Max Lecturas Comprension Ingles.docx

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An Autism Epidemic? Instruciones: Lee cuidadosamente el siguiente texto y escoge en la sección correspondiente la opción que representa con mayor exactitud lo dicho en él.

Epidemic is a powerful word, it generates bold headlines, congressional hearings, research dollars and dramatic high-stakes hunts for culprits. It is a word that has lately been attached to autism. How else to account for the fact that a disorder that before 1990 was reported to affect just 4.7 out of every 10,000 American children now strikes as many as 67 per 10,000, according to new data from the U:S: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- the equivalent of 1 in 150 kids.

But what if there is no epidemic? What if the apparent explosion in autism numbers is simply the unforeseen result of shifting definitions, policy changes and increased awareness among parents, educators and doctors? That is what George Washington University anthropologist Roy Richard Grinker persuasively argues in a new book sure to generate controversy. In Unstrange Minds: Remapping the World of Autism. Grinker uses the lens of anthropology to show how shifting cultural conditions change the way medical scientists do their work and how we perceive mental health.

In addition to rising awareness of autism, Grinker points to these factors:

Each new edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–the bible of mental health–has revised the criteria for identifying autism in ways that include more people. Two conditions on the milder end of the autistic spectrum –Asperger´s syndrome and the awkwardly named PDD-NOS (pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified)–were added to the DSM in 1994 and 1987, respectively. Grinker and others say 50% to 75% of the increase in diagnoses is in these milder categories.

U.S. schools are required to report data on kids who receive special-education services, but autism wasn't added as a category until the 1991-92 school year. No wonder the numbers exploded-from 22,445 receiving services for autism in 1995 to 140,254 in 2004. Grinker points out that "traumatic brain injury" also became one of the 13 reportable categories in 1992, and it had a similar spike.

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In some states, parents of children with autism can apply for Medicaid even if they are not near the poverty line. A diagnosis of mental retardation doesn't always offer this advantage.

As services have become more available for kids with autism, more parents are seeking a diagnosis they would have shunned 30 years ago, when psychiatrists still blamed autism on chilly "refrigerator" mothers. Doctors are also more willing to apply the diagnosis to help a patient. "I will call a kid a zebra if it will get him the educational services I think he needs", U.S. National Institute of Mental Health psychiatrist Judith Rapoport told Grinker.

For all the reasons above, many kids previously given other diagnosis are now called autistic. University of Wisconsin researcher Paul Shattuck has found that the number of kids getting special-ed services for retardation and learning disabilities declined in 47 states between 1994 and 2003, just as those getting help for autism was rising. In 44 states, the drop exceeded the rise in autism.

As convincing as Grinker's analysis seems, arguments about the apparent epidemic will probably continue. It is simply impossible to accurately reconstruct the past incidence of the disorder, given how radically definitions have changed. Those who believe the increase is real often focus on the mysterious lack of autistic adults. With their conspicuous symptoms like hand flapping and little or no language, "I think we would be recognizing them in institutions", says Dr. Robert Hendren, executive director of the M.I.N.D: Institute at the University of California, Davis. Grinker says autistic adults are out there but wearing other labels. "Where are the adults with fetal alcohol syndrome?", he asks. No one over 40 has the condition, thought to affect up to 1 in 500 kids, since it was not recognized until the midSelecciona la opción correcta. 1. El autor del artículo utiliza la palabra "epidemic" en el título 1.

aunque genere encabezados muy alarmantes en los periódicos.

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para poder referirse al aumento de casos de este padecimiento.

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por los presupuestos millonarios que se otorgan para investigación.

2. En el segundo párrafo se menciona que el incremento en el número de casos de autismo pudiera deberse

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al aumento en la conciencia en padres y médicos sobre este padecimiento.

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a los cambios previstos en las definiciones médicas sobre esta enfermedad.

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al cambio drástico en la política gubernamental en relación a este trastorno.

3. ¿Cuál de los siguientes temas no aparece en el libro "Unstrange Minds: Remapping The World of Autism?" 1.

La visión antropológica acerca de los cambios en la medicina.

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La manera en que los psicólogos ahora perciben la salud mental.

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Las causas culturales de los cambios de perspectiva sobre la salud.

4. En el manual conocido como la "Biblia" de la salud mental, 1.

existen varios criterios para identificar los diversos tipos de autismo.

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se han añadido, por lo menos, tres trastornos más desde el año de 1987.

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se han ampliado los criterios para identificar los problemas de autismo.

5. El sistema educativo estadounidense 1.

propició el aumento de los casos documentados de autismo en 1995.

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debe informar sobre quienes reciben apoyos educativos especiales.

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clasifica al autismo, entre otras, como una lesión cerebral traumática.

6. Se consiguen servicios médicos casi gratuitos en algunos estados de Estados Unidos 1.

aún para niños no tan pobres si se les diagnostica como autistas.

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si al niño se le diagnostica retraso mental en lugar de autismo.

