Nietzsche Biography.ppt
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Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Early Life Born
October 15, 1844 1849 father dies 1864 goes to Bonn University to study theology and philology (classics and ancient languages) 1865 transfers to Leipzig University to study philology
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) emphasized the centrality of the will/desire in understanding the world (most importantly humanity) Philosophical pessimism
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Met in 1868 Became a father figure for Nietzsche Nietzsche saw him as the reincarnation of Greek tragedy Heavily influenced Nietzsche’s understanding of art Broke with Wagner due to anti-Semitism and Parsifal
Scholarly Career Offered
the Chair of the Department of Philology at Basel University in 1869 before completing his doctoral work Gave popular lectures on Homer, Greek Tragedy and Pre-Socratic philosophy
“On Truth and Lie in Their Nonmoral Sense” 1870 First
began to question the notion of eternal truth Defined ‘truth’ as “errors whose origin has been forgotten” Left unpublished at the time of his death
The Birth of Tragedy 1872 Originally
dedicated to Wagner; removed in the 2nd edition Focused on Greek theater (especially drama) and music Saw these as the Greeks’ way of overcoming pessimism Distinguished between Apollonian and Dionysian lives—sought a reconciliation of them
The Apollonian
Apollo was charioteer of the sun and the god of reason The Delphic Oracle, an oracle of Apollo, inspired the mission of Socrates Represents life as a problem that must be solved through reason and principle
Who is Apollinian? Music
and Art: Johann Sebastian Bach, Jacques-Louis David, Richard Collier, Duke Ellington, George Gershwin, Josh Groban Religion and Philosophy: Moses, Tsadok, Confucius, Plato, Rene Descartes, Immanuel Kant Fictional: Captain America, Darth Vader, Doctor Doom, Sherlock Holmes, Superman, Yoda
The Dionysian
Dionysus (Roman: Bacchus) was god of wine His dismemberment by the gods was recreated in traditional bacchanalia Represents passion and the overcoming of pessimism through celebration
Who is Dionysian? Music
and Art: Heironymous Bosch, James Ensor, Jim Morrison, Little Richard, Elvis Presley Religion and Philosophy: Carvaka, Ezekiel, John the Baptist, Friedrich Nietzsche Fictional: Barbarella, Krishna, Han Solo, Spider-Man
Human, All-Too-Human 1878-1880 Nietzsche’s first approach to understanding human psychology One of the earliest developments of depth psychology Developed several ideas crucial to Freudian psychoanalysis, including repression, sublimation and projection Critically influential on his later work on religion and morality
Health Problems
Visited a brothel in his college days, where he contracted syphilis Long list of physical ailments, including gastrointestinal problems, migraines and vision problems Retired due to his condition in 1879 Spent summers in cooler climates (primarily SilsMaria, Switzerland) and winters in warmer climates (primarily Turin, Italy) Tertiary effects eventually led to his breakdown from dementia in 1889 Spent last 11 years of his life as an invalid
Daybreak 1881 First
initiated his evaluation of moral ideals Insisted in looking for the motivations that led to certain moral concepts and ideals—genealogical method First contrasted ‘morality’ with ‘life’, insisting that morality as we know it is hostile to worldly life
The Gay Science 1882 (part 5: 1885) First
proclaimed the death of God Completes his break with Schopenhauer’s pessimism and begins constructing his positive philosophy Begins his full-scale assault on the ideas of eternal truth and ethics
Thus Spoke Zarathustra 1883 (part 4: 1887)
Inspired by the historical Zoroaster (c.628-551 BCE); written in scriptural style Proclaims the coming of Nietzsche’s higher man, the Übermensch Introduces the idea of the Eternal Recurrence of the Same (first mentioned in The Gay Science) Aims at the overcoming of pessimism through celebration of life
Beyond Good and Evil 1886 One
of Nietzsche’s best-known and widely read works, inaugurated a period of incredible productivity Explicitly connected morality and religion to hatred of life Advocated a return to ancient systems of ethics that focuses on character Advocated an ethics of nobility
