Ladders And Scaffolds

CHAl"TER 56

Lndders and Scaffolds· Th~r~ ~rn three types of defects for which a manula ctur· er In ~ seller may be h~ld strictry liable: 1) manulacturing dcf~cls: 2) de~J;n del~cts: and 3) ITI3ri1etfog delKls (f~l· ur~ to warn or ln5\ru.;I). "II three types are common In lad· der and aeal/old cases . In 3ddltlon, both necHgenee alld Mea(h of warr,'lf1tl ~ctions may lie wllr!n injurie, are cauled b)' defective taddc!<"s or sc3lfolds.

In bwntig3ting a Iar;kler or scaUoId n~. lhe " "o,,'It)' s.IIould Inlo ..... the c~ont'''''1 wilnHJies to tile acclchmt, 300 the own~ of the ~quipment. The !add~, or sc~flold must btl cMelully e..mined u soon ~Iter Ihe ,cc~t u possible. Photo,faphs should be taken to record thl condi · lion of the ladder or scalfold before any disassembly or leslinc: laku place, and Iho equipment should be stored securely 10 prevenl rusting or olher deteriorallon.

,e'"

Whether Ihe lallder was dofeclive at the time of ule Is a question Ihat frequenlly :lrises In ladder cases. Another common Issue is whelher a leg or olher p~rt of the laddllf' broke belOfe o.

~lter

the ;tCcidenl.

Mil..ne m:l)' be th e C3ur;e of a ladd er accident. fot' el am· ple, if ill uftt)' feature i$ disengaged when it sloould bo on· gaged, and the salel), 1031ure would hio.e pre.ented the ac· cident. lhe marlllfacturer is generaRy not responsible,

The American Nulion~1 SI30dirrds Insliluttl (ANSI), the NationBI Fire Protec lion Association (NFPA), Under-..rlters Laboratories {ULj, ~nd the Occupational S~lely ~nd Health AdministMtlon (OSHA) have all issued st~nd3rd$ Ihat 3pply to ladder$. Th ose should be carefully th~ckod by counsalto determine II any apply 10 the case at Issue.

,~ ,

I'ROD. !.lAD.

l'IIACrJC~;

GUIOE

The major cauS8~ 01 folils Iro", ~f·~ppOrl~c1 latlders are lack of sl~bllity and ~Iding. T~e m3jor CJIIS!!' 0\ lah from non·seU·supporting portable ladders ire Llle ., 1 slid· IoolJt be prop· erI, maintained. tra nsported. alld s to red. It It prlllle ni 10 In:.pe<:t lIl e 13dder ~fore ~ach use. A scaffold Is an e/e.lIted or $uspellded pLlllorm and its '-Upportin& structure. Scalfolds a re used In Hie constrllc' tioll, m.lintenilnl:e, and/or demolition of buildings. tn somt' stales, wQtklf$ 011 scalfQlds are proteetd by statute. III a sullold case, the owner, seller, and manufOCIUter of the suflold, as we" IS tile ma nufacturers of rllWmateri· als or compMent p:atl s IISed illihe c_tflKlion of the s cal· fold, may be s trictly Uablo to plalntill as selle n. QI a defoe· tiff product. Under breac h of wa rra nt, theory, ~ n Injured third part,. nol ln ",lvii" CM recover from the manufacture r of a defective ~"old . Standill'd~ that apply to scaffolds hhe been s et forth by the American tulian'" S\~ndi)l'ds 'nstitute (ANSI), the Un· derwriters l~bafatclies (Ul). and lhe Oc tu palien ill Hea lth Md S, fety Admini , tration (OSHA).

SYNOPSfS

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§ 56.51 Sou" •• of [nlonn.tlon [I] Con.,.m« I'rod." Sore,)' C""".I"I .. (lJ Notion" Techolool lolo, .. olion &rtlo, (3] Standar'" .nd T.,Un~ O'R."I.oIlD'''' [4] Tb" ATLA Ex
:oJ.""" ".d Add,",«, of E,port. llJ [2J [lJ

!.odd... Sc.ffelds Or~."I .. tI<>n.

§ 56.S! AppU."bl. St ..dord. (I) l.odd,,,, Ell Sooffold,

! 5'.53 (;10<:01<1101 of )ttot,d.1 nor"m II',", " "

,~.

