Literature Activity1.docx

DEFINITION OF LITERATURE -Literature liberates people from political oppression, social injustice, economic inequality, and emotional inhibition as reflected in short stories, novels, dramas, essays, and other literary genres. LITERATURE AS AN ART FORM - Literature is the art-form of language, and words are its tools. As a painter uses paint, as a musician uses musical instruments, as a sculptor uses stone-and-chisel, so a writer uses words. ESSENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LITERATURE The essence of literature is the war between emotion and intellect, life and death, etc. The significance is that it reflects the culture at the time and preserves it for future generations. LITERARY STANDARDS 1. Artistry - It is a quality that appeals to the readers standard of beauty. In terms of painting or literature, its elements work together to express its intended meaning. 2. Intellectual Value - It appeals to our intellect. An artwork of inflames critical thinking. It helps you uncover indispensable truths about life and human nature. 3. Suggestiveness - It appeals to our emotion. It makes us sympathize or emphathize with the people involved in an artwork. 4. Spiritual Value - It appeals to our sense of morality by making us undergo self-realization that makes us better persons. 5. Permanence - An excellent artwork lasts. It stands the test of time. It can be read on several occasions with the feeling that you are reading it for the first time for each reading provides new insights about the world we live in. 6. Universality - A superb artwork is timeless and timely; it is forever relevant; it appeals to all regardless of one’s race, educational attainment, gender, religious affiliation, and social status because it deals with elemental feelings, fundamental truths, and universal conditions.

7. Style - An artwork manifests the artist’s ingenuity and originality. He deviates from the usual convention, but he is able to showcase his talent beyond mediocrity. ROLES OF LITERATURE  

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demonstrate that you are a well-informed scholar with expertise and knowledge in the field by giving an overview of the current state of the literature find a gap in the literature, or address a business or professional issue, depending on your doctoral study program; the literature review will illustrate how your research contributes to the scholarly conversation provide a synthesis of the issues, trends, and concepts surrounding your research

GENRE OF LITERATURE 1. Prose Fiction - Presents a story that is invented and not literally “true”. It is written to be read rather than acted or performed, and the events depicted are told us by a narrator, not enacted or dramatized. 2. Poetry - is piece of written by a poet in meter or verse expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use of variety of techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. 3. Drama - comes from the Greek word “dran” which means “to do” or “to act”. It is a story acted out. It shows people going through some eventful period in their lives, seriously or humorously. 4. Nonfiction Prose - Presents factual information or expresses a viewpoint. REASONS STUDYING LITERATURE 1. Imagination: Reading literature cultivates the imagination. That’s one reason why tyrants and dictators hate literature, banning or strictly controlling it. From the ancient Greeks to the present day, cultures steeped in literary study have thrived on creativity and innovation. 2. Communication: Writing and talking about literature helps prepare students to write and talk about anything. Not only are they working with words, with carefully considered language, but they are also considering how different kinds of people think and react to and understand words.

3. Analysis: Literary works—whether fiction, poetry, drama, creative nonfiction—challenge readers to make connections, to weigh evidence, to question, to notice details, to make sense out of a rich experience. These analytical abilities are fundamental life skills. 4. Empathy: Because literature allows us to inhabit different perspectives (What’s it like to be a teenage girl, a Jew, in Nazi Germany? How would you feel if you thought your father had been murdered but no one else believed that?), in different times and places, we learn to think about how other people see the world. We can understand and persuade and accept and help these others more effectively and fully. 5. Understanding: We think in terms of stories: this happens, and then that happens, and what’s the connection between these events, and what is going to happen next? People who’ve experienced more stories are better able to think about actions and consequences. Experience is the best teacher; literature is the best vehicle for vastly enlarging our possible experiences. 6. Agility: Literary works often ask us to think in complex ways, to hold sometimes contradictory, or apparently conflicting ideas in our minds. As brain imaging has shown, this kind of processing helps us to be more mentally flexible and agile—open to new ideas. 7. Meaningfulness: Literary works often challenge us to think about our place in the world, about the significance of what we are trying to do. Literary study encourages an “examined” life—a richer life. It provides us with an almost unlimited number of test cases, allowing us to think about the motivations and values of various characters and their interactions. 8. Travel: Literature allows us to visit places and times and encounter cultures that we would otherwise never experience. Such literary travel can be profoundly life-enhancing. 9. Inspiration: Writers use words in ways that move us. Readers throughout the ages have found reasons to live, and ways to live, in literature. 10. Fun: When students read literature that is appropriate for them, it’s intensely fun. Movies are enjoyable, but oftentimes the written version, readers will say, is more powerful and engrossing. Students who don’t find literature to be a whole lot of fun are almost certainly reading the wrong things (too difficult, too removed from their interests), and not reading enough (perhaps they are slogging line by line, week by week, through a text beyond their growing capabilities). When students do discover the fun of literature, they will read more and more, vaulting forward in verbal skills and reasoning abilities, and becoming better readers and writers of other kinds of texts (letters, memos, legal briefs, political speeches, etc.)

