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LIMB SALVAGE SURGERY IN OSTEOSARCOMA USING EXTRACORPOREALLY IRRADIATED AUTOGRAFT (ECI) IN CIPTOMANGUNKUSUMO HOSPITAL
A Fauzi K, Errol U Hutagalung, Saukani Gumai, Bambang B, Abd. Muthalib
O th p di Oncology Orthopaedic On l S Service i Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia Jakarta
INTRODUCTION Malignant bone tumors are rare lesions l i :
CMH →1.3% of all the cancer load
Mayo Clinic → 1‐2% Osteosarcoma → 2nd most common most common malignant bone tumors after multiple myeloma Æ19% Dahlin’s bone tumors general aspects and data on 11,087 cases.1996. pp.143‐‐95 Dahlin’s bone tumors general aspects and data on 11,087 cases.1996. pp.143
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INTRODUCTION Limb Salvage Surgery in Osteosarcoma
IN CIPTOMANGUNKUSUMO HOSPITAL : IN CIPTOMANGUNKUSUMO HOSPITAL : Osteosarcoma → MOST COMMON PRIMARY MALIGNANT BONE TUMORS
OSTEOSARCOMA CiptoMangunkusumo Hospital
Data collection collection from 1995 - 2007
Total : 228 cases of Total : 228 Osteosarcoma in the 13 in the 13 years period i d Æ 17.5 cases/year /
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INCIDENCE of OSTEOSARCOMA in CMH‐Mayo
•
CMH : 17.5 cases of osteosarcoma/year osteosarcoma/year
INCIDENCE of OSTEOSARCOMA DISTRIBUTION OF AGE
CMH JAKARTA
MAYO CLINIC MAYO CLINIC
RANGE OF AGE
5 – 57 YO
2 ‐ > 60
MOSTLY AGE
2ND DECADE
2ND DECADE
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Distribution of Age in CMH CMH JAKARTA 1995‐2007
140 120 100 80 127
60 40
60
20 15
15
0 0‐10 yo
9
2
11 ‐ 20 yo 21 ‐ 30 yo 31 ‐ 40 yo 41 ‐ 50 yo 51 ‐ 60 yo
OSTEOSARCOMA LIMB SALVAGE SURGERY
TTreatment t t and d prognosis i off osteosarcomata and other primary bone tumours have changed dramatically since adjuvant chemotherapy was applied in the early l970s (Merle d d’Aubign) Aubign) and Dejouany 1958; Jaffe 1972 and Rosen et al. 1974).
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OSTEOSARCOMA LIMB SALVAGE SURGERY Limb salvage surgery is a widely accepted alternative to amputation in patients with a sarcoma.
The success of limb salvage is the result of advances in the understanding d t di of the biology and staging of f th bi l d t i f tumors, improvement in the reconstructive techniques, and the development of effective adjuvant chemotherapy for the primary tumors. JBone Joint Surg Br.2006;88: 595-603
OSTEOSARCOMA LIMB SALVAGE SURGERY
Limb Salvage Surgery : ECI TECHNIQUE
1995 – 2007 (13 years of period)
19 of 228 cases of Osteosarcoma 1 ‐ 2 cases/year
CMH Jakarta
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No
Year
Sex
Age
Site
Stage
Biopsy
Type
1
1996
M
11
P T
II B
Open
C O
2
1996
M
28
P T
II B
Open
C O
3
1997
M
17
DF
II B
FNA
C O
4
1998
M
23
DF
II B
FNA
C O
5
2001
F
13
DF
II B
FNA
C O
6
2002
M
16
D T
II B
Open
Pe O
7
2002
M
22
PT
IIB
Open
CO
8
2003
M
17
D F
II B
Open
C O
9
2005
M
16
S T
II B
FNA
PeO
10
2005
F
25
P T
II B
FNA
C O
11
2005
F
12
P T
II B
FNA
C O
12
2006
F
22
D H
II B
FNA
C O
13
2006
F
12
DF D F
II B II B
FNA
CO C O
14
2006
F
30
D H
II B
FNA
P O
15
2006
F
14
P T
II B
Open
C O
16
2007
M
16
P H
II B
FNA
C O
17
2007
M
16
P R
II B
FNA
Pe O
18
2007
M
12
D F
II B
FNA
C O
19
2007
M
15
S F
II B
FNA
C O
Table 3. Distribution of Sex Limb Salvage Surgery ECI
CMH Σ
%
Male
12
63.15
Female
7
36.85
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Distribution of Tumor Location Limb salvage surgery
Distal femur Prox tibia Distal humerus Prox humerus P Prox radius di Shaft tibia Distal tibia Total CMH from 1996 ‐ 2007
Distribution of Staging 100 % Stage II B
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Preoperative evaluation Th diagnosis The di i off osteosarcoma t i established is t bli h d by b clinical li i l and radiological findings, and further confirmed by histological specimens of tissue obtained from an open or needle biopsy, as well as from the resected specimens.
