Nagina Textile

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

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N A GI N A Sr. No. 1

CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT

PAGE No. 3

2

ELLCOT Spinning Mills LTD.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

RAW MATERIAL COTTON RAW MATERIAL POLYESTER MIXING BLOW ROOM CARDING COMBING DRAW FRAME SIMPLEX RING FRAME AUTO CONE SPIN PLAN TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL PACKING EXCISE DEPARTMENT MACHINERY LIST U1,U2

4 5 → 10 11 → 12 13 → 16 17 → 27 28 → 30 31 → 33 34 → 41 42 → 46 47 → 50 51 → 54 55 → 58 59 → 76 77 → 79 80 → 82 83 → 85

NAGINA GROUP

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

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All praises for Almighty Allah, Who guides us in darkness and helps us in difficulties and due respect for Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) who enabled us to recognize our Creator. First of all I would like to thank Mr. Inam Ul Haq Sabbir G.M. Marketing from the bottom of my heart for giving me exceptional opportunity of learning the process at the mills site. I would like to extend my heartiest thanks to Mr. Aslam Baig CMA Mr. Ch. Abdul Rauf G.M Mr. Imitiaz Ahmad MM, Mr. Nasir MM, Mr. Waheed Aslam SM, Mr. Ijaz Lab Incharge U1, Mr. Adnan Lab Incharge U2, and all the supervisors and admin staff. Thanks all of you for the help and cooperation given to me.

Corporate Profile Established in 1991, Ellcot Spinning Mills Limited operates state of the art spinning machinery comprising of 54,528 Spindles with related process machines. The company produces high quality yarns of 100% cotton, synthetic, and polyester / cotton blends.

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ Both carded and combed Yarns for weaving and knitting application are produced in many blends. Ellcot Spinning Mills Limited high quality yarns are used to produce apparel fabrics, sheeting, toweling, canvas, and Knitted products.

Products • 10/1 to 60/1 polyester / cotton blend yarns both carded and combed. • 30 NE to 80 NE 100% combed cotton yarns manufactured from U.S.A, Giza 86, and contamination free cotton. Core yarns with "Lycra ®" from Dupont. Count ranges from 30/1 to 40/1 for both carded and combed yarns in a variety of deniers.

What is Cotton?

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

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Cotton, belonging to a family that includes hibiscus and okra, produces a natural vegetable fiber used in the manufacture of cloth. Cotton produces sweet nectar that attracts

a variety

of

destructive

insect

pests,

including

the

boll

weevil,

bollworm, armyworm, and the red spider. In addition to insect pests, there is also a very destructive fungus, called the wilt, which attacks the root system of the cotton plant. The English name which began to be used circa 1400, derives from the Arabic (al) qutn ‫ ُقطْن‬, meaning cotton.

Leading cotton-producing countries

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ TOP TEN COTTON PRODUCERS-2007 (million 480-pound bales) People's Republic of China India United States Pakistan Brazil Uzbekistan Turkey Greece Turkmenistan Syria

35.8 25.3 19.2 9.0 7.2 5.5 3.2 1.4 1.3 1.2

The international cotton trade:

Fiber Thickness: The thickness of the fiber is termed as fiber fineness which is numerically represented as micronaire value. The lesser the value the finer would be the micronaire (mic). Fiber fineness is one of the most important fiber properties and is expressed as “Weight of one inch of fiber in microgram”

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

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Typical micronaire values are: Very fine Fine Medium Coarse

3.0 3.1 – 3.9 4.0 – 4.9 5.0+

Fiber fineness influence following factors of the following: Yarn strength Yarn regularity Yarn bulk Luster

Fuzz Fiber: The longer cotton fibers when detached from the seed are called lint. The undergrowth of fuzz which develops at the tip of the seed is called linters. These are coarse and very short in length.

Staple Length: Staple length is one of the most important characteristics of cotton. It defines the spinability of the fiber. Staple length has been basis for trading the cotton more then a century. In this regards, cotton is divided into three large categories: (LONG STAPLE): Long staple, this measures 28-34 mms (MEDIUM STAPLE):

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ Medium staple reach the length of 26-28 mms (SHORT STAPLE): Short staple reach the length of 25 mms Upper Half Mean Length Below 0.99”

Short

0.99 – 1.10”

Medium

1.11 - 1.26”

Long

Above 1.26”

Extra Long

Uniformity Index: Length uniformity or uniformity ratio is determined as: "A ratio between the mean length and the upper half mean length of the fibers and is expressed as a percentage". UI = Mean Length

X 100

UHML

Uniformity

Index

Below 77 77 – 79 80 – 82

Very Low Low Medium

83 – 85

High

Above 85

Very High

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ Grade: The grade is given by the external appearance of the cotton and is determined on the basis of the major or minor brightness of the fibers, by its more or less white color, by the major or minor presence of particles of the leaf or other extraneous substances.

TRASH: Trash content is assessed from scanning the cotton sample surface with a video camera and calculating the percentage of the surface area occupied by trash particles. The values of trash content should be within the range from 0 to 1.6%. Trash content is highly correlated to leaf grade of the sample.

COLOR: The color is another important element of evaluation of cotton. In fact, from the major or minor whiteness of the cotton depend on the facility of later workings and the possibility of obtaining good yarns. Natural colour of cotton highly influences the chemical processing and dyability of the finished product.

Fiber Strength :( grams/tex) Fiber strength is measured in grams per tex (g/t) or centi-newton per tex CN/tex. The force necessary to break the beard of fibers, clamped in two sets of jaws, (1/8 inch apart). The breaking strength of cotton is about 3.0-4.9 g/tex, and the breaking elongation is about 8-10%. Strength

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__________________________________________________ 20 and Below

Very Weak

21 – 25

Weak

26 – 29 30 – 32

Medium Strong

32 and above

Very Strong

Fiber Elongation (%) Below 5.0 5.0 - 5.8

Very Low Low

5.9 - 6.7

Average

6.8 - 7.6

High

Above 7.6

Very High

PROPERTIES: Cotton, as a natural cellulose fiber, has a lot of characteristics, such as: •

Comfortable Soft hand

•

Good absorbency

•

Color retention

•

Prints well

•

Machine-wash able

•

Good strength

•

Easy to handle and sew

Polyester: Ingredients: MATERIAL OR COMPONENT

%

Poly (Ethylene-Terephthalate) Textile Finish

99.57 00.13

Moisture (When packed)

00.30

Bale Stacking:

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__________________________________________________ Maximum stacking limit 5 high with bales horizontally placed on an even floor and vertically aligned.

FIRE: It remains the most lethal Hazard to Life & Property. Hence Training supported by a strong system of fire safely management should be in place with fire exits clearly marked, fire extinguishers placed properly and checked periodically.

BLENDING With Viscose The normal blending practice is to make a sandwich blend with viscose in the blow room. Both viscose and TERYLENE bales should be checked for moisture content on opening, especially if there is any possibility that accidental welling might have occurred. Each fibre should be opened out and thoroughly dried before processing. Drying of wet fibre should not be carried out in direct sunlight.

The maximum number of bales should be used to make the sandwich blend. A minimum of 8 bales of TERYLENE is recommended. The viscose component should be pre-opened before blending with TERYLENE. A sandwich stack should be prepared near the blenders in order to avoid mixing with other fibers. If possible mixing is allowed to condition in the open area before processing. The maximum available number of blenders should be operated to feed the sandwich stack instead of one blender in order to improve blend ratio.Soft waste should be dispersed evenly throughout the sandwich stack. Re-feeding of clean waste should be on a regular basis and at a low level. With Cotton

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ The normal blending practice is to blend cotton at drawing. Both cotton and polyester are opened and carded separately. Cotton is normally combed in order to remove any excess of short fibers before blending with polyester. Cotton can be blended with TERYLENE whether straight after combing or after post comber drawing. The latter sequence is preferred in order to improve yarn quality. All the required number of cotton strands should be blended at the 1st stage of draw frame blending followed by two more passage of drawing. It is recommended to reed eight ends for improved doubling and blending will be found to give satisfactory results.

MIXING Bale Management: In a particular lot • Micronaire range of the cotton bales used should be same for all the mixings of a lot • Micronaire average of the cotton bales used should be same for all the mixings of a lot • Range of color of cotton bales used should be same for all the mixings of a lot

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ • Average of color of cotton bales used should be same for all the mixings of a lot It is not advisable to mix the yarn made of out of two different shipments of same cotton. For example, the first shipment of West African cotton is in January and the second shipment is in March, it is not advisable to mix the yarn made out of these two different shipments. If there is no shade variation after dyeing, then it can be mixed. Stack mixing is the best way of doing the mixing compared to using automatic bale openers which picks up the material from 30to 40 bales depending on the length of the machine and bale size, provided stack mixing is done perfectly. Improper stack mixing will lead to SHADE VARIATION problem. Stack mixing with Bale opener takes care of short term blending and two mixers in series takes care of long term blending.

