Modern India History - 6.pdf
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Understanding of contradictions in Indian and colonial interests Political, administrative and economic unification of the country. Western thought and education
Role of press and literature Rediscovery of India's past-historical researches Rise of middle class intelligentsia Impact of contemporary movements worldwide Reactionary policies and racial arrogance of rulers
1836—Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha Zamindari Association or Landholders' Society -》 to safeguard the interests of the landlords. 1843—Bengal British India Society --》with the object of the collection and dissemination of information relating to the actual condition of the people of British India 1851—British Indian Association --》the Landholders' Society and the Bengal British India Society merged
1866—East India Association --》Dadabhai Naoroji --- started in London to discuss the Indian question and influence public men in England to promote Indian welfare 1875—Indian League --》 Sisir Kumar Ghosh with the object of "stimulating the sense of nationalism 1876—Indian Association of Calcutta --》 Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose
1867—Poona Sarvajanik Sabha --》M.Mahadeo Govind Ranade 1885—Bombay Presidency Association --》 Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta and K.T. Telang 1884—Madras Mahajan Sabha --》M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer and P. Anandacharlu
retired English civil servant, A.O. Hume, who mobilised. leading intellectuals of the time and with their cooperation organized the first session of the Indian National Congress at Bombay in December 1885. 72 delegates and presided over by womesh Chandra Bonnerjee two sessions of the Indian National Conference had been held in 1883 and 1885, Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose were the main architects of the Indian National Conference. In 1890, Kadambiny the first woman graduate of Caktiffa University addressed the Congress session
Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, D.E. Wacha, W.C. Bonnerjee, S.N. Banerjee constitutional agitation within the confines of law and showed a slow but orderly political progress. Two pronged strategy i)Politically educate people ii)Influence British government and British people to introduce reforms
Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C. Dutt, Dinshaw Wacha Drain of wealth theory created an all-India public opinion that British rule in India was the major cause of India's poverty and economic backwardness. Demanded
reduction in land revenue abolition of salt tax, improvement in working conditions of plantation labour, reduction in military expenditure, encouragement to modern industry through tariff protection and direct government aid.
From 1885 to 1892, the nationalist demands for constitutional reforms were centred around 1. expansion of councils—i.e., greater participation of Indians in councils, 2. reform of councils—i.e., more powers to councils, especially greater control over finances.
additional members in Imperial Legislative Councils and the Provincial Legislative .Some of these could be indirectly elected Thus an element of election was introduced for the first time. • Budget could be discussed. Questions could be asked.
But ,officials retained their majority in the council, thus leaving ineffective the non-official voice. • The budget could not be voted upon, nor could any amendments be made to it. Supplementaries could not be asked, nor could answers be discussed
Indianisation of government service Indians were being discriminated against by being kept away from positions of trust and responsibility. Equal pay and service conditions
defence of civil rights became an integral part of the freedom struggle. These rights included the right to speech, thought, association and expression an incessant campaign, the nationalists were able to spread modern democratic ideas
Economic critique of British imperialism Constitutional reforms and propaganda in legislature Campaign for general administrative reforms Defence of civil rights.
Realisation of exploitative British rule Growth of self-confidence and self-respect. Impact of growth of education—increase in awareness and unemployment. International influences and event --》 demolished myth of European supermacy ( emergence of Japan—an Asian country—as an industrial power — Abyssinia's (Ethiopia) victory over Italy. — Boer Wars (1899-1902) in which the British faced reverses. — Japan's victory over Russia (1905). — nationalist movements worldwide. ) Reaction to increasing westernisation. Dissatisfaction with the achievements of Moderates. Reactionary policies of Curzon
Hatred for foreign rule Belief in the capacity of masses Swarajya as goal Advocacy of direct political action and self-sacrifice.
Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghosh. Methods included boycott of foreign cloth and other goods, public meetings and processions, forming corps of volunteers or samitis(swadesh bandhab samiti of ashwini kumar dutta) use of traditional popular festivals and metes for propaganda,
emphasis on self-reliance or atma shakti, launching programme of swadeshi or national education, swadeshi or indigenous enterprises, initiating new trends in Indian painting, songs, poetry, pioneering research in science
students, women, certain sections of zamindari, some lower middle and middle classes in towns and cities participated for the first time while the Muslims generally kept away.
Seditious Meetings Act (1907) Criminal Law (Amendment) Act (1908) Indian Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act (1908) Explosive Substances Act (1908) Indian Press Act (1910)
hitherto untouched sections participated major trends of later movement emerged richness of the movement extended to culture, science and literature people educated in bolder form of politics colonial hegemony undermined.
failure of the Moderates to achieve positive results, divisive tactics of Governments of both Bengals, severe government repression.
Severe government repression Lack of effective organisation and a disciplined focus With arrest, deportation of all leaders, the movement left leaderless Split in nationalist ranks(surat split) Narrow social base.
