Nay Lin

aus;Zl;wifv$m “vl&SifocsdKif;rsm;ta}umif;” trnf&Sd [email protected]; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;b0 tawG@t}uHK rsm;ta}umif; a&;om;xm;onfh pmtkyftm; pDpOfxkwfa0ay;aom EdkifiHjcm; a&;&maumfrwD/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJhcsKyftm; vnf;aumif;/ ,if;pmtkyftwGuf rtm;vyfonfh}um;rS trSmpma&;om; ay;onfh q&mOD;wifhaZmftm; vnf;aumif;/ ,ckpmtkyftwGif;Youfqdkifonfh tcef;u¾rsm;Y ‚if;wdk@. axmiftawGt }uHK rsm;tm; 0ifa&mufulnDa&;om;ay;=uonfh udkom;nGef@OD;/ udkaX;atmif/ udkbkef;jrifhxGef; ESifh udkpnfolxGÉf tm;vnf;aumif;/ pmtkyftm;jyifqifwnf;jzwfay;onfh udkarmifarmifaxG;tm; vnf;aumif;/ pmtkyftwGuf vdktyfonfh yef;csDyHkrsm; a&;qGJonfh udkausmf0if;tm; vnf;aumif;/ rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;tm; a&;qGJay;onfh udktdrfa'gif;eDtm; vnf;aumif;/ Tpmtkyf a&;om;xkwfa0Edkif&eftwGuf tzufzufrS 0dkif;0ef;ulnDyHhydk;=uolrsm; tm;vHk;tm; aus;Zl; txl;wif&Sdygonf? aevif; (t²u²o) q&m@ Oa,smZOf 1988ckESpf &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkumvESifh &Spfav;vHk;udk aoG;acsmif;pD; owfjzwf+zdKcGJ tm%modrf;vdkufaom e0wppftpdk;& qef@usiaf &;vSkyf&Sm;rSk wav#mufvHk;wGif tajccH ausmif;om;rsm;or*~/ twdkaumuftm;jzifh tuoonf twufºuGqHk;aom tzG@Jtpnf; jzpfonf?xdk@a=umifhvnf; e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&vufxufY zrf;qD;ESdyfpufjcif;/ ESpf&Snfaxmif '%fcsrSwfjcif;cH&olrsm;xJwGif tuoESifhywfoufolrsm;rSm trsm;tjym;yg0ifaeonf? ausmif;om;or*~rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~rS pwif ay:aygufcJhjcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomf or*~emrnfudkcHxm;aomfvnf; vlrSK@a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ taysmftyg;tpDpOfrsm;udkom tm&Hkpl;pdkufcJhojzifh 1923ckESpfrS pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhaom &efukef wuUodkvfor*~udk vlrSK@a&;toif;tzGJ@ tjzpfom rSwfwrf;wifxm;=uonf? EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuf&Sdonfh &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~udk 1931ckESpf wGifpwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;xkxJwGif or*~onf EdkifiHa&;ESifh yufoufoifh/ roifh jiif;cHkr_ ESpftwef=umjzpfyGm;cJh+yD;rS jAdwdefEdkifiH/ jyifopfEdkifiH/ tdENd,EdkifiHwdk@ yg0ifaomEdkifiH trsm;tjym;&Sd ausmif;om;or*~rsm;udk avhvm+yD;rS ausmif;om;or*~onf EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywf oufzdk@vdktyfonf/ odk@rSom wdkif;jynftusdK;udk aqmif&Gufaom tzGJ@jzpfrnfqdk+yD; wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) Rangoon University Students Union ( RASU ) z@GJpnf;yHkudka&;qGJum ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;rS twnfjyK+yD;rS wuoudkpwif zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? 1935-36 ckESpfwGif wuo OuUX udkEkESifh tdk;a0r*~Zif;t,f'Dwm udkatmifqef; wdk@udk wuUodkvf tm%mydkifrsm;u ta&;,lonfh udpPESifh ywfoufI 'kwd, t=udrfajrmuf

ausmif;om;oydwf jzpfyGm;cJhonf? (1920 ckESpf ausmif;om;oydwfudk yxrt=udrf ausmif;om;oydwf[k ac:onf?) 'kwd,t}udrfausmif;om;oydwfwGif oydwfpcef;udk a&$wd*Hkbk&m; tv,fypP,H wpfae &mwGifxm;cJh.? wuUodkvfausmif;om;oydwfjzpfaomfvnf; oydwfpcef;wGif vkyfudkifp&m rsm;udk txufwef;ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;uom vma&mufaqmif&Guf=u&onf? txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;om ryg0ifygu oydwfaumfrwD. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; tcufawG@bdk@aocsmonf? oydwfudk vlxkaxmufcHr_&atmif pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmf&mwGifvnf; txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;. yg0ifr_ut"du jzpfcJhonf? 'kwd,t}udrfausmif;om;oydwf. tawG@t}uHKudk,l+yD; wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif txufwef; ausmif;om; or*~rsm;zGJhpnf;zdk@vdktyfonf[k oabmwlqHk;jzwfum txufwef;ausmif;rsm;Y ausmif;om;or*~rsm; zGJ@pnf;=uonf? +Adwdo# tpdk;&uvnf; cGifhjyKxm;cJhonf? 193637ckESpfxJwGif txufwef;ausmif;om; or*~rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpnf;a0;udk usif;y+yD; ArmEdkifiHqdkif&mausmif;om;or*~ (Auo)udkpwifzGJ@pnf; vdkuf}uonf? yxrqHk; OuUXtjzpf udkvSarmifudk a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf}uonf? aemufwESpfwGif udkatmifqef; OuUX jzpfvm onf? tzGJcsKyfudk ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~(Auo) All Burma Students'Union [kac:onf? ausmif;wausmif;csif;tvdkuf/ +rdK@e,for*~/ c&dkifor*~ponfjzifh tqifhqifhzGJ@pnf;onf? or*~emrnfrsm;udk Oyrmtm;jzifh Adkvfwaxmiftxufwef; ausmif; om;rsm;or*~[k ausmif;trnfwyfI ac:jcif;rStpjyK+yD; +rdK@e,ftrnf/ c&dkifwyfI tqifhqifh ac:qdk=uonf? xdkor*~rsm;onf tajccHynm txufwef; ausmif;om;rsm; or*~jzpf aomfvnf; xdkpOfu tajccH[laom trnfudk toHk;jyKjcif;r&SdcJh? AuowGif wuUodkvfESifh aumvdyfor*~rsm;onf tzGJ@0ifr[kwf=u? Auoonf wpfEdkifiHvHk;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh tzGJ@jzpf&rnf? xdk@a=umifh wuUodkvf/ aumvdyfor*~rsm; yg0ifvmEdkif atmif zGJ@pnf;yHkOya'jyifqifr_&Sd&rnf[k qHk;jzwf+yD; 1951-52 ckESpfwGif ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om; or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf(Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf) All Burma Federation of Students' Unions (ABFSU)[ktrnfajymif;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf wuUodkvfor*~rsm;onf Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf. w&m;0iftzGJ@jzpfzdk@twGuf oufqdkif&m or*~rsm;. zGJ@pnf;yHkOya'udk ajymif;&OD;rnfjzpf&m vufawG@wGifjyifqif& cufcJojzifh zJ@Gpnf;yHk pnf;rsOf;jyifqifr_rsm; ,aehwdkif+yD;qHk;jcif;r&Sdao;yg? AuowGif 1962 ckESpfu acgif;aqmifjzpfcJh=uaom OuUXudkouf/ taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_;udkwifxGef;wdk@rSm wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; jzpf=uaomfvnf; wuoudk,fpm;r[kwfyJ wpfOD;csif;tae wif ajrSmufcH=u&jcif;jzpfonf? txufwef;ausmif;rsm;. ynma&;udk wuUodkvfynma&;[kac:aom txufwef; ynmESifh a&maxG;r_jzpfavh&Sdjcif;a=umifh tajccHynmtxufwef;[k toHk;jyK&ef t}uHOm%fudk ausmif;om;rsm;u pwifay;cJh=ujcif; jzpfonf/ 1958ckESpf =o*kwfvtwGif;u oef@&Sif;