I'ROD. 1.1.111. I'R (;l!lIllO ~ 56.$4

n

[n'''IIIIlII'on ~,kl",

5(..55 ..."-911 11........ ,1

t :16.99 R_ h Go," § 56.01

I,add er~

and SedfoJds Generully

T....... ..,'IW ... 'J... 01d, f«I. for _hl,1t U IIU",octoou or .d ...... , ......... ~ IIlklly II, W", I) ",.. "focturln~ dof«I.:) ) dOl;"" d
,It,,,,

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lhe 40<1*",

<•• dWo"

n' ,...1101 ,. 1'''''lour'''''' ,h ... 1d "" ,.k.. 10 re . .... d ,100


of lhe Lo.. rfold be l.... '")' .... ,..,.. bly .r I "'I"~ .. t .. pbr •• I . d II>< . ~ ...... , """"Id ~ ., .... 4 ........ '" pR .... ~!Gn.

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I'rt>Of

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[_}-Strict Lillbility. U"der a llrir:! liabilit y lboor)", I I~ tom· merdn! tclk'1' oh rm"lu ct i~ liabk: for injuries C1! us...-d b)" IlI lr "d.rc<:I" in that product, rcgardJ~s of whclh~r hi~ CIl II ~ucl Wa S ro:1,;onabJ~.' N31urally, WI",1 CODSl ilul~~ a "dd'«l " has 1>..' (11 Ihe subject or e~ lcn, si~.., >chol:lf l~' wri ling. ~"d thc d . finition will d .rcnd on rhc pan; .., · Jur JnllSlI agc or Ihe app li c.1b lo cao;,: In\>-' '> , SN g
'S.,· S"1"''' oh, 1, "r)'I'<' of D. f,,,, ," "

. ,'"

Th ~ re arc lIi ree lypes of defc": I'; (I ) mall\lf~cl uri nt: d"fc": l ~; (2) desit:n defw~; ~!,d (l) mnrkc!ing deft<: ls (nbsen! or in~d~q u~l e warnings OT iIlSlrOClions).' I" I.,ddcr ~ nd 5(":,lToId .....-s, all I br~'C I>,.." nr dcfc'I' l. ~r" c~mmo'I .· Iil-:'
To m",tpc wiM.1hc' lrn"rc is :I mmHl f:'Clur;ng d~cC1, cOIInK I . hould ,

(1) D.;.n,ioc;md photogroph Ihe ladd . r hl\'oh·cd. nnd r.:co lll nil lh~ infonnnlio" cOnl:,ino:tl on Itl t proouC1 ,bl ~ b bd onu Clittr 1~b<:Is. (2) bamille and ph ologn'ph Ih e lI
0) Cnll nod :...k Ih c m3Ilu f~C IUrc"f for an,' brochur~'5 mod phot .... Graphs of Ihe model. Review (he phOl os ra pb ~ 10 ~c"( if lhere nrc filly tlirr~r.:lIec< bc(I\""~" the model s. As~ wh~" \ h~ plIrti~u ~ .. lndMr with Ihu l ~ria l number "':05 I11llllllfaCl Uroo, FitllJ 0\11 ... hCII il was wJd. (of) S~"k wilh Ihe hlil;nt pUfcli;l., er. prior oW"~r(~), and Jl rio r U!ll:i'(') 10 d"tnminc tnc ~ircnrnsl;' ncC!' or prior lI SC of Ihe ~,d d"", p~r­ Ikub. 1y if Ihu" WlIS any pre"iou~ dam~!e. (~) Selecl :l qualified ~~pcrl, ' provide him w ith th e fa. I., ant! (\.~k hi l!) HI rO!fld~r an opillt()[, on:

't.. I'rumo, k M. Fri"'d'n'n, r,.>do><1, U.bilny, oh..\ "Sln« L;.bil,II·; ' i

;m [~IIQ1i[ (~~" hc,," D
19! 6).

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or:'

1&. 14"'!

U.O! [S].

SL" 0'''' ch. 12. ·'I'NJLI<.1

rat' -

1lc[<1b<

Ihre'" _

l'loi.lm', \'io,, " 000 ell . I), "Prooll(1 E.,

View."

