Meeting The Energy Demands- What Options

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Meeting the Energy Demands: What  Options? Dr. Adeoye Adefulu Odujinrin & Adefulu Barristers  Solicitors & Notaries Public Barristers, Solicitors & Notaries Public Lagos – Abuja – Port‐Harcourt

Outline  Outline • • •

Nigeria’s Electricity Industry Gas as a fuel of choice Renewable Energy

Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Nigeria’ss Electricity Industry Nigeria Electricity Industry 200

1600

180

1400



160 1200

140



1000

120 100

800

80

600



60 400

40 200

20 0

0

Ukraine South Africa Population (Million)

Brazil

Pakistan

Generating Capacity (GW)

Nigeria g GDP (Million)



Installed capacity of just over  ll d f 6000 mw with average generation  capacity of about half  Only 40% of the population has  access to electricity Per capita consumption of Per capita consumption of  electricity is 100kWh compared  to South Africa – 4500kWh, Brazil  – 1934kWh and China – 1934kWh d Chi 1379 1379  kWh 66% of the country lives in rural  y areas

Adapted from: Oando Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Electricity Fuel Mix Electricity Fuel Mix • 67 percent of installed  capacity is thermal and  the rest is hydro based • A large part of Nigeria’s  RE component is in SHP 

Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Gas as Nigeria’ss electricity fuel Gas as Nigeria electricity fuel •





Nigeria has an estimated 182 tcf  h d f of proven natural gas reserves  and is 7th largest natural gas  reserves holder in the world Nigeria flares 40 per cent of  annual natural gas production annual natural gas production  and accounts for 12.5% of the  natural gas flared in the world Th The country is estimated to lose  i i d l between US$2.5 – 6 billion  annually to gas flaring

Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

The case for Gas as Nigeria’ss electricity fuel The case for Gas as Nigeria electricity fuel • Most of the planned power plants are based  g on gas • Gas flaring in Nigeria is sufficient to power half  of Africa for a year! of Africa for a year! • Gas for electricity – Cheap(er) – Available – Reduce environmental pollution by reducing  flaring Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Cost of electricity production from  diff different sources cents per Kwh h 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Mini Hydro



Solar PV Biomass

Wind

Natural Gas

Coal

Adapted from the Nigerian Renewable Energy Policy and Kovacs, UN Statistics  Division

Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

What is Renewable Energy? What is Renewable Energy? •





Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly or indirectly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is energy generated from g , hydropower y p and ocean resources,, and biofuels solar,, wind,, biomass,, geothermal, and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. (IEA) Renewable energy resources: Energy resources that are naturally replenishing but flow-limited. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time. Renewable energy resources include: biomass, hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, ocean thermal, wave action, and tidal action. (EIA) “Renewable electricity” refers to electric power obtained from energy sources whose utilization does not result in the depletion of the earth’s resources. Renewable electricity also includes energy sources and technologies that have minimal environmental impacts, such as less intrusive hydro and certain biomass combustion. These sources of electricity normally will include solar energy, wind, biomass co-generation and gasification, hydro, geothermal, tide, wave and h d hydrogen energy. ((Nigeria i i Renewable bl Energy Policy) li ) Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Forms of Renewable Energy Forms of Renewable Energy  • • •

• •



Wind energy ‐ Wi d Ki i Kinetic energy present in wind motion that can be converted to mechanical  i i d i h b d h i l energy for driving pumps, mills, and electric power generators. Solar ‐ Solar energy is the sun’s rays (solar radiation) that reach the earth. Solar energy can  be converted into other forms of energy such as heat and electricity be converted into other forms of energy, such as heat and electricity. Hydropower ‐ Hydro energy is simply energy that is taken from water and converted to  electricity. Hydro energy can be obtained by using many methods of capture. The most  common method of using energy from water is a hydroelectric dam, where water coming  g gy y g down through an area causes turbines to rotate and the energy is captured to run a  generator. Biomass ‐ Organic non‐fossil material of biological origin constituting a renewable energy  source. Geothermal energy ‐The heat that is extracted from hot water or steam that is mined from  geothermal reservoirs in the earth’s crust. Water or steam can be used as a working fluid for  geothermal heat pumps water heating or electricity generation and then is reinjected back geothermal heat pumps, water heating, or electricity generation, and then is reinjected back  into the earth. Ocean energy ‐ Energy conversion technologies that harness the energy in tides, waves, and  g thermal gradients in the oceans. Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Fuel shares of world electricity generation  2004 Gas 19.6%

