Msft6001 Reading3 (rev)

Fo rth Edition

FamtlyTherapy A Systemic lntegration

Dorothy Stroh BecvatrPh.D. Raphael J. Becvar,Ph.D.

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P osfinodemisrnin Histoical Pe$Pectiae rJe-e-n I oq., hJi cdrpBuzed tn, IJlp c'Bl''enlh dd nineieen}l (pndn+ d, UF r PeGDRrtc thd td\c cenEal per;d rha \"h Jle fl;^, m8 o{ t"tubn'm it"*' ." so uoed for.es that d"eu dep within the PeFon, rorcs that "eo. the I orld of (P 19). rn rcmdtjosm sive liJe dd ielariotuhips rhen sigtficdce" ieason md obseration was rePla.ed by '1he s orld of the deeplnteia. t.\i8 tt neath the vener of coNcious re6on" (P.20) The ldguage ot Passron, PurPGe, depth, dd peFonal signifi.d.e I'as u*d to speak of heroism, 8enis, isPnation, jn life ch.racterized and love. Moral values and a sdse of ultimate PurPo* ' of PePle and then wo.id vie{ thar continues todav to iniuence our des.iPtiod Towdd the end oi tLe nineleenth cdtun and the beAiming of the twentiedr rLa5 cdtury ihe roMticist Perspdiive was uPstaged by that of modemGm Tlis a mor; praciicat view, in which ttuth s'as to be sought through 'lvst€mati. ob*r vation and rigorous reaeninE" (Cergen, 1991, P 29) Continuols Prcgress toward Ur ' c , Pnn i t r e d l - }" r a n r r w e d r l - . r " r / u r r ''r '' o i o z--.r e eoi, J r "' . a ende oh ro ii"o . o- ic tr t e, e, ' . t . , Ll' e$* r hal. t r F d d 'b l e e . 'd , P P " m " r 's of a1l iinds. lt was also duing this P€dod rhat the bachine metaPhor was invoked condi to be detemined by envtom€ntal and humm beiavior was dddsrood th€ indePendent, autonomols indilidual *'.s valued s Lheideal of tioN.Iurther, mdtrn Although ihere are still those who long lor the "good old d.-vs" of Dllmn_ cism, the€ n also mu.h to be said for the nerter eorld of modemism Accordin8 to Geryen (1991, P. .!7), Monlt lament th! lo* Df the rctunticist laryuages af th! pnson HouaPr, it b nan! Mys nod tlassibleta rpprecidl. the aLhre of the ftodmist rcPbcmdt In emisn is both nae aptimistic and ture dnocruln TlE tutuntic intlirilhal tus tutdrtt d 4 t.t.-tt - hp, rrl *'a " qrrot i. aal au ol @ \' TtL +odr"' t'PU rv;oqra i t. kmoab p- n' 4 thPh?tc 4d nod lr't Jtg\tlu bta('\"tr f;.e of his actions.He i5 not Liklv ra be nansrntted by etdden insPitotion be smitkn b! tatu geat Passian,Dl gr?eua! to d tush oJsurl'1'l utt s Rttha, he Hk @rd to.la! is gootl lonortua and the n.tl Th. * diable and t AlDtth!. nodcmist setl G nat like\ tb ht:te his reasofldorded W nttdtse .nahonnl dra mds:his tnens pidehis actions n11dhis tute is.lerr and havst Andt@ nusl nat tuait the dttiul af samendtsdlty |fied, iflslitd, ot iflsi9htfut tu to tead au natiofl ar ott nstitrtions. Eteryone is c.eotedequl, anA it it rP tD us ds plrents d *aad citi2ent ro nald the launS viith ProPq nol'lins and the helP oJ stince. tue crcate the futurc ot'our Trums ln the mode.n era 1'e fiu leamed to Ely on ihe Power of scien e and th€ kEwl€dge of objecnve eye.ts, who suPPosedly P6eas the Inrih 3b.ut a malin" ttEt G out there d.l thatim be represented accuately dd undestmd !; reliable t€arch {tata. lurther, &e trsted r,\at Re $ere Ptug€$ing to$'ad a gtatcr gqrd thrcu8h