zqyvtpdk;&vufxuf wuo taqmuftOD;tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGif usif;ycJhaom “ jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; ynma&; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ ”wGif pwift}uHay;cJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? xdkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS xGufay:vmaom pmwrf;rsm;onf 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek.tpdk;& tzGJ@uyif csD;usL;pum; ajymcJh&onftxd jynfhpHkcJhonf? tqifhjrifhcJhonf? odk@aomfausmif; om;rsm; ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ +y;DqHk;Iwpfvausmft=umwGif AdkvfcsKyf ae0if;acgifaqmif aomppfwyfu OD;Ekudkt=uyfudkif+yD; tdrfapmifhtpkd;&zGJ@cJhojzifh xdkynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,f yGJrScsrSwfaom pmwrf;rsm;rSm vspfv#LjyKjcif; cHoGm;&onf? xdkpmwrf;xJrSm tcsuftvufwcsdK@udk rqvvufxufwGif ynma&;0ef}uD; a'gufwmnDnDu 1964ckESpfYpwifaom ynma&; pepfopfwGif ,loHk;cJh&mrS tajccHynma&;/ tajccHynmtxufwef; ponfh toHk;tESHk;rsm; acwfpm;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? 1988ckESpf =o*kwfv28&ufae@u Auorsm;tzGJ@udk wuotaqmuftOD;a[mif; ae&mwGifzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;aemuf txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;u rdrdwdk@ausmif;tvdkuf/ +rdK@e,ft vdkufor*~zGJ@pnf;vdkufaomtcg tajccHynmausmif;om;rsm; or*~(tuo)trnfudk oHk;cJh =u&mrS ,ae@ tuotzGJ@rsm; ay:aygufaejcif; jzpfonf? u|efawmfwifjyvdkaom ordkif;twdkcsKyfudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh tuo tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; onf 1936-37ckESpfuwnf;u ay:aygufcJha=umif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@udk,fwdkifOD;pD;zGJ@ pnf;cJh=ujcif;jzpfa=umif; odEdkif=uygvdrfhrnf? tuoonf eHrnfom topfwckjzpf aeaomf vnf; pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonfrSm =umjrifhvSyg+yD? vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ tqifhqifhwGif wufºuGyg 0ifcJh=uaom tzGJ@jzpfcJhonf? 1941ckESpfu ArmvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (BIA) udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmif fzGJ@pnf;pOfu &JabmfoHk;usdwf0iftcsdK@ESif@ t&m&Sdrsm; trsm;pkwdk@rSm tuo acgif;aqmifrsm; tuotzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uonf? BIAordkif;tpydkif;udk aoaocsmcsm avhvmcGifh&olrsm;tzdk@ TtcsufydkI xif&Sm;vmygvdrfhrnf? tuoonf jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;ordkif;wGif ta&; ygaom tzGJ@jzpfonf? wyfrawmfaygufzGm;&mwGif tajccHZpfjrpfvnf;jzpfonf? 1988ckESpf tm%modrf;r_jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf e0wvufxufwGif tuorsm;zGJ@pnf;jcif;/ vSkyf&Sm;jcif;rsm;udk =um;&od&aomtcg u|efawmfhtzdk@ jrefrmordkif;a=umif;twdkif; qufvuf jzpfyGm;jcif; wcktjzpf em;vnfygonf? ordkif;ay;wm0efudk vli,fav;rsm; pGef@pGef@pm;pm; xrf;aqmif=ujcif;[k jrifygonf// tajccH ynmausmif;om;rsm;jzpfI EdkifiHa&;todawmh tm;enf;r_&Sdrnf? xdka=umifh vkyfief;rsm;wGif tcuftcJ&Sdrnf[kvnf; ar#mfrSef;xm;cJ@onf? tuo pnf;&Hk;a&;vkyfaqmifolrsm;ESifh vufawG@}uHKqHk&aomtcg tcsdK@rSmu|efawmf ar#mfvifhxm;onfxuf EdkifiHa&;tm;aumif;onf/ cH,lcsufjywfom;onf? ZGJ/ owWd jyif;xef onf? tuoacgif;aqmiftjzpf Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyfodk@ wifajrSmufjcif;cH&+yD; wm0ef,lcJ@aom ausmif;om;rsm;xJrS wpfa,mufjzpfaom udkaevif;udk u|efawmf 1998 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv twGif;u pwifawG@qHkcJ@onf? oltzrf;cH&+yD; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;rsm;/ axmifr_;axmif=uyf

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ta=umif;t&m pmrsuEf mS aus;Zl;wifv$m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5)

q&mh&Jh Oa,smZOf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7) pma&;olajymcsifwJhpum; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (13) tcef;(1) (u) ausmif;om;xk nDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (15) (c) tuo wdk@&Jh qdkif;bkwfjzKwfyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (16) (*)wdrf;a&Smif+yD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (17) (C)rzrf;rcH&cif wpf&uftvdk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (19) tcef;(2) (u) oajyrSm tzrf;cH&+yD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(22) (c) ppfa=uma&;udk jzwfoef;pOf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (24) (*) eH&HawGay:u aºuG;a=umfoHawG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (29) (C) tdrfomxJu aomufa& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (32) (i)a,mufzudk =uufOwdkufjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(34) (p) tr_wGJawGeJ@ twltcsKyfodk@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (39) tcef;(3) (u) tcsKyfaxmifrSmvlpHk+yD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (42) (c) pwD;0yfrSm &Hk;xkwfwJhae@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (44) (*) 5(n)awGudk cdk;r_yk'frwyfawmh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (47) (C) jcifaxmifawG/ arG@,mawG&wJhaxmif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(49) (i)b0oHo&meJ@ 5(n)awGb0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(50) (p) &ref,l+yD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(52) (q) ppfcHk&Hk;rSm wdkif;jynfudkcspfwJholawG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(53) tcef;(4) (u) tyfxnftvkyfcH&jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(55) (c) usD;uef;rsdK;awG&Jh awmif,mavbm tefwkyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . .(57) (*) ppfacG;wdkufu i&Jcef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (59) (C) ppfacG;wdkufrSm ae@pOf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (63) (i)ppfacG;wdkufu tjyef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (66)

ta=umif;t&m

pmrsuEf mS

tcef;(5) (u) rpm;oifhwJh toD;pm;rdvdk@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (68) (c) axmifwGif; edpP"l0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (69) (*) tm;vHk;aumif;ygw,f q&m}uD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(72) (C) tdk;pm;ta=umif;/ +*dKvfta=umif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (73) (i)+*dKvfzrf;enf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(75) (p) +*dKvfjzpfatmifvkyfjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(77) tcef;(6) (u) axmifwGif;AdkvfvkyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (80) (c) oGm;emaevdk@ vlowfwm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (82) (*) }udK;rdef@eJ@raoyJ aygufjym;eJ@ ao&ol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(85) tcef;(7) (u) axmifaq;&HkqdkonfrSm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (90) (c) vlowfq&m0ef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(93) tcef;(8) (u) tdwfcsftdkifAGDa&m*g ydk;ysH@ESH@yHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(96) (c) &efukef+rdK@ &Jhbdef;pcef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(98) tcef;(9) (u) uGyfpdyfq&m r[mbkwf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(101) (c)axmiftwGif; bk&m;wnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(103) (*) a&'D,dk0,fay;rdvdk@ axmifusvmwm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(105) (C) axmifwGif;aiGa=u; vJvS,fpepf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (106) (i)axmifpm&if;awGcdk;xkwfawmh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (108) tcef;(10) (u) axmifajymif;+yD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(115) (c) o&ufaxmiftoGm; vrf;c&D;rSm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(122) (*) [if;aumif;vdk@xrif;awmif;wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(126) (C) axmifw&m;pD&ifcef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(129) tcef;(11) (u)axmif0ifpmwdkufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(131) (c) axmif0ifpmyHkpHwdkufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(137) ta=umif;t&m pmrsufESm tcef;(12)

(u) o&ufaxmifwGif; oufaoxGufqdkcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(142) (c) tnmc&D;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(155) tcef;(13) (u) axmifwGif;owif;pm/ twdktxGm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(167) (c) udktdkufudk aoqHk;r_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(169) tcef;(14) (u) &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; acgif;jzwfowfr_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(174) (c) trsdK;om;nDvmcHeJ@ wdkufydwf'%f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(176) tcef;(15) wGJzufaxmifoHwdkif=um;u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (184) tcef;(16) a'geawmifrSm aewJh awmifay:om;awG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(191) tcef;(17) ydËduwfudkzsufwJh ºuGufpkwf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(201) tcef;(18) usaemfodcJhzl;wJh olawGxJu trSwfw&rdwfaqGrsm; (u) OD;tkef;jrifh (ocifOD;tkef;jrifh/ wdk;wufa&; ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(213) (c) OD;pdefvS(AdkvfpdefoHr%d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(215) (*) q&mawmfOD;a&0w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (216) (C) &JausmfpGm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(224) tcef;(19) (u) o&ufaxmifu vGwfwJhae@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(226) (c) xGufawmfrl eef;ucGm+yD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(227) rSwfwrf;"mwfyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (230) o&uftusOf;axmifyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(231) o&uftusOf;axmifwGif a&qGJavbm yef;csDyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(232) o&uftusOf;axmif. taqmifyef;csDyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(233) wdkufyHkpHrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(234)s

tcef;(1) (u)

ausmif;om;xknDvmcH

tcsdefumvu 1990 ckESpfxJrSmayg@? arvu ppftpdk;&u usif;yay;wJhygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJ &v'f tajzxGufvdk@ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG csdefcGif tav;omaecsdefyJ jzpfygw,f? usaemfwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ &moDOwkawGxJu rdk;wGif;umv[m 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG&J@ oauFwvuQ%mwpfckvdk@ qdk&rvdkygyJ? rdk;wGif;umveJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDvSkyf&Sm;rSk[m qufpyfaeygw,f? e0wppftpdk;&&Jh nSif;yrf;/ ESdyfpuf/ zrf;qD;rSka=umifh rif;udkEdkiftygt0if ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;cHae&ovdk/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; &J@ nSif;yrf;ESdyfpufrSk'%fawGudk rcH&yfEdkifawmhvdk@ e,fpyfa'orsm;qDudk wdrf;a&SmifoGm;=uwJh ausmif;om; rsm;vnf;&SdcJhygw,f? jyeff@}uJaewJ@ausmif;om;rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk &efukefrsufESmpmrSm pkpnf;Edkifzdk@twGuf rEWav;+rdK@ av;jyifav;&yf oHCmor*~DtzGJ@ OuUX OD;a&0wESifhAuo(txufArmjynf) rSausmif;om;/ vli,fudk,fpm; vS,frsm;jzpf=uonfh rdk;ausmfOD;/ udkpef;,k/ udkrif;rif;OD;/ rcifOrRmjrifh/ rjrifhjrifhcdkif pwJJhrEWav;uausmif;om; xkrsm;&Jh yHhydk;/ ulnD/ }udK;yrf;rSkjzifh &efukefjrdK@ &Sdausmif;om;tzGJhtpnf;rsm;pkpnf;um uspfvpfcdkifrmaom ArmEdkifiHqdkif&m ausmif;om;r*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (atmufArmjynf) udkjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;I ArmEdkifvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;xk nDvmcH}uD;udk 1990ckESpf/ZGefv(28)&ufae@rS Zlvdkifv(2)&ufae@ txd rEWav;+rdK@ jrawmif bkef;}uD;ausmif;wkdufrSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhw,f? tJ'DnDvm}uD;uae+yD; ausmifom;xkrS awmif;qdkcsuf(6)csuf/ twnfjyKcsuf(3)&yf/ a&S@vkyfief;pOf (3)&ufcsrSwfEdkifcJhygw,f? tJ'DtxJuyg0ifwJhtcsuf (1)csufuawmhAuorsm;tzGJ@csKyf&J@ 1960ckESpfrSm usif;ycJhwJh qXrt}udrfausmif;om;xk nDvmcH}uD;uae twnfjyKcsrSwfxm;cJhwJh rl(5)csufudk qufvuf udkifqGJ+yD; txufArmjynfausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ atmufArmjynfausmif;om;rsm; [efcsufnDnDyl;aygif;+yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;zdk@ ausmif;om;xku oH"dXmefawGcsrSwfcJ@w,f? tJ'Dae&mrSm AuotzGJ@csKyf&Jh csrSwfxm;wJhrl(5)csufuawmh...... (1)? ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&; (2)? 'Drdkua&pDynma&; (3)? 'Drdkua&pDa&; (4)? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; (5)? trsdK;om;a&; ...wdk@yJjzpfw,f?

