Lecture2 1 History

AT1033 ICT FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES

HISTORY OF ICT Baszley Bee B. Basrah Bee School of Social Sciences Universiti Malaysia Sabah

Lecture 2 (Part 1)

Multimedia - Computer History A complete history of computing world include a

multitude(sejumlah besar) of diverse devices such as the Chinese abacus – cpable of simple calculation (+, - , x)

SEVEN GENERATIONS 1. The Mechanical era (1623-1936) 2. First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-1953) 3. Second Generation (1954-1962) 4. Third Generation (1963-1972) 5. Fourth Generation (1972-1984) 6. Fifth Generation (1984-1990) 7. Sixth Generation (1990-present)

The Mechanical era (1623-1945) - Idea of using machines to solve mathematical problems can be traced as far as the early 17th century. - Designers of analog calculators – capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, include Wilhelm Schickhard, Blaise Pascal, Gottfried Leibnitz,and John Napier. - First effort to develop a programmable computer was in 1823 by Charles Babbage “the difference engine” – but never completed. - He also initiated “Analytical Engine” in 1842 but only partially completed. Historians, however, credited Babbage was truly a man a head of his time. His failure to complete his two projects was the fact that the technology of the day was not reliable enough.

Napier’s Bone Slide Rules (1600s)

Babbage’s the Different Engine (1823)

- 1853 George Scheutz & his son, Edward Scheutz designed a machine that could process 15-digit numbers and calculate fourth-order differences. - Taken by Dudley Observatory, New York to calculate the orbit of Mars. - First commercial uses of mechanical computers was by US Census Bureau – which used punchcard equipment designed by Herman Hollerith to tabulate data for the 1890 census of the US.

First Generation Electronic Computer (1937-1953) • Four machines have been introduced at various times as the first electronic computers. - used electronic switches, in the form of vacuum tubes - to process and store information or data. 1937 – Howard Aiken developed Mark 1 - to solve trigonometry and simple calculation. 1941 – J.V.Anatasoff & Clifford Berry at Iowa State built the first world digital computer named ABC that would help students to solve systems of partial differential equations.

ABC (1941)

1943 - COLOSSUS was developed by Alan Turing, for the British military – to breaking codes used by the German in WWII. But, it was kept secret until long after the war ended. 1943 - First programmable electronic computer was ENIAC – developed by J. Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly at University of Pennsylvania - funded by Army Ordnance Department, who used it to compute ballistic during WWII. After 1945 – used extensively for calculation during the design of the hydrogen bomb. Also being used for research on the design of wind tunnels, random number generators, and weather prediction – until it was decommissioned in 1955.

ENIAC (1943-45) – picture 1

ENIAC (1943-45) – picture 2

Eckert & Mauchly combined with logician, John Von Neuman,to build EDVAC –the idea was that notion of a “stored program”. This computer was able to run orders of magnitude faster than ENIAC. Therefore, EDSAC was developed – which used mercury delay lines to store memory/data – this was an oppose to vacuum tubes use by EDVAC). Combination of logician – Neuman with electrical engineering specialist (Eckert & Mauchly) has formed a very powerful inter disciplinary team - introduced basic multimedia concept. 1952 – Eckert & Mauchly developed first commercial computer, UNIVAC 1, which was used to count votes during the presidential election. (UNIVAC 1 predicted Eisenhower would defeat Stevenson with 438 electoral votes, but ended up with 442 votes)

EDVAC (1955)

EDSAC (1951)

UNIVAC 1 (1952)

UNIVAC 1 (1952)

Second Generation (1954-1962) 1954 – ORACLE, TRADIC & TX-0 was built as an opposed to mercury delay lines, in which data was store (memory). They used electronic switches based on discrete diode and transistor technology – to replace mercury delay lines. Other types were IBM 704, IBM 709, IBM 7090, IBM 7094 – which introduced I/O processors (for better through put between I/O devices and main memory). Idea to develop “Programming Languages (PL)” that is use to write scientific application. Many high level PL were introduced: FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1958), and COBOL (1959).