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the ceation of evd more eignificmt technologi.dl aclvaces. CoNistent {ith rhjs ha_ ditioo the ole oI tt€rapist Md uial scidtGt b€came tnat oi the social enginer Th€ most ecent peopdtile, rcfened to as poshnodemism, js mdeminins the modehnt belief in the possibiliry ofobjecule bowtedse d{t absolute hlri on mdy fronls. Chalengrng dris bclefis tr\enotion that oui "realio.-'"is inelitnbty subje.tive and tha r rve do inded dlvell in a muhiv.6. that is coffrrfted Lbougir tt€ acr ol obscn.rion Facts aie being eptaced by perspecfives,rrith thts shiit comesa challdge to the power md privilegeprevousl], atrributed ro th€ possess06 oi "knowledge.' Hence the issues of hie.archv md power that chara.terize much ol fte d€brie retarding €thi.al th€rapisrbelravior that is, if w. .e ro t,e .onsistent wirh the flndnmer\lal assurprions of rhe poshnodem wortd view, cti, ents mLst bc ude^tood as possessingeqlally vllid peEpecrives/r/e must be .ome anare thrt there is no "t.mscendeft .nterion oi the cotrccf' (Gerge., 1991, p. 111) And hence arso the dis.omfort of those grounded ii the modemisr faradiFm, shich assume5"thnrl<nowl€dge cm be lounded upoo or grcundcd in abiolute |ruth . . . , is 'abo!t' sodethng extemal to th. knolle|, and can p.es€ntjtselJ objecrilelr ro ihe lnowcr" (Loi'e, 1991,t. 13).Perhapsrhe mosr sig.ifi.ant aspe.i of this shiii ftom a beliel in facB to an awarencssof peBpecrives is the deSrcet{) which our att€ntion is nos locused on d is.ourse md rhe rolc of language. B.ture looling mo.e .los€lv at the issue of language,however, sc wLsh to takc note of t'ro importat distincrions lvithin postmodemism-co.shrcfivisim,nd socjal constnctionism.

Co structiaism and Social Constntctionishl The .,rsffldtrist perspe.tive is based on the assuinption that in rhe prdess of per ceiving and des.nbing m €xpe.ience, whethei to oudelves or ro orhes, w€ .onslnci not onlt, ou PeBonal larowledge base .tiout realitv but our renllll itself. Our discementof the wav dings are is thus a iucnon of ourbeli.ts lrom this peF spedive, lve cmot obsen e o. knorv th€ tiuth about people (or other plrcnomena in the $ odd) in anv objectiv. $ a!. Rather, it is ass med ihat all w€ cm know arc ou cotubu.lions oipNple and other world phmomenn. Ac.ordin8 to radi.dlcorsfr!.in.trn (von Glaersltld, 1988)our foos is an han ndpirludl; ca|aiti.)ns,ts n ttu phrnomea thtt ,E lttu.tarull!/ d.ter mined by the nenoas sysfum,,t .ontinurlsl! pt.a[hg (btu assinitatianand a..onno.lnran) ,)ar'sndnptutiaisaith theenrn.nn.nt Althau! rckntukdt in3 the rnpartane al othds.. |ntt thei,npo dre of ttnSuge,... radi.al.onttu. tttists netnphori. basic unit is the n d as an ewltiflS, addptin! trrytnxn (Gate& LonE,1996,p. 13) In iadic.l constru.hvism, lhen/it is unde6t@dthatlnowl€dgeisactivelycon strucl€d bv the indivlduals who m doing the knowing t\hile a real reality someb here out thcc may exist, L\e possibilitv o{ r '1ruc" .eptusentation of that rcality