S....• S'""",I/Y L f r.",,, &: M. 1',;..3 "" . , l'rOO,,"" Li.>lti1iol·,
,0.;, "',

! 56.01[1]

1'110]). J.lt.H. l'II,\CTICf: GUIl)E

51o-W

(n) the preaccid.nt condition of Iho ladder; (b) tile condition of the ladder at the time of the salo; (e) whother Ihe accident ""''' .·"us.d by wmc defect in the ladder, the plaintitr~ improper Use o[ the ladder, or a prior uscr"s alteralion or misuse of the ladder; (d) whether mi,us<: or other comparative negligence hy th. pbintHT Ccfordmnd if po"ible, obtain alld review wilh an engineer lhe dc-sign dmwing~ or blueprints, and delcrmille whelher the product in que>lion conformed to the design drawings. (S) Oblain and review wilh ~n cliginccr the material specifications and determine whether t he product conformed to t he malerial ,pt.-cifications. III order 10 prove a mallufaclllring dcrc..:t case, counsel ~hould ob· tain t"slimon), from the piailltiff. owner of the bdder, ~IId c.'[>CrI witn"" as follow",

Pia/miff (I) Idcll1ifi", ladder.

(2) He lwd alw;l),S u~c~l the ladder ill confon1HlIlce with lhe in_ stmctio"s "nd had read and hecded the warnings. (3) Otbers he had seen lIsing the ladd.r complied with the im;tnlclioll' :It](1 w:""in~s Qnd did not mi,mc or altcr Ihe bdder. (4) Although he wns using the ladder properly at the lim. o[th. l.ccidenl, ",m.thi"g about th. ladder c"",.d him to ["II. It is neCe'SSl.ry to l.>c a, s[>Ccific '" p"',ibl., c.g., "The !add.r suddenly ~hook. I fell il give wa), to the I~n, I fell," to prove tb~ rall wns c:tlls<:d by a d.fectivc ladder leg. The de[cJ\~e will contend I hat plaintiff lost hi~ N. S,lIc". AII",,,o)"\ Guide In ];"~;, ...,,ri"3, d1. 2. "1lL< Fn«o.'io L'", or l:fI~ir"","·· 1I","lor 1~~6): j D"""~,, ill Ton ,\cti"n,. ,Il. 41. ··E'p
(M,,,,),,,..

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babnce and fell,

,~u!oing

tho.:

p~.

bd~

in tIN:

I 56.01(1)

Ihe I3ddc r to r.,11 and bending

t~

Its of

O~'ller

(I) H~ I,~d purdl~ the ladde , frOll' Ihe dtfl!Tlibn].rclnilcl.

. . "

(2) Th~ ladder label at the t;me of liale ilkntilied the dcf""danl as Ih e m:mufa clu rer. (3) tic had fell" ~nd complied wilh tlte C"lIlKllrnill& ~ ro and usc: of Ih' IOOder.

inSlrllctiou~

3nd wDming'!l

(~) The I ~ddcr h~d nD I been modific-d. or mil;used .

(5) It was in the ,",me condilio n at the lime of the accident wa~ at Ihe lime It " .'" purchased.

n.~

iI

£:tperr

.. " ..

(I) He eX3mi n~d and Ic~t td Ihe Indd er :,!'tll' the Deeid ellt , com· pa ral it wilh the dl..,i~n druwin,s ~nd material , pcdlication l fo r lite IOOI.I( r mocicl, and compared it ....i1 h identical I3ddcn.

otm

(2) The bdder w~~ uo~l~blc btc~usc:, for ex~mplc, th e "I'C!$ were the melal for the side rail wa~ thinner I han the de~i8 11 specifica· l iens calk'C! fo r, the wood was cross'llr3iJx,d or dceay(d. thc groove Of moni!.<." ... '" ';\11 tOO deer, or Ille lI"b and n""j',cs ' ..ere too thm. 1 000~e,

(3) This wa. Ihe ronditioo oftbe

I~ddcr

ntthe time of the s.a!e and

at the time im mcdin tdy prio r 10 t hc acci den t.

(4) Thiscondit!oo intcf '·.;ni nll

\lie

"'a~

caused by the m.an \lr~eturer snd nQ t byanl'

or alteration.

(~) Thi! condil; on violnted cmllom and prncticc in t he indu m y or AnlCriCan Nat i o,,~1 Stnnd ar~~ Institute (ANS I) or Undcrwriten; Laborat!)rics, Inc. (U L) ~I andartl:s, M well as the defendant', own dt'S;, ,, ~pl"t jrocatiollS.

