his services for nation?

Ans: Kahuta Research Laboratories (Islamabad) was renamed as Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan Laboratories, in recognition of his services for nation. LXXXIII.

When Pakistan was became Nuclear power?

Ans: Pakistan became seventh nuclear power of world in 28th May 1998, When it tested six successful tests at Chaghi in Baluchistan.

Long Questions Q#3: ? Q#4: ? Q#5: . Q#6: ? Q#7: ?. Q#8: ? Q#9: ?