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Derida, ryho opposes "the p.eswption thai words reflecr dre wortings of ihe mind as it .onverts the smomding chaos inro logical ordcr" (cer6en, 1991, p. 104 Ratner we de u6ed to coruider that iJ we cm tnow reality only via our per.eptioro, then tlut which we p€reive is a fuction of ou menral process$? or mind, md ihus ihe two are insepdable. Thereiore, rarher thd thinking ot mind as 3omethinE bounded by rhe skin of the individul, we accept the concept of a nonloca1 mind th.t is univ€Nal dd empowering of atl creatues md things Further, rve expL'lien e dd e\pie$ ou rnowing ttuough a system of langlage rhat has a *pa(ate e/jstoce. Accodin6ir', "Social .onsbuctionist inquiry is piincipally.on, cemed with eylicafing the pr@esses by which people come to dcs.ibe, exptain, or oth€trjse a.cout ror the wodd (in luding themselve, in whtch they live,, (Cerge, 1985,p. 266). Each of us G bom inio and a$imilates preexisringforms of ldguage in a cuttdallv cated linguistic system. ln the process of socialization we lem to spe:k in accepted wavs and simultdeouly to adop he shared ralues md idelogy of ou ldSuaSe system Thus, ou wordi er?ress th. cotuentioro, the rymbols, rne metaphoF oI ou. particular g.oup. And we cannot speak in a language separare from thar of ou cormuity:

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The tmns ii tuhi.h tlE uond is unde61aot1at socidLrrtifa.ts, ptoduets afhiitor ic.ll1t situoted interchang9 d,nong teo .. t:fDn the .atstructioflist ,,ritian the ptue* ol undtstaading is nat autanrtieally drien W th. Jorcd ol nhture, bll is th. resalt al dn a.ti"4 caapetatiu dt.rytin ol p{sors ifl reldtionship In this Light,iiquiry js i@ited iflto the hisbnd atul dtltndt brvs ol utiaus Jotmsof irot1,1caastn|tian- lcngd, 1985,p 2tr7) lor the postmodenist, then, the Eoat is to deconsttud "facts" by deli.cating rhe dsumphons, lalus, md id€olo8ies on which they lestmd to consid..ourselves and our consbuctionsabout life md livinSwith skepti.ism and €ven p..lDps hu mor As tht postue is hffilated into iher.p], a "healthy irererencc lorJllt.ach ers ed teachings" is advdated (Keene), 1990,p.5) along with r.sFect r(r tho uniqudess 01&€ dient. lor eidmple, In ott sno| tuo d al thdaptt, it is the iftenent tlxrapst's iab ta u d.ttLit. tlase aspectsoI the .lierh' realitlt that dte lesttittini them lralh ndkht th. chtnges the.!ie rne The n re../ent the tdpist is sktyt i..l tollanl polarit n s, thdtb! if.tdihg hrnllJh{tt lio't bolh tht tossi!. p}iti,nt af. I nlurt n.t lo dtd inrrorr.. d, ,.1&rbdlr ldz.f.dtl..r",{r,",nJ rr, 5tfunt(k lNtn l, "l rt ,it r...rr, !f r,rrr, rrr. " Wit h n n\ t n rt I trt tl Ln I tt | | t r\1 rr:t M LLn r ,r r Jd \,,r ,r L tl l i r r v r ,,/,.i \' th n t t\ r f|,l r r t L l j 'l l '\t i t l a ti l t, L n t, tr

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P'n 1 / Tht Slsttui. Ftt@* the mhal Do.rbm o.dpied b' the hdividurl *U for the l'sl weral hudrd laql,p I47) Whdt is I|1m, t R@lfutloN vedsof W6tem history" (Grgq '@th d P6p<_ or FaIw in MY obiRtir e s€w but .m oilv dajudhe fbo sthr qterPrie t6ome rusP&_L No btc ss tional iogi@l ., tle iradi r rhm d Poibvist the 3 rcP@ting loneer d we able ro think of the outonB of €nPiricar leafth the tlE ,r:grher ard of the subjetivitv mut c@idd nther, we wodd"; "rci ttu I d moe or lN u* my Ptr'due onl' Partial idge L lelihood thdr T*a(h oI fd (Irngim, 1990; Nemark & B€ets, 19%) This latter issue is a primary fru jsue of the individual selt Chaoter-1s. Ior the pl€gt, howevd, let s ehm to the

