Dwyer 1 Kate Dwyer ARTH 17400 1 June 2007 Final Paper: The Regenstein Library Block Plans In their introductions of the concepts behind plans for the Regenstein library block, both the NBBJ firm and Michael Sorkin explain their desires to create an effective extension of the quadrangle arrangement. Yet, the key components the designers draw from the original main quadrangle are quite different, explaining the contrasting master plans for this area. NBBJ explains the principles of the quadrangle as, “buildings give form to open space, portals through building structures into interior open space, building entrances orient toward the quadrangle open spaces, … canopy trees group in ‘natural clusters’ to contrast with orderly architectural forms, and walkways crisscross simple lawn panels and connect to perimeter walks” (NBBJ 40). In contrast, Sorkin says, “Any expansion of the university must come to grips with the idea of the quads, with their defining quality as space, … a series of spaces that will in scale, proportion, and quality inform the architecture that ultimately describes them,” and that the Regenstein block needs “special coherence, designed according to a shifting set of planning values” (Sorkin 15, 39). Therefore, while NBBJ defines the quadrangle by buildings forming a border around open spaces and walkways, Sorkin identifies a quadrangle as having buildings with similar scale and quality, and a configuration of circulation spaces between the building forms to create a larger megastructure. While both sets of characteristics can be seen in the main quadrangles, Sorkin better identifies how the organization of the Regenstein block—which blurs the relationship of
Dwyer 2 individual buildings, establishes enclosure through linkages, and clarifies the relationship of the main quadrangle to the north campus—can serve to better represent the larger mission of the university; that is, to foster complex and dense interactions among faculty and students across multiple disciplines, best expressed in the school motto—Crescat scientia; vita excolatur, “Let knowledge grow from more to more; and so be human life enriched." Overall, the plans diverge on the point of the importance of the building and pathway relationships versus that of forming bordered, inwardfacing areas when creating an exemplary quadrangle, with the former (Sorkin’s view) being superior to the latter (NBBJ’s view) due to Sorkin’s greater attention on the usable space and connection with the rest of the campus. The first obstacle the planners face in this library block is the massive, obtrusive Regenstein Library situated directly in the center of the space. Lacking straight edges, a concrete relationship to the streets, and a strong connection to the main quadrangle, special attention is needed to make the Regenstein a space better forming a continuous axis through campus. NBBJ only deals with this huge mass by directing all movement around it and seeking to define the smaller spaces around the Regenstein (NBBJ 41). The NBBJ plans read, “the quadrangle formed by the new residence halls around Regenstein create intimate courtyards that connect to a larger public space in the spirit of the Main Quadrangle,” yet overlooks that the divisions of surrounding spaces and unclear peripheral traffic flow prevent the coherence that a central intersection of paths allows (NBBJ 19). In the same way as placing a massive library in middle of the main quadrangle seems entirely ridiculous, the same holds true in this block if it could ever
Dwyer 3 become an effective extension of the existing synergy of the main quadrangle. On the other hand, Sorkin resolves this dilemma by making the Regenstein the central intersection of the quadrangle, insisting on “a radical surgery that opens the northsouth route, expands the library, ameliorates its grim interior, lays in a learning infrastructure for the 21st century, and creates a new center for campus life” (Sorkin 45). This plan to renovate a Regenstein “Omnipaideum” would form a massive social and intellectual center on campus: a place for storing and exchanging information in all media, a gathering place for people, a major pathway of users, a sequence of various types of study spaces, and an opening of the northsouth major axis from the main quadrangle through the north campus (Sorkin 45). Rather than avoiding and working around the awkward, massive space of the Regenstein Library as NBBJ seems to, Sorkin offers a solution with vast benefits to improve the space and movement throughout the Regenstein block. The intellectual and social advancements Sorkin suggests definitely correlate with the school motto by fostering the sharing and building of information across all disciplines. Greatly dwarfed by the Regenstein Library, Bartlett Gymnasium shares the block with quite a different presence and purpose from the library. Yet, the presence of a recreation facility near a library could better create the concept of the Main Quadrangle as a space for undergraduates, graduates, and faculty to attend classes and of the library block as a cohesive space for all to spend the rest of the day studying, socializing, and exercising. NBBJ suggests turning Bartlett into “a new dining hall and offices for student organizations” to “intensify student activity in this part of campus” (NBBJ 42). In this same quadrangle would also be
Dwyer 4 undergraduate housing for about 700 students, forming an area around the Regenstein tailored more for undergraduates living there and less for the faculty, graduate students, and upper classmen living off campus. Yet, this undergraduate selectivity would stray away from the purpose of the college to foster these interactions among the entire university community. On the other hand, Sorkin’s plan to link the Regenstein to an expanded Bartlett Gym—with a natatorium, expanded recreation facilities, and retention of the already existent facilities—would allow better access between two major centers of daily activity, as well as with the adjacent Reynolds Club and Hutchinson Commons complex. NBBJ firm places the recreation and athletic facilities quite separate from study and social spaces, dividing the locations of major student activity beyond the main quadrangle. The Sorkin plan more effectively fosters the loci of student activity that NBBJ envisions by including various disciplines in a central area just outside the main quadrangle. One major discrepancy between the master plans in the library block is the option of where to place residential halls. In the drawings, we see how the NBBJ plan has two large dormitories on the northern edge of the library block, symmetrically oriented along 56th Street (NBBJ 19). The gate portal—an imitation to Hull gate—between the two buildings seeks to direct pedestrian traffic along a northsouth axis connecting the North campus with the main campus. However, this plan is incomplete in assuming that without adding an entrance to the north side of the Regenstein this portal would have its desired effect of giving “added elegance to pedestrian traffic on the North Campus” and creating “drama and attention to the Library as one