Why? • Tuft sizes can be as low as 10 grams and it is the best way of opening the material

(nep creation will be less, care has to be taken to reduce recycling in

the inclined lattice) • contaminations can be removed before mixing is made •

The raw material gets acclimatized to the required temp and R.H. %, since it is allowed to stay in the room for more than 24 hours and the fibre is opened, the fiber gets conditioned well.

Disadvantages: • more labour is required • more space is required • mixing may not be 100% homogeneous( can be overcome by installing double mixers)

Bale Arrangement Let us assume that there are five different micronaires and five different colors in the cotton, 50 bales are to be use in the mixing. 5 to 10 groups should be made by grouping

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ the bales in a mixing so that each group will have average micronaire and average color as that of the overall mixing. The position of a bale for micronaire and color should be fixed for the group and it should repeat in the same order for all the groups.  It is easy to optimize the process parameters in blow room and cards.  Drafting faults will be less.  Dyed cloth appearance will be better because of uniform dye pickup etc. It is advisable to use single cotton in a mixing, provided the length, strength micronaire, maturity coefficient and trash content of the cotton will be suitable for producing the required counts. Automatic bale opener is a must if more than two cottons are used in the mixing, to avoid SHADE VARIATION problem.

Manual Mixing: The cotton mixing is done by ladies and boys workers. They open the materials from large tuft to small tufts and mix two different cottons by different ratios which ordered by laboratory. The polyester mixing is done manually; usually five bales are mixed at a time. The different useable wastes are mixed with cotton and polyester i.e. lap cut, card fly, pnemafil, roving etc different proportion as advised by the laboratory incharge.

In cotton mixing seventeen to nineteen bales are stuff in the plucker and 10 Kg lab cut and sliver added in the raw material. A worker is assigned to that plucker to operate and manually remove the foreign material from the plucker.The plucker sends the material in the next room where workers further remove the foreign material and also recheck the cotton coming from the vetal scan. After that raw material is sent in blow room through inclined lattice.

10/S PC 52/48 (WASTE)

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__________________________________________________ Useable waste coming from the process is also utilized for making the yarn 10/s pc or cvc depending on the demand. In 10/s following useable wastes are used Pnemafil (Ring) Roving (Simplex) Polyester Sliver (Card) Card Sliver (Card) For example if 10/s pc 52/48 is to be made the ratio of waste told by the lab incharge to the mixing incharge if we have Mixing require 800 kg Pnemafil

350 Kg

Roving

126 Kg

Total

476 Kg

The ratio of waste(pnemafil, roving) given by the lab incharge is 47% polyester 53% cotton depending on the ratios running at that time at the unit Polyester (47%) Cotton (53%)

476x0.47= 223.72 Kg 476x0.53= 252.28 Kg

Mixing require 800-476= 324 Kg (lab cut cotton and polyester sliver)

Now 324 kg polyester and cotton is to be added in that 476 kg of waste (pnemafil, roving) with 57% polyester and 43% cotton because in the waste polyester was 47% and cotton 53% so Polyester (57%) Cotton (43%)

324x0.57= 184.68 Kg 324x0.43= 139.32 Kg

Polyester (52%)

223.72 + 184.68 = 408.40 Kg

Cotton (48%)

252.28 + 139.32 = 391.60 Kg

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ Total Mixing

= 800 Kg

Blow Room Basic operations in the Blow Room: • Opening • Cleaning • Micro dust removal • Foreign matter removal • Uniform feed to the carding machine

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• Recycling the waste Blow room installation consists of a sequence of different machines to carry out the above said operations. Moreover Since the tuft size of cotton becomes smaller and smaller, the required intensities of processing necessitates different machine configuration.

TECHNICAL POINTS IN BLOWROOM • Opening in blow room means opening into small flocks. • The larger the dirt particle, the better they can be removed. • Since almost every blow room machine can shatter particles, as far as possible a lot of impurities should be eliminated at the start of the process. Opening should be followed immediately by cleaning, if possible in the same machine. • The higher the degree of opening, the higher the degree of cleaning. • The cleaning efficiency is strongly dependent on the TRASH %age. It is also affected by the size of the particle. Therefore cleaning efficiency can be different for different cottons with the same trash %age. • If cotton is opened well in the opening process, cleaning becomes easier. • If Manual Bale openers are used, the tuft size fed to the feed lattice should be as small as possible. • Due to machine harvesting, cotton contains more and more impurities, which furthermore are shattered by hard ginning. Therefore cleaning is always an important basic operation. • Traditional methods use more number of machines to open and clean natural fibers. • Mechanical action on fibers causes some deterioration on yarn quality, particularly in terms of naps. Moreover it is true that the staple length of cotton can be significantly shortened.

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ • Air streams are often used in the latest machine sequence, to separate fibers from trash particles.

General Information of Cotton: 1. 2. 3.

Cotton used Bale weight Method of bale opening

76 bales/day 160kg Manual

5.

Types of material used

PAK Cotton

6.

Moisture in bales

8.5%

7.

Relative humidity in blow room

48%

8.

Types of waste extract particles

9.

10.

Waste mixed in blow room Disposal of waste

Seed, dust, leaf, pieces of cloth, wings, jute and PP 10 kg/bale Manual

11.

Disposal waste use

52% cotton, 48% polyester

11.

Type of delivery from blow room

12.

Cleaning efficiency of blow room

i. Lap Feed ii. Chute feed 50 % – 60 %

13.

Waste removed

4.5%

PRODUCTION of blow room for cotton: Production of blow room can be calculated by the production of card. Production of card= 1,688 lbs./day/card = 25,350 lbs/day/15cards = 11,485 kg/day/15cards As 8% waste is removed in card so the input of cards will be, Input of carding section = 11,485+8% Production of blow room = 12,484 kg/day Input of blow room = 12,484 x (100/100-4.5)

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ Input of blow room = 13,072 kg/day = 13,653kg/day No. of bales consumed/day in blow room = 13072/160 = 81.70= 82(approx.) bales/day.

PRODUCTION of blow room for polyester: Production of card = 1,764 lbs./day/card =24,696 lbs/day/14cards =11,202 kg/day/14cards As 0.5% waste is removed in card so the input of cards will be, Input of carding section = 11,202+0.5% Production of blow room = 11,258 kg/day Input of blow room

= 11,258 kg/day

No. of bales consumed/day in blow room = 11,258/350 = 32.16= 32(approx.) bales/day. Total production of blow room: = production of cotton + production of polyester = 13,072 + 11,258 = 24,330 kg/day

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

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Cotton Flow Chart Auto Plucker

Automatic Blender

B 11 Parcopine

Vetal Scan

Scutcher

Scutcher

Scutcher

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

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Polyester Flow Chart

Conveyor Lattice

Automatic Blender

Automatic Blender

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

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Auto Plucker: Model Manufacturer Working:

A002D China

It is a machine used for the purpose of bale opening. Bale can be arranged as it is inside the machine or small tuft can put after opening the bale manually. Three motors are used in this machine. One motor for beater, second for to rotate the carriage and third one is used for lowering or lifting the carriage. B11 (Uniclean):

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The uniclean B11 is an efficient cleaning and de-dusting machine, which is used immediately after bale opening. Cotton and other natural fibers such as flax can be cleaned and de-dusted gently.

PARCUPINE FA106A GILLING CYLINDER OPENER: 1. Application: This machine is combined with Condenser. It's mainly used to treating C type fibres. Fibres are carded and opened by the machine.

Vetal Scan:

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__________________________________________________ General View

Introduction: The Cotton is scanned for the polypropylene impurities in the POLYSENSO Zone and passes through the CAMERA Zone where it is scanned for color impurities and signals the Nozzles to eject them by Airjets.

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__________________________________________________ Basic Principles of the Process: The Vetal Scan - Cotton Contamination Cleaning Machine analyzes the cotton moving in the illuminated zone by the Fluorescent tubes. The detected contamination is ejected out by the Nozzle driven by the Electro Valve using the compressed air. The continuous running contamination collection fan sucks the ejected material and thrown into the collection bag.

COLOR CONTAMINATION Line Scan cameras detect the color contamination and effectively eject them WHITE / TRANSPARENT POLYPROPYLENE CONTAMINATION Improved detection and elimination of White / Transparent contamination has

been

effectively achieved through the SONIC technology.

SCUTCHER: Application: This machine is used for dealing with raw cotton of various grades, staple fibre and shorter than 76mm mid fibre, comes out in laps which are to treated further by carding machine. Generally, this machine is used in combination with double Hopper feeder.

Production of Scutcher: Production

13 oz/yard

Speed of Shell Roller

11 rpm

Shell Roller dia

9”

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Speed

=

3.14 x 11 x 9 36

Speed

=

8.63 yards/min

8.63 x 13 x 60 x 24 x 0.7 (Efficiency) =

--------------------------------------------16

=

7067.97 lbs/day

=

7067.97 x 3 lbs/day/3-scutcher

=

21203.91 lbs/day/3-scutcher

=

9618 kg/day/3-scutcher

Fine Cleaner B50:

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The Fine cleaner B 50 is suitable for all cotton provenances and man-made fibers with a staple length of up to 65 mm. The material is conveyed with a fan into the lamella chute, where the feeding distributes the material throughout the entire width of the chute. Under the pressure of the fan the material is compressed into a Sheet. The air is drawn off through the lamella and led into the filtration plant via the screening drum.