Final diagnosis was established in CPC
CMH first procedure : closed biopsy
Work Up Diagnosis
• FNA in CMH : • Accuracy in bone lesion : 79.7 % • Literature : 70 ‐ 95 % • Accuracy in Osteosarcoma : 93 % • Literature : 80 ‐ Literature : 80 ‐ 95 % 95 % • If FNA inconclusive Æ open biopsy
ERROL U HUTAGALUNG : PROFILE OF OSTEOSARCOMA
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Biopsy
Open 26.32 % FNA 73.68 %
Type of Osteosarcoma Pe Ost 3 (12%) 3 (12%)
PO 1(6%)
Conv Ost 15 (82%)
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4 of 19 cases : Cysplatinum, Doxor ubicine and Ifosfamid
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy : 3 Cycles
14 of 19 cases : Cysplatinum and Doxorubicine
1 of 19 cases : no neoadjuvant chemotheraphy
RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAUPEUTIC AGENT • • • •
Huvos I : 6 of 16 cases (37.5%) Huvos II : 4 of 16 cases (25.0%) Huvos III : 4 of 16 cases (25.0%) Huvos IV : 2 of 16 cases (12.5%) 2 cases : no data 1 case : no examination
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Type of Limb Salvage Surgery
ECI Autoclave Allograft Resection Marginal excision
Σ 19 8 1 7 2
%
51.35 21.62 2.70 18.92 5.41
OSTEOSARCOMA LIMB SALVAGE SURGERY
limb salvage by procedures consists of en bloc resection of the tumour and reconstruction with a prosthesis, an allograft or a bridging technique, as introduced by Juvara (1921) and popularised by Merle d’Aubign and C Campanacci, Merle d’Aubign, Maryand i M l d’A bi M d Thomine l966, Marcove 1978; Campanacci and Costa 1979; Marcove 1981; Mankin et al. 1982).
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OSTEOSARCOMA LIMB SALVAGE SURGERY ECI
We have opted for a fourth alternative, namely the en bloc resection of the tumour, and its extracorporeal irradiation followed by re‐implantation.
Osteosarcoma Limb Salvage Surgery : Two Stages
Resection and Irradiation (First Stage)
Reimplantation (Second Stage)
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Limb Salvage Surgery ECI FIRST STAGE
Tumour‐bearing bone was sent to the Institute of National Nuclear Energy (BATAN) for irradiation. The specimen is routinely given a dose of at 30,000 rads in – 80 ̊C
Reimplantation (Second STAGE)
Fixation is then obtained by means of a plate and screws combined with K wire or Tension Band Wiring. Postoperatively, immobilisation in plaster P t ti l i bili ti i l t or an orthosis is continued until there is radiographic evidence of bony union.
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3 of 19 cases : Epiphyseal preservation
Osteosarcoma Limb Salvage Surgery : ECI
16 of 19 : osteoarticular autograft t ft
Limb Salvage Surgery ECI Technique Epiphyseal Preservation Surgery
• In skeletally immature patients, the eventual functional impairment that is due to the subsequent growth inhibition and the discrepancy in the length of the lower extremities must be considered in conjunction with limb salvage surgery of the distal end of the femur. • Several techniques, such as extendable endoprostheses or distraction osteogenesis, have been applied to address this problem. JBone Joint Surg Br.2006;88: 595-603
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Limb Salvage Surgery Epiphyseal Preservation Technique Those techniques sacrifice one or both epiphyseal i h l plate l t that th t potentially t ti ll create t anatomical mismatch, joint instability, gross distortion of the normal anatomy and questionable durability of the reconstruction for a patient with several decades of life expectancy.