The RoIe oJ the Indioidual da, "the individual is A.cording to Cir8en (191, P 251), in ihe P6tmod@ 'th€ with in ntdtiPle elatioNhiPs, pdtniPant vi€wed a;a Probl€m' onlv a Pobtte way it is .ostructed in cdtain of the Elatim " TlEt i5, both len b
{1991)ha indi.at€d reiative to family theraPy,"Const.uctivist mod.Ls,with th.ir dphasis on differinS hdividual Pe.sPftivesol erliry, have ld ni nulelsofth!. apy that have uderscorcd the imPortdce of.onveruatbn, ot.o-.onstru.tion oI p;b|ehs md prcp6ed $lutio6, of resPNt for individull diftcren.es'(P 258) Neve.thele$, we anticipate th.r this debate will conlin u. dbng w ith thosere8a.ding not or y fi6t{rde! veFus second_o.dcrthoraPiesbutalso the fit ofPostmodem ihinljng md cybem€ti.s

Thz Debates With ttE shift by Ifuy theorjsts to d emPhdis on corotru.tionism and the crewirh Posttrcdembt thinking have come ar8uarron of appMch6 more @Estdt mois ab;t hierarhy, Power, dd the rcle of the theraPist as well 6 about rqL-A Lle wheihq the 6pouvlof aLher d fiFl orderod sndd.rderdPProdlh debdte rsolveabout whethsPo'Lmodem rhirkrerecion of Ue other. q 'e(dd or iNtead rePresdts m anomll' outside ina fits witbin the c''b@etic pedigm this p@dign, dd rhus a nd ePisr@oloS/ A more recdt challsSe Iocuss on that may emerge from the dtirealist stmce of inco$isttui6 the ;U-refe@tial the posrmodennsl Although a reelurion of the* issues may not be fo.thcoming in the n@i tut@, we believe it is imPorialt for you to hea. some of the voi.s of th@ most overily 4gaged in th6e debates And we would caution you to be awac ihar frcn the systdi./rybem€ti. Pe$Pective, the psPments on qPPosing sid6 of the i$u6 make valid Points dd thai neither slde is necessdily ri8]tt or wlue. Rnther,,ll partrcipdts h tne debate' ae offerind PFGPecf\es 01 "ome DebPe.ri\e uen iompto isu.i. rurtl'er ir i" Pc.'ble Lhaieach 'uo.onjliffB ruv Ue "true tor rhe .oealer/ Mi ter basedon Of rmewo+ ourotwhjthsl"eor

F i'st- O de I oer sus Second- O r der Therap! Malins efecnce to vaFla's (Maturma& Varela,19E0)dirtinctionbetweenrhe alopoietic, conbol model and the *cond-oider, autoPoietic, autdomy fiBt{rder (1985) notes the Prsalence of fmily the.aPy mod€l of livin8 systems, Hotfnd upprcaches coisiitent *lth the former model, aPPr@ches that e the subiect of 7 rhrcugh 12 4d ChaPter t4 in this book. And Hoffmd Ptedicts a shift C;ptes in the tuture to apProach6 that will be consistst w h the l.ttfr model dd ths witl have ihe loUorinS chara.terishcs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5.

An obetuings@d" stane and indusioflolthe ttgoPistsotun Mte,t A @lltbdan@ tuhd thdn a hi1athndL sttuclure. Geb flat mphtsiz selting a coftdt ht change,nat sPecifuinga chMge Ways lo 8@d agoiBl t@ du.h ilslflMtdLit! 6ssn4t of the Prcblm A !.ifli't" A tun'p4@ati@, nofl'iudgndtal dtu (P 395)