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ The screening and blind drum draws the sheet towards the feeding cylinders. These grip the sheet and lead it into the beating radius of the opening cylinder. The opening cylinder breaks the sheet up into tufts, which are trailed over the grid knives and combing segments. This causes the impurities to be separated from the fibers and removed. The waste is suctioned off in intervals.

CARDING INTRODUCTION

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__________________________________________________ "Card is the heart of the spinning mill" and "Well carded is half spun" are two proverbs of the experts. These proverbs inform the immense significance of carding in the spinning process. High production in carding to economies the process leads to reduction in yarn quality. Higher the production, the more sensitive becomes the carding operation and the greater danger of a negative influence on quality. The technological change that has taken place in the process of carding is remarkable. Latest machines achieve the production rate of 60 - 100 kgs / hr. THE PURPOSE OF CARDING: • To open the flocks into individual fibers • Cleaning or elimination of impurities • Reduction of neps • Elimination of dust • Elimination of short fibers • Fiber blending • Sliver formation

Types of CARDING There are two types of feeding to the cards • Feeding material in the form of lap • Chute feed system

Lap feeding: • Linear density of the lap is very good and it is easier to maintain (uniformity).

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__________________________________________________ • Auto levelers are not required, hence investment cost and maintenance cost is less. • Transportation of lap needs more manual efforts (more labour) • Lap run out is an additional source of fault, as it should be replaced by a new lap • More good fiber loss during lap change • More load on the taker-in, as laps are heavily compressed Chute feeding: • High performance in carding due to high degree of openness of feed web. • Labour requirement is less due to no lap transportation and lap change in cards. • Chute feeding is the only solution for high production cards. • Linear density of the web fed to the card is not as good as lap. • Auto leveler is a must, hence investment cost and maintenance cost is more. Trash and fly are removed from the processing elements of the machine by the card cleaning system, and are transported from the machine by a central dust extraction system. Sliver weight is continuously regulated by the auto leveler system, and the completed sliver is packaged into cans by the coiler. An automatic can changer may be fitted. The control system is based on a Card Controller which monitors machine operation and provides operator control and safety interlocks. Production parameters and other control settings are selected and monitored by means of the Card Manager, which also displays production data.

PRODUCTION Of CARD:

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Production of cotton cards: Delivery speed (mtr/min) x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 67(grains/yrd) =

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x efficiency 7000 x 100

140 x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 67 = -------------------------------------- X 0.80 7000 x 100

= 16.88 bags/day/card Production of polyester cards: Delivery speed (mtr/min) x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 70(grains/yrd) =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------- x efficiency 7000 x 100

150 x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 70 = -------------------------------------- X 0.80 7000 x 100

= 18.89 bags/day/card

COMBING _______________________________________-31Prepared by: Asif Nawaz

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__________________________________________________ For high quality yarns the sliver is combed after carding to make the fibers more parallel and remove the short fibers. Combing is the process which is used to upgrade the raw material. It influences the following yarn quality • Yarn Evenness • Yarn Strength • Yarn Cleanness • Yarn Smoothness • Visual Appearance

TECHNICAL POINTS IN COMBING: • The basic operation is to improve the mean length by removing short fibers. • Because of combing fiber parallelization increase. • Micronaire value after combing is less because the short fibers is removed. • Number of fibers per cross section increased so the strength of sliver also increased. • Combing % is 15%-25% depending on the short fiber content. • Combed yarn needs less twist then the carded yarn. • But extra cost, machinery, staff and loss of material. The combing machine is composed of eight heads which produce sliver. Each combing head is composed of feeder roller which holds the web and rotate it with out varying the structure.

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__________________________________________________ The rollers rotate slowly with continuous drive and bring the web forward to the combing unit made up of nippers which holds the fiber during the comb. The circular comb is no doubt the most important device in the machine, it is composed of a circular sector covered with needles and the density of the needles differ from the first lines to the last line. The circular comb turns quickly in a positive direction, penetrating the tuft of fiber to comb, removes the fibers that are not clasped by the nippers, and parallelized the others. The circular comb completes around 200-250 rpm. The fibers which are clasped in the nipper again combed by the liner comb. This is made up of a bar covered with very dense needles positioned vertically. The task of liner comb is to straightened the fibers and remove the curl, letting past those successfully combed and holding back those which will later be combed. These fibers are later doubled by a drawing aggregate of four on top of five cylinders to make two slivers which are taken to the collection cans.

Production P

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__________________________________________________ Kg/H

=

G X (1 - 100) X N ---------------------------------- X EFFICIENCY for (E7/4) 7XZ

G

=

Feed Weight grms/mtr

P

=

Noil % age

N

=

Nips / min

175

Z

=

Feed Change Gear

74 T

Kg/H

=

59.10 18%

18 59.10 X (1 - 100) X 175 ---------------------------------- X 90 7 X 74

=

59.10 X (1 – 0.18) X 175 ---------------------------------- X 90 7 X 74

Kg/H

=

59.10 X 0.82 X 175 ---------------------------------- X 90 7 X 74

Kg/H

=

14.73

Kg/H

Bags /Day =

7.79/comber

P Feed Weight x Feed/nip x (1 - 100) x Nips/min x no.of Heads x 60 Kg/H =------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ X Effi% 1000 x 1000 x 1.10

DRAW FRAME: _______________________________________-34Prepared by: Asif Nawaz

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__________________________________________________ Drawing is an operation by which slivers are blended, doubled or leveled and by drafting reduced to proper sized sliver suitable of being fed to the simplex. Draw frame contributes less than 5% to the production cost of yam; however its influence on quality of yam is significant. Draw frame process considerably influences the final product, as draw is last point of compensation for the elimination of errors produced by subsequent m/c. the inadequacies in the sliver leaving the draw frame pass in to the yarn and are reinforced by the drafting after the draw frame that is why yam can never be better in evenness than the sliver.

TASKS OF DRAW FRAME: • Through doubling the slivers are made even • Doubling results in homogenization(blending) • Through draft fibers get parallelized • Through the suction ,intensive dust removal is achieved • Auto leveler maintains absolute sliver fineness • Blending pc cvc pv etc

TECHNICAL POINTS: • Quality of the draw frame sliver determines the yarn quality. • Drawing is the final process of quality improvement in the spinning mill. • Drafting is the process of elongating a strand of fibers, with the intention of orienting the fibers in the direction of the strand and reducing its linear density. • Drawing apart of the fibers is affected by fibers being carried along with the roller surfaces. For this to occur, the fibers must move with the peripheral speed of the rollers. This transfer of the roller speed to the fibers represents one of the problems of drafting operation.

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ . • Roller drafting adds irregularities in the strand. • Drafting also actually reduced the strand irregularities by breaking down the fiber groups. Drafting is accompanied by doubling on the draw frame, this offsets the added irregularity. Drafting arrangement is the heart of the draw frame. The drafting arrangement should be • Simple. • Stable design with smooth running of rollers. • Able to run at higher speeds and produce high quality product • Flexible i.e. suitable to process different materials, fiber lengths and sliver hanks. • Able to have good fiber control. • Easy to adjust. . • Drafting is affected by the following raw material factors: • No. of fibers in the cross section. • Fiber fineness. • Degree of parallelization of the fibers. • Compactness of the fiber strand. DRAFTING WAVE: Floating fibers are subject to two sets of forces acting in opposite directions. The more number of fibers which are moving slowly because of the contact with the back rollers restrain the floating fibers from accelerating. The long fibers in contact with the front rollers tend to accelerate the floating fibers to the higher speed. As the floating fibers move away from the back roller, the restraining force by back roller held fibers reduces, and the front roller influence increases. At some balance point, a fiber accelerates suddenly from low to high speed. This balance point is compounded by the laws of

_______________________________________-36Prepared by: Asif Nawaz

ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ Friction, static friction being higher than dynamic friction. When one floating fiber accelerates, the neighboring short fibers suddenly feel one more element tending to accelerate them and one fewer trying to restrain them. Thus there may be an avalanche effect which results in drafting wave.

ADVANTAGES OF AUTOLEVELLER: • All variations are corrected • Count C.V % will be consistent and good. • Thin places in the sliver will be low • Ring frame breaks will come down, so that o Pneumafil waste will be less

o Fluff in the department will be less, therefore uster cuts will be less o Fabric quality will be good because of lower number of fluff in the yarn o Labour productivity will be more o Machine productivity will be more o Idle spindles will be less • RKM C.V % will be low, because of low number of thin places. • Sliver U%, hence yarn U% will be good

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________

SETTING BLEND RATIOS: Grains of polyester and cotton are set according to the drafting ability of the machines.