•J Bone Joint Surg Br.2004;86:2686-93
EPIPHYSEAL PRESERVATION SURGERY AND RECONSTRUCTION WITH EXTRACORPOREALLY IRRADIATED AUTOGRAFT FOR DISTAL FEMUR OSTEOSARCOMA
3 of 19 cases The indications for the technique were as follows: The indications for the technique were as follows: 1. The tumour should be situated in the metaphyseal region. 2. The physeal cartilage should be open. 3. The tumour should not transgress the physis. Radiography : arteriography, CT and particularly MRI were used to demonstrate this preoperatively (Daffner et al 1986). J Bone Joint Surg Br/ 1994; 76‐B: 127‐32.
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ILLUSTRATIVE CASES
Woman, 30 yo (case no 14) • Recurrent lump at left distal humerus was getting bigger since 4 months ago
9 years ago (1997) • a lump arised a lump arised at at posterior distal portion of left humerus
2 years ago (April 2004)
4 months b.admission
• tumor tumor was was excised by general surgeon
a lump arised again at the same site
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OSTEOSARCOMA DISTAL HUMERUS ILLUSTRATIVE CASE Local Status :: Local Status Mass : Mass :
32cm 32 cm in circumferential length (23 cm in cm incircumferential circumferential length cm in 32 cm circumferential in length 32 in (23 length the health tissue) (23 cm in the health tissue) Firm, tenderness, fixed with ill‐defined Firm, tenderness, fixed with well‐ margin No venectation defined margin
Laboratory • • • •
CBC : normal ESR 30 mm/h SAP 192 u/l (40–150) LDH : 165 u/m (230–460)
X‐ray of left elbow AP and lateral views (May 2006) : → heavily mineralized mass attached by broad base to the posterior aspect of left distal humerus and soft tissue swelling
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First Stage : •
•
Resection of the half distal humerus and excision of the tumor mass → sent to Pathology Anatomy Dep. Resected humerus → BATAN for irradiation 30,000 rads
Second Stage : • Reconstruction of the half distal humerus fixed by plate and screws by plate and screws • Olecranon was fixed by the tension band wire • Common flexor and extensor origins were reattached to the original sites • Radiohumeral joint was fixed with the K wire for temporary
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Clinical Picture one month after surgery
Bintang.mpg
Follow Up y Six months postoperatively : no signs of local recurrency nor metastatic t t ti process y The elbow joint range of motion gradually increases 0 ‐ 120 y SAP level was within normal limit
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Follow Up • One year after surgery : Local recurrency and di t t distant metastasis were detected. t t i d t t d • We evaluated our diagnosis in CPC by means of slide review. The end result : High Grade Osteosarcoma.
Proximal Tibia Osteosarcoma Illustrative case (case no 2) • Male,28 yo, lump and pain at the proximal tibia. Open biopsy was performed and was given neoadjuvant chemotherapy. • The lump was 6 cm in diameter, warmer, hard, no tenderness, fixed, and well define margin • No other abnormalities were found, including signs of lungs metastasis • Normal Normal blood counts, elevated ESR(45 mm/h), SAP (275 U/L), blood counts elevated ESR(45 mm/h) SAP (275 U/L) levels
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Plain X Rays
a
Plain X Rays : a. Preoperative X Rays b. 3 months post op c. One year post op
b
c
Clinical Pictures One year after Limb Salvage
Two stages of surgery had been done :
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Proximal Humerus Osteosarcoma Illustrative case (case no 16) • Male, 16, with lump and pain in left shoulder area Male, 16, with lump and pain in left shoulder area • The lump was 16x10x8 cm in size, warmer, hard, tenderness, fixed, and no clear border between the mass and the normal surrounding tissue • Shoulder abduction was ranging from 0‐5°, flexion from 0‐5°, endorotation from 0‐5°, and exorotation from 0‐5° • No other abnormalities were found, including signs of lungs metastasis • Normal blood counts, elevated ESR(30mm/h), SAP (2959 U/L), LDH (468 U/L), and CRP (5.2 mg/L) levels
Clinical Picture
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Radiological Findings
A
B
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy
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1
2
3
Fig. 1‐2 : Intraoperative Fig . 3 : Postoperative X Ray
Clinical Pictures Two month follow up
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Proximal Humerus Osteosarcoma Post surgery evaluation y Seven months postoperatively : no pain and no signs of recurrency nor metastatic process y The glenohumeral joint range of motion gradually increases, the abduction ranges from 0‐25°, adduction 0‐20°, extension 0‐25°, flexion 0‐25°, endorotation 0‐ 30°, and exorotation 0‐10° / ((1 month after y SAP level has decreased from 442 U/L operation) to 67 U/L. y Evaluation using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society criteria shows 63.3% return of function
Epiphyseal Preservation Surgery Illustrative case (case no 11) A 12 year old girl presented with lump that was getting tti bi bigger att the th left l ft distal di t l femur f since two months ago. The pain and loss of function were present. On physical examination there was a mass with 35 cm in circumferential ((27 cm in the health tissue), firm, tenderness, fixed with ill‐ defined margin.