Non-Renew. Waste 0 3% 0.3%

Nuclear 15.7%

Renewables 17.9%

Oil 6.7%

Other Other** 0.8% Hydro 16.1%

Renewable Combustible s and Waste 1.0%

Coal 39 8% 39.8%

Source: IEA Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

RE resource base in Nigeria RE resource base in Nigeria  Energy Source

Capacity

Small Hydro

734 mw

Animal waste

61 million tonnes/yr y

Crop residue

83 million tonnes/yr

Solar radiation

3.5-7.0 kWh/m2 - day

Wind

2-4 m/second Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Nigeria’ss RE Plans Nigeria RE Plans • EPSRA – Section 88(9) – ( ) RE seen mainly in the light of Rural  y g Electrification

• • • •

National Energy Policy National Energy Policy Renewable Energy Policy Renewable Energy Action Plan Renewable Energy Master Plan Renewable Energy Master Plan 

Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Nigeria’ss RE Plans  Nigeria RE Plans ‐ Hydropower  Hydropower • Policies  – The nation shall fully harness the hydropower potential available in  the country for electricity generation  h f l – The nation shall pay particular attention to the development of the  mini and micro hydropower schemes  y p – The exploitation of the hydro power resources shall be done in an  environmentally friendly manner  – Private sector and indigenous participation in hydropower  Pi d i di i i i i h d development shall be actively promoted 

Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Nigeria’ss RE Plans  Nigeria RE Plans – Hydropower (contd.) Hydropower (contd.) • Objectives  – To increase the percentage contribution of hydro electricity to the  total energy mix  l – To extend electricity to rural and remote areas, through the use of  mini and micro hydro power schemes  y p – To conserve non‐renewable resources used in the generation of  electricity  – To diversify the energy resource base  T di if h b – To ensure minimum damage to the ecosystem arising from  hydropower development  y p p – To attract private investments into the hydropower sub‐sector 

Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Nigeria’ss RE Plans  Nigeria RE Plans – Hydropower (contd.) Hydropower (contd.) • Strategies  – Establishing and maintaining multilateral agreements to monitor and regulate the use of  water in international rivers flowing through the country  g g y – Ensuring increased indigenous participation in the planning, design and construction of  hydropower stations  – Providing basic engineering infrastructure for the production of hydropower plants,  equipment and accessories  – Encouraging private sector, both indigenous and foreign, in the establishment and  operation of hydropower plants  – Encouraging private sector, both indigenous and foreign, for the local production of  hydropower plants and accessories  – Ensuring that rural electricity boards incorporate small‐scale hydropower plants in their  development plans development plans  – Promoting and supporting R&D activities for the local adaptation of hydropower plant  technologies  – Initiating and updating data on the development of the hydro potential of our rivers and  Initiating and updating data on the development of the hydro potential of our rivers and identifying all possible locations for dams  Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Nigeria’ss RE Plans  Nigeria RE Plans – Solar •



Policies  l – The nation shall aggressively pursue the integration of solar energy  into the energy mix  gy – The nation shall keep abreast with worldwide developments in solar  energy technology  Obj i Objectives  – To develop the nation’s capability in the utilization of solar energy  – To use solar energy as a complimentary energy resource in the rural  To use solar energy as a complimentary energy resource in the rural and urban areas  – To develop the market for solar energy technologies  – To develop solar energy conversion technologies locally 

Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Nigeria’ss RE Plans  Nigeria RE Plans – Solar (contd.) Solar (contd.) •

