Lecture2-os-histry

History of Operating Systems

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First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation MINIX 3

First Generation (1945-55) • John von Neumann at the Institute for Advanced study in Princeton build calculating engines. • They used first mechanical relays and it was very slow, cycle times measured in seconds. • Relays replaced by vacuum tubes.

Second Generation (1955-65) • Mainframe Computers assembled with transistors • more reliable • Programs in Fortran or in Assembly languages. • Programs Punch in cards as input. • Programs run as batch system

Third Generation (1965-1980) • Introduction of integrated circuits in place of transistors. • IBM/360 O.S. introduced multiprogramming. • Partition of memory for different jobs introducing new hardware. • Technique of spooling(Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line) introduced, ability to read jobs from cards onto disk and run the job from

• Time sharing for individual terminal • First Time Sharing System, Compatible Time Sharing System(CTSS) developed at M. I. T. • Introduced Multiplexed Information and Computing Service (MULTICS) FROM Bell Lab and General Electric supports hundreds of simultaneous time sharing users.

• Setting of LAN for PCs to a file server for central database management system. • Middleware software used to create bridge between local users, files, programs and database used in remote server. • Middleware appears to be O. S of distributed system, but not in real. • Growth of minicomputer,

Fourth Generation (1980-Present) • After development of Large Scale Integration(LSI) microprocessor based personal computer introduced • Intel introduced 8080 8-bit microprocessor and Control program for microcomputers (CP/M) operating system from Digital Research. • Next is 16-bit microprocessor system from Intel as 8086 series.

• IBM PC introduced as 8088 series, with 8086 and with an 8-bit external data path. • Disk Operating System introduced by Microsoft Corporation become amore popular. • Graphical User Interface (GUI) introduced by Doug Engelbart at Stanford Research Institute with windows, icons, menus and mouse, makes the system user friendly. • 3 manufacturers of PCs-IBM, Motorola

GUI needs minimum 64KB of ROM. IBM has introduced PowerPC CPU with RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computers). Apple introduced Mac OS X, an operating system a new version of Mac GUI on top of Berkeley UNIX.

Microsoft invented Windows operating system to compete with Apple Macintosh. Windows operating system is a graphical environment on top of 16 – bit MS DOS acts like a shell rather than an operating system. Network servers are mainly

Click Me www.wikipedia .com http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/teaching /papers/research/history_of_operating_system_Mou mina.pdf http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx? p=24972