Mmk(vol3_no2)

twGJ 3 / trSwf 2

'DZifbmv 2008 ckEpS f

Zm*emudk vGwv f yfpmG tEkynmzefw;D cGihf qk csD;jri‡ hf rd;k rc taxmufawmf 002/ "mwfyHk = em&D Edk0ifbm 26/ 2008

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd e,fpeG ef ,fzsm;&daS xmifrsm;okŒd cJyG Œdk rkd;rctaxmufawmf 004 Ekd0ifbm 16/ 2008

,ae@ Ak'<[l;ae@/ +AdwdefEdkifiH/ vef'efòrdŒrSm Art Venture trnf & wJ h tEk y nm&S i f r sm; apwem&S i f r sm;tzG J @ u a&G ; cs,f * k % f ð ywJ h ‘vGwfvyfpGm tEkynmzefwD;cGifh’qkrsm;rSm jrefrmjynf&J@ pG,fpkH& tEkynm&Sif vl&$ifawmf ud k Z m*emud k v nf ; xl ; c|ef a jymif a jrmuf w J h tusO;f us tEkynm&Siw f OD;tjzpf a&G;cs,v f u kd f w,fvdk@ od&ygw,f? 2008 wESpfywfvkH;rSm EdkifiHwumu tEk ynmvGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfcGifh/ vl@tcGifhta&; vGwfvyfcGifhawGtwGuf tEkynm&Sifrsm; toD; oD ; &J Œ aqmif & G u f c suf r sm;/ zef w D ; r_ r sm;ud k a&G ; cs,f q k c sD ; jr‡ i f h = u&ef 0d k i f ; 0ef ; t=uH ð yzd k @ zdwaf c:cJ&h mrSm Edik if aH ygi;f 86 Edik if u H av#mufvm$ aygif; 1 axmifeD;yg;xJu tEkynm&Sif tpktzGJ@ 5 ckudk a&G;cs,fcJh+yD; qkaiG a':vm 1 odef;cGJudk cGJa0ay;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? udkZm*em udk,fpm; rdwfaqGwOD;u qkudk vufcH&,lcJh+yD; tar&duefEdkifiHa&mufaewJh udZk m*em ZeD;/ rvGirf mOD;xHu ay;yd@k whJ aus;Zl; pum;udk zwf=um;jycJhw,fvdk@ od&ygw,f?

pmrsuEf mS (8) aumfvH (1) okŒd ===

,ae@eHeufykdif;u tif;pdefaxmif&dS emrnf ausmf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd e,faxmif toD;oD;okd@ atmufygtwkdif; ykd@aqmifvkduf a=umif;/ ‚if;wkd@onf ,ck&ufykdif;twGif; ESpf&Snf axmif'%f csrSwfcHxm;&olrsm;jzpfa=umif; EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;ulnDapmihfa&Smufa&;toif; (atatyDyD)u qkdonf? 1? udkrif;ukdEkdif/ ukdukd}uD; - usKdif;wkH (òrdŒtusOf;axmif)/ &Srf;jynfe,f 2? udkjrat; (ol&) - vdGKifaumf/ u,m;jynfe,f 3? udkðyH;csKd (aÏ;0if;atmif) - aumhaomif;/ weoFm&Dwkdif; 4? udkatmifol ESihf tjcm; 8 OD; - ylwmtkd/ ucsifjynfe,f 5? udkaÏ;ºuG,f - bl;oD;awmif/ &ckdifjynfe,f 6? udkrsKd;atmifEkdif - uav;/ ppfukdif;wkdif; 7? udkvSrsKd;aemif - jrpf}uD;em;/ ucsifjynfe,f

jrefrmbavmf*g axmif'%ftESpf 20 ay;cH& rdk;rc Ekd0ifbm 10/ 2008 jrefrmtm%mykdifwkd@u bavmf*g aebkef; vwfukd axmif'%f tESpf 20 ESihf 6 v csrSwf vkdufonf? ,ae@trdef@csrSwf&m w&m;cGifokd@ aebkef; vwf.rdcif a':at;oef; oGm;a&mufcGihf r&chJ a=umif;/ ‚if;.a&SŒae OD;atmifodef;onfvnf; axmif'%f 4 vcsrSwfcHvkduf&a=umif; atyD owif;Xme a&;om;xm;onf? “tawmfhukd rw&m;wmyJ” [laom a':at;oef;. rSwcf suf ESihf t,ltqrwloltcsKdŒukd atmufygtwkdif; axmif'%ftoD;oD;ay;chJonf? ukdvnf; azmfjyxm;onf? ,ck&ufyidk ;f twGi;f tm%mykid w f @dk u ‚if;wk@d pmrsuEf mS (3) aumfvH (1) okŒd ===

rdk;rc owif;vGSm

'DZifbmv 2008 ckEpS f

rdk;rc tajumif; pwifcJhonfh tajccH tar&duefESifh jynfywdkif;jynfrsm;odkŒ ajymif;a&$Œvm-u&aom jrefrmpme,fZif;orm;rsm;/ jrefrmtrsKd;om;a&; aqmif&Gufaeolrsm;udk tajcðy_yD; jrefrmpmay/ ,Ofaus;r+/ tEkynmESihf vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfa&;om;/ ajymqdkcGihfwdkŒ wifjyEdkif&efESihf jynfwGif;/ jynfy&Sd jrefrmvlr+rdom;pkrsm;. acwfòydifcHpm;csuf/ tawGŒtñuHwdkŒudk r#a0udk,fpm;ðyEdkif&eftwGuf rdk;rc udk xlaxmifonf? zGJŒpnf;yHktajccH tjrwftpGef;twGufr[kwfbJ/ apwem0efxrf; pme,fZif;vkyfief;tjzpf owfrSwfonf? apwemh0efxrf;rsm;jzihfom zGJŒpnf;_yD;/ wm0ef,lEdkifolrsm;ESihf vufqihfurf;aqmif&Gufonf? tcsdef/ vl ESihf pdwftiftm;trsm;qHk; pdkufxkwfolrsm;u tvkyftr+aqmifrsm;jzpf_yD; ‚if;wdkŒESihftwl t-uHay;tr+aqmifrsm;/ xkwfvkyfa&;tzGJŒ0ifrsm; ponfjzihf zGJŒpnf;xm;onf? apwem0efxrf;/ udk,fxludk,fxvkyfief;jzpfonfhtwGuf tvkyftzGJŒ0ifrsm;. vkyftm; ESihf apwemudk vkyfief;pm;&dwftjzpfowfrSwf_yD; vnfywfonf? &&So d nfh &HyakH iGrsm;udk jynfwiG ;f jynfyrS pmayynm&Sirf sm;/ pmayvkyfief;rsm;/ xkwfa0a&;vkyfief;rsm;odkŒ t"duxm;vSL'gef;onf?

