Motivation Theories Sem1

MOTIVATI ON THEORIES

Defining Motivation

Key Elements 2. Intensity: how hard a person tries 3. Direction: toward beneficial goal 4. Persistence: how long a person tries

THE MOTIVATION PROCESS UNSATISFIED NEEDS

TENSION

DRIVES

SEARCH BEHAVIOUR

NEED SATISFIED

TENSION REDUCED

Theory X and Theory Y (Douglas McGregor)

Need Hierarchy Theory (A. Maslow) Higher-order needs Selfactualization needs Esteem needs Social needs Safety needs

Lower-order needs

Physiological needs

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (Lower Order) •

PHYSIOLOGICAL: Includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs.

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SAFETY: Includes security and protection from physical and emotional harm.

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (Higher Order) •

SOCIAL: Includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship.

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ESTEEM: Includes internal esteem factors such as self respect, autonomy, and achievement and external esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention.

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SELF-ACTUALIZATION: is represented by the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. This includes growth, achieving one’s potential, and self-fulfillment

Two-Factor Theory (Frederick Herzberg)

Goal-Setting Theory (Edwin Locke)

ERG Theory (Clayton Alderfer)

Core Needs Existence: provision of basic material requirements. Relatedness: desire for relationships. Growth: desire for personal development.

David McClelland’s Theory of Needs

nPow

nAch

nAff

Matching Achievers and Jobs

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

Reinforcement Theory

Concepts: Behavior is environmentally caused. Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by providing (controlling) consequences. Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.

Ken Thomas’s Model of Intrinsic Motivation •

Employees are intrinsically motivated when rewards an employee gets from work result from: •

•

•

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Choice– the ability to freely self-select and perform task activities. Competence– the sense of accomplishment from skillfully performing chosen tasks or activities. Meaningfulness– pursuing a task that matters in the larger scheme of things. Progress– the feeling of significant advancement in achieving the task’s purpose.

Equity Theory

Referent Comparisons: Self-inside Self-outside Other-inside Other-outside

Equity Theory (cont’d)

Equity Theory: A Summary and Example

INEQUITABLE RELATIONSHIP Andy is overpaid compared to Bill

Bill’s outcomes ($25,000/year) Bill’s inputs (40 hours/week)

Andy’s outcomes ($30,000/year) Andy’s inputs (40 hour/week)

Bill feels angry

Andy feels guilty Andy is equitably paid compared to Bill

Bill is underpaid compared to Andy

EQUITABLE RELATIONSHIP

Andy’s outcomes ($30,000/year) Andy’s inputs Andy feels (40 hour/week) satisfied

Bill feels satisfied

Bill is equitably paid compared to Andy Bill’s outcomes ($30,000/year) Bill’s inputs (40 hours/week)

Equity Theory (cont’d) Choices for dealing with inequity: 2. Change inputs (slack off) 3. Change outcomes (increase output) 4. Distort/change perceptions of self 5. Distort/change perceptions of others 6. Choose a different referent person 7. Leave the field (quit the job)

Equity Theory (cont’d)

Expectancy Theory