tuowdk@&Jh qdkif;bkwfjzKwfyGJ (c)

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wif;wif;aphxm;wJh usaemfhtHoGm;awGudk zd}udwfxm;vdkufw,f? ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ owif;awGudk oH&Hk;awGudkay;ydk@cJ@wmeJ@ yufouf+yD;awmh axmufvSrf;a&;uquf+yD;ar; ygw,f? “rif; oH&Hk;awGudk b,fvkdyHkpHeJ@ owif;ay;wmvJ” “oH&Hk;u owif;Xmeudk 'Dtwdkif;yJoGm;ay;ygw,f” “olwdk@u 'Dtwdkif;yJvufcHovm;” “[kwfuJh/ vufcHygw,f” “bmowif;awGrif;ydk@cJhovJ” “ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ owif;rSefor#ydk@ cJhygw,f” “b,fESpf}udrfavmufydk@jzpfvnf;” “usaemfta&twGuf aoaocsmcsm rrSwfrdygbl;” “'gqdk trsm;}uD;jzpfrSmaygh” “usaemfc%c% roGm;&Jygbl;/ oH&Hk;tjyifzufrSm axmufvSrf;a&;awG &Sdaew,fqdkvdk@yg” “tJ'Dvdk rif;u oH&Hk;awGudk owif;ay;awmh oH&Hk;awGu rif;udkbmjyefay;vJ” “bmrSjyefray;bl;” “a[haumif ayghayghqq rajzeJ@/ oGm;usdK;oGm;r,f/ igajymwm oH&Hk;urif;udk OyrmuGm tar&duef a':vmrsdK;/ 'gr[kwfrodrom rif;udkowif;ay;vdk@ jyefay;wJhyHkpHrsdK; r[kwfyJ rif;twGufvufaqmif vdkaxmufyHhwmrsdK; bmay;zl;vJ” “usGefawmfbmrSr&ygbl;/ usaemfu0g'jzef@ &HkoufoufygyJ/ bmtaxmuftyHhrSr&ygbl;/ urBmudk odatmif 0g'jzef@ wmwckwnf;ygyJ” “bmvdk@urBmudkawmfawmftm;udk;ae&wmvJ/ rif;wdk@u qlqlylyljzpfatmifvkyf/ igwdk@u rjzpfoifhwmawG rjzpfatmif udkifwG,f&if rif;wdk@u r[kwfrrSefwmawG owif;ay;/ urBmuigwdk@udk todtrSwf rjyKatmifvkyf/ [kwfvm;/&w,f/ igwdk@ubmrSrjzpfbl;/ rif;wdk@yJ'kuQa&mufrSm/ urBmu tqufjzwfawmhvJ bmjzpfvJ/ a[haumif 26ESpfvHk;vHk; b,fol@taxmuftyHhrS r,lyJaecJhwmuG/ 8888 aemufwcg jzpfawmhaum 0efxrf;awG&Sdor#/ aumfydka&;&Sif;&Sdor# tukeftukef oydwfarSmuftHk;/ wdk@rSm wyf&Sdw,f/ 'dk@wyfrawmfrSm q&m0efawG&Sdw,f/ tif*sifeD,mawG/ todynm&Sif twwfynm&Sif wyfrawmf om;awG&Sdw,f/ tpdk;&,EW&m; &yfoGm;r,frxifeJ@/ wufwufpifvGJoGm;r,f/ aemufigwdk@ tpdk;&vl}uD;awG tkyfcsKyfwkef; 8888vdkyHkpHrsKd ; xyfrjzpfap&bl;/ rSwfxm;?” “.........” “rif;wdk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf qdkwmuvnf; wdkif;jynftwGuf bmwpfckvkyfay;cJhwm&SdvJ/ rif; pOf;pm;=unfh/ ol@tazt&SdefeJ@/ AdkvfcsKyfqdkwmuGm rif;wdk@u pmtkyfav;zwf/ tmZmenfae@a&mufrS tav;jyKzl;wmyg? igwdk@wyfrawmfxJrSm ae@wdkif; tav;jyKopPmqdkaewmuG/ rif;wdk@xufydkcspfw,f/ wdkif;jynftwGuf bmwpfckrS tepfemcHcJhwm r&SdyJeJ@ ol@taraeraumif;wmvm&if; zsm0ifcif;wm/ ay:wif}uD; yguGm” a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ yufouf+yD; pmeJ@a&;jyzdk@ roifhawmfaom pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh quf+yD; ajym qdkygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk yk*d~Kvfa&;t& ykwfcwf+yD; atmufwef;usaom toHk;tE_ef; rsm;jzifh apmfum; ajymjyefygw,f? tm;&atmif ajymqdk+yD;rS usaemfhudk ppfaq;aewm jyefpygw,f? “rif;oH&Hk;awGudk owif;ydk@awmh oH&Hk;urif;udk owif;wyk'f b,favmufay;vJ” “usGefawmfwpfjym;rSr&ygbl;” “rif;vdrfaewm” qdk+yD; 'Dar;cGef;udkyJ xyfwvJvJ jyefar;ygw,f? usaemfuvnf; jyefjiif;ygw,f? (2)}udrfavmuf jiif;+yD;wJhtcgusawmh aemufwa,mufu usaemfhyg;udk bmrajym/ nmrajymeJ@ 0if&dkuf ygawmhw,f? usaemfvnf; &kwfw&uf}uD; cHvdkuf&wmrdk@ rsufvHk;awG jymqif;oGm;ygw,f?

acsG;ap;awGjyefvm+yD; touf&_usyfvmygw,f? &dkufESufr_[m c%av;yJ =umw,fqdkayr,fh 0dkif;+yD; xdk;ESuf=uwma=umifh aysmhacGoGm;ovdk jzpfoGm;ygw,f? xdk;ESufr_u wpfa,mufwnf; r[kwfwmuawmh usdef;aoygw,f? “oH&Hk;urif;udk b,favmufay;vJ” “wpfjym;rSray;ygbl;” usaemfqDu tajzjyef&awmh usaemfhvufESpfzufudk aemufjyefypf+yD; rsufESmudk tkwfeH&HeJ@ jym;aeatmif uyfcdkif;ygw,f? rif;udkuyfcdkif;wm tJ'DvdkyHkpHr[kwfbl;uG vdk@qdk+yD; usaemfhcE<mudk,fudk aemufuae wtm;aqmifh+yD; zdvdkufygw,f? usaemfhrsufESmudk tkwfeH&HeJ@ awhqdkifxm;+yD; qHyifudk aemufuae aqmifhqGJ xm;vdkufw,f “rif;rSefrSefajzrvm;/ rajzbl;vm;” “igwdk@udk a'goxGufatmif vmrprf;eJ@/ rif;udkoH&Hk;u bmjyefay;vJ” “wu,f bmrSray;ygbl;” usaemfh toHawG wkef&Daewmudk owdxm;&if;uyJ jyefajzvdkufygw,f? usaemfh qHyifudk qGJxm;&if;u tkwfeH&HeJ@ wpfcsufaqmifhcHvdkuf&ygw,f? “a[haumif/ acgif;rrmeJ@” “usaemftom;temcH+yD; ayuyfuyfvdrfaewm r[kwfygbl;/ um,uH&SifawGtodqHk;yJ/ wu,fudk wpfjym;qdk wpfjym;rSr&bl;/ olwdk@uvnf; usaemfhudkray;zl;bl;/ cifAsm;wdk@ auseyfatmifvdrf +yD;xGufqdk ay;&rSmvm;/ 'gqdk cifAsm;wdk@u oH&Hk;uusGefawmfudk bmawGay;w,fvdk@ xGufqdkapcsifvJ/ usaemfajymr,f” tJ'DrSm eH&HrSmuyfxm;wJholu usaemfhcE<mudk,fudk jyefcGm+yD; ppfaq;zdk@ taetxm;twdkif; 'l;auG;/ ajccGJ/ vufajrSmufcdkif;ygw,f? awmfawmfeJ@ rppfaq;ao;ygbl;/ aemufrS “a[haumif/ tarausmf a'G;awmf vGrf;w,fqdkwJh pum;vHk;udkem;vnfvm;” “[kwfuJh/ em;vnfygw,f” “-D; em;vnfwmvm;/ rif;em;vnf&if 'Dudka&mufvmp&m ta=umif;r&Sdbl;/ igwdk@vnf;rif;udk ppfaq;p&mr&Sdbl;/ rif;wdk@udk tcsdefawGukef/ vlawGukefeJ@ rjzpfoifhwmawG rjzpf&atmif zrf;&/ qD;&/ xdef;odrf;&eJ@ vl}uD;awGu tem*gwf EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufwJh tvkyfawGudk vkyfaewmuG/ rif;wdk@vdk zsufqD;wJh aumifawG&Sdvdk@ wdk;wufa&;vkyfief;awG aESmifhaES;ae&wm/ uJajymprf;ygOD;/ tar ausmfa'G;awmf vGrf;w,f qdkwmudkrif;od&if” “rdcift&if;udk ausmf+yD; rdaxG;udk wrf;wwmudk ajymwmyg?” “at;/ rif;wdk@u tJ'gxufawmifqdk;ao;w,f/” “a,mufzudk =uufOwdkufwJhaumifawG/” “a,mufzudk =uufOwdkufw,fqdkwm rif;odvm;/ a,mufzudk =uufOwdkufawmh rif;nDryJ emrSmaygh?” “.........” “rif;rSmnDr&Sdvm;” “r&Sdygbl;” “tr&Sdvm;” “r&Sdygbl;” “tarawmh&Sdw,fr[kwfvm;” “&Sdygw,f” “.........” “at;/ rif;tarae&mrSm rdaxG;xm;=unfhprf;/ rif;vufcHrvm;”