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si los padres solicitan reevaluación del diagnostico de retraso mental.

7. Un diagnóstico de autismo 1.

no necesariamente hace que los doctores estén más dispuestos a ayudar al paciente.

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no evita que algunos psiquiatras culpen a las madres "refrigerator" de este problema.

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hubiera sido rechazado por los padres de familia con toda seguridad hace 30 años.

8. De acuerdo al investigador Paul Shattuck de la Universidad de Wisconsin 1.

aumentó la ayuda por servicios especiales educativos para niños con trastorno de aprendizaje y retraso mental.

2.

en 47 estados norteamericanos ha disminuido el número de niños que reciben ayuda educativa especial.

3.

en 44 estados norteamericanos ha disminuido el número de niños que reciben ayuda.

9. El Dr. Robert Hendren y el antropólogo Roy Richard Grinker 1.

coinciden en su opinión acerca del incremento del autismo en Norteamérica.

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concuerdan en algunos puntos acerca del tratamiento en los casos de autismo.

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difieren en su opinión acerca del incremento del autismo en años recientes.

10. Considerar que existe una epidemia 1.

es más cómodo que pensar que existen múltiples causas para el padecimiento.

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implicaría ajustarse a la definición que tenemos de la enfermedad y no modificarla.

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científicamente genera preguntas sobre los hechos que conforman este padecimiento.

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The United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or UK, is in Western Europe. It comprises the island of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and the northern onesixth of the island of Ireland (Northern Ireland), together with many smaller islands. The mainland areas lie between latitudes 49°N and 59°N (the Shetland Islands reach to nearly 61°N), and longitudes 8°W to 2°E. The Royal Greenwich Observatory, near London, is the defining point of the Prime Meridian. The United Kingdom has a total area of approximately 245,000 km². The UK lies between the North Atlantic and the North Sea, and comes within 35 km (22 mi) of the northwest coast of France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. It shares a 499 km international land boundary with the Republic of Ireland. The Channel Tunnel bored beneath the English Channel, now links the UK with France. The physical geography of the UK varies greatly. England consists of mostly lowland terrain, with upland or mountainous terrain only found north-west of the Tees-Exe line. The upland areas include the Lake District, the Pennines, North York Moors, Exmoor and Dartmoor. The lowland areas are typically traversed by ranges of low hills, frequently composed of chalk, and flat plains. Scotland is the most mountainous country in the UK and its physical geography is distinguished by the Highland Boundary Fault which traverses the Scottish mainland from Helensburgh to Stonehaven. The faultline separates the two distinctively different regions of the Highlands to the north and west, and the Lowlands to the south and east. The Highlands are predominantly mountainous, containing the majority of Scotland's mountainous landscape, while the Lowlands contain flatter land, especially across the Central Lowlands, with upland and mountainous terrain located at the Southern Uplands. Wales is mostly mountainous, though south Wales is less mountainous than north and mid Wales. Northern Ireland consists of mostly hilly landscape and its geography includes the Mourne Mountains as well as Lough Neagh, at 388 square kilometres (150 sq mi), the largest body of water in the UK. The overall geomorphology of the UK was shaped by a combination of forces including tectonics and climate change, in particular glaciation in northern and western areas. The tallest mountain in the UK (and British Isles) is Ben Nevis, in the Grampian Mountains, Scotland. The longest river is the River Severn which flows from Wales into England. The largest lake by surface area is Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland, though Scotland's Loch Ness has the largest volume.

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Geography of the United Kingdom". You can explore more on the Wikipedia website. The text and the images are used here only for educational purposes. Questions about the text 1. One sixth of the island of Ireland belongs to the UK. True. False. We don't know. 2. The distance from the UK to the coast of France is... 499 km. 35 km. 150 km. 3. The UK is linked to France through the Channel Tunnel. True. False. We don't know. 4. The most mountainous country is... Wales. Scotland. England. 5. The largest lake in the UK is in Wales. True. False. We don't know. 6. The tallest mountain in the UK is in Scotland. True. False. We don't know.

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My day First, I wake up. Then, I get dressed. I walk to school. I do not ride a bike. I do not ride the bus. I like to go to school. It rains. I do not like rain. I eat lunch. I eat a sandwich and an apple. I play outside. I like to play. I read a book. I like to read books. I walk home. I do not like walking home. My mother cooks soup for dinner. The soup is hot. Then, I go to bed. I do not like to go bed.