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,A..ordin8 I(i llotnnrn, sr.({rl (d.. r''lrirk lt5 llirl rn m)r. .onstruchvist in nilurc, slch as thoseoi Boscoloand Cc..hin, t*o metrbc6 oi rhe ori8inal Mild team, $'ould emble the theraPist to unlDoN from the Posihon of Power md .ontrol. However, Golm (r988a)aPonds that: Despn. the god intentions of \uch leading theorists Lr Baseolo Cecchin, dnd Holt'ntan,cansha.tirisn ad the obsmins svttm st'nce htte not yet led to a Althorgh l6s inbrsbe at hidarchxat f',nly thdaP! Ptoctie sfist'ntitlly tir6n thft nd! besan. positi,E eonvquici fran the ittoducttan olunstt thbry, Dn. tujar regatn! contqadre is the Pote itl into t'a,ntly pndne 'nd at ob{Nre ttu intrcar.tbn aJr disintduau' at mis uself tteary ta ntionli.! guidet t'otn oJthrrapjst pDwtlessnessinto tncti.e. Poui ob{uEtl @dtutty thnaPntn uolJ.llti B. secantl'tu|et shreP.(1 56) ehtgls4 While in respotue acknowledgug the inevitabiljtv of iliuence, Hoftman (1988) advocats a stdce that removescontrol as a.mtral issuein theraPy.n'i emove the the.apist 6 d "exPerr sysrem."Shebeiievesthat raiher thanProriding skate gies, inrerpretations, or suggestiors for behalioral chmge, the thdaPAt hs thc iob ol.reatin8 a context lbi epistemolo8ical changc. She also notes tlut in talking about second{rder therap)t she is not talking abolt second ord€i cybedeti.s: "BY 'rcmd-order' I am talking about cnanEesin the Pcmies that Eolem Pi€cs of be havior ratlcr thm change in ihe behavios theNetves i don't think this }jnd of chdge can eler be dnectly imPosed" (P.66).Colann's (1988b)rePtI reitemteshG concd aljout'1he Potential misuse of costtuctivism to rationalize or to obs.:lN instm.$ of disingenuous or Mive theraPist 'Posedessn6s"' (P 68) 14'enote that "although .ertai.ll' valid, the fear th.t ii mal, be imPProPriately utlli4d is lPPli' (Btwar & Beoar, 1993, .ab1e to all theoies &d not specific to coNtructivism" P.5'1 ) Similarly, Atkison md Heath (1990a) srit€ that "dy existing family thcraPY model cd be applied in a wav that is or is not cotu;tent with the imPtications of second order cybernetics" (p.15.1). These authore b€lieve it to be apProPriate for therapists to continue to draw uPon the more PraEmatic. tust-order hodels as iong as thetr' do not become tm attached to clients' accePtmce of then sug86tiotu bl, rnd inteNcniioN. Thus, "willtul determination" to chdge mst be idd,sed to therapists even as the.apists must address dimts' "willful det mination" Snon(1992) oiti.izes the debareoverfirst order ud secondorder theraPi.s, whi.h he considcrsto hilebecn overemPhasrzedin tfe l,r. rure H. Pr.ln\es r s hrtuh\ on. m,t h tr. ",r \..,nni otrnr nrrnd Lroth/Jnd, dialecn.rl prr'fe.h\. llrri I lr t . ( nr h' \ n t r i $ t,il, d .ing hr s l- l r r t hdif v " ^ t l t l t l l l r r t l r t l t n r j 'r \ - t n 'r l t ltrtrr t t r ! ' r t lt r t t t r r l dm lilr r r t r q tntt t r t t tt i l r t \ t , i lrll r r lt ' , t nt r , t u\ t t t , t nr 't t r t r t r ': | r t r t r ' t nt ' t " t t t t t ' t t \ . u t r t t t 1 " ) 1 , 1 r ' r t ' t l t t . i . 't I\tn,!u t t r lr t , r nt "

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To speak in terns of either/o., as you now know? G inconsistst wirh the s)'s t.nr n / gbem€tic p€rspective. funher, s'hile we as systemic "Puns$" fttd oP.nr hrg r! il li a s{md-order mhd b be a morc resPecttul dd aPProPriate chor.e, lvc ni{ L],'inl zant not orly of the fa.t that the Pragmatics of the fist ode. theraPi.s .nn ' I l, I t I our practic€in a usefulaay, but also that w€, most ofou. cli€nts,dd ftnry rillr ' professionalsdwel in a fi6t oder world. If we e io bork meaningfrrLLl's 'rri"r this b orld, at Lheverv least we mst ddeFtand it, and at best we cnn ft l.rn lrL,l whi.h has rned s well in tlF Past. Similarly, we beUevea Postmod.nri:l rr r sp{tn e is coGistmt with the world view oi cybemeticsof cvb€mcties nllh(\'lih thn t@ hd bdome the subid oI mu.h debate.