EXAMPLE

PC 65/35 POLYESTER

GRAINS NO OF CANES

COTTON

71

67

5

3

SUB TOTAL

71X5= 355

TOTAL GRAINS

355+201= 556

AVERAGE OF POLYESTER

355 X 100 = 63.85%

67X3= 201

556 AVERAGE OF COTTON

201 X 100 = 36.15% 556

EXAMPLE

PC 52/48 POLYESTER

GRAINS NO OF CANES

COTTON

71

67

4

4

SUB TOTAL

71X4= 284

TOTAL GRAINS

284+268= 552

AVERAGE OF POLYESTER

284 X 100 = 51.45%

67X4= 268

552 AVERAGE OF COTTON

268 X 100 =48.55 % 552

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________

EXAMPLE

CVC 60/40 POLYESTER

GRAINS NO OF CANES

COTTON

71

67

3

5

SUB TOTAL

71X3= 213

TOTAL GRAINS

213+335=548

AVERAGE OF POLYESTER

213 X 100 = 38.87 %

67X5= 335

548 AVERAGE OF COTTON

335 X 100 = 61.13% 548

EXAMPLE

CVC 80/20 POLYESTER

GRAINS NO OF CANES

COTTON

52

67

2

8

SUB TOTAL

52X2= 104

TOTAL GRAINS

104+402= 506

AVERAGE OF POLYESTER

104 X 100 = 20.55%

67X6= 402

506 AVERAGE OF COTTON

402 X 100 = 79.45% 506

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________

PRODUCTION OF DRAWING: (BREAKER, INTER) Draft: “Reduction of weight per yard of sliver is called draft” Grain feed Draft =

-------------------- x No. of doubling Grain delivered 67

Draft =

-------------------- x 8 70

Draft =

7.65

Production: Speed (mtr/min) x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 70 x 0.75(efficiency) = -------------------------------------------------------------------7000 350 x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 70 x 0.75 = -----------------------------------------7000 = 4134 lbs/day per single hand = 8268 lbs per two hand (1 m/c) Production

= 8268 lbs/day (1 m/c)

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________

Drawing Reiter:

Drafting Zone:

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__________________________________________________

The drafting system consists of a 4 over 3 drafting zone, equipped with: Four top rollers Top rollers (1, 2. 3) Deflection roller (7); Three bottom rolls back roll (4), Middle roll (5) Delivery roll (6). One pressure bar (8). The drafting system is suitable for: Draft range of 4.48 ... 11.69, and Fibers, ranging from comber nails to synthetic fibers with staple length of 80 mm. Production of Drawing: Draft: Grain feed Draft =

---------------

x No. of doubling

Grain delivered 70 Draft =

-------------------- x 6 70

=

6

Production: Speed (mtr/min) x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 70 x 0.85(efficiency) = -------------------------------------------------------------------7000 450 x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 70 x 0.85 = -----------------------------------------7000 = 6023 lbs/day per single mic =60.23 Bags/day

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________

SIMPLEX FRAME / ROVING FRAME Roving machine is complicated, liable to faults, causes defects, adds to production costs and delivers a product that is sensitive in both winding and unwinding. This machine is forced to use by the spinner for the following two reasons. 1) Sliver is thick, untwisted strand that tends to be hairy and to create fly. The draft needed to convert this is around 300 to 500. Drafting arrangements of ring frames are not capable of processing this strand in a single drafting operation to create a yarn that meets all the normal demands on such yarns. 2) Draw frame cans represent the worst conceivable mode of transport and presentation of feed material to the ring spinning frame.

TASKS OF ROVING FRAME: • Drafting the sliver into roving • Twisting the drafted strand • Winding the twisted roving on a bobbin TECHNICAL POINTS • Fiber to fiber cohesion is less for combed slivers. Rollers in the creel can easily create false drafts. Care must be taken to ensure that the slivers are passed to the drafting arrangement without disturbance. • Bobbin and flyer are driven separately, so that winding of the twisted strand is carried out by running the bobbin at a higher peripheral speed than the flyer. • The bobbin rail is moving up and down continuously, so that the coils must be wound closely and parallel to one another to ensure that as much as material is wound on the bobbin.

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__________________________________________________

• Since the diameter of the packages increases with each layer, the length of the roving per coil also will increase. Therefore the speed of movement of bobbin rail must be reduced by a small amount after each completed layer. • Length delivered by the front roller is always constant. Owing to the increase in the diameter of the package for every up and down movement, the peripheral speed of package should keep on changing , to maintain the same difference in peripheral speeds between package and flyer.

Flyer inserts twist: Each flyer rotation creates one turn in the roving. Twist per unit length of roving depends upon the delivery rate. Front roll delivery (inch/min) = (flyer rpm) / (TPI) Turns per inch = (flyer rpm) / (Front roll delivery)

Higher levels of roving twist, therefore, always represent production losses in Roving frame and possible draft problems in the ring spinning machine. But very low twist levels will cause false drafts and roving breaks in the roving frame. T.P.I T.P.I depends on the following factors Yarn Count The finer counts require more twist because the number of fibers per cross section of the thread is less. Staple Length The longer staple length of cotton requires less t.p.i as compare to the short staple Man Made Fibers Man made fibers require less t.p.i as compared to the natural fibers

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________

Roving strength: Roving

strength

is

a

major

factor

in

determining

winding

limitations.

It must be high enough for the fibers to hold together in a cohesive strand and low enough for satisfactory drafting at the spinning machine. The factors affecting roving strength are as follows: • The length, fineness, and parallelization of fibers • The amount of twist and compactness of the roving. • The uniformity of twist and linear density. Twist Multiplier: T.M = T.P.I Count

BLEND

RATIO

HANK

PC PC PC

65/35 CDD 65/35 CMD 52/48 CDD

ROVING 2.0 1.5 1.10

PC CVC pp

52/48 CMD 60/40 CDD 100%

0.90 0.70 0.92

COUNT 60 and above 40-60 24-40 13-23 Below 13 10-14

T.M

T.P.I

0.676 0.676 0.757

0.956 0.827 0.794

0.757 0.777 0.777

0.718 0.650 0.745

PRODUCTION OF SIMPLEX HANK ROVING = Draft x count feed HANK ROVING = 7.73 x 0.119 HANK ROVING = 0.92

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________

Total Draft Count Delivered Actual draft = --------------------Count Fed 0.92 Actual draft = ------------0.119 Actual draft =

7.73

Avg. Spindle speed x 60 x No. Of Spindle x24 x Eff% Prod. Of 20s =

-------------------------------------------------------------T.P.I x 36 x 840 x Count. 1000 x60 x120 x24 x 0.85

=

----------------------------------0.718 x 36 x 840 x 0.90

= 7353lbs/day/frame LENGTH OF FULL ROVING ON BOBBIN =Weight of full bobbin x 840 x 36 x H.R TOTAL TWIST ON BOBBIN =Length of bobbin x T.P.I TIME TO BUILD A BOBBIN = total twist on bobbin Flyer rpm

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________

SIMPLEX FAULTS:1. More U %age: More U % age or C.V. % in roving is due to more U % age in Feeding sliver . 2. UNEQUAL TAPER: If taper at the both ends of package, stability will suffer. 3. STRETCHED ROVING: Less reduction in roving make the roving finer then the actual count which increase U % age and C.V. % age 4. SLUBS IN ROVING: Causes I.

More waste in feeding material

II.

More short fiber

IV.

Fly accumulation on creel, etc.

5. MORE AND LESS TAPER TO PACKAGE Causes: Incorrect size of taper gear.

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__________________________________________________

RING FRAME: After the roving frame yarn-manufacturing process is started. The process

is

accomplished by using ring frame which performs following functions.

FUNCTIONS OF RING FRAME: • To draft the roving until the required fineness is achieved. • To impart strength to the fiber, by inserting twist. • To wind up the twisted strand (yarn) in a form suitable for storage, transportation and further processing.

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__________________________________________________

ADVANTAGES OF RING FRAME: It is universally applicable, i.e. any material can be spun to any required count. It is simple and easy to master. The know-how is well established and accessible for everyone.

CREEL: Creel is a simple device as design is concerned. These are mounted on several rails arranged one behind the other and extending over the whole length of machine. There is one holder for each spindle.

DRAFTING Drafting arrangement is the most important part of the machine. It influences mainly evenness and strength. If higher drafts can be used with a drafting arrangement, then coarser roving can be used as a feeding material. This results in higher production rate at the roving frame and thus reducing the number roving machines required, space, personnel.

SPINDLE & THERE DRIVES: Spindles and their drive have a great influence on power consumption and noise level in the machine. The running characteristics of a spindle, especially imbalance and eccentricity relative to the ring flange, also affect yarn quality and of course the number of end breakage. Almost all yarn parameters are affected by poorly running spindles

LAPPET GUIDE: Lappet guide performs the same sequence of movements as the ring rail, but with a shorter stroke. This helps to control the yarn tension variation with in control, so that ends down rate and yarn characteristics are under control.

