N5 Notes.docx

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です This means "is", "am", or "are" (depending on the situation), though the meaning in English is a lot broader than in Japanese.  

Example: わたしは マイクです。 I am Mike. Example: これは ペンです。 This is a pen.

も This means "too", "and", or "also".  

Example: かれは サッカーが すきです。わたしも サッカーが すきです。 He likes soccer. I like soccer, too. Example: ケンは ケーキも クッキーも たべました。 Ken ate both cake and cookies.

で This means "at" or "in", and is used when specifying where something happens. 

Example: エミは がっこうで すうがくを べんきょうします。 Emi studies math at school.

に/へ This means "to" and indicates such things as location of person or thing, location of short-term action, etc , and is used when describing a destination. 

Example: Rieko は ローマに いきました。 Rieko went to Rome.

に This is a general use preposition. It can mean "in", "at", "to", "for", and other general prepositional phrases, depending on the context.  

Example: このほんを あの人に あげてください。 Please give the book to that person. Example: ふゆに 、ゆきが ふります。 In winter, it snows.

を This denotes the object of an action. 

Example: あのねこはさかなをたべました。 That cat ate the fish.

~ませんか This means "Won't you ~ ?" or "Shall we ~ ?". It's an invitation.  

Example: ケーキをたべませんか? Won't you have some cake? Example: えいがをみませんか? Won't you (shall we) watch a movie?

は This denotes a topic.



Example: かのじょはうれしいです。 She is happy.

~があります This means "there is". It is used for non-living things (use 「がいます」 for living things).  

Example: つくえのうえに ボールが あります。 There is a ball on the desk. Example: はこのなかに プレゼントが ありますか。 Is there a present in the box?

~がいます This means "there is" or "is" and is used for living things.  

Example: あそこのきのしたに、ふたりの 子どもがいます。 There are two children under the tree over there. Example: きょうしつにたなかせんせいがいますか。 Is Mr. Tanaka in the classroom?"

と This is a particle used to link nouns in a complete list, it is translated as “and ” . 

Example: そのサラダはレタスと にんじん から つくりました。 The salad was made from lettuce, and carrot.

~ましょう This is a polite volitional phrase, meaning "I'll" or "let's". 

Example: たべましょう。 Let's eat!

~ましょうか This is a polite volitional phrase used for suggestions such as “Shall I” or ”Shall we ”. 

Example: たべましょうか。 How about we eat?

~てください This is used to link verb copulas, ending in "て" or "で", to "ください", making it into a request.  

Example: にほんごで はなしてください。 Please speak in Japanese. Example: かれに いってください。 Please tell it to him.

~てもいいです This is used to link verb copulas to "もいいです" meaning "it's enough" or "it's good". It can be used as a request for permission. “May I”  

Example: りょうりしてもいいですか。 May I cook? Example: たべてもいいです。 you may eat.

~てはいけません This is used to link copulas to "はいけません", meaning "it's not good". It is used to scold or otherwise disapprove. It is Translated as “You should not “

"はいけません", meaning "No you must not..." This is formed by using the te-form. て-form + はいけ ません... 

Example: ここに くるまをとめてはいけません。You must not park the car here.

~から Phrase meaning "from". 

Example: このでんしゃはサンホセから サンフランシスコにいきます。 This train goes from San Jose to San Francisco.

~ています いる, when used after the て form of a verb, indicates that an action is ongoing (progressive tense, marked in English by "ing",) or in a certain state.    

Example: わたしは よんでいます。I am reading. Example: ドアが ひらいています。 The door is open. Example: わたしは けっこんしています。 I am married. Example: こどもたち は はしっています。 The children are running.

~にいきます It means to go somewhere or to go do something. If meaning to go do something, the にいく is used after a stem (a verb in its ます form without the ます, for example: the stem of 書き(かき)ます is 書き).   

Example: わたしはおよぎにいきます。 I go swimming. Example: かれはべんきょうにいきました。 He went to study. Example: かのじょはとうきょうにいきます。 She's going to Tokyo.

ないでください This means "please don't do", used in place of a ない form of a verb.  

Example: このりんごをたべないでください。 Please don't eat this apple. Example: そのほんをよまないでください。 Please don't read that book.

~のがすきです It means to like doing something.  

Example: わたしはアニメをみるのがすきです。 I like watching anime. Example: かのじょはうたうのがすきです。 She likes singing.

~のがじょうずです It means to be good at something.  

Example: かのじょはうたうのが じょうずです。 She's good at singing. Example: あなたは泳ぐおよぐのがじょうずですか。 Are you good at swimming?

~のがへたです It means to be bad at something.  

Example: わたしはおどるのがへたです。 I'm bad at dancing. Example: かれは べんきょうするのがへたです。 He's bad at studying.

まだ~ていません It means that someone hasn't done something yet.  

Example: わたしは まだ きめていません。I haven't decided yet. Example: かれは まだ かえっていません。He hasn't returned yet.

~のほうが~より It means that something is more (interesting/expensive/etc.) than something else.  

Example: このほんのほうが あのしんぶんより たかい。This book is more expensive than that newspaper. Example: としょかんのほうが がっこうより しずか。Library is quieter than school.

~のなかで~がいちばん~ It means the best from something or the most (new/old/expensive/likeable/etc.).  

Example: あのとしょかんのなかで このほんがいちばん。This book is the best book in that library. Example: このおかしなかで クッキーがいちばんすきです。From these sweets I like cookies the most.

V stem + たいです Creates the polite 'want to do' form of a verb Example - I want to eat some cake – わたしは ケーキを たべたい です。- Watashi-wa kēki-o tabetai desu.

~たり …~たりする It makes a list of activities or attributes. It means something like "this and that/sometimes this and sometimes that/in some parts this in other parts that". With nouns or -na adjectives it becomes "~だ ったり …~だったりする".   

Example: きのう わたしはほんをよんだり お菓子(おかし)をたべたりしました。 Yesterday I was reading a book and eating sweets. Example: あのえいがは おもしろかったり つまらなかったりします。That movie is interesting in some parts and boring in other parts. Example: かのじょは しんせつだったり きれいだったりする。She's nice and beautiful.

~たことがある It indicates that something has (or hasn't ever) happened in the past.

 

Example: わたしはとうきょうへいったことがあります。I've been to Tokyo. Example: わたしはそれをきいたことがありません。I've never heard of this.

や This is a particle used to link nouns in an incomplete list. 

Example: 猫(ねこ)や 犬(いぬ)や 猿(さる)が 動物園(どうぶつえん)にいま す。 There are cats and dogs and monkeys (among other things) at the zoo.

~まえに It means "before doing (something)" or "ago" (like 3 days ago).   

Example: たべるまえにてをあらってください。Please wash your hands before eating. Example: わたしはいちじかんまえにかえりました。I came back an hour ago. Example:わたしはプールに はいるるまえに 30 ぷんまちました。 I waited 30 minutes before entering the pool.

~てから It means to do something “after doing”something else.   

Example: かんがえてから いってください。Please speak after thinking. Example: わたしは てをあらってから しょくじをしました。I had a meal after washing my hands. Example:わたしは しゅくだいをしてからねました。 I went to sleep after doing homework.

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