PostmodernismLnd Clb emetics Ind@d, th€ debate about fist{rder rheraPv vsrus second orde. thehly rls(' "r iheapProprialenessolthe.ybernetic PersPechlc is wf ,f cludes adih$ionof its iit with postmodemism md sdjal constructionism Asarticulated bv.\.(lrNrr and Goolishid (190) in rheir esPonse to Atkjnson and Hea'h (1990i), "wf l)f liele, as we thirk Bat6onlater did, th.t the languageot c-vbemeticsis not.rflrn) pna€ or sufdcient todealaith th€ issuesofhumm syst€msand L\eraPiits'$1tr| with them" (p.159).ltis the conclusion of Ande.son dd Goolishian thnt the tl) tdizing issuesammd the ue oI Power, inicrention, ddchangeare imPLi.rt ur.' cvbemen. epistemology,which rests on d assumPtion of m.chanicnl .ontrol They prefer a "'p6t-cybemehc' interestin hman meding, n rrativc,.nd sntrv" (p. 161)totuke uP for lYhat they Perceived the inability ofcybemeti.s tr) losto udeEimding of hlmm in thei. cultural md tlational contexts or () d.s.rb. rhem rlative to their ability to make meanin8 dd act accor.lngly: Fq us,psy.hothd!,! n in d anxe$dtiDnrl dohaifl,and theart ol Psy.hoth@lttr is d tmtnsati.tul art. The thdretidl bav tlat ntfarfls a d de.eLaPsthe u.rb' lt'ry al und*stafldiry ht the Py shoutll Plkct this position Q,t thesisis th't a.linimtiv lspoflsibt. and elIectiD. Pasitian rdn tutre Fn a s.iedt Dl fldthl tiu antl *tuntics lp 161) Atkinson and Herth (r990b) disigrce, notinA thnt a .vb€meti. cPisn mol()gy rc l h . l i n l ,tski ...b r n tr g r \.n th r i n { vi t, i l r t\ I'l s{ l f r r n n r \r ', q u n e i .w n d !ss.i n ctn o !vL d r .s l h . In kr n .tn x, i ,i i .l ..s n fi i r h . n l l n ,Jr r r l , r r s' r n ,i ,l t'Al!, n r r l ( h i l l .n ( .\ l r tr .tn L n( !r N tr n '\ ( t$ l r i I l ,n l n ,.,r .l ,.r r i B n .,1 ,\l1 l ','{r )l h ,r l.|l ,.'1 1 r 'r 1tr r tl , /\n l l r r :o n r n n ( ;ttn i sh u n [. r r e \ th .,rl h r \!5 1 .n ,'L .vb r n ]t ttr tn r 'r l l l r l n h N t{r i tt.o u r r , i n d i cn t!! ( 1 9 9 ? ) ',r f'r l r r r r i . n tr r n r u l u Jl l ! n r r l u r n ( '{t f( t sr h .th .e f co n su h r n t.n d i n q u i r cr " lf L l t) n n d o tts 1 ( tr .n 'r th k r t fJr tr .r Pr tn {," ( P 2 2 )

Cl"afld I / Pnstnloadnan Md FaftiU fhdnp'!

P'tt 1 / Ttt Slsttut Frnnwtk with the Pe6Peciire of cybdOu bis G that the idea of control is mcotuistent

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Howevd, th€R sem to 6 to be Prcblem oi aPPlication, Ior it one assumes consttrrciivism E d ontological PNition rathd than using ii as a clinical theory to d€one re.ognizs tlat any theory is at flibe what is SoinE on in an absolute Mr, besta ston wh6. uliimate truth can neverbe known lvlore recentl), Ileld (1995,P 't) notes that "the explicit adoPtion of a fmd!mental mtirealism" is a central defiMg feature of Postmode.nism. By this she r+

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ot *" o"-"",i"t i,f cyu"-.,i.s as a world view cosistent with that P6hrodemis not without its "" j.J-""JJ hoteler' \ie*" s'orld a such i* an]oPt to traNlate it into dinical PEch'e -"'"*-"*sm as .har1""ge, ."peci"ly -e

SeIJ-Refen:nti at I nconsist:!:!e:!!!