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__________________________________________________

Traveler: Traveler imparts twist to the yarn. Traveler and spindle together help to wind the yarn on the bobbin. Length wound up on the bobbin corresponds to the difference in peripheral speeds of the spindle and traveler. If traveler weight is too low, the bobbin becomes too soft. If a choice is available between two traveler weights, then the heavier is normally selected, since it will give greater cop weight, smoother running of the traveler and better transfer of heat out of traveler. When the yarn runs through the traveler, some fibers are liberated. Most of these fibers float away as dust in to the atmosphere, but some remain caught on the traveler and they can accumulate and form a tuft. This will increase the mass of traveler and will result in end break because of higher yarn tension. T.M BLEND

RATIO

(Approximation) WEAVING KNITTING 3.35 3.0 3.55 3.10

PC PC

65/35 52/48

CVC

60/40

3.80

3.20

CVC COTTON

80/20 100%

4.00 4.40

3.4 3.90

100%

2.90

2.50

PP

Actual draft =

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ Count delivered = --------------------------Count fed 30 = -------------0.92 =

32.60

Avg. Spindle speed x 60 x No. Of Spindles x 24 x Eff%

Production = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------T.P.I x 36 x 840 x Count.

Ounce / spindle/shift (ops) Avg. Spindle speed x 60 x No. Of Spindles x 8 x Eff% =

-------------------------------------------------------------------T.P.I x 36 x 840 x Count

Average Count (count1xbags)+ (count2xbags) + (count n x bags) =

------------------------------------------------------------Total bags

Average OPS Total bags x 100 x 16 = -----------------------------------3 x total spindles COUNT OF DOUBLE YARN: TM of double yarn is 0.7 of the single yarn

_______________________________________-51Prepared by: Asif Nawaz

ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ For example 30/1 CD W TM of Single Yarn

4.50

TM of Double Yarn

4.5 x 0.7 =

3.15

Count of double yarn

15

TPI of double yarn

=

3.15

TPI of double yarn

=

12.19

TPI of double yarn

=

15

12 - 13

If more then one counts need to be doubled For example 30/1 and 40/1 1 --------

1 =

1

-------- + --------- …………… --------------

Cr

C1

C2

1

1

1

-------Cr 1 -------

=

30

40 4

+

3

= ---------------------------120

1

7

Cr

Cn

-------- + ---------

Cr --------

1

=

----------120 120

-------------- = Cr = 120

7

--------

=

17.14

7

AUTO CONER

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________

AUTO CONER The winding process has become an integral part of most of the spinning.Thus the basic function of winding machine is the transfer of yarn from number relatively small ring bobbins on to wound big package suitable for transport and for further processing. The

_______________________________________-53Prepared by: Asif Nawaz

ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ winding machine also ensures the continuity of the yarn from these packages by proper knotting or piecing. The 2nd important function of winding machine is the removal of spinning faults, usually quite common in ring bobbins, these faults include, thick and thin places, neps bad piecing, soft ends, loose lint and sloughing off, etc.

USUAL PASSAGE OF YARN: In a typical winding machine the yarn passes from the supply bobbin through a tensioning device, a slub remove, a tension bracket, over a package lever and finally on to take up package. Most modern winding machines are equipped with the thread detectors which detect the presence of thread and if it is broken, it is automatically repaired by knotters or splicers. The bobbins are placed in a magazine and when a bobbin finishes out it can be automatically replaced a full one. The tensioners detect whether the yarn passing through them is of the required strength or not. If a yarn has a thin place, a bad piecing or soft ends it will not be able to tolerate the exerted tension and will break. The faulty region is then removed and yarn is knotted or pieced together by auto knotters or splicers. An unusually thick in the yarn (slub) is removed by slub removers, which are of various types.

SPECIAL FEATURES OF MACHINE: BAL-CON: Bal-Con: The Balloon Controller.

Balloon control ring is attached to a specially designed electronic system comprises on sensors. Balloon control ring and specially designed electronic system works as one assembly. Both sensors sense the presence of yarn on bobbin. As sensors found no yam

in front of sensors the whole assembly slides down a little to keep the balloon length constant. Thus balloon is kept constant from start of bobbin till end of bobbin. Hence

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__________________________________________________ we are able to control yarn tension constant which causes yarn breaks. Thus breaks are controlled. Thus enhancing the unwinding efficiency/speed.

PRE CLEARER: It is situated after Bal-Con to control the passage of more than one thread, as some time due to sloughing off more layers are collectively unwound that will trapped in the clearer but it can damaged clearer.

SPLICER: It is device used to join the two ends of yarn having same count in such away that one can not distinguish between the parent yam and joint or in other words it splices them together without a knot.

YARN CLEARER: It detects thick, thin places, colored fibers, polythene and foreign matters etc.

FREQUENTLY OCCURING YARN FAULTS: Yarn faults from staple fibers contains imperfections which can be subdivided in to the following three categories. Thick Places Thin Places Slubs Thick and Thin places referring to those which can be classified the term “imperfection” exceed +30% or -30% with respect to the mean value of yarn cross section size. The type of imperfections referred as Neps can over step +100% limits. A nep is a very short thick place in the yarn. It can be either a seed coat nep or fiber nep.

USTER SETTING:

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ S

150%

1.5 CM

L

40%

40 CM

T

-40%

40CM

Auto cone production 30/s: Delivery speed (mtr/min) x 1.0936 x60 x24 x no.spindles x eff%

Production =

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------840 x count x 100 1000 x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 60 x 0.72

Production =

--------------------------------------------840 x 30 x 100

Production = 54 bags/day/mic Cone wt x ct x 840 Length = --------------------------1.0936 4.17 x 30 x 840 Length

= --------------------------1.0936

Length

= 96,090 meters

SPIN PLAN FOR 40/1 PC 52/48 CD K Auto Cone:

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________

Delivery speed (mtr/min) x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x no.spindles x eff%

Production =

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------840 x count x 100 1000 x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 60 x 0.72

Production =

--------------------------------------------840 x 40 x 100

Production = 24.30 bags/day/auto cone No of auto cones require = ring production/production of one auto cone No of auto cones require = 265/24.30 = 10

Ring: Avg. Spindle speed x 60 x No. Of Spindles x 24 x Eff%

Production = -----------------------------------------------------------------T.P.I x 36 x 840 x Count x 100 19,000x 60 x 480 x 24 x0.92 Production

= -----------------------------------19.60 x 36 x 840 x 40 x 100 = 5.09 bags/day/frame =5.09x52= 265 bags/52 frames

SIMPLEX: Ring consumption = 265x (100/100-waste) Ring consumption = 265x (100/100-3) Ring consumption = 273 bags H.R =1.20 TM = 0.757 T.P.I = 0.829

Avg. Spindle speed x 60 x No. Of Spindle x24 x Eff%

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ Production =

-------------------------------------------------------------T.P.I x 36 x 840 x Count. 1100 x60 x120 x24 x 0.85

Production =

-------------------------------------0.829 x 36 x 840 x 1.20 x 100

Production =

53.70 bags/day/frame

No of simplex frame require = ring consumption/production of one simplex frame No of simplex require=273/53.70 No of simplex require= 5 simplex

Finisher Drawing: Simplex consumption: 273x (100/100-2) Simplex consumption: 278.57bags Production: Speed (mtr/min) x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 70 x 0.85(efficiency) = -------------------------------------------------------------------7000 x 100 400 x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 70 x 0.85 = -----------------------------------------7000 x 100 = 54.53bags/day/drawing No of drawings require = simplex consumption/production of onedrawing No of drawings require=278.57/54.53 No of simplex require= 5

Inter Drawing:

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ Finisher consumption: 278.57bags Production: Speed (mtr/min) x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 70 x 0.75(effi) = -------------------------------------------------------------7000 x 100 300 x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 70 x 0.75 = -----------------------------------------7000 x 100 = 35.43bags/day per single hand = 70.68 bags (double delivery) No of drawings require = finisher consumption/production of one drawing No of drawings require=278.57/70.68 No of drawings require= 4

Polyester % = 278.57 x 0.52 = 144.85 bags Cotton %

= 278.57 x 0.48 = 133.71 bags

Card :( polyester) Inter consumption: 144.85bags Delivery speed (mtr/min) x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 70(grains/yrd) =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------- x efficiency 7000 x 100 150 x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 67 = -------------------------------------- X 0.80 7000 x 100

= 18.89 bags/day/card No of cards require = inter consumption/production of one card No of cards

=144.85/18.89

No of cards require for polyester= 8

Production of cotton cards:

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________ Inter consumption: 133.71bags Delivery speed (mtr/min) x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 67(grains/yrd) =

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x efficiency 7000 x 100 140 x 1.0936 x 60 x 24 x 67 = -------------------------------------- X 0.80 7000 x 100

= 16.88 bags/day/card No of cards require = inter consumption/production of one card No of cards

=133.71/16.88

No of cards require for polyester= 8

BLOW ROOM: Input of cotton cards = 133.71(100/100-16) = 159.18 bags No of bales require for cotton

= 159.18 x 45.36/160

No of bales require for cotton

= 45 bales

Input of polyester cards = 144.85(100/100-2) = 147.80 bags No of bales require for cotton

= 147.80 x 45.36/350

No of bales require for polyester= 19 bales

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD

__________________________________________________

TESTING & QUALITY CONTROL INTRODUCTION: The testing of fibers is always of critical importance to the spinner as the fiber characteristics have a decisive impact on the running behaviour of the production machines, as well as on the yam quality and manufacturing costs. The quality control department plays an integral role in the modern spinning mills Following are the test results obtained with HVI Spectrum.