“.........” “rat-dk;ykqdef&dk;awG/ a[haumif rif;wdk@'Davmufawmif oH&Hk;awGudk tm;udk;+yD; owif;awG[dkydk@/ 'Dydk@vkyfaewm rif;wdk@tusdK;tjrwfwpfckckawmh&vdk@jzpf&r,f? bmawG&vJ/ rSefrSefajzprf;/” “usaemfwu,fajymwmyg/ bmrSr&ygbl;” “-D;bmrSr&yJ 'Dtvkyfudkvkyfrvm;uG/ apmuft"dy`g,fr&SdwmawG vmajymraeeJ@/ a[haumif 'DaumifawG rif;wdk@udkbmawGckdif;ao;vJ” “bmrSrcdkif;ygbl;” “a[haumif/ apmufwvGJawG ajymraeeJ@/ rif;tar/ rif;ESrawGudk 'Dukvm;jzLawGeJ@ qufqH&rSmudk rif;wdk@u vdkvm;w,faygh/ rif;udkigwdk@ tckv$wfay;vdkuf&ifvnf; rif;yaxG;awGqDudk oGm;+yD; &ifzGifhOD;r,f r[kwfvm;/ ajymprf;ygOD;” “rajymygbl;” “at;/ rif;rajymvJ/ v$wfray;bl;/ rif;wdk@awGu wdkif;jynfudk zsufqD;aewJh aumifawGyJ/ rif;wdk@udk,fcsif;rpmwJhaumifawG/ rif;wdk@t&G,f oli,fcsif;awGxJrSm at;at;csrf;csrf; ynmoif=um;csif=u wJh olawG&Sdw,f? rif;wdk@awG tckvdkt"dy`g,fr&Sd av#mufvkyfvdk@ olwdk@av;awG trsm;}uD;xdcdkufw,f? qefukefajrav;awG/ vrf;ray:rSm t"dy`g,fr&Sd [kdygwDvl}uD;ucdkif;/ [dkoH&Hk;ucdkif;eJ@ rif;wdk@t[kwf}uD; atmufarh+yD; av#mufvkyf/ tzrf;cH&awmh rif;wdk@yJ t&ifqHk; tzrf;cH&wm/rif;wdk@udk cdkif;wJhvl}uD;awGurygovdk/ rqdkifovdk ESyfae=uwm/ rif;wdk@u bmrSrodwJh ajrZmyifawG/ cdkif;or# av#mufvkyf/ igwdk@utay:uae tukefjrifw,f/ odw,f/rif;wdk@aemufrSm bmawG&Sdw,fqdkwmodw,f” “aumif;+yD/ rif;wdk@ atmfcsif&if atmfvdk@&atmif/ awmif;csifwmawmifvdk@ &atmif/ rif;wdk@eJ@oifhawmfwJh ae&mydk@ay;r,f/ tJ'Dae&ma&mufrS rif;wdk@ vdkcsifwmtukefawmif;/ =um;vm;” zufqpfwyfrawmf&Jh aumif;rGefr_awGudk csD;rGrf;cef;zGifh+yD;(7)&ufajrmufwJhae@rSm usaemfhacgif;u rsufESmzHk;udk csGwfcdkif;ygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfh&Jh xGufqdkcsufawGudk vufESdyfpufeJ@ &dkufxm;wJh pm&GufawGrSm vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;ygw,f? tJ'Dpm&GufxJrSm bmawGygw,f/ bmawGa&;xm;w,fqdkwm jyefvnfzwfcGifhray;yJ vufrSwfudkyJ xdk;cdkif;wmyg? olwdk@a&;xm;wJh pm&GufawGay:rSm vufrSwfxdk;aepOf olwdk@&JhrsufESmawGudk usaemfrjrif&atmif usaemfhacgif;udk pm;yGJcHkeJ@ eD;eD;uyfuyf iHk@cdkif;xm;ygw,f? usaemfhudk ppfaq;wJh axmufvSrf;a&;wpfa,muf olzwfzdk@,lvmwJh r*~Zif;pmtkyfudk usaemfvSrf;=unfhrdygw,f? tJ'Dr*~Zif;pmtkyfausmzHk;u a&$ykZGefudwfrkef@ a=umfjimay:rSm pnf;wHqdyf wpfckudk awG@&vkd@ trSwfrxif =unfhvdkufawmh “trSwf(7)wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyf/ pm=unfhwdkuf” qdkwm udkawG@ &ygw,f?

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1991 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 'kwd,tywfxJrSm jy\emu pwifygawmhw,f? rwfoD;u ol@&Jha'gufcwfjypf'%f vGwfvdkvGwfjim; rdef;a*s;&Hk;rSm usaemfwdk@udpPwdkifwef;+yD; ausmf0Àu usaemfhudkay;vdkufwJh pm&if;pm&Gufudk oufaotjzpfeJ@ &Hk;wifvdkufygw,f? xifxm;wJhtwdkif; usaemfhemrnfeJ@ axmifusyk'frudk &Gwf+yD; rdef;a*s;vfwm0efus wyfom; 0if;jrifhu vmac:ygw,f? rdef;a*s;vfa&mufawmh &Hk;cef;xJrSm xdkifcdkif;+yD; axmifr_;}uD;vSjrifhu par;ygw,f? “rif;wdk@ axmifxJrSm aumif;aumif;rGefrGef raebl;? [dkwdkif/ 'DwdkifeJ@ Z,m;vm¶_yfaew,f? rif;bmawGvkyfaevJ ighudkajymprf;” usaemfu bmrSrvkyfygbl;? axmifucdkif;wJh awmif,mudk vkyfaeygw,f? usaemfaxmifxJrSm aumif;aumif;rGefrGefaewm tusOf;om;wdkif; odygw,f vdk@jyefajymvdkufygw,f? “rif;uom axmifxJrSm aumif;aumif;rGefrGef aexdkifaew,fav;/ bmav;eJ@? axmifxJrSm rif;bmawGvkyfaew,fqdkwm 'dk@odvdk@ rif;udk apmifh=unfhaewm =um+yD? 'grif;odvm;” “rodygbl;” “rif;pm&Gufpmwrf;awGpk/ [dktaqmif 'Dtaqmifu 5(n)pm&if;awGawmif;/ axmiftjyifxkwf+yD; ra&mufoifh/ ra&mufxdkufwJhae&mawGudkydk@zdk@ }udK;pm;aew,fqdk&if rif;bmjiif;rvJ” “usaemfaxmifr_;}uD; ajymwmawG bmrSem;rvnfbl;” “rif;udk &Sif;&Sif;yJajymr,f? rif;rwfoD;udk tultnDawmif;+yD; 5(n)taqmifu pm&if;awGjyKpk+yD; axmiftjyifxkwfzdk@eJ@ owif;pm zwf¶_ŒcGifh&atmif pnf;&Hk;cJhw,fqdk” “'gvHk;0r[kwfygbl;? wrifvkyf}uH+yD; usaemfhudk remvdkwJh acsmufwGef;csifwJholawGu jyKvkyfwmyg” “bmwrifvkyf}uHrSmvJ? rif;udk,fwdkif rwfoD;udk tJ'DtultnDawG rawmif;cJhbl;vm;” “rawmif;cJhzl;ygbl;” “'gqdk ausmf0Àu rif;qDudkydk@vdkufwJh 5(n)pm&if;pm&Guf/ a[m'DrSm (pm&Gufwpfckudk usaemfhudk jyygw,f? tJ'Dpm&Gufu ausmf0ÀusaemhqD rwfoD;uwqifhydk@vdkufwJhpm&Gufyg) rif;u axmiftjyif xkwfzdk@ awmif;vdk@ ausmf0Àua&;+yD; rwfoD;uaewqifh ydk@cdkif;wmqdk&ifaum rif;bm jiif;OD;rvJ” “usaemf 'DudpPawG vHk;0rodbl;? tckaxmifr_;}uD; ajymrS tHh=ordygw,f? ausmf0ÀeJ@ usaemf tquftoG,fr&Sdygbl;” “ausmf0ÀeJ@ rif;eJ@tr_wGJvm;” “r[kwfygbl;” “rif;a&SŒrSm oufaocHypPnf;awGe@J wuG rdaewm rif;bmjiif;rSmvJ” “usaemfhvufxJrSm rdwmr[kwfygbl;? 'DudpPudk usaemfvHk;0rodygbl;? usaemfhudk remvdkwJhol wpfOD;OD;u vkyf}uHZmwfcif;+yD; ajymwmjzpfygw,f” “aumif;+yD? rwfoD;udkoGm;ac:prf;? (rdef;a*s;vf0efxrf; wpfOD;udk (3)aqmifrSm a'gufcwfjypf'%feJ@ aeaewJh rwfoD;udkoGm;ac:cdkif;ygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfhzufvSnfh+yD;) axmifxJrSm aumif;aumif;rGefrGef raecsifbl;? [kwfvm;” c%t=umrSm a'gufwyfxm;wJh rwfoD; rdef;a*s;vf&Hk;cef;a&SŒ a&mufvmygw,f? axmifr_;}uD; vSjrifhu “rwfoD;? aevif;u rif;udkbmajymovJ” rwffoD;u rsufESmxm;rmrmeJ@ usaemhudk 5(n)pm&if; axmiftjyif xkwfay;zdk@eJ@ owif;pm zwf¶_ŒcGifh&&ef owif;pm awmif;ygw,fvdk@ ajymvdkufygw,f? axmifr_;vSjrifhu“at; . . . rif;jyefvdk@&+yD” qdk+yD;rwfoD;udk “taqmifjyefydk@vdkuf”vdk@ cdkif;vdkufygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfhzufvSnfh+yD; “uJJ . . . rif;bmjiif;rSmvJ”