other Challeges

osrbe diq@^e. It I d. been 'dd tlut r ttp Po'hnodem Pia fieraPv Ptadi!6 roffi or e\tabbshed b dlturallv do conver'dbon onSoing bol,h lo 'pn'iiive, u p o nthe@ l l r , f f e r a € U f l b o l f t er apiJ ' Lhb hx u' n '.caliru rtoi". s l, rnd a moe qcidrv Md PG de sodr is d morc hdrp i;";" ";i;;,"";;;,i. l'm es $d o' derdP) 6 one b
reiectsSnerdl ]!tus afld t/tths, afld sa the ideo oJPtogt5s lpNtnodedisnl e l t n ta ) o t l L M l tn 'q d l p "Fa @l .o h te ttn l "r 1 ttu ttb 'b \i t'L .i a ' o, a ptudl,ry al waa'ag ,n t tt.i rwe i. on ,*t,mi,o.\ (.) it pldloins the ddth" al the subiect/seflindio luaL thdt is, it tldies the subje.t s real dtobgnal status at existdce (P 10) l

Held thm dewibe *veral incoEistdcies that eoerye when me attemPrs to do therapl from st.h a stance. Inst, with re8dd to the attemPt to inditidualiTe Prac tice, $-hicn from her Perslectile was a Pnmary notiMtion in Lhe shift to a Post sh€ asl<s: "How cm the u* oI Poshnodch theotv in modernni pspe.tive, jndi' psy.hothe6p) be d alrempt to solve the Problem of PrcserinS fte mique tl '" o l r Pr o n d u d l h o l e d l h th cr a p yr r e n r i f l ,h a ls"m e ftPo D ti {Fth l \e n : n r h c.- L I nd n 'd ;d l l ' r p l 7 ) . h "d d r h o n .:h e 'ta ,e - .|'a t r h PL '" o r th r l r n 'r d ical syst€m tuy, if jt is comPlete enou8i, dsure a hi8hly rul+govemed, or .on stnined, md the€toe systemtic aPProach to the Pia.fice of theraPy" (P 104) Fdher sh€ noter that Siven the disursive social conrext within which theraPists work dd clients live, dd the imPa.t of ihis conte* on all, no Pra.ti.e can be truly mique or individualized. A^d firElly, she Poses the lollos'ing question: thdttists Ne nuLtl dntnealists (dfld do not d8'Y in uhat I nrysef IJ nantie M,]d all seryteptian' dbnutlhan antierlisft), thd isn t x tutungor Prab bfutk lot a Mnatite thenPtstta heLPa.lilnt ca ea,srru.t t ntu tutroh|e' at stary, thit th. the pNt tdkt to be|ntlealist but thd allous, iJ not deatnS6' the .tldt ta tak tD bl th. abiett..e ttttlL or mlity abort hi. ht'e?(P 236) i4'hile chnlleng€s such as thes€ certairny are meaningtul and Poinr to arels that requie alt€ntion, they seem on.e aSain to iall into the category of aPPliGtion As Ce€en (1994b)writes, the issue isnotwhethcr the individu.l exists Rath.t whal is rt issue ii whether it is L\e individul as inJomation Pro.e$or or the individual in rhe interPesonal world of relatiomhips who hs cdter st!8._ as a paniopdt furthq, the lact ol a real tality somewhere oul drcre is not de ed; on that sodal js .oGtmctionism is mute. What is ai6med, however, that as soon as we attemPt At that mommt the Prdess "we wodd of disourr. mter the b descnbe realil-!, of coretrucrion commencs, md this effort is inexhicably woven into PM6ses ol s(ial interchage and inro history and culture" {P 72)

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ln this chapte. se consuered some of thc.u.rent d.v.lopm.nts .nd dcbatcsimtumlly th.f,rfv fntJ $ w.ll n5ot thr Wesl.nr in pictin8onnn{lLhnr..tcnsh.otth. t .l l {tr n r l tr i l L i n ) n s.m r .i s,r .t!'\.r ) stb n si .!r L u r sr fd r s$ u r n Ftn ,n sh n v.b !.. l o i f.r h n .d 'n i Jn r . Sr n n .!.n d th . {i !n . r l L \l i n r ( ) .tu .\h ,n !vn l , th r 'e n u $ disrrtrinrtnrg truth .1k-brinE.Iitiqtud hlr( enderyor ra.uad on r|5corcnng J i.nr r p..spe.h!c thrt !nd€rs.or.\ lh. nn..inrind nr.lt me.nin8 makjnE.Olcen trrl importrn.. is linSrJAe, wIi.h is un.lcrsnx]d to be. sdialll.onstmcteds_vst€m

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