2

0ef}uD;qkay;aepOf y&dowfudk wm;jrpfaeonfh vkHxdef;rsm; ("mwfyHk = rd;k rc)

vkx H ed ;f rsm;u abmvk;H yGyJ &dowfukd aoewfeŒJ csdef rdk;rc taxmufawmf (&efukef) Edk0ifbm 23/ 2008 ,refae@u &efukefòrdŒ ok0Àptm;upm;uGif;wGif usif;ycJhonfh jrefrm-tif'dkeD;&Sm; AdkvfvkyGJt+yD; tEdkif& jrefrmtoif;tm; *k%fðyonfh yG=J unfyh &dowfrsm; uGi;f xJ0ifa&mufc=hJ u&mwGif vHx k ed ;f rsm;u aoewfjzifh csdefum tqdkygy&dowfudk +cdrf;ajcmufcJh=uonf[k od&Sd&onf? tif'ekd ;D &Sm;toif;udk jrefrmtoif;u 2 *d;k 1 *d;k jzifh tEdik &f oGm;ojzifh òydifyGJt+yD; yGJ=unfhy&dwfowf 50 rS 70 0ef;usifcef@ abmvHk;uGif;xJ 0ifa&mufcJh+yD; jrefrmtvHudk v$ifhajr‡muf+yD; atmifyGJcHcJh=uonf? xdt k csed w f iG f tEdik &f onfh toif;rsm;udk qkay;rnfh tm;upm;0ef}uD; . vHkðcHa&;twGuf uGif;xJa&mufaeonfh atmifyGJcHcJh=uonfh y&dowfudk vHx k ed ;f rsm;u aoewfjzifch sed u f m [ef@wm;armif;xkwcf o hJ nfjh zpf&yf jzpfymG ; cJhjcif;jzpfonf? xdktcg yGJ=unfhpifrsm;ay:&dS y&dowfxJrS vHkxdef;rsm;udk qJqdkonfh toHrsm; qlqlnHnHxGufay:vmcJh+yD;aemufwGif vHkxdef;rsm;u vufeuf rsm;udk atmufpdkufcJh=uonf[k abmvHk;yGJ=unfh±_cJhonfhrsufjrifoufao wOD;u ajymonf? tqdkyg rsufjrifoufaou æ “vlawGu uGif;xJa&mufaewJh vHkxdef;udk rif;wdk@ AdkvfcsKyfwa,muf &JŒtoufupkd ;kd &drw f meJ@ vlawGukd aoewfechJ sed pf &mvm;? Adv k cf sKyfaooGm; vdk@ *±kpdkufp&mr&Sdbl;qdk+yD; 0dkif;qJ=uw,f? tJ'DaemufrS vHkxdef;awG aoewf atmufpdkufvdkuf+yD; tavsmhay;oGm;w,f” [k qdkonf? ,refae@u jrefrmtoif;u òydifbuf tif'dkeD;&Sm;toif;udk 2 *dk; 1 *dk;jzifhtEdkif&cJh+yD; *&if;±GdKif&,fqkudk qGwfcl;cJhonf? *&if;&GdKif&,f trSwf wHqdyf 0DpuDudkxkwfvkyfonfh tdkifbDwDpD (International Beverage and Trading Company) u tukefuscHum ta&SŒawmiftm&SESifh b*Fvm;a'@&Sf ponfh 3/ 4 EdkifiHudk ESpfpOfzdwfac:+yD; abmvHk;òydifyJG usif;y avh&Sdonf? ,refae@u òydifyGJwGif vly&dowf aomif;*%ef;ESifhcsD+yD; vma&mufcJh onf[k od&Sd&onf? ,ckoDwif;ywfrsm;twGif; ppftpdk;&u +yD;cJhonfhESpf pufwifbm aemufyikd ;f zrf;qD;xm;onfh twdu k t f cH Edik if aH &;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf rD', D m/ twdkuftcHrsm;udk ulnDonfh a&SŒaersm;udkyg ae@pOf&ufquf axmif'%f ESpf&SnfcsrSwfvsuf&Sd+yD; &efukefòrdŒwGif vHk+cHKa&;udkvnf; ydkrdkwdk;csxm; onfukd jrifawGŒae&onf? ? twGJ 3 / trSwf 2

rdk;rc owif;vGSm

'DZifbmv 2008 ckEpS f

rw&m;zrf;qD;cH oHCmrsm;udk ppfa-uma&;wGif _cdr;f ajcmuf 0efccH suf ,la-umif; w&m;±k;H wGif oH,mawmf 1 yg;u xkwaf zmf ajymqdk trsdK;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyfu 88 ESpaf jrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyaJG eŒtcrf;tem; usif;y rdk;rc taxmufawmf (&efukef) Edk0ifbm 22/ 2008 ppftpkd;&u EdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHrsm;udk rw&m;axmif'%frsm; }uD;av;pGmcsrw S +f yD; zdEydS f onfh=um;xJu twdkuftcH ygwD}uD;wckjzpf aom tifeft,fvf'Du EdkifiHa&; rdwfaqGrsm;/ ygwD0ifrsm;/ {nfhy&dowfrsm;zdwf=um;+yD; 88 ESpf

ajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJae@udk usif;ycJhonf? ud k v d k e D a cwf 1920wG i f yxrOD ; qk H ; t}ud r f vG w f v yf a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ w ck j zpf o nf h yxr ausmif;om;oydwfudk txdrf;trSwfðyonfh trsKd;om;ae@ tcrf;tem;wGif vuf&SdEdkifiHa&; ES i f h taxG a xG t =uyf t wnf ; u pnf ; vk H ; nD!GwfpGm ±kef;xGuf=ua&; a[majym=uonf qdo k nf? ?