“rif;rSm pm&if;pm&GufawG&Sd&if xkwfay;? tom;temrcHeJ@? rwfoD;uvnf;xGuf qdk+yD;+yD? a[m'DrSmvnf; ausmf0Àuay;vdkufwJh 5(n)pm&if;” “'DudpPudk usaemfvHk;0rodygbl;? rwfoD;ajymoGm;wJhpum;u b,fvdkrSrjzpfEdkifygbl;? jypf'%feJ@ tusOf;om;wpfa,muf&Jh xGufqdkcsufu &mcdkifE_ef;jynfhrSefuef Edkifyghrvm;qdkwm axmifr_;}uD; pOf;pm;=unfhyg? tck rwfoD;[m axmifxJrSmpnf;urf;azmufvdk@ ol@udka'gufcwf jypf'%fay;xm;wmudk olvGwf&mvGwfa=umif;&SmwJh taeeJ@ usaemfhtay: tuGufqif+yD; 5(n)pm&if;ygwJhpm&GufeJ@ &Hk;rSm vmwdkifwef;wm rjzpfEdkifbl;vm;cifAsm? tckavmavmq,frSm rwfoD;[m jypf'%fjzpfaewJh tusOf;om; jzpfae+yD; usaemfu omreftusOf;om; jzpfaeygw,f? b,fpum; rSefEdkifw,fqdkwm axmifr_;}uD; pOf;pm; =unfhyg” “rif;vHk;0 rodbl;vm;” “rodygbl;” “nDaxG;cdkifudkaum rif;odvm;” “odygw,f” “b,fvdkywfoufovJ” “usaemfhwdk@ tr_wGJawGyg” “tquftoG,f&Sdvm;” “usaemfeJ@ axmifusuwnf;u uGJoGm;wm tquftoG,f r&Sdawmhygbl;” “at;/ aumif;+yD? vdktyfvdk@ xyfppfaq;p&m&Sd&if ac:vdkufr,f” “a[h? ol@udkrdef;a*s;vfu zdk0dkif;xJrSm xnfhxm;vdkuf”vdk@ajym+yD; zdk0dkif;xJrSm usaemfhudk wpfa,mufwnf; xm;vdkufygw,f? rdef;a*s;vfu usaemfeJ@ odwJhbp aZmfvGifudkac:+yD; rwfoD;csGefvdkufvdk@ usaemfjy\em wufae+yDvdk@ owif;ydk@ vdkufygw,f? pdwfxJuvnf; bmyJjzpfjzpf usaemfhvufxJrSm rrdwJhtwGuf jiif;&rSmyJjzpfw,fvdk@ qHk;jzwfygw,f? aemufqHk; ausmf0ÀeJ@ usaemfhudk rsufESmcsif;qdkif qHkay;vnf; jiif;&rSmyJvdk@ awG;+yD; taqmifuae ppfacG;vm;/ wdkufvm;/ oD;oef@vm;/ wpfckckawmhajymif;cH&zdk@ apmifhaevdkufygw,f? aemufawmh(4)aqmifu ausmf0Àudkac:ppfygw,f? ausmf0ÀuvJ axmifr_;}uD;vufxJu pm&Guf[m olrwfoD;udkay;wJh pm&Gufr[kwfa=umif;/ pm&Gufay:u vufa&;[mvnf; ol@vufa&;r[kwfa=umif;/ rwfoD;acsmufcswmjzpfa=umif;/ usaemfeJ@vnf; tquftoG,fr&Sda=umif; xGufqdkoGm;ygw,f? aemufxyfwpfcg(5)aqmifu nDaxG;cdkifudk zdk0dkif;xJrSm ppfaq;r_+yD;wJhtcsdefxd xm;ygw,f? usaemftaqmifudk jyefa&mufawmh taqmifu 5(n)awGeJ@ &mZ0wftusOf;om;awG tm;vHk; usaemf taqmifjyefa&mufvmwmudk tHh=oae=uygw,f? rwfoD;csGefvdkufwJhudpP owif;jyef@aeygw,f? taqmifrSm rwfoD;eJ@jyefawG@awm@ axmifr_;}uD;a&SŒrSmajymwJh rsufESmrsdK;r[kwfawmhyJ rsufESmcsdK vmaoG;ygw,f? usaemfuvnf; 'Dtr_udpP tjcm;taqmifuppfaewm r+yD;jywfao;vdk@ tjypf'%fray;ao;wmvdk@ pdwfxJrSm xifrdygw,f? 'grSr[kwf tjcm;tpDtpOfawG&Sdvdk@vm;/ naeaxmifydwfrS ppfacG;/ 'grSr[kwf oD;oef@ wpfckckudkydk@ rvm;qdk+yD; awG;um taqmifu &JabmfawGudk E_wfquf+yD; usaemfhtdyf,mvdyfudk jyifqifapmifhqdkif;aevdkufygw,f? axmifwHcg;ydwfwJhtcsdefxd usaemfhudkvmac:wmrawG@&vdk@ usaemfeJ@ usaemfh&JabmfawG xGufqdkcsufuyJ aumif;vdk@vm;/ oufaocHpm&Gufu usaemfwdk@ vuf0,fr&Sdvdk@vm;/ owif;ay; w&m;pGJwJholku jypf'%fjzpftusOf;om;jzpfaevdk@vm;eJ@ vm;aygi;f rsm;pGmawG;rdygw,f? 'gr[kwfvJ usaemfwdk@udk ta&;,l&if 0efxrf;awGyg yg0ifyufoufaewmrdk@ axmufvSrf;a&;0ifppfrSmudk

a=umufvdk@yJvm;? bmyJjzpfjzpf usaemfwdk@a&SŒrSmpdk;vGifwdk@/ Om%f0if;wdk@udk 5(n)pm&if; axmiftjyifxkwfzdk@ }uHpnfr_eJ@ oD;oef@axmi fajymif;a&GŒcHxm;&wJh om"uu ylylaEG;aEG;av;&Sdaeygw,f? usaemfwdk@u olwdk@xufom+yD; oufaocHypPnf; awmif;rdaewmyg? usaemfwdk@udk bma=umifh ta&;r,lwmvJqdkwJh tajzu aemufrS odvm&ygw,f? usaemfwdk@ tm;vHk;udk 1991 ckESpfEdk0ifbmv (24)&ufae@rSm axmifajymif;a&GŒvdkufygw,f? axmifajymif;tpDtpOf&Sdvdk@ ta&;r,lcJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'grSr[kwf&if aemufr_uyfrvm;/ a'gufeJ@ wdkufvm; wpfckckygyJ?

tcef;(10)

(u) axmifajymif;+yD tif;pdefaxmifxJudk 1991 ckESpf bdkuav;wdkufyGJt+yD; axmifusvmolawGa=umifh tif;pdefaxmif twGif; EdkifiHa&;r_awG tqrwef rsm;jym;vm+yD; taqmifwpfaqmifudk tusOf;om;(100)ausmfavmuf &Sdvmygw,f? 'DDvdk EdkifiHa&;r_awG rsm;vmwma=umifh axmifajymif;a&GŒ r,fqdkwJhowif;awG ay:xGufaecJh wmvnf; =umvS+yDjzpfygw,f? b,fae@ajymif;&r,f/ b,fawmha&GŒ&r,f/ b,faxmifudk ajymif;r,f pwm awGudk b,folrS twdtus rodEdkifygbl;? 'geJ@usaemfwdk@vnf; 'DudpPudk rodvdkufzmomae vdkufygw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; txifrSwfwJhtcsdef / tm;vHk; owdrxm;rd=uwJh 1991ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (24)&ufreuftapm}uD;rSm axmifajymif;a&GŒzdk@ jzpfvmygw,f? reuftapm}uD; taqmifawGudk 0efxrf;awGa&mufvm+yD; pm&if;rSm emrnfygwJholawGudk udk,fh ypPnf;awG,l+yD; tjyifudk xGufcdkif;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@(3)aqmiftjyif (4)aqmif/ (5)aqmifeJ@wdkufcef;/ oD;oef@aqmifawGu 5(n)EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; ta,muf(20)pDeJ@ pkpkaygif; 5(n) wpf&mausmfudk ac:xkwf oGm;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@ ta,muf(100)ausmfudk tjyifudkxkwf+yD; rdef;a*s;vfvrf;r}uD; twdkif; ac:oGm;ygw,f? rdef;a*s;vfvrf;r}uD;udk a&mufawmh usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;&Jh qHyifawGudk av;uGuf=um; !Syfypfygw,f? qHyif!Syfw,fvdk@ ajym&ayr,fh wu,fwrf;=uawmh qHyifudk yHkysufqif;ysufjzpfatmif pufuyfaus; xdk;cs wmyJjzpfygw,f? qHyif!Syf+yD;wmeJ@ csufcsif; ajcusif;&dkufygw,f? +yD;awmh axmifAl;0rSm wef;pDcdkif;ygw,f? wef;pDaecsdefrSm bJO(2)vHk;/ iydenf;enf;ygwJh xrif;xkyfawG wpfa,mufwpfxkyf a0ay;ygw,f? aemuf tup uaewqifh &Jvufudk tyfvdkufygw,f? &J0efxrf;awGu usaemfwdk@5(n)awG ta,muf(100)ausmfudk tif;pdefAl;0udkac:oGm;+yD; axmifAl;0rSm tqifoifh&SdaewJh wDtD;(11)um;ESpfpD;qDudk ac:oGm;ygw,f? tJ'Dum;ay:udk usaemfwdk@ tm;vHk;udk wifaqmif+yD; um;u tif;pdefblwmudk OD;wnfarmif;ESifoGm;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@awGaxmifjyifudk a&mufwmeJ@ rjrif&wm =um+yDjzpfwJh jyify urBm&Jh edpP"l0 v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk wtHhw=o}uD; ai;pdkuf=unfhaerdw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfhajcaxmufu oHajcusif;udk jyefiHk@=unfhvdkufawmh &ifxJrSmqwfueJ emusifoGm;ygw,f? jyifyu yHk&dyfawGudk tirf;r& ai;=unfhaerdygw,f? axmifxJrSm ae@pOf ¶_¶_dufae&wJh aveJh axmif&Jhjyifyuavu twlwljzpf&ufom;eJ@ tjyifuavuydk+yD; vwfqwfoef@&Sif;w,fvdk@ xifrdygw,f? aocsmwmuawmh 'g[m axmifuvGwfao;wm r[kwfygbl;? usaemfwdk@awG tif;pdefaxmifu ajymif;a&GŒcJh&wJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG&Jh pm&if;udk azmfjy vdkygw,f?

