Liberalism, Conservatism And Nationalism Bonus Project
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Conservatism, Liberalism, and Nationalism: The Volatile Mix of International and Domestic Politics, 1814-1848. Done by: Shady T.
Invasion of Russia fails Napoleon abdicates. The Revolutionary wars, and the Revolution, were over. Or so it appeared…
What should Europe’s new frontiers be? Who should negotiate with whom? How strong should the France of the future be? What form of government should nation states have? Liberal? Conservative? Nationalism?
The Source of Revolutionary Disturbances “When Paris sneezes, Europe catches a cold. The disease must be cured, the volcano must be extinguished, the gangrene must be burned out with a hot iron.”
Prince Metternich of Austria
Opposed Liberalism and Nationalism of the French Revolution
Def: advocates limited government in order to protect individual liberties.
It is the ideology of Freedom: Freedom of Assembly Right to Property Equality of opportunity Freedom of Press Free Trade Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Religion Freedom from arbitrary arrest
The origins of Liberalism: • The Enlightenment introduced the idea of a social contract based on natural rights and equality of men. John Locke: “all men are born free and equal.”
• French Revolution instituted a new political order based on individual freedom • Such rights and freedoms would be guaranteed in constitutions as Liberalism demanded representative government as opposed to autocratic monarchy
• Napoleon codifies this philosophy in Napoleonic Code which spreads to most of Europe
• Liberal economists believe the best government governs the least. The government should let the economy alone—laissez-faire. Economic freedom should be given through free trade. • Valued equality of opportunity—each individual has the opportunity to succeed; careers are open to all citizens on the basis of their talents, not their titles, heritage, or privileges. Life is “like a rat race”—everyone has the opportunity to win. But this also means that there will be losers. (Industrialization brought poverty)
• Until the Revolutions of 1848, Liberals did NOT want democracy (or Universal Manhood Suffrage) • Why? You must have a stake in society— property. Liberalism guarantees a right to private property. Liberals: John Locke, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill Generally men of the business and educated professionals.
Def: a sense of unity based upon shared characteristics: language, culture, historical experience, religion, ethnicity and geography. To some, nationalism expressed a desire or right for nationalities to rule themselves. Examples of nationalities that did not rule themselves in 1815 were Germans, Italians, and Poles. They wanted it – conservatives worried about more revolution
Def: advocates legitimate, traditional government in order to preserve the status-quo. Edmund Burke, the founder of modern conservative thought, wrote: “The state was a partnership, but one not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead and those who are to be born… No one generation therefore has the
CONSERVATISM continued: • Legitimacy – restoring the hereditary rule of monarchs on their thrones of Europe. Belief in the Divine Right of Kings or Absolutism. • Traditions – feudal privileges, social hierarchies and orders, traditional Catholicism. The nobility was one of Europe’s most ancient institutions, and conservatives regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions.
CONSERVATISM continued: • Preserve the Status Quo: Peace, Stability, and Order is achieved by a Balance of Power. Conservatives: Edmund Burke, Prince Metternich Generally aristocrats of noble or royal blood The peacemakers of 1815 (Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia) were men who were backward-looking and conservative, who believed that liberalism was responsible for a generation of war and untold bloodshed and suffering.
OBJECTIVES: 1) To think strategically – what goals? 2) To use diplomacy to get what you want 3) To understand how the major powers achieved the THREE goals of the Congress of Vienna • Legitimacy – restore monarchs on their thrones. Put the government back to the way it was. Reactionary and conservatives rule • Compensation – Land! in 1815, size was everything. Winners regain what they lost from France. Try for more
• Balance of Power – a new European order in which no single power was able to dominate. More than anything, they wanted to prevent another Napoleon figure from ever conquering Europe again. They want to replace French hegemony with an equilibrium. Want liberalism and nationalism BLOCKED as liberal and nationalist uprising are what opened door to Napoleon.
Not simply a territorial arrangement; it was, more importantly, a strategic and military balance. They embraced the idea of ‘buffer zones’ between their country and potentially hostile neighbors.
Metternich System • Goal – not just balance of power across countries, but conservative/reactionary rule within. • Each country’s rulers would suppress liberal and nationalist threats through various means like censorship • Could call on one another for help • Would it work?
Reaction against Reaction of Congress of Vienna and Metternich • Across Europe, liberals and nationalists tested Metternich system – lots of revolts and reforms forced. • Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 show legacy of French Revolution and Enlightenment not dead. Vive la Revolution!!!!!! • But conservatism stays a major force • Presence of all three – conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism makes for volatile relations within and among nation states
Socialism!!! Industrialization will introduce Another idea -- socialism An emphasis on community, harmony, and cooperation rather than competitive spirit of Liberalism. They seek an equitable distribution of wealth though state assistance. (communal ownership of property) Socialists: Robert Owen and Karl Marx Generally the lower classes (proletariat)
Invasion of Russia fails Napoleon abdicates. The Revolutionary wars, and the Revolution, were over. Or so it appeared…
What should Europe’s new frontiers be? Who should negotiate with whom? How strong should the France of the future be? What form of government should nation states have? Liberal? Conservative? Nationalism?