Edik if w H umu zdtm;ay;aeonf-h um;u ppftpk;d &u trsKd;om;a&;v+y&f mS ;olrsm;udk axmifcs rdk;rc taxmufawmf 003 Edk0ifbm 11/ 2008 tar&dueftpdk;&u jrefrmjynfqdkif&m txl;udk,fpm;vS,fcef@tyf&ef wifjyaecsdef/ Oa&my or*~uvnf; 2010 a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD a':pkESifhwuG EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udk jyefv$wfay;&ef awmif;qdkaecsdefwGif ppftpkd;&u zrf;qD;xm;ol EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk axmif'%frsm; jyif;xefpGm csrSwfvdkufonf? atatyDyD ac: jrefrmtusOf;om; ulnD apmifha&Smufa&;toif;ESifh owif;Xmersm;tqdk t& vlaygif; 40 cef@udk axmifcsvdkufonf[k qdkonf? aiG=um,H ausmif;wdkuf oHCm 5 yg; - axmif 6 ESpfcGJ 88 rsKd;quf ausmif;om; 14 OD; - axmif 65 ESpf (udkrif;aZ,s/ udk*sifrD/ udktHhbG,fausmf/ udkyEMdwfxGef;/ reDvmodef;/ roif;oif;at; ac: rrD;rD;/ udkaZmfaZmfrif;/ udkoef;wif/ udkaZ,s (vl@abmifopf)/ udkausmfausmfaxG;/ udkoufaZmf/ rrmrmOD;/ rpENmrif;/ trnfrod) {&m0wD/ bkduav;rS udkjynfhòzd;v_difESifh 9 OD; - axmif 8 ESpf rS 24 ESpf vltcGifhta&; rpkpkaEG; - axmif 12 cGJ udkbdkbdkv_dif0if; - axmif 8 ESpf a&$oHpOf udk0if;armif/ udkoef;Edkif - axmif 6 ESpf

rsufESmzHk; jrefrmbavm*g rS === Ek d 0 if b m 10 aebkef;vwf - 20 ESpf/ 6 v roif;Zlvdkifausmf - 2 ESpf/ 6v uAsmq&m apma0 - 2 ESpf Ek d 0 if b m 7 OD;tkef;ausmf ESihf 3 OD; - 5 ESpf ukdxGef;xGef;0if; - 3 ESpf twGJ 3 / trSwf 2

Ek d 0 if b m 6 a':ESif;ESif; - 2 ESpf OD;atmifodef; (a&SŒae) -4v OD;cifarmif&dSef (a&SŒae) -4v OD;Á\&d, - 8 ESpf OD;ÁENu r*~ifausmif;q&mawmf - 16 ESpf Ek d 0 if b m 5 &uf a e@u zrf ; qD ; cH & ol r sm; OD;cifarmifat;(News Watch *sme,f)- 3 v ukdxGef;xGef;odef;(News Watch *sme,f) - 3 v

rdk;rc taxmufawmf 003 Edk0ifbm 15/ 2008 2007 pufwifbm oHCmhta&;awmfyw Hk iG f oHCmawmf trsm;tjym;udk zrf;qD;xm;cJh+yD; tcsdefqGJ ±kH;xGufaecJh&m r=umrD&ufydkif;twGif; u wcsKd@udk axmif'%frsm; csrSwfcJhonf? ,cif tywfu wHcg;ydwf±kH;xkwfonfh w&m;cGifwck wGif t"rRvl0wfvJcHxm;&onfh oHCmawmf wyg;u pd w f x d c d k u f z G , f tawG @ tñuH u d k xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? oHCmawmfrmS oufawmf 80 ausm&f o dS nfh &efukefESifh rdkiftenf;i,ftuGm òrdŒrSjzpfa=umif;/ q&mawmf}uD;wyg; jzpfa=umif;/ pufwifbm ta&;awmfykHu ppfa=uma&;wGif xdrf;odrf;xm; pOf rw&m;pGJcsufrsm;udk twif;t"rR 0efcHcdkif; a=umif;/ q&mawmf}uD;u jiif;qefaeaomtcg axmifwGif;rS rk'def;r_jzifh axmifus 3 OD;udk tusOf;cef;twGif;xnhfxm;cJh+yD; r0efcHygu xdk &mZ0wfaumifrsm;ESifh q&mawmfudk tEdkifusifh ESdyfpufrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufcJha=umif;/ odk@twGuf q&mawmf } uD ; u 0ef c H c suf a y;cJ h & a=umif ; w&m;ol } uD ; a&S @ arS m uf w G i f pd w f x d c d k u f p G m ±H k ; awmf o k d @ av#muf x m;cJ h o nf [ k rsuf j rif w&m;±Hk;0efxrf;wOD;u ajym=um;onf? w&m;ol}uD;ESifhtzGJ@rSm rnfokd@qkH;jzwf&ef rodojzifh ±kH;csdef;ay;vdkufonf[k od&onf? xdu k o hJ @kd axmifwiG ;f ESihf ppfa=uma&;pcef;rsm;wGif rw&m;zrf ; qD ; ES d y f p uf r _ r sm; rnf r #rsm;jym; wdk;yGm;aernfudk rcef@rSef;&Jyg[k ±kH;0efxrf; wOD; u ajym=um;onf? ‚if;wdk@taeESifh xdk ppfcsuf rsm;/ 0efcHcsufrsm;udk em;ESifh qwfqwf=um;ae& onfrSm qif;&JvSonf[k 0efcHonf? ?

