Pg 58: Tinea pedis cont’d • asymptomatic or pruritis • pain with secondary bacterial infections Aggravating factors: • hot, humid weather, excessive sweating and occlusive footwear Types: 1. Interdigital: maceration, peeling and fissuring of toe webs 2. Moccasin: welldemarcated erythema with tiny papules on margin, fine white scales and hyperkeratosis; on heels, soles and lateral sides of feet 3. Inflammatory/bullous: vesicles or bullae filled with clear fluid; pus secondary to bacterial infection 4. Ulcerative: extension of interdigital tinea pedis onto dorsal and plantar foot Dx: •
usually accomplished by clinical observation; confirmation recommended via direct microscopic evaluation of a scale or roof of a blister with 10% KOH
DDX of Tinea pedis: 1. Eczema: • KOH testing is only way to differentiate 2. Contact dermatitis: • distribution usually symmetricaland located on dorsum or sole • KOH negative 3. Psoriasis • Silvery scale XI5 •
Tinea Manus fungal infection of the hand(s)
Physical examination: Distribution: • often unilateral • almost always associated with bilateral involvement of the feet (eg. If hand is involved, both feet often affected) • In creases Skin Lesions: • well demarcated scale confined to palmar creases, erythema, desquamation secondary to plaques and vesicles • may involve the fingernails Pg 59: Tinea manus cont’d: • Pruritis • Pain if secondary infection or fissured Dx: •
KOH test
•
Culture to identify species
DDX of Tinea manus: 1. Eczema: history! • bilateral 2. Contact dermatitis: • acute onset of suspect lesions • negative KOH test 3. Psoriasis: • pitting nails and psoriasis elsewhere • KOH negative
XI6
Pityriasis (Tinea) versicolour
• •
Versicolour refers to variety and changing colours superficial infection caused by a yeastlike organism Pityrosporum orbiculare (not actual yeast) (Malessezia furfur)
Epidemiology: Pityriasis versicolour Mottled presentation • young adults • opportunistic organism that normally lies in the keratin of the skin and hair follicles of individuals 15 years and older • seen more commonly in summer because organism produces azelaic acid which inhibits pigment transfer to keratinocytes, thus making infected skin more demarcated from uninfected, evenly pigmented skin Physical examination: Distribution: • upper trunk, upper arms, neck, abdomen, axillae, groins, thighs, genitalia • uncommonly on the face Pg 60: Pityriasis (tinea) versicolour cont’d: Skin Lesions: • round or oval macules or plaques that are sharply marginated • secondary mild scaling (apparent especially after scraping) with erythema and hypopigmentation can use glass slide to scrape skin: see if scales are present • over time lesions may enlarge and merge, forming geographic areas colour: varying hues of brown and offwhite Other: • occasionally mild pruritis otherwise asymptomatic • “spaghetti and meatballs” appearance under microscope: not a true yeast Dx: • KOH test look for hyphae and spores (“spaghetti and meatballs”) Aggravating factors: • hot, humid weather and use of oils Suntanning makes lesions more noticeable; months to resolve XI7
Candidiasis (Cutaneous):
•
Superficial monilial (yeast) infection that occurs on moist cutaneous areas
Predisposing factors: • hot humid weather • occupations requiring work in a wet environment ie bakers, dishwashers, hair stylists • site of infection • decreased systemic immunity ie diabetes, use of systemic and topical corticosteroids Physical Examination: Distribution: • involving intertriginous areas such as the groin, underneath pendulous breasts, overhanging abdominal folds, fingerwebs, groin, scrotum is frequently involved. Skin examination: • Lesions are beefy red, with satellite erythematous papules and/or pustules • mucous membranes with white, creamy exudates or flaky plaques that when scraped with a tongue blade appear beefy red and superficially eroded Mucous membranes: • also known as thrush • occurs in infants after antibiotics, adults with diabetes or any other immune compromising condition Balantis: (Candidial infection of the penis) • occurs after sexual exposure with an infected partner or in men with diabetes mellitus • white plaques under the foreskin • Not classified as STD. Related to terrain: may not get it if exposed, if immune system and body are strong Pg 61: Candidiasis cont’d: Vulvitis:
•
erosions, pustules and erythema, swelling and redness, with removable curdlike material
• •
KOH test identifies pseudohyphae and/or spores culture identifies Candida species
Dx:
DDX of Candidiasis: 1. Tinea: • Welldefined borders • Central clearing • No satellite lesions • Scrotum is not usually involved 2. Intertrigo: • KOH test is negative and environmental measures must be used for treatment
SECTION XII XII1 • •
Arthropods
Scabies scabo from French = to scratch contagious disease caused by mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis (only thrive on human skin)
Pathogenesis: • the mite life cycle begins as female burrows into the most superficial layer of the skin, where she can remain for up to 30 days • the females each deposit 23 eggs per day along with feces • the eggs mature in 14 17 days the the cycle repeats • average infestation consists of only 1011 mites • Intense pruritis (hallmark of scabies) is a result of a hypersensitivity reaction to the mite and its feces • Symptoms usually occur 26 weeks after the primary infestation • Transmission: skin to skin contact; mites do not live long on fomites (bedding or clothing) few hours
• •
Hard to see burrow: may be a lot of excoriation Sshaped burrows
Pg 62: Physical Examination: Scabies cont’d Distribution: • fingerwebs, wrists, groin, sides of hands and feet, torso, breasts Skin Lesions: • Linear or waxy ridges 0.5 1.0 mm long (where mite has burrowed) with pustules, vesicles and nodules not always readily seen • secondary erythema, crust and excoriation due to scratching Other: • intense pruritis • other family members often have similar symptoms unlikely for just 1 person in home to have it, will spread
Diagnosis: • scabies preparation find a burrow on hands or feet; burrow is scraped at its base • material is on glass slide and covered with KOH, mineral oil demonstrate mites, mite eggs or mite feces DDX of Scabies: 1. Insect bites: • confined to 1 area • Itching will dissipate 2. Eczema: • Flexual surfaces • family members not involved Patient education: • all household members should be treated even if asymptomatic • wash all bed linens, towels, and clothes that were worn in the 2 days before application • use hot water and dry on hot cycle, iron clothing
XII2
Pediculosis
XII2 A
Pediculosis Capitis
• • • •
Infestation by head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) commonly occurs in schoolaged children (and their family members) adult louse is approx 2mm diameter eggs and their casings (nits) attach to the hair shaft and eggs hatch in approx 10 days Casings are grey and sticky
Transmission: • head to head contact or sharing infested combs, hats etc Pg 63: Physical examination: Pediculosis capitis cont’d Distribution: • scalp, especially at lateral and posterior aspects Skin lesions: • primary papules with secondary excoriations, erythema, crust Other: • cervical lymph nodes may be enlarged • severe pruritis usually of sides and back of scalp Dx: • • •
•
based on careful observation of the scalp lice may be seen but more common to see nits attached to the hair shaft nits can be distinguished from hair debris: nit has an intact shell casing totally surrounding it, allowing to slide up and down along the hair shaft when combed or examined ie well attached. Can’t just pull out of hair: have to pull all the way along hair, one at a time.