1991 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (23)&ufae@wGif &efukeftif;pdef A[dk pHjy tusOf;axmifrSm o&uftusOf; axmifodk@ ajymif;a&GŒ cH&onfh pm&if; trnf axmifusESpf (1)r*~ifq&mawmf(OD;a&$omat;) ( & )ESpf r*~ifausmif;wdkuf/ ouFef;usGef;+rdK@e,f (2)OD;yÀ0Ho (OD;jynfausmf)

( & )ESpf owdyXmefausmif;wdkuf/ wmarG+rdK@e,f

(3)OD;tmpm& (axmifwGif;YysHvGefawmfrl)

( & )ESpf o&ufawmem&Dpifausmif;wdkuf/ vrf;rawmf+rdK@e,f

(4)OD;tdEdNu

( 5 )ESpf qm;vif;ausmif;wdkuf/ ykZGefawmif+rdK@e,f

(5)OD;ynm'Dy

( 5 )ESpf odrfawmf}uD;ausmif;wdkuf/ yef;yJwef;+rdK@e,f

(6)OD;eaENmbmo (OD;EdkifxGef;a&$)

( 5 )ESpf rGefausmif;wdkuf/A[ef;+rdK@e,f

(7)udk&if ausmfwifh

( & )ESpf ara';eDausmif;wdkuf/ ausmufukef;/ &efuif;+rdK@e,f

(8)udk&if xl;at;

( 4 )ESpf ok0Àomrausmif;wdkuf/ prf;acsmif;+rdK@e,f

(9)OD;rJarmif (10)OD;cifarmif}uD;

( 7 )ESpf ( 7 ) ESpf

pvif;+rdK@/ rauG;wdkif;

(11)udk+idrf;csrf;(pma&;q&m nDykav;)

( 10 )ESpf

vlxkwdkuf/ rEWav;+rdK@

(12)udk&J(c)udkodef;atmif

( 10 ) ESpf,if;rmaw;oHoGif;/ ausmufwHwm;+rdK@e,f

(13)udkaZmfrif;(c)AHkwdk

(5)

(14)udk+zdK;a00if;

ESpftxufwef;ausmif;om;/ tkwfzdk/ yJcl;wdkif;

(5)ESpfwwd,ESpf(&lyaA')&efukefwuUodkvfewWvif;+rdK@/ yJcl;wdkif;

(15)udkEdkifvGifcsdK (16)udkapmvGif

(10) ESpf acsmif;acgif;&Gm/ aygufacgif;+rdK@/ yJcl;wdkif; ( 5 )ESpf a&SŒae/ zqyv (A[dk/ rlvtzGJ@csKyf)&efukef

(17)udkausmfrif;Edkif(c)udkeD

( 7 )ESpfaemufqHk;ESpf/ pufr_wuUodkvf(+rdK@jy)/ a&eHacsmif;+rdK@/

(18)a'gufwm cifxGef;

( 3 )ESpfxGef;aq;cef;/ "rRm&Hkausmif;vrf;/ 6rdkifcGJ/ vSdkif+rdK@e,f

(19)udkjrifhOD;

( 5 )ESpf aygif+rdK@/ rGefjynfe,f

(20)udktdkufudk (axmifwGif;aoqHk;)

( 8 )ESpfvkyfom;aumvdyf/ wwd,ESpf(jrefrmpm)/ &efukef+rdK@

(21)udkausmfrif;Edkif

( 4 )ESpf tajccHynmausmif;om;or*~(&efukefwdkif;)/ Adkvfwaxmif+rdK@e,f?

(22)udkcspfudkudk (c) udkatmif'if

( 4 )ESpfaemufqHk;ESpf/ pufr_wuUodkvf (pufr_)/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f?

(23)OD;aZmfrsdK;0if;

( 7 )ESpf A[dkw&m;&Hk;a&SŒae/ &efukef+rdK@

(24)OD;atmifjrifh0if;

( 7 )ESpf Xmer_;/ trSwf(1)pufr_0ef}uD;Xme/ vrf;eDav;/ &efukef+rdK@

(25)udkaX;atmif

( 3 )ESpf wwd,ESpf (jrefrmpm)/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ vSnf;wef;/ urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f

(26)udkaX;atmif

( 6 )ESpf yxrESpf('\eduaA')/ ta0;oifwuUodkvf/ urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f

(27)udkvSaX;

( 4 )ESpfaemufqHk;ESpf ("gwkaA')/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ r*Fvmawmif!Gef@+rdK@e,f

(28)udkcspfnDnD(c) udka&$bkef;vl

( 5 )ESpf 'kwd,ESpf(t*Fvdyfpm)/ &efukefwuUodkvf

(29) udkpdefv_dif (c)udkjynfh

( 3 )ESpf urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f?

(30)udkausmfpdk;(ykÀm;)

( 3 )ESpf wwd,ESpf (a&eH)/ pufr_wuUodkvf

(31)udkpnfolxGwf

( 3 )ESpf 'kwd,ESpf/ pufr_wuUodkvf/ r*Fvmawmif!Gef@+rdK@e,f

(32) udkxGef;xGef;

( 3 )ESpf aemufqHk;ESpf (ocsFm)/ &efukefwuUodkvf? a'gyHk+rdK@e,f

(33)udkaxG;armf

( 3 )ESpf aemufq;Hk ESpf(jrefrmpm)/ &efukefwuUodkvf

(34)udknDaxG;cdkif(c) udk&uQD;

( 4 )ESpf aemufqHk;ESpf ("gwkaA')/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ prf;acsmif;+rdK@e,f

(35)udkwdwfEdkif

( 3 )ESpf xm;0,f+rdK@/ weoFm&Dwdkif;

(36) udkwdk;wdk;xGef;

( 5 )ESpf wwd,ESpf(¶_yaA')/ ykodrf'D*&Daumvdyf/ ajrmif;jr+rdK@/

(37)udk&JvGifpdk;(c)udk&J

( 5 )ESpf tvkyform;or*~/ v_difom,m+rdK@e,f/ &efukef

(38)udkvSa0

( 3 )ESpf usL&Sifq&m/ urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f

(39)udkarmifarmifjrifh

( 5 )ESpf 'kwd,ESpf (ocsFm)/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f

(40)udk0if;EdkifOD;

( 3 )ESpf aemufqHk;ESpf/ &efukefpufr_wuUodkvf

(41)udkarmifarmifoef;

( 5 )ESpf jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;b%f (ykZGefawmifb%fcGJ)

(42)udkvSrsdK;aemif(c) rSef}uD;

( 5 )ESpf yxrESpf(Oya')/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ ausmufyef;awmif;+rdK@/

(43)udkatmifydkif

( 4 )ESpf =u,fpdrf;vli,ftzGJ@/ ykZGefawmif+rdK@e,f/ &efukefwdkif;

(44) udkausmf0À

( 3 )ESpf yxrESpf/ pufr_wuUodkvf/ 'gyHk+rdK@e,f/ &efukefwdkif;

(45)udkausmf0À

( 3 )ESpf txufwef;ausmif;om;/ yJcl;+rdK@/ yJcl;wdkif;

(46)udkausmfausmfodef;

( 4 )ESpf 'kwd,ESpf/*k%fxl;wef;(ocsFm)/&efukefwuUodkvf/ Adkvfwaxmif+rdK@e,f

(47)udkvS0if;

( 20 )ESpf

(48) udkom;!Gef@OD;

( 5 )ESpf yxrESpf/ aq;wuUodkvf(1)/ &efukef/ ausmufwHwm;+rdK@e,f

bdkuav;+rdK@/ {&m0wDwdkif;

