Nematodes: Strongylids
Family Ancylostomidae • Members of this family are commonly known as hookworms • They live in the intestine of their hosts, attaching to the mucosa, feeding on blood and tissue fluids • Hookworm disease has been and remains, among the most prevalent and important of human parasitic diseases
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus • Adults commonly cause infections among humans • Posess chitinous specializations in the buccal cavity • Female reproductive system is didelphic; males have a single testis
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus cont.
• The posterior end of the male has an umbrellashaped bursa with rib like rays that expands over and envelops the vulva of the female to anchor the male during copulation
Hookworm ova
Life Cycle • Humans are almost exclusively the host of Ancylostoma duodenale while dogs are also common hosts for Necator americanus • Eggs are passed with the feces and under optimal soil conditions a rhabditiform larva matures and hatches from the shell • They feed on bacteria and organic materials in the soil • Larvae molt and become a nonfeeding, infective filariform larva • The cuticle of the last molt is retained and encloses the larva in a sheath •These active larvae usually inhabit the upper 10 cm of the soil • Human infection occurs when ensheathed filariform larvae penetrate the skin of the feet and legs
Life Cycle of a hookworm
Life Cycle cont.
•The larvae enter the host’s lymphatic system, migrate to the right side of the heart, and enter the lungs via the pulmonary artery • They then rupture from the lung capillaries migrate up the lungs They are then coughed up and swallowed • Once in the intestine they burrow into the intervilli spaces and develop to mature adults
Symptomology and Diagnosis • The course of human hookworm disease can be divided into 3 phases: invasion (cutaneous phase), migration (pulmonary phase), and establishment in the intestine (intestinal phase) • Invasion (cutaneous phase) commences when infective larvae penetrate the human skin • Although little damage is inflicted upon the superficial skin layers, cellular reaction that is stimulated during blood vessels penetration may isolate and kill the larvae • Local irritation from the invading larvae, combined with inflammatory reaction to accompanying bacteria, stimulates the appearance of an uticarial condition commonly known as ground itch
Symptomology and Diagnosis cont.
• The migratory phase (pulmonary phase) is a period during which larvae escape from capillary beds in the lung, enter the alveoli and progress up the bronchi to the throat •This can produce severe hemorrhaging when large numbers of worms are involved • Otherwise a dry cough and sore throat may be the only symptoms
Symptomology and Diagnosis cont.
•The most serious stage of hookworm infection occurs when the parasites become established in the host’s intestine during the intestinal phase • Upon reaching the small intestine, young worms use their buccal capsules and teeth to burrow through the mucosa, where they begin to feed on blood
Symptomology and Diagnosis cont.
• Moderate infections of the worms of either species can result in uptake of about 40% of the iron, causing iron deficiency anemia • Also there is abdominal pain, loss of appetite and a craving to eat soil (geophagy) • Heavy infections often produce severe anemia, protein deficiency, dry skin and hair, edema and distended abdomen
Cutaneous Larval Migrans • Infective filariform hookworm larvae of animals, for which humans are compatible hosts, can often penetrate the human skin •Such larvae normally fail to pass beyond the stratum germinativum, instead persisting and migrating for some time at that level, causing a skin condition known as cutaneous larval migrans, or creeping eruption • The most common agents are the cat and dog hookworms, Ancylostoma braziliense and A. canium Creeping eruption is prevalent in many parts of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions In the US, incidence is high along the Gulf Coast and the southern Atlantic States
Cutaneous Larval Migrans cont. • Humans become infected with animal hookworms by contact with soil upon which infected dogs and cats have defecated • The feet, arms, and face are the most common sites of infection • Red, itchy papules develop at the invasion site, and the migratory paths of the larvae appear as slightly elevated ridges • These ridges represent an
inflammatory response to the cutaneous tunnels made by the burrowing larvae • The tunneling is probably due to the larvae seeking a point of entry into the circulatory system
Cutaneous Larval Migrans cont.
• Treatment is generally directed toward alleviating symptoms, such as itching, rather than destroying the larvae • Topical ointments such as 10% suspensions of thiabenzadole has proven effective