Nomad : Repintro&ovarian Physiol

REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY: INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW By Dr. M. Anthony David, MD Professor of Physiology

NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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A DIVIDED HUMANKIND

MALE

FEMALE NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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WHY THE DIVISION? 

SRY



SPEG



S Region of the Sex Chromosome Y



A Single Pair Of Endocrine Glands Testes or Ovaries!



NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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ARE MEN AND WOMEN THE SAME? 

MEN ARE FROM MARS



WOMEN ARE FROM VENUS



THEY MET ON PLANET EARTH! - John Gray

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GENETIC SEX DETERMINATION OVA

SPERMS

44 XX

MEIOSIS

22 X

MEIOSIS

22 X

22 X

44 XX

22 X 22 X

FEMALE

22 X Polar Bodies

44 XY 22 Y

44 XX

22 X

22 X

22 X Polar Bodies

44 XY MALE

ZYGOTES

22 Y

22 Y

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SEX DETERMINATION, DIFFERENTIATION & DEVELOPMENT 22 Y

22 X

22 X 44 XY

ZYGOTE

22 X 44 XX

BIPOTENTIAL PRIMORDIA

FEMALE INT GENITALIA

FEMALE INT GENITALIA

EMBRYONAL GONADS MIS FEMALE

T MALE DHT INT & EXT GENITALIA

T MALE NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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SEX DETERMINATION, DIFFERENTIATION & DEVELOPMENT ADULT GONADS

TESTIS

DHT

OVARY

ESTROGENS

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS

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GONADAL DEVELOPMENT PRIMORDIAL GONAD CORTEX

MEDULLA

INDIFFERENT GONAD BY DEFAULT

OVARY

TESTIS Effect of SRY

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DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL GENITALIA 

INDIFFERENT STAGE



VII – VIIIth WEEK OF INTRA UTERINE LIFE: differentiation begins



XIIth WEEK OF I.U.L: Differentiation becomes clear. NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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GENETIC SEX DETERMINATION ABERRATIONS 

MATERNAL NON DISJUNCTION:  TURNER’S

SYNDROME OR GONADAL DYSGENESIS: GENOME: 44 XO  SUPERFEMALE:? NORMAL: 44 XXX  KLINE FELTER’S SYNDROME: SEMENIFEROUS TUBULE DYSGENESIS: 44 XXY  LETHAL: 44 YO

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MATERNAL NON DISJUNCTION 1 22 X 44 XX

22 0

44 XO

TURNER’S SYNDROME

22 X 22 XX

NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

44 XXX

SUPERFEMALE

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MATERNAL NON DISJUNCTION 2 22 Y 44 YO

22 0 44 XX

LETHAL: NOT COMPATIBLE WITH LIFE

22 Y 22 XX

44 XXY

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KLINE FELTERS SYNDROME

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HERMAPHRODITISM 

TRUE HERMAPHRODITISM:  XX/XY

MOSAICISM  HAS BOTH OVARIES & TESTES 

PSEUDO HERMAPHRODITISM:  GENETIC

FEMALES WITH MALE EXT.GENITALIA: ENLARGED CLITORIS  GENETIC MALES WITH FEMALE EXT. GENITALIA NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY : an Overview: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY : Basics  OVARIAN PHYSIOLOGY  MENSTRUAL CYCLE  PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY  FETAL PHYSIOLOGY 

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REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY OF PARTURITION  PHYSIOLOGY OF LACTATION  MALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY  CONTRACEPTIVE PHYSIOLOGY  ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY 

NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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TIME

FOR

A BREAK

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BACK TO LEARNING…

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OVARIAN PHYSIOLOGY By Dr.M.Anthony David MD Professor of Physiology NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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THE JOURNEY OF THE PRIMORDIAL OVARIAN FOLLICLES IUL: PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES

7,000,000 ATRESIA, LOSS

2,000,000

AT BIRTH OF THE GIRL: NEONATE

50% ATRESIA

1,000,000

INFANCY: 0 – 1 Year

ATRESIA

30,000 ATRESIA

500 2, or 3 1

AT PUBERTY CHOSEN TO BE STIMULATED BETWEEN 15 – 45 Years COMPLETE THE II MEIOTIC DIVISION IN THE LIFETIME RESULTS IN YOU!

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CONGRATULATIONS ! YOU ARE ONE IN SEVEN MILLION! NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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OOGENESIS: FETAL LIFE  

 



BEGINS IN FETAL LIFE OOGONIA ARE THE PRIMORDIAL CELLS WHICH DIVIDE AGAIN AND AGAIN. THEY ARE ALL DIPLOID ALL THE DIVISIONS IN THIS PHASE ARE MITOTIC. THE FINAL DIVISION, THE IST MEIOTIC ONE, BEGINS IN THE PRIMARY OOCYTE NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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OOGENESIS IN THE CHILDHOOD THE PRIMARY OOCYTES CONTINUE THEIR MEIOTIC DIVISION THROUGH THE CHILDHOOD.  THEY COMPLETE THEIR FIRST PHASE OF MEIOTIC OR REDUCTION DIVISION AT OVULATION. 

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OOGENESIS AT PUBERTY THE PRIMARY OOCYTE COMPLETES ITS FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION.  ONE SECONDARY OOCYTE AND THE FIRST POLAR BODY ARE FORMED. 

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OOGENESIS: COMPLETION AT FERTILIZATION 







THE PROCESS OF OOGENSIS IS COMPLETED AT FERTILIZATION. THE SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION IS COMPLETED AFTER FERTILIZATION A HAPLOID OVUM AND POLAR BODIES ARE FORMED. THIS OVUM MAY TAKE PART IN FERTILIZATION NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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OOGENESIS: A SCHEMA

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FOLLICULAR GROWTH THE FOLLICLES GROW ALONG WITH THE OVA IN THE OVARY.  THE STAGES OF FOLLICULAR GROWTH ARE: 

 PRIMORDIAL

FOLLICLE  PRIMARY FOLLICLE  VESICULAR FOLLICLE  MATURE FOLLICLE (Graafian Follicle) NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE 









THE OOCYTE IS ENVELOPED BY GRANULOSA CELLS: THECA GRANULOSA THERE IS AN ANTRUM FILLED WITH FLUID IN THE GRANULOSA CELLS A STALK: CUMULUS OOPHORUS ATTACHES TO THE OOCYTE AROUND THE GRANULOSA CELLS ARE THE THECA CELLS THE MATURE FOLLICLE IS ABOUT 1.5 cms. IN DIAMETER NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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A MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

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GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE TO CORPUS LUTEUM FROM THE MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE, THE OVUM IS RELEASED.  THIS IS THE PROCESS OF OVULATION, THE CENTRAL EVENT OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE.  THE FOLLICLE WHICH IS EMPTY OF THE OVUM DEVELOPS INTO THE CORPUS LUTEUM. 

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GROWTH OF AN OVARIAN FOLLICLE

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FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGENS 

ON GENITALIA: THEY INCREASE:  BLOOD

SUPPLY OF UTERUS  THE UTERINE MYOMETRIUM  GROWTH OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES 

ON BEHAVIOUR:  INCREASE



LIBIDO: THE SEX DRIVE

ON SODIUM & WATER:  CAUSES

RETENTION NOMAD: REP PHYSIOL: INTRO & OVERVIEW

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SYNTHETIC FORMS OF ESTROGENS DIETHYL ESTRADIOL  DIETHYL STILBESTEROL  CAN BE GIVEN ORALLY  INDICATED IN CASES OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE AND OTHER DISEASES. 

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