(6) n,e condili on created PO 3vokbble ri sk. Absenl til.! risk, the acdden! " 'ould no t have ha[l[le l1~d . (7) 'rloc condWcn (o\lld h~.·c b..'Cn (Oll«too by followi,,& tile mon· uracturer's own $(l'I."tific"tiom... the A:-JS I and UL otand,rus. ~nd custOIll ~I,,1 pru<:ti<;e in the i",lu.l t1)·.

,"''''''

l6_ll

PROD. !.IAII. PRACna,: (;lJUJE

(8) The USc 10 which the plaintiff 1.."lifIed was proper. ,md the,e was no prior m;,;u><: Ihm contributed 10 causing the accident. COMMENT: The list of proof provided by the autoor does not necessarify indicate that the pfaintiff must prove eacll and every item listed. For e~amplc, number 5. proof of violation of a standard, is helpful but not absolutely necessary in order to prove a m~nufaclurin~ defec!. As longas lhe prodllCt is fIOt made as the m
[1I}-Deslgo Defects. The courlS of 11I0S1 Slales have formulal,--d Iheir own iansuage to defIne a dl'S;gn defecl.' Allhough the language used m~y differ, Ihe c&scotinl proof is Ihe snme in each ca.,", If the injury could h",'c been ""oided by a safer, feasible alterll.1livc design, the proollcl is defective. ' Tile key issue i. whelher the alterna· live design is safer, and whether it wa~ feasible at Ihe lime Ihe prod· ucl was sold. If the Indder or ~cnffold fails 10 COnfOrnl 10 a .Iandnrd which applies to Ihe product, Ihe jury may cOllclmle Ihlll the d~'5igll was \111, S,'" c.~.• Ibrkcr ", Lull En~i"«rin~ Co., 20 C,l. .1~ 41 J. 143 C,I. [(ptr. 22l. l73 1'.2d 44.1 (1978), I'l,inliil ,,,.., iniu,oo b), f,lIiLl ~ lumkr whil< op<"'ti,,~ , Lulllli~h. Uf, Ln.,d"",,, «."'truction ,il., Th. S"p,"",. Coun nfC,!lifo,"io fouu,] for the pbiotirr. lJoldins ,h .. tho ··"n«~,,,,,.Nl' d,ng""''''' dem,nl io '~e d,fioili"" of • ",[«Ii,'" prodLICI ,hould nDt he 1'-'" ~fth" pl,in'ifj', bor.kn of proof in , prodLKI IbhWl)" ""';"", A p""lue, "'~)" he found clef«l;' 0 in '0 ,,,i,t U.,loili,)'. if 'ho ploi,"irr ",," rm"o 'hot il ("ilotl \(, [, 10 t<1,hli,h th" Ih, "neft" of ,h, {I .. i~n ool"'cigh tho "a,,~or!I,

""r-

!

S,·,· alro 1.. F'U01" & \1. Friodmon, I'roo"m U,hili'y. ch. 3. "'Striot U"loili')'."· J.OJ[411~[i"J ().J.,tth."" Iknd" 1986),

n,

• S1 ",onomicol. pmotil·.,I. "ml .lTwi," cl<'i~ n' for IlOkli"; or soi~ o "i,l.,t, bu, il ,1<0 , up·
t1""

,I"

S" " ~I",

w,,,

Ilrad)' v, Melool' 110""'. Mfr .• Si9 1'.2d 8%, 1"1 Ar;" 2SJ (1978),

WD/)£ns At;D S('Al'I'OWS ~Ilf~

, 56.o1{11

au a1t~rl1ali\'e must be feasible. If Ihe lad der or seaITold I'
th~t

bil~ 10 co rtrOlllllO a

Be,ide. "IAllUards. \",,,ious f"l:IOI"5 lila)" be take •• illlo corrsitk r::IIion b )< Ih~

jury

jll tkt~"'lIl ining

"'helh er a producl has oo:n defectively

dcsilln~d,

[Al-The (;rnvily of th e D:.lIger. TIle ~c \'crily of til<.: polen· lin l injury fmm a product is importunl. Jf Ih eR i:s" d:mteT 1b.,1 " p¢NJlI co"I d be seriou.. ly injured from IISC of Ih~ product. the jury lI'iII r''(luire thc 1l1.1nufacturcr to \ISC e.~tr:1 s.afcly Jl" "CJU1ion~ I.