The Source of Revolutionary Disturbances “When Paris sneezes, Europe catches a cold. The disease must be cured, the volcano must be extinguished, the gangrene must be burned out with a hot iron.”
Prince Metternich of Austria
Opposed Liberalism and Nationalism of the French Revolution
Def: advocates limited government in order to protect individual liberties.
It is the ideology of Freedom: Freedom of Assembly Right to Property Equality of opportunity Freedom of Press Free Trade Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Religion Freedom from arbitrary arrest
The origins of Liberalism: • The Enlightenment introduced the idea of a social contract based on natural rights and equality of men. John Locke: “all men are born free and equal.”
• French Revolution instituted a new political order based on individual freedom • Such rights and freedoms would be guaranteed in constitutions as Liberalism demanded representative government as opposed to autocratic monarchy
• Napoleon codifies this philosophy in Napoleonic Code which spreads to most of Europe
• Liberal economists believe the best government governs the least. The government should let the economy alone—laissez-faire. Economic freedom should be given through free trade. • Valued equality of opportunity—each individual has the opportunity to succeed; careers are open to all citizens on the basis of their talents, not their titles, heritage, or privileges. Life is “like a rat race”—everyone has the opportunity to win. But this also means that there will be losers. (Industrialization brought poverty)
• Until the Revolutions of 1848, Liberals did NOT want democracy (or Universal Manhood Suffrage) • Why? You must have a stake in society— property. Liberalism guarantees a right to private property. Liberals: John Locke, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill Generally men of the business and educated professionals.
Def: a sense of unity based upon shared characteristics: language, culture, historical experience, religion, ethnicity and geography. To some, nationalism expressed a desire or right for nationalities to rule themselves. Examples of nationalities that did not rule themselves in 1815 were Germans, Italians, and Poles. They wanted it – conservatives worried about more revolution
Def: advocates legitimate, traditional government in order to preserve the status-quo. Edmund Burke, the founder of modern conservative thought, wrote: “The state was a partnership, but one not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead and those who are to be born… No one generation therefore has the
CONSERVATISM continued: • Legitimacy – restoring the hereditary rule of monarchs on their thrones of Europe. Belief in the Divine Right of Kings or Absolutism. • Traditions – feudal privileges, social hierarchies and orders, traditional Catholicism. The nobility was one of Europe’s most ancient institutions, and conservatives regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions.
CONSERVATISM continued: • Preserve the Status Quo: Peace, Stability, and Order is achieved by a Balance of Power. Conservatives: Edmund Burke, Prince Metternich Generally aristocrats of noble or royal blood The peacemakers of 1815 (Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia) were men who were backward-looking and conservative, who believed that liberalism was responsible for a generation of war and untold bloodshed and suffering.
OBJECTIVES: 1) To think strategically – what goals? 2) To use diplomacy to get what you want 3) To understand how the major powers achieved the THREE goals of the Congress of Vienna • Legitimacy – restore monarchs on their thrones. Put the government back to the way it was. Reactionary and conservatives rule • Compensation – Land! in 1815, size was everything. Winners regain what they lost from France. Try for more
• Balance of Power – a new European order in which no single power was able to dominate. More than anything, they wanted to prevent another Napoleon figure from ever conquering Europe again. They want to replace French hegemony with an equilibrium. Want liberalism and nationalism BLOCKED as liberal and nationalist uprising are what opened door to Napoleon.
Not simply a territorial arrangement; it was, more importantly, a strategic and military balance. They embraced the idea of ‘buffer zones’ between their country and potentially hostile neighbors.
Metternich System • Goal – not just balance of power across countries, but conservative/reactionary rule within. • Each country’s rulers would suppress liberal and nationalist threats through various means like censorship • Could call on one another for help • Would it work?
Reaction against Reaction of Congress of Vienna and Metternich • Across Europe, liberals and nationalists tested Metternich system – lots of revolts and reforms forced. • Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 show legacy of French Revolution and Enlightenment not dead. Vive la Revolution!!!!!! • But conservatism stays a major force • Presence of all three – conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism makes for volatile relations within and among nation states
Socialism!!! Industrialization will introduce Another idea -- socialism An emphasis on community, harmony, and cooperation rather than competitive spirit of Liberalism. They seek an equitable distribution of wealth though state assistance. (communal ownership of property) Socialists: Robert Owen and Karl Marx Generally the lower classes (proletariat)