MOEMAKA PO Box 320207 San Francisco, CA 94132- 0207 USA e-mail : [email protected] 3

rdk;rc owif;vGSm

'DZifbmv 2008 ckEpS f

OD;xdev f if;(Adv k w f axmif) uG,v f eG jf cif; 4 ESpjf ynfq h rG ;f au|; Ed0k ifbm 4 &ufaeŒu ðyvkyf rdwaf qG pme,fZif;orm;rsm; wufa&muf-u

rdk;rc Edk0ifbm 6/ 2008

rsupf cd pJG w d x f m;aom [Hom0wDO;D 0if;wif tygt0if acwfòydifESifh rsKd;qufopf EdkifiHa&;/ pmayESifh pme,fZif; rdwfaqGrsm;/ rdom;pkrsm; wufa&muf=uonfudk awG@&onf? ppftkyfpkudk tnHhrcHbJ uG,fvGefonf txd w&m;r#wr_ E S i f h trS e f w &m;buf u &yfwnfol owif;pmorm;}uD;tjzpf vltrsm; u av;pm;cspfcifoljzpfonf? olajymcJhonfh pum;wckudk udk;um;azmfjyvdkufygonf? “ckvdk EdkifiHa&;pum;awGajymaewm[m rsufpduef; wap>ra=umuf ajymaewmr[kwf bl;? rsufpdvnf;aumif;w,f/ wap>u b,f avmufa=umufp&maumif;w,f qdkwmvnf; odw,f? 'gayr,fh owif;pmorm;wa,muf taeeJ@ +yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muftae eJ@ ajymoifh ajymxdkufwmudk ajym&r,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfwJhtwdkif; ajymaewm” OD;xdefvif; (Adkvfwaxmif)

urBmph ;D yGm;a&; t-uyftwnf; jrefrmEdik if u H v kd nf; xdcu dk f w,f? txl;ojzifh pufr_ 1 ydkifwJh[mawGaygh? tJ'DvdkavvHa=umifhyJ tdrfjcHajraps;uGuf &yf oGm;wmvm;qdk&if 'DwckxJa=umifh r[kwfbl;? pufwifbmvqef;wGif tar&duefEdkifiH urBmhpD;yGm;a&;usqif;wJh*,ufa=umifh ydk@ukef aiGa=u;ESifh b¾ma&; aps;uGufjzpfonfh a0gvf vkyfief;&SifawG/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SifawG xdckduf px&drSpwifvdkufonfh urBmhvHk;qdkif&m t=uyf awmh ajrudk0,fxm;wmxuf avmavmq,f twnf;onf jrefrmjynf pD;yGm;a&;udkvnf; rSm aiGu yd+k yD;toH;k wnfrh ,ft h aetxm;a=umifh ±d k u f c wf v ma=umif ; &ef u k e f ò rd Œ &S d pD ; yG m ;a&; t0,fawG &yfukefwm? wcsKd@qdk&if ta&mif; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u ajymqdkonf? ,ck a vmavmq,f awG Œ jrif & onf h vuQ%mrsm;rSm ydk@ukefvkyfief;wGif yJ/ a&xGuf ypPnf;/ a&mfbm ponfh ukefypPnf; 0,f,lr_ESifh aps;E_ef;usqif;jcif;/ jynfyEdkifiHrsm;wGif tvkyf oGm;a&muf vkyu f ikd v f su&f o dS nfh jrefrmEdik if o H m; rsm; tvkyftudkif 0ifaiG xdcdkufjcif;/ jynfwGif; tdrfjcHajraps;uGuf qkwfqdkif;oGm;+yD; ta&mif; t0,f at;oG m ;jcif ; wd k @ jzpf o nf ? tqd k y g vuQ % mrsm;rS m vG e f c J h o nf h wv0ef ; usif twGif; odomxif&Sm;vmonf[k pD;yGm;a&; t0,fwnfh+yD;om; p&Hcsxm;+yD;om;[mawGrSm e,fy,f toD;oD;rS vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;u ajymqd=k u awmif p&Ht±H_;cHwmawG &Sdw,f? odef;&m*%ef; uae axmif*%ef;txd t±H_;cHwmawG +yD;cJhwJh onf? &efukefòrdŒ&Sd tdrfjcHajrvkyfief; vkyfudkifol oDwif;ywfxJrSm &SdcJhw,f? ay;xm;wJ@ p&Hudk wOD;uajymqd&k mwGif “vGecf @J whJ oH;k ywfavmuf t±_H;cHwmu aemufxyf avsmhusEdkifwJh yrm% up+yD; tdrfjcHajr ta&mif;t0,f vkH;0 &yfoGm; xuf enf;aumif;enf;Edkifvdk@ t±H_;cH=uwmyg” w,f? tpdk;&uvnf; aiGvdkawmh 0ef}uD;Xmeydkif [kajymqdkonf? xdkif;EdkifiH awmifydkif;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkif ±Hk;awG/ ajruGufawGudk avvHwifzdk@ pDpOfae w,f? &efukefrSmawmh 'DZifbmvrSmvdk@ od& vsuf&Sd=uonfh jrefrma&$Œajymif; tvkyform;

rdk;rc taxmufawmf (&efukef) Edk0ifbm 10/ 2008

4

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2005 ckEpS f tpydik ;f u odrf;qnf;xm;onfh vdkifpifrJhum;rsm;udk qufwdkuf avvHwif a&mif;csaejcif;a-umifh aps;us_yD;&if; qufusaeonf[k æ pkaygif;aqG;aEG;um tajz&Smvkyfaqmifvsuf &Sdonfudk EdkifiHwum owif;rsm;wGif =um;od ae&aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHrS etz tpdk;&tae jzifhrl vwfwavm awG@jrifvm&onfh jrefrm EdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;tay: *,uf±dkufcwfr_rsm;udk tod t rS w f ð yjcif ; / xnf h o G i f ; pOf ; pm;onf h vuQ%mvHk;0rawG@&a=umif; &efukefòrdŒowif;

pmrsuEf mS (9) aumfvH (2) okŒd === twGJ 3 / trSwf 2

'DZifbmv 2008 ckEpS f

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rdk;pyg;ay:csdef avab;oifhorm;rsm; tcufñuHqJ rdk;pyg;ay:csdefrSm jrpf0u|ef;ay:eJ@ &efukef

pmrsuEf mS (9) aumfvH (1) okŒd === 5

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'DZifbmv 2008 ckEpS f

bd±rk mwifwJh a&$rif;om;rsm;