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Clinical Picture
C A
B
Radiological Findings: g A‐B : X Ray C : Bone Scan D : MRI E : FNA D
E
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a
d
b
c
e
Nine month Follow up
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Evaluation Limb Salvage Suregry :ECI • Between 1995 and 2007 we evaluated 19 patients who had been treated by limb‐ salvage surgery ECI technique. • The median age of the total group was 16 years (11 to 30).
Evaluation Limb Salvage Suregry :ECI • Oncological Outcome: From 19 patients : • Follow up for a mean time from 6 months to 72 months for average 34 months Æ 15 pts (78.94%) could be traced back • Two patients (13.13%) were death Two patients (13 13%) were death • Thirteen patients ( 86.67%) were still alive • Four patients (21.06) couldn’t be followed
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Evaluation Limb Salvage Suregry :ECI (cont’d) • In three patients , generalised metastatic di disease was detected and two of them d t t d dt f th resulted in death.One patient is still alive • Local recurrence of tumour was seen in three cases ; 2 of 3 underwent limb ablation, 1 of 3 refussed to another surgery refussed to another surgery.
Evaluation Limb Salvage Suregry :ECI (cont’d) Local recurrence • We re‐evaluated Local recurrent patients who W l t dL l t ti t h diagnosed as periosteal osteosarcoma and a parosteal osteosarcoma. • We discussed again in CPC and changed diagnosis as highgrade osteosarcoma. • One patient underwent limb ablation, and another patient we offer adjuvant chemotherapy Æ but refussed
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Evaluation Limb Salvage Suregry :ECI (cont’d) COMPLICATIONS Infection
Graft Fract
Local Rec
Instability
2 cases
3 cases
1 cases
3 cases
3 cases
Evaluation Limb Salvage Suregry :ECI (cont’d) • Infections were seen in three patients • Two of 3 cases of infection could be relieved and Two of 3 cases of infection could be relieved and resulted in healing by debridement. One of them was reconstructed by Illizarov technique, debridement and bone transport. • In 1 of 3, Partial skin necrosis was seen and was treated by debridement and local flap, but deep treated by debridement and local flap, but deep infection was unable to be relieved , and aggravated by local recurrence Æ death was due to lung metastasis.
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Evaluation Limb Salvage Suregry :ECI (cont’d)
TTwo of 3 cases of graft fractures f3 f ft f t managed by ORIF + BONE GRAFT/CEMENT. One of 3 will be planed to change with osteoarticular allograft of proximal t ti l ll ft f i l humerus or fibular autograft.
Evaluation Limb Salvage Suregry :ECI (cont’d)
Limb shortening (2 cm) Li b h t i (2 ) occurred in one patient with osteosarcoma of the distal femur who was operated on femur, who was operated on at the age of 12 years.
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Evaluation Limb Salvage Suregry :ECI (cont’d) Instability of the knee was always Instability of the knee was always seen when either the distal femur or the proximal tibia had been resected and replaced. However, this instability y p was well tolerated by the patients and did not seem to interfere with normal daily activities.
Problems
Late stage Socioeconomic Education
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CONCLUSION Limb salvage surgery is a widely accepted alternative to amputation in patients with a sarcoma. ECI is a procedure of choice in limb salvage due to limited supply of allograft limited supply of allograft ECI Technique : en bloc resection of the tumour, and its extracorporeal irradiation followed by re‐ implantation.
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