Strategies  – (i) Intensifying R&D in solar energy technology  – (ii) Promoting training and manpower development  ( ) g g p p – (iii) Providing adequate incentives to local manufacturers for the production of  solar energy systems  – (iv) Providing adequate incentives to suppliers of solar energy products and  (iv) Providing adequate incentives to suppliers of solar energy products and services  – (v) Introducing measures to support the local solar energy industry  – (vi) Setting up extension programs to introduce solar technology into the  ( i) S tti t i t i t d l t h l i t th energy mix  – (vii) Providing fiscal incentives for the installation of solar energy systems  – (viii) Setting up and maintaining a comprehensive information system on  available solar energy resources and technologies 

Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Nigeria’ss RE Plans  Nigeria RE Plans – Biomass Policies  l – The nation shall effectively harness non‐fuelwood biomass energy  resources and integrate them with other energy resources  g gy – The nation shall promote the use of efficient biomass conversion  technologies  • Objectives  Obj i – To promote biomass as an alternative energy resource especially in the  rural areas  – To promote efficient use of agricultural residues, animal and human  wastes as energy sources  – To reduce health hazards arising from combustion of biomass fuel  T d h l hh d ii f b i f bi f l

Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Nigeria’ss RE Plans  Nigeria RE Plans – Biomass (contd.)  Biomass (contd.) •

Strategies  – Developing extension programs to facilitate the general use of new  biomass energy technologies  gy g – Promoting R&D in biomass energy technology – Establishing pilot projects for the production of biomass energy  conversion devices and systems  i d i d – Providing adequate incentives to local entrepreneurs for the  p production of biomass energy conversion systems  gy y – raining of skilled manpower for the maintenance of biomass energy  conversion systems  – Developing skilled manpower and providing basic engineering  D l i kill d d idi b i i i infrastructure for the local production of components and spare parts  for biomass systems  Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Nigeria’ss RE Plans  Nigeria RE Plans – Wind  Wind •



Policies  l – The nation shall commercially develop its wind energy resources and  integrate this with other energy resources into a balanced energy mix  g gy gy – The nation shall take necessary measures to ensure that this form of  energy is harnessed at sustainable costs to both suppliers and  consumers in the rural areas consumers in the rural areas  Objectives  – To develop wind energy as an alternative energy resource  p gy gy – To develop local capability in wind energy technology  – To use wind energy for provision of power in rural areas and remote  communities far removed from the national grid  ii f df h i l id – To apply wind energy technology in areas where it is technically and  economically feasible  y Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Nigeria’ss RE Plans  Nigeria RE Plans – Wind (contd.) Wind (contd.) •

Strategies  – Encouraging R&D in wind energy utilization  – Developing skilled manpower for provision of basic engineering  Developing skilled manpower for provision of basic engineering infrastructure for local production of components and spare parts of  wind power systems  – Intensifying work in wind data acquisition and development of wind  if i ki i dd iii dd l f i d maps  – Training of skilled craftsmen to ensure the operation and maintenance  g p of wind energy systems  – Providing appropriate incentives to producers, developers and  consumers of wind energy systems consumers of wind energy systems  – Developing extension programs to facilitate the general use of wind  energy technology Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

The case for RE The case for RE  • Abundant RE resources • Energy demand – Population projected to double – Energy demand to triple

• Environment – Fossil fuel emissions – CDM  C

• Security of supply – Non‐renewable nature of fossil fuel – Security of pipeline infrastructure

• An alternate/additional source of power Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Issues to address Issues to address • Creation of a Renewable Energy Agency or extension of the  mandate of the Rural Electrification Agency • RE law? RE l ? – Feed‐in vs. Renewable Portfolio Standard

• Comprehensive mapping of RE resources  Comprehensive mapping of RE resources • Initiation of pilot projects on commercial basis • Introduction of appropriate incentives Introduction of appropriate incentives – Is pioneer holiday sufficient? – Abolition/suspension of import duties? / p p

• Appropriate tariff regime & PPAs

Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

Thank you Odujinrin & Adefulu 1st Floor, Church House 29 Marina 29, Marina, Lagos [email protected] Odujinrin & Adefuluestd. 1972

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