ab;{&d,m jrefrmrsm; pmaya[majymyGJ usif;y

rkd;rc taxmufawmf 003 Ekd0ifbm 26/ 2008

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qefz&efab;{&d,m jrefrmpmaya[majymyGw J iG f jrefrmvli,frsm;u eH&u H yfpmapmifwifqufrnf rdk;rc taxmufawmf 002 Edk0ifbm 5/ 2008 vmrnf h Ed k 0 if b m 8 &uf paeae@wG i f qefz&ef ab;{&d,m 9 }udrfajrmuf pmaya[m ajymyGJudk jrefrmrdom;pkrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;usif;y =urnf jzpfonf? 0dkif;0ef; uruxðy=uonfh pkaygif;tvSL&Sifrsm;/ apwem&Sifrsm;a=umifh {nfhonfpma&;q&m 4 OD; ('g±dkufwm 0if;az/ armifpGrf;&nf/ a':rmrmat;/ atmifa0;) ESifh tdrfcH pma&;q&m 1 OD; (^m%fOD;armif) wdk@ESifh pnfpnfum;um; ðyvkyfEdkifjcif; jzpfonf[k qdkonf? ab;{&d,m&Sd jrefrmvli,frsm; pkaygi;f onfh eH&HuyfpmapmifjyyGJwckudk a&$yGJvmy&dowfrsm; twGuf wifquf&ef pDpOfaeonf[k od&onf? a[majymyGJvm pma&;q&m tEkynm&Sifrsm;/ uG , f v G e f o l q&m}uD ; / q&mr}uD ; rsm;. ud, k af &;tusO;f / pmayvuf&m aumufEw k cf suf wdk@ yg0ifrnf[k qdkonf?

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6

xkwaf 0onfh ckEpS f ? wefzdk; ?

? 2008 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv ? tifwmeufpmapmiftjzpf tcrJh/

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vpOfyEHk ydS pf mapmiftjzpf wapmif 2 a':vm ? rd;k rc Multimedia

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pmrsuEf mS (7) aumfvH (3) okŒd ===

rd;k rc rlyikd cf iG hf ESiyhf wfoufI æ pmrl/ "mwfykH ESifh o±kyfazmfyHkwckcsif;pD. rlydkifcGifhrSm trnfazmfjyxm;aom pma&;q&m ESifh ynm&Sifrsm; jzpfygonf? xkwfa0aom pmapmifwckvkH; (tifwmeuf/ ykHESdyf 2 rsKd;pvkH;) taejzifh rlydkifcGifhrSm rdk;rc jzpfygonf? odkŒjzpfygI rdk;rcrSpmrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmudk;um; azmfjycGifhðyygonf? ul;,lazmfjyvdkv#ifvnf; rdk;rc pmapmifrSwqifh [lI !$ef;qdkay;apvdkygonf? twGJ 3 / trSwf 2

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a&SŒae OD;cifarmif&dSef ESifh OD;atmifodef;

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csif;rkid rf S jrefrmuxdeyf GJ

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'DZifbmv 2008 ckEpS f

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8

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rdk;rc owif;vGSm

'DZifbmv 2008 ckEpS f

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rdk;rc taxmufawmf 002 Edk0ifbm 30/ 2008

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9

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10

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Edik if aH &;v+y&f mS ;r+ ESihf rD', D m ,ck axmif'%fcsrSwfcH&olrsm;tm; EdkifiH a&;v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifhvdk@ tom;ay; razmfjybJ jynfyowif;rD'D,mrsm;odk@ ajymqdkjcif;/ owif; tcsuftvuf/ "mwfyHkay;ydk@jcif;/ owif;rSwf wrf; AD', D akd y;yd@k jcif;wd@k a=umifv h kd w&m;¶H;k rSm ppf tpdk;&bufu wifjyygw,f? 'Dtcsufudk=unfh jcif;tm;jzifh ppftpdk;&[m jynfyowif; rD'D,m &JŒtusKd;oufa&mufr_/ xda&mufr_udk owdðyrd ovdk pdk;&drfr_vnf; }uD;rm;a=umif;jyovdkuf wmyg? 1988 ckESpf aemufydkif; t}uD;qHk; vlxk tHkºuGr_vdk@ owfrSwf=uwJh 2007 ckESpf pufwif bm a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;[m &efukefòrd@u jzpfysufor# vlawGjrifawGŒ&or#udk tifwm eufay:wif/ avvd_if;ay:v$ifhwifeJŒ urBmu jrif&=um;&+yD; ppftpdk;&&JŒ &ufpufr_/ ,kwfrmr_ awGudk zHk;uG,fr&jzpfcJhygw,f? tjzpftysufawG[m ae@csif;awmifrubJ em&Dydkif;twGif; tifwmeufay:/ wDADay: ò*d[fwk pavmif;ay:/ a&'D,dkay:a&mufoGm;cJhvdk@vnf; ppftpdk;&u acwfrD tdkifwDenf;ynm rD'D,mudk xdwfvef@wkefv_yfvmwmyg? rD'D,mvdk@qdkayr,fh 'Dowif;awGudk ay;ydk@ ol wifjyol tm;vHk;[m rD'Dorm;awG r[kwf ygbl;? omreft&yfom; *sme,fvpf (citizen journalist) vd@k ac:wJh olvi kd gvkd tifwmeufo;kH pGJ olawG trsm;tjym; yg0if=uygw,f? tJ'DtxJ rSm rD'D,meJ@ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;olr[kwfwJh bavmh*gawGvnf; yg0ifcJhygw,f? pufwifbm