(49)udkaevif;(pma&;ol) ( 5 )ESpf tajccHynmausmif;om;rsm; or*~ (&efukefwdkif;)/ ykZGefawmif+rdK@e,f/ (50) udk&Jarmfxl; ( 4 )ESpftajccJynm ausmif;om;rsm;or*~( &efukefwdkif;)/ vrf;opf&dyfom/ vrf;rawmf+rdK@e,f (51) udk&JausmfpGm ( 3 )ESpf tajccHynm ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&efukefwdkif;)/ Adkvfwaxmif+rdK@e,f (52) udkjrifhpdk; (c)udka*smfeD ( 17 )ESpf trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf(A[dk)/ vli,f/ vrf;opf&dyfom/ vrf;rawmf+rdK@e,f (53)udkjrifhqef; ( 5 )ESpf ajrmufOuUvmy+rdK@e,f/ &efukefwdkif; (54)udk0if;a&$ ( 3 )ESpf enf;jy(t*Fvdyfpm)/ vkyfom;aumvdyf/ wmarG+rdK@e,f (55) udkomjrwfausmf ( 4 )ESpf aemufqHk;ESpf/ tydkif;(u)/ aq;wuUodkvf(1) (56) udkat;vGif ( 15 )ESpf wwd,ESpf(ocsFm)/ ta0;oifwuUodkvf/ arSmfbD+rdK@e,f (57) udkaZmf0if;xGËf ( 20 )ESpf txufwef;ausmif;om;/ omauw+rdK@ (58)udkaZmf0if;xGef; ( 3 )ESpf txufwef;ausmif;om;/ 'v+rdK@e,f (59) udkodef;xGef;OD; ( 5 )ESpf tajccHynmausmif;om;rsm; or*~/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f (60) OD;aomif;xGef; ( 7 )ESpf yJcl;+rdK@ (61)udkrsdK;jrifh ( 5 )ESpf

aemufqHk;ESpf (ocsFm)/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ omauw+rdK@e,f (62) udkatmifausmfrdk; (c)udkbdkawmuf vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/ anmifav;yif+rdK@e,f/ yJcl;wdkif; (63) udkpdk;Edkif wwd,ESpf (ordkif;)/ ykodrf'D*&Daumvdyf (64)udkpdk;Edkif yef;yJwef;+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ (65)udkEdkif0if; tajccHynmausmif;om;rsm;or*~/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f (66) udkaZmfaZmfv_dif vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/ omauw+rdK@e,f (67) udkrsdK;wifhatmif aemufqHk;ESpf/ pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf (68) udkausmfaxG; ta0;ajy;Xme/ qufoG,fa&;/ pmwdkufESifha=u;eef;0ef}uD;Xme/ r*Fvmawmif!Gef@+rdK@e,f (69) udkpnfol0if; omauw+rdK@e,f (70) udkpdk;jrifh(c) aygifrkef@ 'v+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ (71) udkvGifOD; c&rf;+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ (72) udk=unf0if; c&rf;+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ ( 73 ) udkcifaZmf a0bm*D/ ajrmufOuUvmy +rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ ( 74 ) udkeDwGwfausmf txufwef;ausmif;om;/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f ( 75 ) udkod*ôatmif txufwef;ausmif;om; ( 76 ) udkuHjrifh tvHk+rdK@e,f/ ( 77 ) udkrsdK;atmif=unf ( c ) rsdK;rsdK; ( 78 ) udkxGef;jrifhatmif 'kwd,ESpf/ *k%fxl;wef; ( yx0D )/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ ewfpifvrf;/ =unfhjrifwdkif+rdK@e,f ( 79 ) udkeDudkOD; txufwef;ausmif;om;/ wmarG+rdK@e,f ( 80 ) udkcifarmifxGef; ( c ) udku|d/ 5 ( C ) 'kwd,ESpf/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ }udK@ukef;/ tif;pdef+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@e,f/ ( 81) udkrsdK;atmif 'kwd,ESpf/ ta0;oifwuUodkvf ( 82 ) udkarmifarmifat;

( 3 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 11 )ESpf ( 7 )ESpf ( 7 )ESpf ( 6 )ESpf ( 9 )ESpf ( 11 )ESpf ( 6 )ESpf ( 7 )ESpf ( 4 )ESpf ( 4 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 6 )ESpf

tvkyform;or*~ ( 83 ) udkrdk;atmif usL&Sifq&m/ prf;acsmif;+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ ( 84 ) udkapmausmf+idrf; tvHk+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ ( 85 ) udkaomif;aiG txufwef;ausmif;om;/ r*Fvm'Hk+rdK@e,f ( 86 ) udkEdkifrGef enf;jy/ '\eduaA'/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ rGefjynfe,f ( 87 ) udkbdkbdkxGef; ( bdkbdkxGef;- &kyfjy ) awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f ( 88 ) udk&JrGef txufwef;ausmif;om;/ urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f ( 89 ) udkxdef0if;atmif ae0if;ESif;qD pmtkyfqdkif/ tif;pdef+rdK@e,f ( 90 ) udkpdk;jrwf tvHk+rdK@e,f/ &efukefwdkif; ( 91 ) OD;avmt,f ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 92 ) OD;bifqif ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 93) udkxl;*G,f ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk;/ (autef,l ) ( 94 ) udkaus;awm ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 95 ) udkcsdKav; ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 96 ) OD;z'dk oef;vS ( Adkvf}uD; ) ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 97 ) OD;aomrwfpf ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 98 ) OD;ref;!Gef@ ( EdkifiHawmf ykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 99 ) qmxl;apm ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 100 ) udkwifjrifh ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l )

( 6 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 4 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 4 )ESpf ( 13 )ESpf woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef;

usaemftck azmfjycJhwJh axmifajymif;EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGxJrSm usaemftygt0if pkpkaygif; ( 100 )[m jy\emaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmeJ@ &ifqdkif&r,fh aemufxyftEW&m,f }uD;rm;vSwJh i&Jcef;wpfckqDudk OD;wnfoGm;ae&rSef; axmiftm%mydkifawGuvGJvdk@ b,folrS rodEdkifawmhyg?

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(c) tnmc&D; r=umcifrSm usaemfwdk@ axmifajymif;ta,muf(100)xJu EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;(5)a,muf axmifajymif; cHvdkuf&ygw,f? axmifajymif;cHvdkuf&wJh olawGuawmh udkjrifhqef; 5(n)/ 17(1) rEWav;axmif udkom;!Gef@OD; 5(n) rHk&Gmaxmif udkaZmfrif;(AHkwdk) 5(n) yckuULaxmif udkarmifarmifjrifh 5(n) a&$bdkaxmif udkEdkifrGef 5(n)/ 17(1) rdwWDvmaxmif wdk@yJjzpfygw,f? tJ'DxJu rHk&Gmaxmifudk ajymif;a&$ŒcHvdkuf&wJholwpfOD; jzpfwJh udkom;!Gef@OD; udk,fwdkifwifJjyxm;wJh ol@&JhaxmiftawG@t}uHK udk rl&if;twdkif;azmfjyvdkufygw,f? om;!Gef@OD; yxrESpf aq;wuUodkvf (1) 1988rSm aq;wuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~eJ@twl wufwufºuGºuG v_yf&Sm;cJhw,f? 1988puf wifbmvY ppfwyfrS tm%modrf;csdefwGif autef,l vGwfajrmufe,fajrodk@ awmcdkcJhw,f? 1988 'DZifbm vwGif &efukefodk@wm0efjzifhvnf; a&mufvmcJhonf? xdk@aemufAuorsm; tzGJ@csKyfwGif yg0ifaqmif &GufcJhonf? 1989 azazmf0g&DvwGif tif;pdeftusOf;axmifY wpfvcef@ xdef;odrf;cH&+yD; jyefvGwfajrmufvm onfhaemuf Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;aumfrwDY wm0ef,lcJhonf? 1990 {+yDvwGif Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf (atmufArmjynf)udk zGJ@pnf;&mwGif OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhonf? 1990atmufwdkbmvwGif yk'fr 5(n)jzifhppftpdk;&. zrf;qD;r_udkcHcJh&+yD; axmif'%f (5)ESpfcsrSwf jcif;cHcJh&onf? 1991 Edk0ifbmv(24) &ufwGif tif;pdefaxmifrS o&ufodk@ ajymif;a&GŒjcif;cH&um 1992 'DZif bmvY rHk&Gmaxmifodk@ xyfrHajymif;a&GŒ cHcJh&onf? 1994 'DZifbmvY axmifrS jyefvGwfajrmuf+yD; Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf A[dkpnf;&Hk;a&;aumfrwDwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1996 'DZifbmausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhojzifh ppftpdk;&. vdkufvHzrf;qD;r_a=umifh 1997 Zefe0g&DwGif xdkif;-jrefrm e,fpyfodk@ xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJhonf?

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OD;tkef;jrifh ( ociftkef;jrifh/ wdk;wufa&; )