DDX: 1. Seborrheic Dermatitis (dandruff) • Would see scales on shoulders
•
scales are easily scraped, but nits are firmly attached to hair shaft and not easily removed
2. Folliculitis •
pustules and crusting are scattered throughout the scalp, no nits
XII2B Pediculosis Pubis (Phthriasis) (pubic lice) • also known as crabs, typically occurs in young, sexually active adults • caused by Phthirus pubis Symptoms: • severe itching in pubic area less often axillary area or eyelashes, with eczematization and possible secondary infection Skin examination: • papules or macules with secondary bluegrey macules (bite sites) Black dots scattered through area. Patient may see specks of blood on underwear. Dx: • • • Pg 64: XII3 • •
nits usually seen attached to hair shafts lice may appear as small moving freckles, and brown specks on underwear are mite feces magnifying glass helpful
Lyme disease (tick bite) Old Lyme, Connecticut first discovered tick bite infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete)
Physical examination: Distribution: • can occur anywhere on the body
Skin Lesions: • characterized by an expanding erythematous macule or patch with central clearing at the site of a tick bite • termed: Erythema migrans is initial skin manifestation; seen in 60 80 % of people with Lyme disease • usually expands to more than 5 cm diameter, lasts several weeks and resolves spontaneously Other: • flulike symptoms often accompany skin lesion for a few days to 6 weeks after tick bite with B.b Dx: • understand early manifestations as to prevent serious sequelae of Lyme disease (ie neurological – Bell’s palsy, encephalitis; cardiac: heart block; arthritis) History: • endemic area/activities ie camping, hiking, hunting • erythema migrans within 1 2 months of tick bite • flulike symptoms during summer months DDX of Lyme Disease 1. Normal tick bites: • lesions aren’t bigger than 5 cm diameter (don’t spread) and last less than 7 days 2. Cellulitis: • localized heat and tenderness •
no central clearing
•
(nothing further)
3. Contact dermatitis: • pruritis predominates, along with progression to vesiculation • no systemic complaints 4. Tinea corporis: • scaling on lesion • no systemic complaints Pg 65:
5. Spider bite: • pain and ulceration at site of bite are acute; central clearing not seen 6. Pityriasis rosea: • herald patch may resemble erythema migrans initially but no history of endemic exposure • look for ignore 7. Erythema multiforme: • target lesions •
see lesions on hands, feet, mucous membranes
•
history of illness and/or some form of drug use.
SECTION XIII Hair and Nails: XIII1 • • • •
• •
Alopecia areata ‘fox mangelike areas of disease’ patchy 1 in 1000 produces an area of smooth, discrete hair loss not regular pattern of baldness unknown cause but thought to be autoimmune since biopsy results illustrate predominantly T cell infiltrates about the hair follicles potentially emotional component (observed in Dr. Georgousis’s patient: began when patient got engaged to a man that her family hated) 20% of individuals have family history contributing factors sometimes severe emotional stress, others none
Physical Examination: Distribution: • usually the scalp but can occur on any hair bearing area Lesions: • alopecia in smooth, circular discrete areas • patches may coalesce into bizarre patterns • Exclamation point hairs (black dots of hair broken off close to scalp) are found at expanding edges
•
areas of regrowth: initially have fine hypopigmented (white) vellus hairs
Other: • nail involvement: fine pitting of the proximal nail plates Dx: • •
presentation and presence of exclamation points hair root (plucked hair) is narrower and less pigmented than normal Root is much smaller
Pg 66: DDX of Alopecia areata 1. Tinea Capitis •
scaling
2. Nervous hair pulling (Trichotillomania) • bizarre pattern of broken hairs of various lengths as compared with smooth hair loss of alopecia areata ANXIETY!!! 3. Androgenetic alopecia • onset of hair loss is gradual and with a typical distribution pattern • no exclamation point hairs found
XIII2
Telogen effluvium