pmrsuEf mS (13) aumfvH (1) okŒd === 11

rdk;rc owif;vGSm

'DZifbmv 2008 ckEpS f

jrefrmEkid if rH mS usi;f ycJw h hJ 1990 a&G;aumufyu JG mvrSm awmxJa&mufaewma=umifh yxrOD;qk;H t}udrf rJay;cGifh qkH;±_H;cJh&w,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfrJay;cGifh&cJh&ifvnf; ay;cJhwJhrJjym;u tESpf 20 wkdif todtrSwfjyKjcif;cH&ao;rnf r[kwfvm;? awmwGif; iSufzsm;'%f aoab;rSv$wfajrmuf/ &efo@lusnfroifh/ w&m;r0if'kuQonfb0u tvGwf±kef; aemufqkH; tESpf 20 t=umrS usaemf yxrOD;qkH;t}udrf rJay;cGifh&vkd@ twkdif;rod 0rf;om&ygw,f? wkdufwkdifqkdifqkdif ukd,fwkdif qENrJay;cGifh&wJhtcsdefrSm tar&duefEkdifiHa&;tajctaeu tvGef pdwf0ifpm;zkd@aumif;wJhumvjzpfaew,f? tar&dueforkdif; pmrsufESmopf a&;wif&r,fh tajymif; tvJawGeJ@ jzpfaew,f? tapmykdif;umvrSm 'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD xif&Sm;wJh trsKd;orD;ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;eJ@ tmz&d uef-tar&duefEG,fzGm; ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;wkd@&J@ t}udwfte,f rJqENv_Haqmfr_awG avhvm apmifh=unfh? aemufykdif; AD,uferfppfjyef EkdifiHa&;0g&Sdol (a&G;aumufyGJ tEkdif&&SdcJh&if tar&duefjynfaxmifpk orkdif;rSm touft}uD;qkH; orRwjzpfvmrJhol) eJ@ tar&duefjynfr}uD; ukd,fpm;vS,fr[kwfbJ vl o d e nf ; wJ h ajrmuf 0 if ± k d ; pG e f ; a'o yd k v m0uf 0 H j zLawG ck d a tmif ; &m tvmpumjynf e ,f jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;r_; trsKd;orD;ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;wkd@&J@ vufwGJ,SOfòydifv_yf&Sm;r_awGu acwf opforkdif;rSm EkdifiHa&;pdwfukefcef;aewJh tar&duefEkdifiHom;awG - txl;ojzifh vli,fvl&G,frsm;/

wuUokdvfuxkwfa0wJh txifu& Oya'ynm qkdif&mokH;oyfcsuf*sme,f (Harvard Law Review) OuUÏ tjzpfa&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cH&wJh yxrOD;qkH; vlrJausmif;om;jzpfvmcJhw,f? ynma&;rSmxl;c|efcJhovkd tvkyfvufrJh r&Sdqif;&Jom;wkd@zufu &yfwnf+yD; vlr_a&; y&[dw tusKd;aqmifvkyfaqmifjcif;/ Oya' ynm&Sif ygarmuQtjzpf 10 ESpf=um xrf;aqmif cJhovkd/ jynfe,f Oya'ðyv$wfawmftrwftjzpf ajcmufEpS =f um wm0efxrf;aqmifcw hJ ,f tawG@ tñuHtcsKd@awmh &Sdygw,f? òydifzufrsm;vkd aemufcHorkdif; EkdifiHa&; pifjrifhxuf ESpfrsm;pGmr&SdcJhayr,fh ol@touf t&G,f/ tawG@tñuHeJ@ tajctaeta=umif; t&mawGtay: okH;oyfr_/ qkH;jzwfajymqkdr_awG u 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;/ ynmwuf/ owif;rD'D ,morm;rsm;eJ @ txl ; ojzif h vl i ,f r sm;&J @ axmufcHr_ukd w&Sdefxkd; &,lEkdifcJhw,f? olu, dk w f idk ;f a&; pmtkyaf wGjzpfwhJ Dreams From My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance

eJ @

Audacity of Hope:

Thoughts on Reclaiming the American

aZmfatmif (0g&Sifwef 'DpD) vlenf;pkvlrsKd;EG,frsm;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd 'DESpf a&G;aumufyGJu jyefvnfpGJaqmifEkdifcJhw,f? a&G;aumufyGJtóudumvpuwnf;u usaemfhtaeeJ@ ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;awGxJrSm EkdifiHa&; pifjrifxufrSm tcsdefr=umao; 0gEkao;w,fvkd@ owfrSwfcH&w,f touf 46 ESpf (a':atmif qef;pk=unf jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;avmuxJ a&muf&Sdvmcsdeftouf)om &Sdao;wJh tmz&duEG,fzGm; bm&uf tkdbm;rm;ukd oabmus axmufcHaeygw,f? 2004 ckESpf orRwa&G;aumufyGJumv 'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD jynfvkH;u|wfnDvmcH}uD;rSm bm&uf tkdbm;rm rdef@cGef;ajymcJhwJhtcsdefup+yD; olŒ&JŒtpGrf;tpudk owdjyKrdcJhw,f? EkdifiHa&;0gEkay;r,fh Om%fynmxufjrwf/ tajymtqkd pGJaqmiftm;aumif;wJholukd 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u 'Drkd u&ufwpfygwD&J@ tem*wf=u,fyGifhqkd+yD; axmufcHtm;ay;cJhvkd@ 'DESpf 2008 a&G;aumufyGJrSm xif&Sm;wJh òydifzufEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ukd tEkdif&,lum tcktcg tar&dueforkdif;rSm yxrOD;qkH; tmz&duEG,fzGm; orRwwOD;jzpfvmr,fh tvm;tvm&Sdaeygw,f? ol@ta=umif; ravhvm rodao;wJhvlawGtzkd@ EkdifiHa&;ausmaxmufaemufcH rdom;pk tpOf tvm r&Sd/ EkdifiHa&;0gEk/ vlrJvlenf;pk pwJh tay:,Ha=um=unfhajym&ifawmh bm&uftkdbm;rm; taeeJ@ 0ifa&muf,SOfòydifzkd@awmif róud;pm;oifhygbl;? 'gayr,fh olta=umif; t&nftcsif; pGrf; aqmifEkdifr_ukd aumif;aumif;odwJholawGu ol@ukd bufaygif;pkHrS tm;ay;ausmaxmufyHhay;cJh wma=umifh ,SOfòydifzufawGudk tEkdif&,lEkdifcJhw,f? rdom;pkaemufcHtaeeJ@ vufvkyfvufpm; omrefrdom;pkrS aygufzGm;cJhayr,fh zcif uifnm EkdifiHom;vlrJuvnf; ynmwwfeJ@ vljzLrdcif uif;qufjynfe,foluvnf; vGwfvyfawG;ac:ol ynmwwfawGjzpf=uw,f? zcifeJ@r}uD;jyif;cJh&ayrJh rdcifeJ@ tzkd;tzGm;awG&J@ qkH;rvrf;!$efay;r_ a=umifh ynma&;rSmxl;c|efcJh+yD; xdyfwef;wuUodkvfawGjzpfwJh ukdvHbD,m/ [m;Awfwkd@u EkdifiHa&; ody`HbmomeJ@ Oya'bGJ@wkd@ukd &,lEkdifcJhw,f? [m;AufwuUokdvf Oya'ausmif;om;b0rSm [m;Awf