OD;tkef;jrifhqdkwm jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;v_yf&Sm;cJholrsm;xJrSm xif&Sm;ausmf=um; vSwJh ociftkef;jrifh (c) wdk;wufa&; OD;tkef;jrifh jzpfygw,f? touf (85)ausmfavmuf&Sdr,fvdk@ cef@rSef;&ygw,f? usaemfwdk@uawmh av;pm;aoma=umifh tbvdk@yJ ac:ygw,f? tbOD;tkef;jrifh[m 1991 ckESpfxJrSm tif;pdefaxmif wdkufxJuae+yD; usaemfwdk@trSwf (3)tdyfaqmifudk a&muf&Sdvmygw,f? tbOD;tkef;jrifh[m tom;a& jzLazG;vS+yD; ydefydefyg;yg;eJ@ oGufvufwJh toGif&Sdygw,f? tbOD;tkef;jrifh[m a':=unf=unf (vGif-rqvmpuf) eJ@ yufouf+yD; axmif ( 5 )ESpfusvmol jzpfygw,f? axmifxJrSm reufrdk;vif;+yDqdkwmeJ@ bm,mwef;rSm a&aomufvdkuf/ vrf;av#mufvdkufeJ@ t+rJvdk awG@&ygw,f? 'Dvdk a&aomuf/ vrf;av#mufwm ae@pOfvdkvdk jyKvkyfwmjzpfygw,f? usaemfvnf; oleJ@twlvrf;av#muf&if; pum;pjrnf ajymjzpfcJh=uw,f? trSeftwdkif; 0efcH&&if tJ'Dtcsdeftxd tbOD;tkef;jrifhqdkwm b,fvdkvlrSef; usaemf rodcJhao;yg? tb&J@ ajymjycsufawGt& tb[m vGwfvyfa&;Adokum}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ tifrwef&if;ESD;vSwJ@ vkyfazmfudkifzuf wpfa,mufqdkwm od&ygw,f? tbudk usaemfwdk@ ydkav;pm; cspfcifrdoGm;ygw,f? tb[m vGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;pOfumvu AdkvfcsKyfeJ@twl v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhwmawG/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:oGm;c&D;pOfeJ@ ykodrfrSm usif;ywJh ( Auo ) uGefz&ifh ta=umif;awG ajymjyygw,f? tb[m usrf;rma&;vdkufpm;+yD; vrf;av#mufwJhtcgrSm zsufvwfoGufvufvSwJh twGuf vli,fav;wpfa,mufeJ@ tvm;o¾efwlygw,f? tb&J@ajymjycsufeJ@ usaemfhxifjrifcsuft& tb[m *sif;abmif;bDudk ESpf+cdKufwuf+yD; tjrJvdk 0wfqifwwfwm awG@&ygw,f? tbudk ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u vmzrf;pOfwkef;u *sif;abmif;bDeJ@ jzpf+yD; acgif;pGyfpGyfum ppfa=uma&; pcef;rSmxm;ygw,f? aemuf&ufusawmh tbudkppfaq;r,fh axmufvSrf;a&;u *sif;abmif;bD0wf+yD; acgif;pGyfpGyfxm;cH&wJhtbudk vli,fxifrSwf+yD; qJqdk }udrf;armif;&dkufESufygw,f? +yD;rS acgif;pGyfc|wfvdkufwJh tcgrSm acgif;wpfckvHk; qHyifawGjzLazG;aewJh touf (80)ausmf tbdk;}uD;jzpfaewma=umifh axmufvSrf;a&;awG tHhtm;oifh oGm;=uygw,f? aemufawmh “tbdk;}uD;u i,frljyefaeao;w,f? *sif;abmif;bDeJh bmeJ@” vdk@ajym+yD; ykqdk;vJcdkif;ygw,f?

tb[m aq;vdyf/ t&ufudk vHk;0roHk;pGJyJ axmifxJrSmaepOf wpfudk,fa& usef;rma&;udk *&kpdkufygw,f? tb[m touft&G,f }uD;&ifhaeayr,fh pdwf"gwfuawmh oHr%dvdk rma=umvSygw,f? tbOD;tkef;jrifh[m AdkvfcsKyf&J@ orD;i,fjzpfwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudkvnf; yk*~dKvfa&;t& oHa,mZOf }uD;rm;vSygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; tbtay: rdbozG,f apmi@fa&Smufw,fvdk@ od&ygw,f? tb[m axmifxJrSm pnf;pepfeJ@ tnDaexdkifol jzpfygw,f? usaemf[m tbudk cspfcifav;pm;wma=umifh usaemfaxmif0ifpmvmwdkif; ygvmwwfwJh tvif;a&mifOD;oef;aqG tpma=uaq;udk tbudk t+rJay;avh&Sdygw,f? usaemfo&ufaxmifudkajymif;&awmh tbeJ@ a0;cJh&ygw,f? o&ufaxmifrSm usaemf&SdaepOf tdrfuaxmif0ifpmrSm tbOD;tkef;jrifhu usaemfhtwGuf tvif;a&mif OD;oef;aqG tpma=uaq;awG xnhfay;vdkuf+yD; owd&v#uf&Sda=umif;/ usaemfaxmifu jyefvGwfvmrnfh&ufudk oltjyifuae apmifhar#mfaer,fhta=umif; owif;yg;vdkufygw,f? usaemftwdkif;rod 0rf;omoGm;ygw,f? usaemfaxmifuvGwfawmh tbeJ@oGm;awG@ygw,f? tbxHu usaemfwdk@ wpfcgrSrjrifzl;/ rawG@cJhbl;wJh a&S;a[mif;ordkif;0if"gwfyHktcsdK@eJ@ pm&Gufpmwrf;tcsdK@ &&SdcJhygw,f? tbudk,fwdkifa&;om;wJh vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_qkdif&m ordkif;tcsuftvufawG jzpfygw,f? "gwfyHkuawmh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ udkA[def;eJ@ tbwdk@ wGJ&dkufxm;wJh &Sm;yg;"gwfyHk jzpfygw,f? tbeJ@ usaemf 1996 ckESpf cGJcGmcJh&+yD;aemuf 1997 ckESpfrSm tbwpfa,muf aemufwpf}udrf axmifjyefusoGm;w,fvdk@ =um;&ygw,f? tb[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppftpdk;&&Sdaeor# axmifxJa&mufaeOD;rSm jzpfygw,f? 1989 ckESpfrSm tbaxmif (5) ESpfuswkef;u tbZeD;onf&J@ psmyeudk axmifxJuyJ vdkufydk@&w,f? 'Dwpfacguf tbaxmifusoGm;wm[m &Snfv#m;vSwJh axmif'%f}uD;eJ@ jzpfwma=umifh tb&J@ usrf;rma&;udk usaemfpdk;&drfrdygw,f? axmifxJrSm tbwpfa,muf usef;usef;rmrm&Sdaeygapvdk@ ta0;wpfae&mu om;wpfa,muf qkawmif;vdkufygw,f? tb usrf;rmygap. . . . (c)

OD;pdefvS ( AdkvfpdefoHr%d )

tbpdefoHr%d[mvnf; tbOD;tkef;jrifheJ@ touft&G,f rwdrf;r,drf;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tbOD;tkef;jrifhavmuf usef;rma&;raumif;wJhtjyif ausmaxmufaemufcH aumif;aumif;vnf;r&SdvSyg? tbOD;pdefvS[m usaemfwdk@trSwf ( 3 )aqmifukda&mufvmawmh tb[m cg;tenf;i,fukef;ae+yD; acsmif;tenf;i,f qfdk;aeygw,f? aq;vdyfudkvnf; }udKufESpfouf+yD; pum;ajym&if; vrf;av#muf&if; &,farmaewwfygw,f?

'gayr,fh tbOD;pdefvS[m usef;rma&;odyfraumif;vSayr,fh pdwfuawmh emrnfeJ@ vdkufatmifrmygw,f? tbOD;pdefvS[m vGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;pOf umvu udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;udk v_yfcg+cdrf;ajcmufcJhwJh ykvdyfoydwfwyfrSm OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;cJhwJhol wpfOD; jzpfw,fvdk@ od&ygw,f? tckvnf; ae0if;rqvtpdk;&udk jywfjywfom;om; a0zefjypfwif &_wfcscJhwma=umifh tif;pdefaxmifwGif; ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fuscHae&wm jzpfygw,f? tb[m axmifxJa&mufvmwJhtcgrSm ae0if;tpdk;&&J@ ,kwfrmnpfywfr_awGudk oljzwfoef;awG@}uHK&wJ@ jzpf&yfawGeJ@ ordkif;eJ@csD+yD; oifcef;pm,l&ef 'Dae@acwfvli,fawGudk vufqifhurf;ajymjyygw,f? tbOD;pdefvS[m touft&G,fu }uD;&ifhvmwJhtjyif usrf;rma&; uvnf; ,dk,Gif;vmwma=umifh e0w&J@vufatmuf tif;pdefaxmif}uD;xJrSm oljrwfEdk;vSwJh vGwfvyfr_twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&if; uG,fvGeftedpP a&mufoGm;ygw,f? tbOD;vSpdefvdk a&S@rSD/ aemufrSdD ordkif;0ifvl}uD;awG uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufcJhwm tifrwefrS ESajrmwo jzpfvSygw,f? txl;ojzifh tbvdk av;pm;zG,faumif;wJh awmfvSefa&; ordkif;0ifyk*~dKvf}uD;awG axmifxJrSm uG,fvGefcJhwm woo ,l}uHK;r& jzpfrdygw,f? tb a&muf&mb0rSm vGwfvyf/ r#wr_udk axG;ayG@Edkifygap. . . . (*)

q&mawmf OD;a&0w

q&mawmfOD;a&0wudk usaemfp+yD;zl;awG@&wkef;u 1990 jynfhESpfESpfqef;ydkif;rSm jzpfygw,f? rEWav;+rdK@uausmif;om;§olawGeJh ykZGefawmif a&ausmf&yfrSm p+yD;zl;awG@&wm jzpfygw,f? q&mawmf[m tom;!dk+yD; ydefydefoG,foG,f o¾mef&Sdygw,f? pum;ajymqdkwJh tcgrSmvnf; at;at;aq;aq; wnfwnf+idrf+idrf ajymqkdwwfygw,f? usaemf 1989 ckESpfu rEWav;+rdK@udk t}udrf}udrfa&mufzl;ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefumvawGrSm rpdk;&drfwdkufu q&mawmf OD;u0dEN udkrwfv (13)&uf jrefrmjynf vl@tcGifhta&;ae@ oHCmqGrf;uyfyGJ/ rEWav;wuUodkvftcrf;tem;/ 1989 ckESpf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf nDvmcHusif;ywJh tcsdefawGrSm zl;awG@cJh &ayr,fh q&mawmf OD;a&0wudk rod/ rjrifzl;cJhyg? q&mawmfOD;u0dEN zrf;qD;cH&+yD; axmifusaecsdef (8888) v_yf&Sm;r_umvawGrSm rEWav;+rdK@ tdrfawmf&mppfa=umif;udk OD;aqmifcJhwJh q&mawmfOD;a&0w[m rEWav;+rdK@u av;jyifav;&yfrSm&SdwJh y&d,wWdpmayudk avhvmqnf;yl;ae=uwJh oHCmawmfawGudk pkpnf;ygw,f? +yD;awmh trsdK;/ bmom/ omoemtwGuf rEWav;+rdK@ av;jyifav;&yf oHCmhor*~DtzGJ@}uD;udk wnfaxmifygawmhw,f?

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