• ‘hair that flows out’ • most common cause of diffuse scalp hair loss • reversible loss of mature, terminal hairs usually secondary to significant stress eg. crash diet, emotional stress, medications, postpartum, post surgery, nutritional def/excess, POOR NUTRITIONAL STATUS Pathogenesis: Hair cycle: 8090% hairs in anagen (growth) phase: duration 23 years 13% in catagen (short transition) phase: duration 23 weeks
510% in telogen (resting) phase: duration 34 months Telogen hairs: mature root sheath or ‘club’ at proximal end Normal hair loss: average of 100 hairs per day Telogen effluvium: • a stress triggers more hairs into telogen phase > diffuse hair loss that peaks around 34 months after initial event • Usually 50% of hair is lost before becomes noticeable thus, clinician should not discount complaints of hair loss in someone who still has a full head of hair have to trust patient’s assessment! Dx: 1. Pull test: pull gently on 23 dozen hairs at same time • more than 5 telogen (club) hairs is abnormal Look for club at end: this means that there are too many hairs in telogen phase. 2. Patients should count hair loss each day May look like more hair is being lost than actually is, especially with long hair. • peak of disease: hundreds of hair lost daily telogen hairs 3. History of inciting event Pg 67: DDX of Telogen effluvium 1. Anagen effluvium: • loss of growing (anagen) hair; because majority of hair is in this phase, acute loss involves 8090% of hair • disease results from chemotherapeutic agents 1014 days after treatment 2. Androgenetic alopecia: hormonal • involves gradual, not acute hair loss from the frontal hairline or vertex • can be difficult to differentiate in women d/t change during pregnancy, menopause
XIII3
Androgenetic Alopecia
• •
increasing scalp visibility in a typical distribution 3040% of adults affected
Physical Examination: Distribution: • women: more diffuse and rarely complete; increases at menopause • men: Mshaped pattern in frontal hairline Pathophysiology: • there is a shortening of the anagen hair cycle with subsequent production of shorter, thinner hair shaft called follicular minimization • causes often involve hormones
Dx: • • •
family history in females is especially important (androgen excess) examine scalp for other signs of hair disease ie follicular plugging women: menstrual pattern, acne, hirsutism etc
DDX of Androgenetic alopecia 1. Androgen excess in women: • history: fertility, menstrual, new onset of acne, signs of hirsutism * often women treat hirsutism so you must ask 2. Telogen effluvium: • usually associated with an acute event • hair pull results are positive • history of precipitating event or drug • biopsy may be necessary to distinguish Pg 68: 3. Diffuse alopecia areata: • hair loss occurs on other body sites • more acute in onset and doesn’t follow a classic distribution
XIII4
Hirsutism
• • • •
male pattern overgrowth (sideburns, chin) of androgendependent terminal hairs in female patients causes: androgen excess due to familial, idiopathic, drug induced often occurs in women with endocrine disorders: polycystic ovaries, adrenal hyperplasia, pituitary disorders have to ask if patients have removed hair (waxing, laser, shaving)
Physical Examination: Distribution: • malepattern: beard, chest, upper shoulders and groin
DDX of Hirsutism: 1. Hypertrichosis: • excessive hair growth in nonandrogen dependent areas (not just in “male” areas: all over the body)
XIII5 • • •
Paronychia
an inflammation involving the lateral and posterior fingernail folds predisposing factors: diabetes, mellitus, over manicuring (root of bacterial entry), occupations that require individuals hands soaked in water can be acute or chronic
a. acute: causative organism: Staphylococcal aureus • Pain and erythema of posterior or lateral nail folds followed by development of a superficial abscess Soreness may be there before abcess. b. chronic: causative organism: Candida albicans • abnormal separation of proximal nail fold from nail plate allows for colonization. Yeast grows in space between nail plate and nail fold. Distribution: • proximal and lateral nail folds
Lesions: • acute: pustules • secondary: erythema, edema, maceration, scale Pg 69: Dx Paronychia cont’d: • clinical findings DDX of Paronychia: 1. Herpetic whitlow: fingertip herpes • exposure to HSV •
acute onset:
•
Tzanck smear: staining of vesicle, shows virus