12

Dream wkd@ukdzwf=unfh+yD; ol&J@pdwf0ifpm;zG,f rdom;pkb0/ tcuftcJjzwfoef;r_eJ@ tar&duef EkdifiH&J@ EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ tay: ol@tjrif okH;oyfcsufawGukd vSyajymufajrmufwJh ta&; tom;okH;oyfcsuf/ tawG;tac: tar#mftjrif rsm;ukd ykdod&SdcJhw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf usaemfwkd@ tkdbm;rm; atmif jrifr_ukd okH;oyf=unfh&if awmf±kHpGrf;aqmifEkdifr_ xufjrufr_eJ@ 'Dtajctaeukd a&mufvmp&m ta=umif;r&Sdbl;vkd@ ajymvkd@&w,f? orkdif;taxmuftxm; rSwfwrf;awGt& tar&duukd aus;u|eftjzpfa&mufvmcJhwJh ol@ tmz&duEG,fzGm;awGqkd&if ESpfaygif;&mausmf vljzLrsm;&J@ rw&m;zdESdyfr_atmufrSm tcGifh ta&;rJh aus;u|efb0eJ@ ESpfaygif;&mcsDaecJh& w,f? wu,fawmh olwkd@vGwfvyfr_ wefwl tcGifhta&;&&Sdr_u r=umao;wJhumv 1960 aemufykdif; Civil Rights ta&;awmfykH atmifyGJ rSjzpfw,f? vljzLawG&J@rw&m;zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f cGJjcm;r_awGukd ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm toufaygif;rsm; pGmpaw;+yD; &,lcJh&w,f? zdESdyfr_atmufrS vGwf ajrmufvmcJhayr,fh ESpfaygif; 40 twGif;rSm EkdifiHa&;tm%m&,lEkdifr_ tvGefenf;yg;ao; w,f? yxrykdif;rSm v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f&m xl;awGudk Civil Rights v_y&f mS ;r_rmS xif&mS ;cJw h hJ acgif;aqmifwcsKd@ &&SdcJhw,f? aemufykdif; EkdifiH awmf&J@tqifhjrifh&mxl;awGjzpfwJh ppfOD;pD;csKyf &mxl;eJ@ EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;wkd@ukd AkdvfcsKyf}uD; aumvif;yg0g eJ@ uGe'f gvZD m;±ku d pf w f @dk &&Scd w hJ ,f?

pmrsuEf mS (16) aumfvH (3) okŒd === twGJ 3 / trSwf 2

rdk;rc owif;vGSm

'DZifbmv 2008 ckEpS f

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aebke;f vwf odŒk r[kwf rS =====

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13

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'DZifbmv 2008 ckEpS f

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rd;k csKo d if; tarhta=umif; pOf;pm;vdkuf&if udk,fu cyfar$;ar$; cyfao;ao; pHy,fjzLav;wyGif@udkyJ oGm;jrifa,mifw,f? taru pHy,fyef;ukH;av; udk tjrJvdkvdk yefwwfw,f? pHy,fyef;av;awG ndSK;oGm;&ifvnf; acgif;tkH;atmufrSmxm;+yD; tdyfwwfw,f? tarhacgif;tkH;av;u pHy,feH@ av; oif;aeus? yef;av;awG cspfwwfwJh taru oeyfcg; yef;av;awGvnf; óudufw,f? pum;0gyef;av; awGvnf; óudufw,f? uHhaumfyef;av;awG vnf; óudufw,f? naeausmif;tqif; tdrfjyef a&muf+yDqdkwmeJ@ rat; aoG;ay;wJ@ oeyfcg; av;awGvdrf;+yD; oef@oef@&Sif;&Sif; aewwfw,f? taru uav;wdk@&J@q&mr? tarhausmif; ysKd;cif;udk ysKd;axmifcJ@ol? tazhudk uAsmq&m yDyDoo jzpfapcJ@ol? om;orD;tm;vkH;udk ynm wwf vdrfrm,Ofaus;atmif &iftkyfruGm ðypk apmif@a&SmufcJ@ol? tarhvdktifqENqdkwm rrSwf rd rodavmufatmif cifyGef;eJ@ om;orD;awG&J@ qENudkyJ OD;pm;ay;cJ@ol? uAsmq&m tazeJ@ tEkynmudk em;vnfwefzdk;xm;wwfwJ@ pdwf udk om;orD;awG&J@&ifxJ xnf@ay;cJhwJhol? tar udk,fwdk@eJ@ cGJcGmoGm;wm Edk0ifbm 17 &ufqdk 18 ESpf wdwd jynfhcJh+yD? tarqkH;wJh 'Dae@ rSm tazu ylaqG;aomursm;udk c%ab;z,f+yD; tar@ab;rSm tarcspfwJh uAsma&;wJhtvkyfudk vkyfcJhygw,f? t&ifu taz uAsma&;+yD;wdkif; tOD;qkH; tarzwfcJhayr,fh 'Dwcgawmh twl &,farm rzwfEdkif&Smawmhygbl;? 'DuAsmav;udk tarhaemufq;Hk c&D;rSm a0wJh ,yfawmifav;eJ@ vufurf;pmapmifav;rSm ykHESdyfazmfjycJhygw,f? 'Dae@rSm tarhudk owd&pdwfeJ@ 'DuAsmav; udk jyefazmfjyvdkufygw,f? zwf=unfh=uygtkH;?