ORACLE (1954)

IBM 704 (1956)

Second Generation (1954-1962) First “supercomputer” was developed – for numeric processing in scientific application. 1956 – G-15 was developed by Bendix Company, US. 1956 – PEGASUS was developed in UK by Ferranti Ltd Company. 1960 – LARC 1961 – STRETCH or IBM 7030

PEGASUS (1956)

LARC (1960)

IBM 7030 (1961)

Third Generation (1963-1972) First “minicomputer” – DEC PDP-8 was built in 1964 – used as commercial machines. - idea of developing “intergrated circuits” (TCs) called as “Chip” – that replaced “transistors”. - First ICs was base on smale-scale integration (SSI) circuit, which had around 10 devices per circuit or chip. - Also, the use of medium-scale integrated (MSI) chip, which had up to 100 devices per chip. 1964 – CDC 6600 was released by Seymour Cray as first machines to use functional parallelism. 1969 – Cray developed CDC 7600 as the first vector processor that capable to executing at 10 million floating point operations per second (Mflops).

DEC PDP-8 (1964)

CDC 6600 (1964)

Third Generation (1963-1972) 1969 – IBM 360/91 also released as upgraded to IBM 360195, which was comparable to the Cray’s CDC 7600. CDC Star 100 and TI ASC, announced in 1972, were the first pipeline vector processor computers, but did not have a great commercial success. On Programming Language – 1963, the University of Cambridge & London developed CPL as an attempt to capture only the important features of the complicated and sophisticated old ALGOL (1958). However, like ALGOL, CPL was large with many features that were hard to learn. 1967 – to further simplification of CPL, by Martin Richard of Cambridge developed a subset of CPL called BCPL - a simple typeless language.

IBM 360/91 (1969)

Third Generation (1963-1972) 1970 – Ken Thompson of Bell Labs developed a subset of CPL called simple B with first introduction to the UNIX operating system. 1972 – Dennis Ritchie generalized Thompson’s B to developed the C language. He used C to write a version of UNIX for the DEC PDP-11. This C-based UNIX was soon ported to many different computers or now a de facto standard on virtually every computer system.

Fourth Generation (1972-1984) • The use of large scale integration (LSI -1000 devices per chip) to very large scale integration (VLSI-100,000 dpc) High speed processors – CRAY 1 (1974), CYBER 205 (1980) and CRAY X-MP (1982). - Computers with large main memory – CRAY 2 (1983). - Microcomputers and workstations were introduced. - Developments of softwares with high level language such as FP & Prolog that use a declarative programming style as opposed to the imperative style of PASCAL, FORTRAN, etc.

CRAY 1 (1976)

CRAY 2 (1983)

Fifth Generation (1984-1990) • Until this time parallelism was limited to pipeline and vector processing or at most to a few processors sharing jobs. - introduced machines with hundreds of processors that could all be working on different parts of a single program. - By 1990 was possible to build chips with a million components and semiconductor memories became standard on all computers. - Widespread use of computer networks and the increasing use of single-user workstation. - 1985 the Sequent Balance 8000 connected up to 20 processors to a single shared memory module, such as Intel iPSC-1 with 128 processors. - WAN & LAN – network were developed.

Sixth Generation (1990-present) • Parallel systems was compete with vector processors in terms of total computing power and most expect parallel systems to dominate the future. - Networking technology is becoming more widespread than it original strong base in universities and government laboratories as it is rapidly finding application in K-12 education, community networks, private industries, etc.

e.g. ICT Multimedia Features:2.

Mobile phones - voice activated calling, two way communication via walkie talkie style messaging from Nextel or Sprint PCS & pager mode.

3.

Messages – SMS & email.

4.

PCs wireless – WAP & GPRS (internet access).

5.

Built in camera & video – taking pictures.

6.

Speaker phone – voice messages, radio & music.

7.

Wireless Web - Microbrowsing, or surfing the wireless web on a small screen, either a cellular phone, or a handheld computer.