2. Subungal onychomycosis: • nail plate is friable (easy to break down) and nail folds not predominantly involved 3. Pseudomonal nail infection: • nail plate has a bluegreen tint to it. XIII6 • •
Onychomycosis fungal infection of the nail includes: 90% dermatophyte infection; tinea unguium
6% yeasts (Candida, Aspergillus, Trichosporon) 4% nondermatophytic fungi (molds) May be seen in people at risk for diabetes. Physical Examination: Distribution: • feet most commonly especially on great toenail
Findings: • separation of nail plate distally and laterally from the nail bed • nail dystrophy is caused by fungal involvement (thickening, crumbling) which accounts for the subungual (under nail) hyperkeratotic scale and debris • Nail would feel spongy and move when touched Predisposing factors: • family history, underlying systemic disease ie psoriasis, immune suppression, poor circulation Dx: • •
based on clinical findings of subungual hyperkeratotic debris, friable nail and coexisting tinea pedis KOH test let sit 10 minutes positive in 50%
Pg 70: DDX of Onychomycosis: 1. Psoriasis: • Nail pitting •
may coexist
2. Nail dystrophy secondary to eczema: • no crumbling, keratotic debris •
XIII7 • •
may coexist
Psoriasis vulgaris: nails psoriasis of nails occurs in 25% of patients with psoriasis often disappears spontaneously
Physical Examination: Distribution: • fingernails and toenails especially with concomitant arthritis
•
(Pitting of fingernails may also be associated with autoimmune conditions, and with some alopecia conditions)
Lesions: • Pitting •
Oil spot
•
Subungual hyperkeratosis/debris
SECTION XIV DRUG ERUPTIONS XIV1 • • •
Morbilliform Drug Eruption diffuse eruptions characterized by blanching, erythematous papules and macules in response to a drug 45% of drug eruptions fit this category these eruptions typically occur 710 days after drug started and continue until 2 weeks after drug has been stopped
Examples of some common drugs that cause morbilliform eruptions: 1. Anticonvulsants 2. Thiazide diuretics 3. Sulfonamides: bacteriostatic 4. Penicillin Pg 71: Dx of Morbilliform Drug Eruption • based on clinical appearance and history DDX of Morbilliform Drug Eruption 1. Viral Exanthem • history of drug use • shorter duration 2. Pityriasis rosea: • look for herald patch
•
XIV2 • •
papules and plaques have classic cetripedal scale (at edges of lesions, there is scaling)
Fixed Drug Eruption poorly understood occur in an asymmetric pattern at same sites with each challenge of drug
Drugs commonly associated: 1. over the counter laxatives 2. salicylates 3. tetracycline 4. acetominophen Physical Examination: Distribution: • extremities, glans penis, mucous membranes
Skin Lesions: • macules, papules, bullae with secondary erythema, purplish hue, erosion and hyperpigmentation • round and discrete and range from small, localized to large bullae • erosions occur if bullae have erupted • heal as persistent, hyperpigmented macule Dx: • characteristic skin lesions with history of recurrent lesions at same site each time drug is taken DDX of Fixed Drug Eruption 1. Erythema multiforme: • usually targetshaped and lesions don’t occur in same location Pg 72: Fixed Drug Eruption DDX cont’d:
2. Herpes simplex: • lesions occur as grouped blisters on an erythematous base and confined to one site • Tzanck smear positive
XIV3
Phototoxic and Photoallergic Drug Eruptions
1. Phototoxic: • occur as result of drug’s ability to enhance the skin’s reaction to ordinary light. Changes skin’s tolerance to sunlight. • also related to drug’s total body concentration Physical Examination: • resemble sunburn that occurs within 24 hours after UV exposure • eruption confined to lightexposed areas 2. Photoallergic: • less common than phototoxic • may spread to areas not exposed to sun • usually occur 48 hours after sun exposure • drug reacts with sunlight itself and reaction products are allergenic, thus repeated exposure is required (drug responds to light, not skin) ex. reaction will not occur with first dose Physical Examination: • eczematous; similar to contact dermatitis DDX of Phototoxic & Photoallergic Drug Eruptions: 1. Allergic contact dermatitis: • involvement of shaded areas and history of exposure to contact allergens 2. Lupus erythematous light eruption: • systemic findings often present