remol" rill; o f ~C\"c ru injll r)' mn)" \\"arr~llt ",[elY pre· 10 minimize rhe .ir.!:. A ,enIDle riu of a minor ifljur)' "'oulll not Cause a jury to rcqui~ ~ manufacturer 10 I~ h CAlr.l ~rcc~ 1I1ion!. A

'el~!i\'dy

ca\ll ioll~

Thlti. the ~p"l:C ~hUll)e n1U~1 h~"e r.evera! lay.~ of rethmd~nl fail· S., r" tkYiN;. ) illCC Ihe i~ of a!.eVerc injury if somet hins is d.feo;:. livc, Sinlilnr))", Ihe ,isk is of it vcry ~evere injury whcn n~illg it !.Caffo)d Of lndUeT, ~ud thcr..rore c".ry pl"'."C:IUlion m il!>! he ml:o'l \ 10 render Ih~ prod uct ~afc.

ri'"

[Rl-Thc LikelIhood n DI Injury Would Orcur. Tlteju.)"

• s.., ' ....a Q)/)" K. I~"' ''' R. lIop,,- O«lItutign>l Sof
;. _

CO"lpll."" ••;,h ,j""d;ord< or "~II"'Ii.n' kg.lly ",""I ~,;"·(. S« M,b"," OnIJo }'h.unu_tic.>I C"m{I.. ~'" Oc. I n. ~n I'.ld SJ.I..]! (19UJ. F.ilia" I~ <""'pIJ'" ,1", M'" """do.,;" . S,,' Pod ... ,'. J.J. N,,,,·b<,~· Co .. ' H 1'.2J tll.6. l l ~ (Irb CIT. 19'1). 'PI'\I';"8 ftll".1 ow Soo11o D.k"," I." . Sa.all> L I'1~n":f .10 ;\\. I'ritIln,, ", I'rOo.lo ," 1.l.bilit)", .of,. l. -S tri" !.I.bi1 it)". " ~.

f 1.041'1 10

sn

(M'll n,"" B,""" Ij~OI.

SO( J- . v. Je-a ol l Ico",$bol'l'ins 5<"';.:<:. 16 m. App. .ld ).l'J. lll6 I'.E.:td

p.,,"'

:I ll (I ~1.11. The rJ,in'itT. the or~ ,hild "ha !'",Oill "! ;njll~" When ,II. ""nk , I.." ..... br~Ufht 0 I",billl~ :>0: 0..",1<<<1 II)" Ih. "' O"~r,,,,,, .... ;, plllj'>(>l1,,,,,01< 10 ,"" .rnmt'l>C
pr<Xi"""

""","f... ",«

M,o".n'

'1'f'Oo"""

""'-I'" ":.

~

56.o1PI

I'ROD. 1.1,\11.

l'I!'\e\"lC~:

CUIDll

will con~i<.l"r Ihe nature of Ihe proouci an<.l Ihe abilily of the lls~r 10 avoi<.l injury by llsing reasmmble care. The ahilit)' 10 anlitl injury ollen <.Iepen<.ls on Ihe <.Iegr.c of awareness t he user lws of Ihe polcllli:l! <.I.mger." Human factor.; studie, gather infomlalion concerning ,imibr acci<.Iellis or lIear accidcnl~. This <.Inta help, cs.tablish the likelihood of injury. With ladder, an<.l s~,tfTol<.l~, the hi,toric~1 <.I:'t'l indicates Ihm injuries cx.:cur "ery frc"' '"Id mOlor capaciti.s of people und their prope"si1y for error in certaiu types of ~ituillions, e,g., repetitive Il"b or m~ks r""(luiring conSlllilt balancing."

" s,..". ".~.• IlIwo!! I'_ll"'")' W",,<".I,,,,,, "SO:-/, E.lll MJ (l.b.,,_ 197~). II t9.),o>" "ld hook"l" ria)'" "'",' injurc'(] whon bo 'h,"~' bint",lr ia r""'1 of.l pwok Ihal w", l"iMg ,I"" b), a" ON'"'''"''' '11,0 P"" I"'nm,tcd, i"r in tho pl,i",ifi', holm" ,oJ mll,~ II" hion .'\>'''-e Ihe ,i~hl "'. A," ,,,",uit lho[Oof. I", 1,loinli(f,u(f"od., r, ....·,",«I ,""II. TIle dofe",e of ""umpl;el] "r ,i.,k ,,'a, "';,,~, In ~i,,,,i,,i,,~ lh< ,1<1<"",. lhe ","" ''''rod ,I",,, 'Th, pbin@''''I;['"l,hal h< di, S~J. ~94 )',",) 132S (I 072), The plain'iff"' d",,,,lell1 ~"" i,,<" 'h'" ,i,,," til. pi>in,in' 'I"",~h' thoro M' ron", rOf (J,ber I'"hid," to r~". ho ",uk! ''''I h,,,o "'_ >"""d the ri.,l of inju,y.