The Genealogy of Morals 1887 Nietzsche’s
most “traditional” philosophical writing Sought to locate the origin of morality in ressentiment Exposed the negative psychological motivations behind pity, guilt, responsibility and punishment
Twilight of the Idols The Antichrist 1888 Nietzsche’s grand declaration of war against Christianity and morality Twilight focuses on the origin of philosophy’s errors in Socrates The Antichrist focuses on Paul as the initiator of Christianity’s denial of life Treats Paul as a perversion of Jesus’ teachings as a result of his commitment to the philosophy of Plato
Ecce Homo 1888, published 1908 Retrospective
on his own work Outlines his approach to philosophy Intended to prevent both misuse of his work and blind obedience to his philosophy
Success and Destruction First public lectures were given on Nietzsche’s philosophy in 1888, leading to a sudden interest in his works Nietzsche’s long-time friend Lou Salomé publishes the first book on Nietzsche’s philosophy in 1894 Suffered mental breakdown in early 1889 Died August 25, 1900
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche 1846-1935
Had control of Nietzsche’s literary estate Estranged from her brother because of her husband Bernhard Förster, an early member of the Nazi party Founded the Nietzsche Archives in 1894, to which she alone granted access Used Nietzsche’s writings to support Hitler and National Socialism Published My Sister and I, a fraudulent work of Nietzsche’s proclaiming her to be his sole interpreter
The Will to Power 1901 Edited
by Nietzsche’s sister Made up of notebook entries from a 10-year period ordered thematically Presented as Nietzsche’s uncompleted masterwork Exposed for what it really is by Walter Kaufmann
Nietzsche Rehabilitated 1950 publication of Walter Kaufmann’s Nietzsche rescues Nietzsche from traditional Nazifications of his thought 1952 Walter Kaufmann exposes My Sister and I as a fraud 1965 Arthur Danto’s Nietzsche and Philosophy sufficiently “normalizes” Nietzsche to make his work studied in the English-speaking world
Early Life Born
October 15, 1844 1849 father dies 1864 goes to Bonn University to study theology and philology (classics and ancient languages) 1865 transfers to Leipzig University to study philology
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) emphasized the centrality of the will/desire in understanding the world (most importantly humanity) Philosophical pessimism
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Met in 1868 Became a father figure for Nietzsche Nietzsche saw him as the reincarnation of Greek tragedy Heavily influenced Nietzsche’s understanding of art Broke with Wagner due to anti-Semitism and Parsifal
Scholarly Career Offered
the Chair of the Department of Philology at Basel University in 1869 before completing his doctoral work Gave popular lectures on Homer, Greek Tragedy and Pre-Socratic philosophy
“On Truth and Lie in Their Nonmoral Sense” 1870 First
began to question the notion of eternal truth Defined ‘truth’ as “errors whose origin has been forgotten” Left unpublished at the time of his death
The Birth of Tragedy 1872 Originally
dedicated to Wagner; removed in the 2nd edition Focused on Greek theater (especially drama) and music Saw these as the Greeks’ way of overcoming pessimism Distinguished between Apollonian and Dionysian lives—sought a reconciliation of them
The Apollonian
Apollo was charioteer of the sun and the god of reason The Delphic Oracle, an oracle of Apollo, inspired the mission of Socrates Represents life as a problem that must be solved through reason and principle
Who is Apollinian? Music
and Art: Johann Sebastian Bach, Jacques-Louis David, Richard Collier, Duke Ellington, George Gershwin, Josh Groban Religion and Philosophy: Moses, Tsadok, Confucius, Plato, Rene Descartes, Immanuel Kant Fictional: Captain America, Darth Vader, Doctor Doom, Sherlock Holmes, Superman, Yoda
The Dionysian
Dionysus (Roman: Bacchus) was god of wine His dismemberment by the gods was recreated in traditional bacchanalia Represents passion and the overcoming of pessimism through celebration
Who is Dionysian? Music