The Result Micronaire Maturity Upper Half

Abbreviation Mic. Mat Mean

Length Uniformity Index Short Fiber index Strength Elongation Moisture Reflectance yellowness Colour Neps

UHML UI SFI Str Elg Moist. Rd +b C Grade Nep

FIBER NEPS: Fiber neps are generally defined as entanglements of several fibers. Mechanical treatment of the cotton fibers during harvesting, ginning and opening and cleaning of

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__________________________________________________ the fibers in the spinning plant generate them. Neps are reduced at carding and combing. The amount of reduction highly depends on the machine performance, the production level and the overall quality that the spinning mill wants to achieve.

NEPS DEVELOPMENT DURING PROCESS: Neps do not "grow" on the plant. Seed cotton does not contain any neps. However, as soon as the fibers are picked - and especially when they are picked mechanically neps are introduced to the fibers. The amount of neps further increases in ginning and in opening and cleaning of the spinning mill. The main reduction takes place during carding and combing.

HARVESTING/ GINNING:

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__________________________________________________ Neps are first created when the cotton is harvested mechanically (stripper or spindle picked). Stripper harvesting is considered more aggressive than picker harvesting, which can result in higher nep levels after ginning. Also, different cotton varieties and origins are ginned by different ginning techniques: Roller or saw ginned. Roller ginning is generally less aggressive and creates less neps. Most long and extra long staple cottons are roller ginned since it preserves fiber length better than saw ginning. However, roller gins have generally a much lower production rate than saw gins. Therefore, most medium to short staple cottons are saw ginned which results in higher nep and also higher short fiber content.

SEED COAT NEPS: Seed coat neps are fragments of the cottonseed that still have some fibers attached. They are created mainly in ginning when the fibers are being separated from the seed. The amount of seed coat neps in raw cotton depends on the quality and the aggressiveness of the ginning process.

MICRONAIRE (MIC-):

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__________________________________________________ A fiber sample of constant weight is measured by pacing air through the fibers and measuring the drop in pressure. Other factors such as fineness and maturity have an influence on micronaire results.

Micronaire

Description

Less than 3.0

Very fine

3.0 to 3.6

Fine

3.7 to 4.7

Medium

4.8 to 5.4

Coarse

5.5 and higher

Very coarse

LENGTH: Fiber length is one of the most important fiber properties. Each spinning system requires a suitable fiber length in order to operate efficiently. In addition, the following general rule applies for most cotton fibers:

Staple Description

Inches

Millimeters

Short

< 1"

<25.4

Medium

1 1/32" - 1 5/32"

26.2 - 29.4

Long

1 3/16" - 1 1/4"

30.2 - 31.7

Extra-Long

> 1 9/32"

>32.5

UNIFORMITY INDEX (UI):

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__________________________________________________ The Uniformity index expresses the ratio of the Mean Length to the Upper Half Mean length in percent.

Uniformity Index = Mean length /Upper Half Mean Length x 100.

Uniformity Index

Description

Below 77 77 to 80 81 to 84 85 to 87 87 and Higher

Very low Low Medium High Very High

SHORT FIBER INDEX (SFI): The SFI is an indication of the amount of fibers (%) that arc less than 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) in length. It correlates very well to the AF1S Short Fibre Content by weight (SFCw).

Short Fiber Index

Description

Below 6

Very low

6 to 9

Low

10 to 13

Medium

14 to 17

High

18 and Higher

Very High

. STRENGTH: The bundle strength is the breaking strength of the cotton fibers in grams per tex

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__________________________________________________ Strength (grams/Tex) Lest than 21 22 to 24 25 to 27 28 to 30 31 and Higher

Description Very weak Weak Medium Strong Very strong

ELONGATION (ELG.): Elongation is measurement the elastic behavior of the bundle.

Elongation

Description

Less than 5.0

Very low

5.0 to 5,8

LOW

5.0 to 6.7

Medium

6.8 to 7.6

High

7.7 and Higher

Very High

MOISTURE (MOIST.): Moisture is the percentage of water (H2O) that is present in the sample being nested. Moisture in the cotton varies with time, temperature, and humidity to which the samples have been exposed. The best level of precision and accuracy arc obtained when sample moisture has an average of 6.5% - 8%.

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__________________________________________________

Moisture

Description

Below 4.5

Very low

4.5 to 6.5

Low

6.5 to 8.0

Medium

8.0 to 10.0

High

10.0 and Higher

Very High

REFLECTANCE (Rd): This value expresses the whiteness of the light that is reflected by the cotton fibers.It is used in conjunction with the yellowness (+b) to determine the instrument-measured colour grade of the cotton.

YELLOWNESS (+b): This value expresses the yellowness of the light that is reflected by the cotton fibre. The yellowness (+b) of the sample is determined by using a yellow filter. It corresponds to the +b value represented in the Nickerson/Hunter color chart.

USTER AFIS PRO (Advanced Fiber Instrument System) Uster Afis Pro is the only instrument which calculates the single fiber in order to calculate the neps in the sliver. it calculates the 3,000 fibers of the sample and calculates the following Mean Length by weight

L (W)

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__________________________________________________ Length Variation by weight

L (W) cv%

Upper Quartile Length by weight

UQL (W)

Short Fiber Content weight

SFC (W)

Mean Length by Number

L (N)

Length Variation by Number

L (N) cv %

5%Length by Number

L (N) 5%

Short Fiber Content Number

SFC (N)

Maturity Ratio

Mat

Immature Fiber Content

IFC%

L (N) “The mean length by number is the average fiber length of all fibers in the sample” L (N) cv % “The variation in length by number is the average fiber length of all fibers in the sample” L (N) 5% “The 5% length by number is the length of longer 5% fibers in the cotton sample” SFC (N) “SFC by number is the %age of all the fibers in the cotton sample that are shorter then 0.5” or 12.7 mm.” L (W) “The mean length by weight is the average fiber length of all fibers in the sample” L (W) cv % “The variation in length by weight is the average fiber length of all fibers in the sample” SFC (W)

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__________________________________________________ “SFC by weight is the %age of all the fibers with in the cotton sample that are shorter then 0.5” or 12.7 mm.” UQL (W) “The upper quartile length by weight is the length which 25% of all fibers by weight exceed in a cotton sample”

Range of Neps and Seed Coat Neps(SCN) in Raw Cotton SHORT AND MEDIUM STAPLE NEPS/G ∠ 101-200 201-300 301-450

100

SCN/G ∠ 11-20 21-30 31-45

> 451

10

> 46

DESCRIPTION VERY LOW LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH

LONG STAPLE NEPS/G ∠ 101-150 151-200 201-250

100

SCN/G ∠ 8-12 13-20 21-25

> 251

7

> 20

DESCRIPTION VERY LOW LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH

SHORT FIBER CONTENT: All the fibers have more or less the same length while still on the plant. Fiber length reduced with any mechnical treatment during harvesting, ginning, opening and cleaning in the spinning mill. Short fiber content is expressed as a %age of all the fibers with in the cotton sample that are shorter then 0.5” or 12.7 mm.”

SFC in SHORT AND MEDIUM STAPLE

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__________________________________________________ SFC(N) ∠ 19-23 24-28 29-33

SFC(W) ∠ 6-8 9-11 12-14

18

> 34

DESCRIPTION VERY LOW LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH

5

> 15

SFC in LONG STAPLE NEPS/G ∠ 14-18 19-22 22-24

SCN/G

DESCRIPTION VERY LOW LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH

< 4

14 4-6 6-7 7-8 > 24

> 8

MATURITY INDEX / IFC/ (MAT.): The USTER AFIS PRO is the only instrument that measures the maturity of single fibers, resulting in a maturity distribution within a cotton sample. The AFIS measures maturity indirectly by measuring a two dimensional fiber shape. The Immature Fiber Content (IFC) is the percent of all fibers within a cotton sample that have a cell wall thickness covering less than 25% of the full area.

SHORT AND MEDIUM STAPLE MATURITY

DESCRIPTION

IFC

∠ 0.7 0.76-0.85 0.86-0.90 0.91-0.95

VERY IMMATURE IMMATURE MATURE MATURE

DESCRIPTION ∠ 6

6-8 9-11 12-14

VERY LOW LOW MEDIUM HIGH

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__________________________________________________ > 0.96

>

VERY MATURE

15

VERY HIGH

LONG STAPLE MATURITY

DESCRIPTION

IFC

∠ 0.8 0.81-0.86 0.87-0.92 0.93-0.95 > 0.96

VERY IMMATURE IMMATURE MATURE MATURE VERY MATURE

DESCRIPTION ∠ 6

6-8 9-11 12-14 >

15

VERY LOW LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH

Zweigle Hairiness Tester is used in the mill site to measure the hairiness in the yarn. Hairiness is a descriptive term used to describe the larger number of fiber ends or looped fibers projecting free from the yarn. Hairiness is expressed as

“The number of fibers projecting per unit length (mm) METHOD OF MEASURING HAIRINESS: The basis of the method of measurement is photometry. The projecting fibers interrupt a light beam and creat a change in its brightness. This brightness is recorded by phototransistors at a number of intervals that provide the test data. The yarn is sensed by nine phototransistors simultaneously in different length zone ( 1,2,3,4,6,8,10,12,15mm) for the purpose of counting the number of projecting fibers.