Dwyer 5 of the centers of campus” (NBBJ 19). Instead, it would seem that the residence halls hinder entrance into the quadrangle, forcing one to go around to 57th Street and thus eliminating any effectiveness of a quadrangle layout. The border the NBBJ plan creates along the north edge of the Regenstein library quad divides the space further and makes movement into and out of the quadrangle quite difficult. In contrast, the Sorkin plan keeps the library block entirely open along 56th Street, placing housing in smaller “collegiate villages” scattered about the campus (Sorkin 73). By not placing more large structures of different purpose within an already condensed quadrangle, the Sorkin plan prevents further division and lack unified spaces in the Regenstein library block. In fact, the entire area becomes opened to the north, combining the Regenstein block with the northernmost block containing the Smart Museum, Henry Crown field house, additional housing, and a large theater (Sorkin 73). This orientation places the Regenstein more off to the side rather than as the central obstacle in traveling through the north campus. Hence, by scattering housing around campus and especially along major roadways, the Sorkin plan more effectively makes the housing less obtrusive to the collegiate environment, prevents the northern block from being divided, allows for road access to dormitories, and offers diverse options to suite different students’ tastes. The final common point both plans make addresses landscaping and outdoor spaces. The NBBJ plan treats the Regenstein quadrangle just as it treats the rest of the campus—with trees lining the walkways and scattering the green laws between the buildings (NBBJ 41). This method of landscaping, while not objectionable, does very little to make the space much more
Dwyer 6 inviting or to encourage people to treasure the environment. However, the Sorkin plan looks to greatly increase the appeal and uniqueness of the outdoor spaces in the library block, most notably the “applicant” pool on the east side of the Regenstein between the natatorium (Sorkin 46, 49). Such a notable feature would provide pleasurable respite for students in need of a study break from the library or just as an easily identifiable meeting place. Moreover, NBBJ finds a great need to preserve the flat, green spaces and naturally clumped trees, yet does not define the spaces as anything other than unoccupied spaces between the various crisscrossing concrete pathways (NBBJ 40). Sorkin, though, succeeds in defining the green areas as largely open, unrestricted, and undivided spaces welcome to a game of Frisbee or a picnic, rather than as leftover areas preventing the crowding of buildings (Sorkin 50). In looking at the styles of the plans, descriptions, and drawings, the differences in the background and motivations account for such disparity. Michael Sorkin, a University of Chicago alumnus, clearly has a special concern for the student life, university objectives, and unique character he feels the campus design can foster. Although dropped from the plan in the initial stages of planning, Sorkin’s studio continued the plan, but no longer had the necessity to create a traditional or financially practical plan. Instead, the artistic appeal and imaginative desires are shown in the oddly shaped additions and bright colors of the drawings. Multiple angles of the drawings and in different colors emphasize the aesthetic appeal of such a space beyond the functional design. Quite the opposite, NBBJ is a massive global architecture and design firm with diverse cliental and projects. Needing to appeal to varying tastes and budgets, NBBJ takes a
Dwyer 7 more scientific, realistic, and massappealing approach to its plans. The computergenerated images are very geometric, use traditional color schemes, are filled with straight lines, and rely upon overhead images to express the organized layout of the quadrangle. These differences largely account for the diverse approaches and presentation of the master plans, with Sorkin as the artist and NBBJ as the businessmen. In conclusion, while both master planners use the main quadrangle as a model for a superior layout of buildings, pathways, outdoor spaces, and entrances, Sorkin draws on those concepts better applied to the Regenstein library quad. Sorkin sees the need for connected pathways, related uses, major axes of travel, and similar scale in order to create a cohesive space that fosters interactions among all members of the university community—a large mission of the university. Sorkin refers to the key university objectives “of having many people pursuing many disciplines in close assembly,” “the necessity and benefit of face to face contact…conducive to the free exchange of ideas,” and “a synergy in which the sense of place on campus is always conceived as greater than the sum of its parts” (Sorkin 27, 51). Sorkin’s attention to both the individual and to the entire vision of the campus succeeds in fulfilling this vision within the Regenstein block. NBBJ firm, however, relies upon the placement of buildings around roads and oriented toward the center to define a space. The major problem of this concept in the library block is the huge Regenstein library placed directly in the middle. The surrounding buildings are of a much smaller scale, dwarfed in comparison, and formed in awkward arrangements to deal with the library. Natural flow of pedestrian traffic is greatly hindered by not being able to move
Dwyer 8 through the middle of the quadrangle in either direction, losing character of the interconnected quadrangle to draw people together. This arrangement fails to create the desired crossdiscipline interactions and sharing of knowledge, along with the “growing knowledge” brought by clearly defined and stimulating social spaces and connections.
Works Cited NBBJ, The University of Chicago Campus Master Plan, 1999. Michael Sorkin, Other Plans: University of Chicago Studies, 19982000, Princeton Architectural
Dwyer 9 Press, New York, 2002.