¿Has entendido el texto? ¡Por favor conteste las preguntas! Pregunta 1: What happens first? 1 Get dressed 2 Wake up 3 Walk to school 4 Eat lunch Pregunta 2: What do I like? 1 Going to bed 2 Rain 3 Walking home 4 Books Pregunta 3: How do I go to school? 1 I ride a bike. 2 I walk. 3 I drive a car. 4 I ride the bus. Pregunta 4:

8 What do I eat for dinner? 1 Soup 2 Pie 3 Apple 4 Sandwich Pregunta 5: What do I not like? 1 Going to school 2 Soup 3 Going to bed 4 Playing

A great summer vacation I just returned from the greatest summer vacation! It was so fantastic, I never wanted it to end. I spent eight days in Paris, France. My best friends, Henry and Steve, went with me. We had a beautiful hotel room in the Latin Quarter, and it wasn’t even expensive. We had a balcony with a wonderful view. We visited many famous tourist places. My favorite was the Louvre, a well-known museum. I was always interested in art, so that was a special treat for me. The museum is so huge, you could spend weeks there. Henry got tired walking around the museum and said “Enough! I need to take a break and rest.” We took lots of breaks and sat in cafes along the river Seine. The French food we ate was delicious. The wines were tasty, too. Steve’s favorite part of the vacation was the hotel breakfast. He said he would be happy if he could eat croissants like those forever. We had so much fun that we’re already talking about our next vacation!

¿Has entendido el texto? ¡Por favor conteste las preguntas! Pregunta 1: What city did they go to for their summer vacation? 1 Lyon

9 2 Paris 3 Latin 4 Louvre Pregunta 2: How long was the summer vacation? 1 Two weeks 2 Eight weeks 3 One week 4 Eight days Pregunta 3: What did their hotel room have? 1 A refrigerator 2 A view of the metro 3 A balcony 4 A bottle of wine Pregunta 4: Who got tired walking in the Louvre museum? 1 Seine 2 Henry 3 Harry 4 Steve Pregunta 5: What did Steve enjoy the most? 1 The Latin Quarter and the balcony 2 The wine and the food 3 The hotel breakfast and the croissants 4 The cafes along the river Seine

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Chicago Keith recently came back from a trip to Chicago, Illinois. This midwestern metropolis is found along the shore of Lake Michigan. During his visit, Keith spent a lot of time exploring the city to visit important landmarks and monuments. Keith loves baseball, and he made sure to take a visit to Wrigley Field. Not only did he take a tour of this spectacular stadium, but he also got to watch a Chicago Cubs game. In the stadium, Keith and the other fans cheered for the Cubs. Keith was happy that the Cubs won with a score of 5-4. Chicago has many historic places to visit. Keith found the Chicago Water Tower impressive as it is one of the few remaining landmarks to have survived the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Keith also took a walk through Jackson Park, a great outdoor space that hosted the World’s Fair of 1892. The park is great for a leisurely stroll, and it still features some of the original architecture and replicas of monuments that were featured in the World’s Fair. During the last part of his visit, Keith managed to climb the stairs inside of the Willis Tower, a 110-story skyscraper. Despite the challenge of climbing the many flights of stairs, Keith felt that reaching the top was worth the effort. From the rooftop, Keith received a gorgeous view of the city’s skyline with Lake Michigan in the background.

¿Has entendido el texto? ¡Por favor conteste las preguntas! Pregunta 1: Where is Chicago in the United States? 1 The west coast 2 The midwest 3 The south 4 The east coast Pregunta 2: What sport do the Chicago Cubs play in Wrigley Field? 1 Rugby 2 Soccer 3 Baseball

11 4 Football Pregunta 3: Why was Keith impressed by the Chicago Water Tower? 1 It supplies water to the entire population. 2 It is the only remaining monument of the World’s Fair. 3 It is one of few landmarks that survived a historical fire. 4 It is the tallest building in the city. Pregunta 4: What event was important for Chicago in 1892? 1 The World’s Fair took place here. 2 The Great Fire destroyed a large part of the town. 3 Jackson Park became open to the public. 4 Wrigley Field was constructed. Pregunta 5: How did Keith arrive to the rooftop of the Willis Tower? 1 He climbed the building’s exterior. 2 He walked up the interior stairs. 3 He took an outdoor elevator. 4 He used an indoor elevator. Responde todas las preguntas sobre el texto:

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The city where I live My name is Clark, and I will tell you about my city. I live in an apartment. In my city, there is a post office where people mail letters. On Monday, I go to work. I work at the post office. Everyone shops for food at the grocery store. They also eat at the restaurant. The restaurant serves pizza and ice cream. My friends and I go to the park. We like to play soccer at the park. On Fridays, we go to the cinema to see a movie. Children don't go to school on the weekend. Each day, people go to the hospital when they are sick. The doctors and nurses take care of them. The police keep everyone safe. I am happy to live in my city.

¿Has entendido el texto? ¡Por favor conteste las preguntas! Pregunta 1: Where does Clark work? 1 in an apartment 2 in the grocery store 3 in the post office 4 in the cinema Pregunta 2: Where do people buy food? 1 in the hospital 2 in the cinema 3 in the grocery store 4 in the park Pregunta 3: When does Clark go to the cinema? 1 The weekend 2 Each day 3 Monday 4 Friday

13 Pregunta 4: Who keeps everyone safe? 1 The police 2 The children 3 The doctors 4 The nurses Pregunta 5: How does Clark feel about his city? 1 Sick 2 Sad 3 Happy 4 Angry