Hairiness is generally regarded as undesirable because of the following reasons.

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__________________________________________________ 1. It adversely affects the appearance of yarns and fabrics. Hairiness in yarns leads to fuzzy and hazy appearance of fabric. According to Uster 15% of fabric defects and quality problems stem from hairiness. 2. Long hairs in yarn lead to more warp breaks and fabric defects like stitches and floats. 3. Excessive lint droppings in sizing loom shed and during knitting are encountered with hairy yarns because of shedding of hairs and broken hairs. 4. In printed goods, prints will be misty and lack sharpness if yarn is hairy. 5. In sewing breakages will be high with hairy yarns

Is hairiness undesirable? In spite of these drawbacks, hairiness has some beneficial effects. It adds to the textile character of the fabric and contributes to comfort, liveliness, skin friendliness and warmth. This will be apparent from a comparison of fabrics made from filament yarn and staple fibre yarn of the same type of fibre and count. Fabric made from filament yarn will have ‘plastic’ feel. Warmth found in woollen cardigans, shawls and flannel fabrics is to some extent due to hairiness. Hairiness also adds to fullness and cover of fabric. Further hairiness assists weft insertion in air jet looms because of grip provided by it.

Factors influencing Hairiness: • Fibre length, short fibre content, fineness and rigidity are the most important properties of fibre that influence hairiness. • A significant correlation is found between hairiness and fibre length and uniformity ratio.

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__________________________________________________ • Yarns from shorter and variable cottons are more hairy. As a result any process from picking to ginning to opening of cotton those results in fibre breakages will increase hairiness in yarns. • Hairiness increases with coarseness of fibre, because of higher resistance to twisting. • Hairiness is higher with very low and very high micronaire cottons. Hairiness is lowest with cottons of 4.2 – 4.4 micronaire. With low micronaire cottons, fibre breakages will be higher and sticking tendency will also be more. As a result, hairiness will be higher. With high micronaire cottons, fibre rigidity will be more leading to higher hairiness. • Fibre length and short fibre content have maximum influence on hairiness.

Mode of formation: • Count and twist have considerable influence on hairiness. •

Higher spindle speed is generally found to increase hairiness.

•

Heavier traveller up to a limit reduces hairiness because of improved flow of twist to front roller nip.

• Hairiness is found to increase over the traveller replacement cycle because of traveller wear and tear. • Worn out ring is a major cause of hairiness, when rings are more than 3 years old, hairiness starts increasing. Replacement of rings will bring significant reduction in hairiness. • Disturbed spindle centering is one of the major causes for the spindle-to-spindle variation in hairiness. On spindles where cantering is disturbed, hairiness is found to be higher and upon accurate centering hairiness comes down significantly.

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__________________________________________________ • Recommended humidity in ring frame department is 55 – 60%. At higher humidity levels, fibres tend to stick to drafting rollers resulting in protruding hairs and loops. At low humidity levels static generation causes repulsion of fibres, particularly with p/v and p/c blends, leading to more hairiness.

Modifications to Reduce Hairiness Compact Spinning Major cause for hairiness is the spinning triangle at front roller delivery point, which restricts flow of twist up to nip. In compact spinning, a condensing zone is introduced after normal drafting zone, as a result, the strand width becomes closer to yarn diameter and the size of spinning triangle is considerably reduced. Selvedge fibres get fully integrated into yarn and projecting fibres are markedly reduced.

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__________________________________________________

Comparison of Compact and Normal spinning Several manufacturers have developed compact spinning based on different versions of condensing system.

SuessenEliTe The condensing zone consists of a lattice apron, located at the bottom and driven by the delivery top roller. The apron runs over a profile tube, which has a slot S, at the middle. Suction is applied through the slot. Front top roller of drafting system drives the delivery top roller through a gear. The diameter of delivery roller is slightly higher than front roller of drafting system, due to which the fibres in the strand are delivered in a straightened condition. Air drawn through inclined slot causes rotation of fibres around their axis, which contributes to better integration of short fibres into strand.

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__________________________________________________

Seussenelite Compact Spinning

Rieter Comfor Spin System:

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__________________________________________________ A perforated drum replaces the front bottom roller of drafting . A stationery insert, I, with a specially designed suction slot, in the middle over a length S, is located inside the drum. Apart from the normal top roller a second nip roller, with weighting, is also placed on the drum. Condensation of strand takes place in the zone between the top roller and nip roller As a result of suction inside the drum, the fibres follow the suction slot and get condensed. An air guide element ensures that suction operates in the slot area. The system is suitable only cottons beyond 1.07 inch length and is therefore

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__________________________________________________ applicable

for

finer

counts.

.

Rieter ComforSpin Compact Spinning

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__________________________________________________ Compact spinning has however the following limitations • The improvements in hairiness and strength are marginal with long staple cottons with higher uniformity in fibre length. The system may not be advantageous in combed counts as short fibre content will be low. • Power consumption will be higher as power is required to run suction motor • Maintenance and cleaning cost will be higher as the perforated aprons; slots have to be cleaned regularly

PACKING _______________________________________-79Prepared by: Asif Nawaz

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__________________________________________________ Packing is the last stage in the yarn manufacturing process. Packing incharge under the super vision of GM mills is held responsible for all the issues relating to the packing of the yarn. There are two types of packing Export Packing “Cartons are used in the export packing” Local Packing “Poly propylene bags are used for local packing” Each bag weight is 100 lbs or 45.36 kgs(excluding tare) In packing department following kinds of cones are packed: • 4.17 lbs(24 cones/Bag) • 2.5 lbs(40 cones/Bag) • 2.08 lbs(48 cones/Bag)

24 CONES EXPORT PACKING Particulars CARTONS WITH SHEET PAPER CONE POLYTHENE BAG BAILING HOOPS BAILING CLIPS PACKING TAPE TOTAL

Specifications 30.5X13.5X23" 5PLY 15X18" 72 yards

40 CONES EXPORT PACKING Particulars CARTONS WITH SHEET PAPER CONE POLYTHENE BAG BAILING HOOPS BAILING CLIPS PACKING TAPE TOTAL

Specifications 30.5X13.5X24" 5PLY 12X16" 72 yards

weight 1.585(Kg) 1.44(Kg) 82.8(g) 80(g) 7(g) 35(g) 3.23(Kg) weight 1.635(Kg) 2.4(Kg) 102.56(g) 80(g) 7(g) 35(g) 4.26(Kg)

40 CONES EXPORT PACKING Particulars

Specifications

weight

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__________________________________________________ CARTONS WITH SHEET PAPER CONE POLYTHENE BAG BAILING HOOPS BAILING CLIPS PACKING TAPE TOTAL

31X13.5X26" 5PLY 12X16" 72 yards

1.685(Kg) 2.4(Kg) 102.56(g) 80(g) 7(g) 35(g) 4.31(Kg)

48 CONES EXPORT PACKING Particulars CARTONS WITH SHEET PAPER CONE POLYTHENE BAG BAILING HOOPS BAILING CLIPS PACKING TAPE TOTAL

Specifications 33X13.5X22.5" 5PLY 12X16" 72 yards

weight 1.735(Kg) 2.88(Kg) 123.07(g) 80(g) 7(g) 35(g) 4.86(Kg)

24 CONES LOCAL PACKING Particulars POLYPROPYLENE BAGS PAPER CONE POLYTHENE BAG JUTE STRING TOTAL

Specifications 33X46" 5PLY 15X18"

weight 125(g) 1.44(Kg) 82.8(g) 5(g) 1.65(Kg)

Specifications 36x46" 5PLY 12X16"

weight 130(g) 2.4(Kg) 102.56(g) 5(g) 2.63(Kg)

40 CONES LOCAL PACKING Particulars POLYPROPYLENE BAGS PAPER CONE POLYTHENE BAG JUTE STRING TOTAL

Pallet Packing:

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__________________________________________________ On demand of the customer wooden pallet packing is also use. It is easy to handle and transport.

Pallet Detail Count Cone Weight No of cones per layer 7x6 No of layers Cones per pallet 42 x 14 Net yarn weight per pallet kg 1.89 x Total yarn weight net 18 x 1111.32 DESCRIPTION Wooden Pallet(45 x 52”) Corner Sheets(24 x 96”) Sheets(Plain+Hole) Rapping Film Paper Cones(588) Polythene Bags Bailing Hopes and Clip Pallet Tare

= = = =

30/1 pc 52/48 4.167 lbs 42 14 588 1111.32 kg 20003.76 kg ONE PALLET KGS 26 4.25 38.94 0.9 35 2.20 0.15 107.44

18 PALLETS KGS 468 76.5 700.92 16.2 630 39.60 2.7 1933.92

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__________________________________________________

PROCEDURE FOR DESPATCH OF FINISHED GOODS RESPONSIBILITY;

1.0

Excise incharge under the supervision of C.M.A is responsible for all the activities of dispatch.