and Art: Heironymous Bosch, James Ensor, Jim Morrison, Little Richard, Elvis Presley Religion and Philosophy: Carvaka, Ezekiel, John the Baptist, Friedrich Nietzsche Fictional: Barbarella, Krishna, Han Solo, Spider-Man
Human, All-Too-Human 1878-1880 Nietzsche’s first approach to understanding human psychology One of the earliest developments of depth psychology Developed several ideas crucial to Freudian psychoanalysis, including repression, sublimation and projection Critically influential on his later work on religion and morality
Health Problems
Visited a brothel in his college days, where he contracted syphilis Long list of physical ailments, including gastrointestinal problems, migraines and vision problems Retired due to his condition in 1879 Spent summers in cooler climates (primarily SilsMaria, Switzerland) and winters in warmer climates (primarily Turin, Italy) Tertiary effects eventually led to his breakdown from dementia in 1889 Spent last 11 years of his life as an invalid
Daybreak 1881 First
initiated his evaluation of moral ideals Insisted in looking for the motivations that led to certain moral concepts and ideals—genealogical method First contrasted ‘morality’ with ‘life’, insisting that morality as we know it is hostile to worldly life
The Gay Science 1882 (part 5: 1885) First
proclaimed the death of God Completes his break with Schopenhauer’s pessimism and begins constructing his positive philosophy Begins his full-scale assault on the ideas of eternal truth and ethics
Thus Spoke Zarathustra 1883 (part 4: 1887)
Inspired by the historical Zoroaster (c.628-551 BCE); written in scriptural style Proclaims the coming of Nietzsche’s higher man, the Übermensch Introduces the idea of the Eternal Recurrence of the Same (first mentioned in The Gay Science) Aims at the overcoming of pessimism through celebration of life
Beyond Good and Evil 1886 One
of Nietzsche’s best-known and widely read works, inaugurated a period of incredible productivity Explicitly connected morality and religion to hatred of life Advocated a return to ancient systems of ethics that focuses on character Advocated an ethics of nobility
The Genealogy of Morals 1887 Nietzsche’s
most “traditional” philosophical writing Sought to locate the origin of morality in ressentiment Exposed the negative psychological motivations behind pity, guilt, responsibility and punishment
Twilight of the Idols The Antichrist 1888 Nietzsche’s grand declaration of war against Christianity and morality Twilight focuses on the origin of philosophy’s errors in Socrates The Antichrist focuses on Paul as the initiator of Christianity’s denial of life Treats Paul as a perversion of Jesus’ teachings as a result of his commitment to the philosophy of Plato
Ecce Homo 1888, published 1908 Retrospective
on his own work Outlines his approach to philosophy Intended to prevent both misuse of his work and blind obedience to his philosophy
Success and Destruction First public lectures were given on Nietzsche’s philosophy in 1888, leading to a sudden interest in his works Nietzsche’s long-time friend Lou Salomé publishes the first book on Nietzsche’s philosophy in 1894 Suffered mental breakdown in early 1889 Died August 25, 1900
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche 1846-1935
Had control of Nietzsche’s literary estate Estranged from her brother because of her husband Bernhard Förster, an early member of the Nazi party Founded the Nietzsche Archives in 1894, to which she alone granted access Used Nietzsche’s writings to support Hitler and National Socialism Published My Sister and I, a fraudulent work of Nietzsche’s proclaiming her to be his sole interpreter
The Will to Power 1901 Edited
by Nietzsche’s sister Made up of notebook entries from a 10-year period ordered thematically Presented as Nietzsche’s uncompleted masterwork Exposed for what it really is by Walter Kaufmann
Nietzsche Rehabilitated 1950 publication of Walter Kaufmann’s Nietzsche rescues Nietzsche from traditional Nazifications of his thought 1952 Walter Kaufmann exposes My Sister and I as a fraud 1965 Arthur Danto’s Nietzsche and Philosophy sufficiently “normalizes” Nietzsche to make his work studied in the English-speaking world
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