14

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(cspfZeD; pef; odk@ -) tkd = vif;,kefwkdŒ 17/ 11/ 1990 tarSmifrif;ukd/ azmufxGif;òzdcJG/ &Japavmh? tarSmifrkdufukd/ wkdufckdufòzdcGif;/ vif;apavmh? Ed0k ifbm 17 &ufrmS tar ud, k w f @kd e@J cGcJ mG cJh tarSmifxkukd/ tefwkESdrfeif;/ &Sif;apavmh? +yD; Edk0ifbm 19 &uf tazharG;ae@rSm tarhudk *loGif;o+*õK[fcJhygw,f? tarhtkwf*lav;rSm vif;,keftonf;/ vif;,kefZJGjzihf 'DuAsmav;&J@ aemufqkH;tydk'fudk ausmufjym; yJGwkdif;ausmfI/ armfapownf;? ? ay:rSm a&;xGif;apcJhygw,f? use&f pforl o d m;pkrmS tvGr;f awG odyo f nf; 2008/ atmufwkdbm/ 21 aevsufyg tar? ? twGJ 3 / trSwf 2

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“,ckuJhodk@ wkdif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;. om,m0 ajyma&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpfaom jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf; a&;wGifrS ‘xGuf+yD;onfhqifpG,f 0ifw,fvdk@ r&Sd’[laom pum;t& ‘&mZÁa¹EN’udk iJhvGef; aeygrl jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;onf eD;vsuf a0;ae =u&rnfyif jzpfavonf” vd@k a&;om;cJyh gw,f? tJ'u D mvrSm q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f OD;aqmifwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@}uD;u ‘olrem udk,frem oifykef;ajca&;rl’ udk udkifpGJ oif h w ,f v d k @ tqd k j yKxm;+yD ; q&m Aef ; armf wifatmifuvnf; tJ'D tcsuu f kd 2 zufpvH;k u pOf ; pm;oif h w J h t a=umif ; a&;om;cJ h y gw,f ? tpdk;&u wcsdefvHk;toHk;jyKcJhwJh olykefu vuf eufcsa&;vrf;pOftay:rSmvnf; “‘vufeufcs I 0ifvmcJh=uyg’ [laom zdwfac:csufudk olykef rsm;u ,Hk,Hk=unf=unfESifh vufcH=uygrnfvm;/ acgif;at;at;ESifh pOf;pm;yg” vdk@ a&;om;cJhyg w,f? 'ghtjyif zqyv0ef}uD;wpfOD;jzpfwJh ocif

xdev f if; r_awGa=umifh ol@pum;u ydk+yD; av;eufvmwm vdk@ ,lq&ygw,f? OyrmtaeeJ@ q&m Aef;armfwifatmif xkwfa0cJhwJh vif;,kef*sme,f&JŒ OD;wnfcsufudk =unfhyg? ‘jynfol@tm%mopf rkcfOD;odk@’wJh? 'Dvdk aqmifyk'frsKd;u 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk OD;wnfoGm; aeygw,fqdkwJh 'Duae@ acwftcgrSmawmif pmapmifrSm wyfcGifhr&SdwJh aqmifyk'fjzpfygw,f? q&muawmh tJ'Dovdk vlxkbufu &yfwnfcJh ovdk jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGufvnf; yg0if }udK;yrf;cJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; uGe*f &uf (jrefrmEdik if )H rSm 1951 ckEpS u f ae 1963 ckESpftxd tr_aqmifvl}uD;jzpfcJh+yD; q&m}uD; ocif u d k , f a wmf r _ d i f ; OD ; aqmif w J h jynf w G i f ; +idr;f csr;f tzG@J rmS vnf; twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0iftjzpf yg0if aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf aqmif&u G w f hJ tcg q&mu vludk,fwdkif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm yg0ifaqmif&u G cf o hJ vdk pmayeJ@vnf; wm0efaus atmif aqmif & G u f c J h y gw,f ? txl ; ojzif h vif;,kef*sme,fuae ol@&JŒ tjrifawGudk yGifhyGifh vif;vif; a&;om;cJh+yD; tpdk;&udkyg a0zefcJhyg w,f? zqyv tpdk;&taeeJ@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf; a&;udpP vkyfaqmifwJhae&mrSm txufpD;uae raezdk@ q&mu wdkufwGef;cJhygw,f? 1957 ck E S p f arv 16 &uf a e@xk w f vif;,kef*sme,f tkyfwGJ (1)/ trSwf (4) rSm twGJ 3 / trSwf 2

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cspfarmif&JŒpum;tay: tckvdk a0zefxm;yg w,f? “0ef}uD; ocifcspfarmif. pum;t& ‘tpdk;&taeeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;udk vdkcsifwJhae&mrSm wjcm;olawGxuf ydk&ifom ydk&r,f ravsmhyg bl;’ [laomtcsufonf wu,fhrSefuefaom opPmw&m;omjzpfygu jynfwGif;ppf rD;awmuf rD;v#Hrsm;t=um;wGif 9 ESpfausmf 10 ESpfeD;yg;r# tvl;tvSdrfh cHcJh=u&aom/ ,ckwdkif r±_rvS cHae =u&qJjzpfaom &[ef;&Sifvl jynfoltm;vHk;. tusKd;twGuf rdrdwdk@tpdk;&tzGJ@. qHk;jzwfcsuf udk rajymif;vGJEdkifp&m r&Sday” wdkif;jynfwpfck&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wnf+idrfa&; awGudk xdef;odrf;zdk@wm0ef[m oufqdkif&m wdkif;jynfrSm aexdkifol jynfoljynfom; tm;vHk; rSm&Sdw,fvdk@ t=urf;zsif;ajymEdkifayr,fh wu,f wrf; wm0eft&SdqHk;eJ@ vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;t&SdqHk; u tpdk;& tm%mydkiftzGJ@tpnf;om jzpfyg w,f? 'Dt,ltqrsKd;udk q&m Aef;armfwif atmifu 1957 ckESpf ZGefv 1 &ufae@xkwf vif;,kef*sme,f&JŒ acgif;}uD;rSm ‘+idrf;csrf;a&; wHcg;udk zGifhavmh’ qdkwJh acgif;pOfeJ@ q&mu tckvdk a&;om;cJhygw,f? “,ae@ jynfaxmifpkorRw jrefrmEdkifiH awmfY Edik if aH wmftpd;k &ESihf opPmcH vufeufuikd f xdefvif; (10/ 11/ 2008) wyfrsm;u wzuf/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pk 2008 ck E S p f Ed k 0 if b mv 14 &uf a eŒ tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;. vuf e uf u d k i f w yf r sm;u aemfa0tajcpdkuf 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH. wzuf ppfruf,OS +f ydKif wdu k cf u kd v f suf &S=d uonf xkwfv$ifhcsuftm; jyefvnfazmfjyygonf?

15

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'DZifbmv 2008 ckEpS f

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