3.0

PROCEDURE;

3.1

PRODUCTION; a) Every morning, the production incharge gives the detail of yarn produced during the last 24 hours. using cones counting basis, to excise incharge.On the basis of information received, excise incharge prepares Yarn Production Report in bags. This report is E-mail to accounts and marketing department at head office. b) Packing incharge arranges the packing of cones in bags with the help of palledar team. After packing, excise incharge arranges weighment of yarn bags with the help of palledar team and notes down the weights of these bags on Yarn Weighment Performa. c) After packing and weighment, the bags of yarn are labeled according to the instructions received from the marketing department. d) After labeling, excise incharge arranges stacking of bags in godown EB-4, according to there count and blend, with the help of palledar team. After staking, excise incharge prepares Daily Yarn Stock Report and Yarn Weighment Report. This report is E-mail to accounts and marketing department at head office.

3.2

DESPATCH/CLEARANCE; Delivery Order is issued by Manager Marketing to dispatch the Yarn for export and local. On receipt of Delivery Order, excise Incharge and security officer check signature with specimen available to them, to confirm its validity. The excise incharge also checks the particulars of goods to be dispatched with the Daily Yarn Stock Report. In case of any discrepancy, he immediately informs the C.M.A at mills and marketing department at head office.

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__________________________________________________ 3.2.1

LOCAL DESPATCH/CLEARANCE

a) After receipt and verification of Delivery Order, excise incharge arranges the transportation for consignment, if not done by the buyer.

b) On arrival of vehicle at mills gate the particulars of vehicle are verified with bilty. Then, in the presence of security guard it is weighed on the weigh bridge located near the mills.

c) After weighment, the vehicle particulars are recorded in the Yarn Dispatch Register maintained at mills gate.

d) For loading of yarn , the following three officers are present in the yarn stock godown EB-4 Excise incharge Packing incharge Security inspector These three officers physically count the stock of yarn in godown EB-4 before loading and note down on Yarn Delivery Performa.In the absence of excise incharge, management trainee and in the absence of packing incharge assistant spinning master arranges loading.

e) These officers then, in there presence, allow loading of yarn in the vehicle, as per Delivery Order, these goods are loaded in the vehicle through trolleys by palledar team.

f) During loading, on exit of every trolley, the number of bags are noted down on Yarn Delivery Performa taken by the trolley to the vehicle.

g) The stock in the godown after loading is physically re-checked by the above said officers to confirm that the physical stock is equal to the quantity calculated by deducting the Delivery Order quantity from the stock physically counted before loading.

h) The excise incharge prepares the Outward gate pass in quadruplicate. White copy for accounts deportment at head office, blue for mills gate, yellow for customer and pink is retained for record. The Outward gate pass is authorized by G.M and C.M.A

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__________________________________________________ .In the absence of G.M, it signed by M.M and in the absence of C.M.A. the person who is authorized to do so sign it.

i) The excise incharge also maintains Sales Tax Invoice register (Annexure-I) for sales tax purpose. Every OGP is given a particular number from Sales Tax Invoice register and sent to accounts department on daily basis.

j) The excise incharge gives two sets of documents to the driver. First set contains yellow copy of gate pass and bilty(original bilty is kept for record) where as the second set contains copy of delivery order(fax copy),white and blue copy of gate pass. After, this he allows the vehicle to go at mills gate

k) At mills gate, driver gives the second set of documents to the security personal who compares the delivery order and gate pass. The vehicle is reweighed on the same weighbridge. If all the documents are in order then security inspector stamp “DELIVERD” on the back of Delivery Order and allows the vehicle to pass the gate. He also makes the entry in Yarn Dispatch Register .

3.2.2

EXPORT DESPATCH/CLEARANCE a) In case of export dispatch, export manager at head office arranges the transport for the consignment.

b) Excise incharge examines the condition of container and confirms whether it meets the export standards, free from all kinds of harmful objects, which may deteriorate yarn quality etc.

c) Point no 3.2.1(b) to (k) above points are as they are, except weighment of empty and load vehicle.

3.2.3

The excise incharge also prepares Yarn Clearance Report. Yarn Clearance Report is sent through E-mail to accounts, marketing and internal audit departments at head office.

3.2.4

The excise incharge also maintains Third Party Stock Register.

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__________________________________________________ MACHINERY LIST UNIT-1 Sr# Department Name of Machine

Make

Modle

Year

Qty.

1

China China

China

F A 00 A O 45 B F A 106 AA

1994 1989 1989

1 2 1

China

F A 00

1994

1

China China China China China

F A 002 D

2003 1989 1989 1996 2000 2003

1 2 1 1 2 1

2007

1

2003 1989 1992 1998 1997 1997 2000 1973 1982 1987 1973 1980 1987 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1984 1989 1986 1989 2000 2001

1 4 4 4 4 4 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 5 2 5 2 7 2 8 7 1

2

3

4

5

Mixing

Auto plucker Auto plucker Parco pine opner

Wste opener (polyestr) Bale opner Auto plucker (cotton) Auto plucker Pan condencer Blow Room Auto blender Auto blender Auto blender B 11 Rieter Vetal scan (48 Series) B 50 Reiter Scutcher Carding Card Crossrol Card Crossrol Card Crossrol Card Crossrol Card Crossrol Combing Sliver Lap Rieter Sliver Lap Rieter Sliver Lap Rieter Ribbon Lap Rieter Ribbon Lap Rieter Ribbon Lap Rieter Comber Rieter Comber Rieter Comber Rieter Comber Rieter Comber Rieter Comber Rieter Comber Rieter Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing

A 000 685 A 000 685 A 000 685 Swiss B 11 Cccm India 03/ S 48 S Swiss B 50 FA 141 China England MK 5 A England MK 5 A England MK 5 B England MK 5 C England MK 5 D Swiss E2 / 4A Swiss E2 / 4A Swiss E2 / 4A Swiss E4 / 1A Swiss E4 / 1A Swiss E4 / 1A Swiss E7 / 4 Swiss E7 / 4 Swiss E7 / 4 Swiss E7 / 4 Swiss E7 / 4 Swiss E7 / 4 Swiss E7 / 4 CheryHara DX 500 Toyoda DYH 20 Toyoda DYH 500C Reiter RSBD 30 C Reiter RSBD 30

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__________________________________________________

6 7

Simplex Ring Auto Cone

Simplex

Toyoda

FL- 16

1989

3

Simplex

Toyoda

FL- 16

1991

6

Ring Ring Murata Mach Coner Murata Mach Coner Murata Mach Coner Murata Mach Coner Murata Mach Coner

China China Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan

FA 502 FA 502 7-2 7-2 7-2 7-5 21 C

1989 1991 1989 1987 1991 2001 2006

42 10 3 1 2 6 1

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__________________________________________________

MACHINERY LIST UNIT-2 Sr# Departme nt

Name of Machine

Make

Modle

Year

Qty.

1

Uni Flock(Reiter) Metal Detector(Jossi) Uni Clean(Reiter) Uni Mix(Reiter) Uni Flex(Reiter) Vision Shield(Jossi) Auto Plucker Mixing Bale Opner Metal Detector(Jossi) Uni Clean(Reiter) Mixing Opner Card(Reiter) Card(Reiter) Drawing(Reiter) Uni Lap(Reiter) Uni Lap(Reiter) Comber(Reiter) Comber(Reiter) Drawing(Reiter) Drawing(Reiter) Simplex(Toyoda) Simplex(Toyoda) Simplex Ring(Jingwie) Ring Lycra Attachment Ring(Jingwie) Ring Sussen Compact Ring China Compact Ring Comfore(Reiter) Murata Mach Coner Savio Savio Pallet Machine Wrapping Reel Lea Strength

Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss

A-11

China

FA002 D B-34

2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2006 1989 2006 2006 2006 2006 2004 2006 2004 1996 2005 1996 2005 2003 2004 2004 2005 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2008 2007 2004 2006 2007 NCML

1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 14 2 3 1 1 4 6 1 4 3 2 3 17 8 12 10 1 4 6 2 1 1 1 1

Blow Room Line-1

Blow Room Line-2

2

Card

3

4

Pre Comber Lap Former Lap Former Comber

5

Drawing

6

Simplex

7

Ring

8

Auto Cone

9 10

Packing Laboratory

Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss Japan Japan China China China China China China Swiss Japan Italy Italy Taiwan Hitachi Asano

B-11 B-70 B-60

B-11 B-33 C-51 C-51 SB-2 E5/3 E-32 E7/6 E-65 RSB-D35 RSB-D35 FL-100 FL-100 F 415 A F 1520 F 1520 F 1520 F 1520 F 1520 K-44+ 21-C Orion Polar No.6161 1206

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__________________________________________________ Board Making Machine Uster Tester Zweigle Hairiness Tester Uster Afis Pro 2

Asano Swiss German Swiss

No.6111 G-567

2007 2007 2007

1 1 1 1

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ELLCOT SPINNING MILLS LTD