ELEMENTS OF FICTION 1. Plot 2. Character 3. Setting 4. Point of View 5. Theme 6. Style POETRY -is piece of written by a poet in meter or verse expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use of variety of techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. Elements of Poetry 1. Stanza

6.Alliteration

2. Lines

7.Repetition

3. Rhythm

8.Rhyme scheme

4. Rhyme

9. Onomatopoeia

5. Imagery Types of Poetry 1. Lyric Poetry Example: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? 2. Narrative Poetry Example: The Ballad of the harp weaver 3. Dramatic Poetry Example: The death of the hired man

LITERARY DEVICES IN POETRY 1. Meter

6. Repetition

2. Rhyme

7. Consonance

3. Rhythm

8. Assonance

4. Symbolism

9. Alliteration

5. Imagery

10. Enjambment

Examples: Example #1 Old pond . . . a frog leaps in water’s sound (Haiku by Basho) One of the most famous haiku poems ever written, the above translation is from the noted Japanese haiku writer Basho. The familiar conventions of haiku writing can be seen here, including the number of “on” in each line (like syllables) of 5-7-5, the focus on natural imagery, and the change from the literal to the sublime in the third line. Example #2 Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments. Love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds, Or bends with the remover to remove: O no; it is an ever-fixed mark, That looks on tempests, and is never shaken; It is the star to every wandering bark, Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken. Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks Within his bending sickle’s compass come; Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, But bears it out even to the edge of doom. If this be error and upon me proved, I never writ, nor no man ever loved. (“Sonnet 116” by William Shakespeare) William Shakespeare was famous for his sonnets, of which he is known to have written 154. We can see all of the conventions of this form at work, including the number of lines (fourteen,

broken into three quatrains and a final rhyming couplet), the rhyme scheme (ABABCDCDEFEFGG), and the meter (iambic pentameter). Example #3 Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore— While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. “’Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door— Only this and nothing more.” (“The Raven” by Edgar Allen Poe) Edgar Allen Poe used a number of literary devices in his famous poem “The Raven.” The majority of the lines in each stanza is written in the somewhat unusual meter of trochaic octameter, with a final sixth line written in trochaic tetrameter. He also uses a rhyme scheme of ABCBBB as well as internal rhyme. We can also find assonance, consonance, sibilance, and alliteration throughout the poem. Example #4 Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; (“The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost) In Robert Frost’s poem example “The Road Not Taken” we can find many devices at work, such as rhyme scheme (ABABB) and symbolism. Though Frost seems to be simply describing something he has come across in his travels, indeed there is deep meaning to his contemplation of which path he took. Example #5 so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens. (“The Red Wheelbarrow” by William Carlos Williams)

William Carlos Williams challenged old notions of what a poem could look like in English. He does away with meter, rhyme scheme, and other devices that writers would use to show that their work of literature was a poem. Instead, he presents a simple scene and asks the reader to develop the significance therein. This technique is somewhat similar to what haiku writers achieved as well. Example #6 Backward Bill, Backward Bill, He lives way up on Backward Hill, Which is really a hole in the sandy ground (But that’s a hill turned upside down). (“Backward Bill” by Shel Silverstein) Poem examples do not all have to be serious. There are many famous humorous poets such as Dr. Seuss, Ogden Nash, and Shel Silverstein. In the above opening stanza from Silverstein’s “Backward Bill” we can see the fun he’s having with rhyme scheme, juxtaposition, contrast, and consonance. Though the theme of the poem is light, Silverstein does an excellent job using formal poetic devices. PROSE - the ordinary form of spoken or written language, without metrical structure, as distinguished from poetry or verse. Types of Prose 1. Short Story Example: A town mouse and a country mouse 2. Fable Example: The Ants and the Grasshopper 3. Parable Example: The obstacle in our Path 4. Fairy Tale Example: Cinderella 5. Novel Example: Little Women

DRAMA - is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance: a play, opera, mime, ballet, etc, performed in a theatre, or on radio or television. Elements of Drama 1. Visual Element

5. Dialog

2. Music

6. Characters

3. Performance

7. Plot

4. Setting

8. Theme

Types of Drama 1. Tragedies Example: Romeo and Juliet 2. Comedies Example: When Harry met Sally ESSAY - a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument. Types of Essay 1. Narrative Essay Example: The Manager. The Leader. 2. Descriptive Essay Example: Moving North Became the Dream Come True 3. Expository Essay Example: The Traditional Native American Use of Tobacco 4. Persuasive Essay Example: Why Women Should Not Have an Abortion

THEATRE - is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. Kinds of Theatre 1. Arena 2. Trust 3. End stage Theatre Terms Accent Ad Libbing Against type Antagonist Anti-naturalism Apron Aside

Audience Avenue Staging Back stage Blackout Blocking Body Language Business

Philippine Literature - is the literature associated with the Philippines and includes the legends of prehistory, and the colonial legacy of the Philippines.

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

LESLY ANN V. DE GUZMAN BSBA-II

Submitted to: Michelle Ramos

THE PAST THAT WE HAVE TO PRESERVE The Literature of the past is still has a relationship to our present because the Culture, Traditions and Beliefs that we have in our country are not still fully forgotten by people, maybe some of Traditions, Beliefs and Culture was forgotten by other people like in our province the other people in this new generation they don’t know now how to do the honouring gesture ( mano ) to their parents and to other people that older than them when they got home from school or anywhere they came from before going home. I just want to tell that that is one of our traditions that our ancestries teach to us to give respect to the people older than us that this generation already forgotten. By the Help of Literature it help us to know what kind of life our ancestries have before and how they interact/socialize to other people before and what habits they have before and how a man court a women before and courting a women before is not like how a man court now because courting a women now is so easy not like the traditional way before it’s really hard for a man to get a Yes to a women before because he have to court first the family of the girl and also there is process in courting like (Pag iigib ng tubig, pag sibak ng kahoy etc. And also in literature we can study what instruments they are using to compose a songs, what Traditional songs they have and what Traditional Dances they have before that other cities or places still dancing their traditional dances in festivals also Festivals is also one of our traditions that we have to preserve because we don’t know what will happen in the future if technology will become worst for our history, the way how our ancestries life before the values they teach to us maybe they will forgotten it all, by the new generation or the worst generation we have to teach them to preserve our Traditions, Beliefs and culture and also we have to preserve the novels and poems that made of our National heroes and also the Fictional stories that made by famous Filipinos that we can learn from their stories some makes us happy and some teach us values.