Moderates wanted to restrict the Boycott Movement to Bengal and to a boycott of foreign cloth and liquor. Extremists wanted to take the movement to all parts of the country and include within its ambit extension of boycott of schools, colleges, law courts, legislative councils, government service, municipalities
Understanding of contradictions in Indian and colonial interests Political, administrative and economic unification of the country. Western thought and education
Role of press and literature Rediscovery of India's past-historical researches Rise of middle class intelligentsia Impact of contemporary movements worldwide Reactionary policies and racial arrogance of rulers
1836—Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha Zamindari Association or Landholders' Society -》 to safeguard the interests of the landlords. 1843—Bengal British India Society --》with the object of the collection and dissemination of information relating to the actual condition of the people of British India 1851—British Indian Association --》the Landholders' Society and the Bengal British India Society merged
1866—East India Association --》Dadabhai Naoroji --- started in London to discuss the Indian question and influence public men in England to promote Indian welfare 1875—Indian League --》 Sisir Kumar Ghosh with the object of "stimulating the sense of nationalism 1876—Indian Association of Calcutta --》 Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose
1867—Poona Sarvajanik Sabha --》M.Mahadeo Govind Ranade 1885—Bombay Presidency Association --》 Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta and K.T. Telang 1884—Madras Mahajan Sabha --》M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer and P. Anandacharlu
retired English civil servant, A.O. Hume, who mobilised. leading intellectuals of the time and with their cooperation organized the first session of the Indian National Congress at Bombay in December 1885. 72 delegates and presided over by womesh Chandra Bonnerjee two sessions of the Indian National Conference had been held in 1883 and 1885, Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose were the main architects of the Indian National Conference. In 1890, Kadambiny the first woman graduate of Caktiffa University addressed the Congress session
Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, D.E. Wacha, W.C. Bonnerjee, S.N. Banerjee constitutional agitation within the confines of law and showed a slow but orderly political progress. Two pronged strategy i)Politically educate people ii)Influence British government and British people to introduce reforms
Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C. Dutt, Dinshaw Wacha Drain of wealth theory created an all-India public opinion that British rule in India was the major cause of India's poverty and economic backwardness. Demanded
reduction in land revenue abolition of salt tax, improvement in working conditions of plantation labour, reduction in military expenditure, encouragement to modern industry through tariff protection and direct government aid.
From 1885 to 1892, the nationalist demands for constitutional reforms were centred around 1. expansion of councils—i.e., greater participation of Indians in councils, 2. reform of councils—i.e., more powers to councils, especially greater control over finances.
additional members in Imperial Legislative Councils and the Provincial Legislative .Some of these could be indirectly elected Thus an element of election was introduced for the first time. • Budget could be discussed. Questions could be asked.
But ,officials retained their majority in the council, thus leaving ineffective the non-official voice. • The budget could not be voted upon, nor could any amendments be made to it. Supplementaries could not be asked, nor could answers be discussed
Indianisation of government service Indians were being discriminated against by being kept away from positions of trust and responsibility. Equal pay and service conditions
defence of civil rights became an integral part of the freedom struggle. These rights included the right to speech, thought, association and expression an incessant campaign, the nationalists were able to spread modern democratic ideas
Economic critique of British imperialism Constitutional reforms and propaganda in legislature Campaign for general administrative reforms Defence of civil rights.
Realisation of exploitative British rule Growth of self-confidence and self-respect. Impact of growth of education—increase in awareness and unemployment. International influences and event --》 demolished myth of European supermacy ( emergence of Japan—an Asian country—as an industrial power — Abyssinia's (Ethiopia) victory over Italy. — Boer Wars (1899-1902) in which the British faced reverses. — Japan's victory over Russia (1905). — nationalist movements worldwide. ) Reaction to increasing westernisation. Dissatisfaction with the achievements of Moderates. Reactionary policies of Curzon
Hatred for foreign rule Belief in the capacity of masses Swarajya as goal Advocacy of direct political action and self-sacrifice.
Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghosh. Methods included boycott of foreign cloth and other goods, public meetings and processions, forming corps of volunteers or samitis(swadesh bandhab samiti of ashwini kumar dutta) use of traditional popular festivals and metes for propaganda,
emphasis on self-reliance or atma shakti, launching programme of swadeshi or national education, swadeshi or indigenous enterprises, initiating new trends in Indian painting, songs, poetry, pioneering research in science
students, women, certain sections of zamindari, some lower middle and middle classes in towns and cities participated for the first time while the Muslims generally kept away.
Seditious Meetings Act (1907) Criminal Law (Amendment) Act (1908) Indian Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act (1908) Explosive Substances Act (1908) Indian Press Act (1910)
hitherto untouched sections participated major trends of later movement emerged richness of the movement extended to culture, science and literature people educated in bolder form of politics colonial hegemony undermined.
failure of the Moderates to achieve positive results, divisive tactics of Governments of both Bengals, severe government repression.
Severe government repression Lack of effective organisation and a disciplined focus With arrest, deportation of all leaders, the movement left leaderless Split in nationalist ranks(surat split) Narrow social base.
Moderates wanted to restrict the Boycott Movement to Bengal and to a boycott of foreign cloth and liquor. Extremists wanted to take the movement to all parts of the country and include within its ambit extension of boycott of schools, colleges, law courts, legislative councils, government service, municipalities
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