,I"

" S.','

,Ii",,,,,;,,,, nil 1"''''.110 I"",,,,,wpra in ch, 7. '"T),I'<' nr Dete"',"'

&.' aim g"Mraliy 1., Fn.Ill'or & M. F,kd,m",

l',oJ"", l.bl>ili,)', 01,- Z. "M""o-

r,,,"ord, L",bi!i'), in :-/,~li~-i,i"

& :-/, S,I,,,,. AU",n,),', Goide ", El1gin,odllS. ,h, \ I, "1'",",,,;, II"","" ""'"'' l'"~ill«fi,,g" (Molt),o~' 1I«"k, 19~"), Ie, ~1'C",,"id. I IT""",, I',"to" En~irJ<"in~ 0,1 "I. I ~JO), D. I)"'~'u. SY"'"" An,I)',;, ,Old D",i~n for S"rN)' (1<)76); G, ),1.". '"0[1, s"r<,)' E"~in",riMg (19E2): W. lI.u1Im"" l'roJuct s"r,t), ,,,,,I l!"~ir"-,,d"l; (I?~O),

" /d,

LAl)llllRS .\"1)

SC~IH)U)S

j 56.01[1]

The il\"ailablc data i, that JXol'lc frcqucmly nmkc mislakes on ladd.rs iUld scaffolds. whicb further ~ugg~--;t, that evcl")' fCiL,ibk pre"IlI(ioll should be tahn."

[CJ-ll", Fcn,itJility of II SMcr Alternnth'c Design. This is the lIIost crtlci:tI i'~IIC ill :lIIy ca~c involving a significam injury.

The jury will have IlIggc'Stcu uesigll would have bee', ~;lfcr."lllis requires two findins' b)' lhejury: firsl, thai ;l!lothcr tlesign wa, "fen sible'"; and sc,,:olld, that lhe other ",fcr.

d~'Sign w~s

Wh.ther :molher (h:sign was "fcu,iblc" require, se"cml scpar;llc factual t!nding,: (I) First, il !!lU,t h",'c been tcdwologlcl1l1y pf!.<sible to rnanuf:'clllrc Ihe ~lIggc'lcd safer d",ign. A ~lIbs'''lUC''1 dc~ig." by the same manu-

fact mer" i, the best proof of (lib. A competitor', de,ig" is nexl\><.'St. If 1I0ilC arc n"~ilahlc, " pmtutype manufactured by the expert will ,uffiee. 'n'CIl, the exper( tnU~t lestify that th. ,uggcstcd (k~ign was witllin Ille "~tate of the art" at the time Ihe product W,t, sold. (2) Second. tile productlllu,l rcmninjrmcliollal with [he Sllgg~~tL'd ,,,fer design. Again. iI d.f.l1dalll·, (}r ,olllpetiIOr"S dc:;igll, or ~ prototype m:Ulufac11lrc~J by the expert, can be submitted '" proof.

, >.1<','. '.K" K,,,,, \', En~d'". 7(, III. 2<1t5-1."'Xl ~,E.2d 859 (t979). di",u".dwp'"

'H"<

~,

S," 01.0' ;"J'a

,-I"

7, '1\1"" ()f Dofoe":'

II i, "," """'''''''y tIL", tIL<," I",,, ;.1f" "11<",,,,;,,< ""'i~1l ;" "'>O'Y ,,,-,,, Someli",.,;. " r'oJu" li,"I"), sl"'''h! ",,1 I>< "'>T""too " .11. o.",",,"w tho ",i1il)' of th" r'oJ"" tn ""iot)' ,h>:.~ "N jultili' IILo d"n~m ;Ilboronl ill i,. Pm inl1""' •• ",,,,br r0< 10<>1 ,ri...,.

,"<

nt,

" C",,,cll \'. A""rill" Ilo,d"". Cn,. K'Hl, (,~t. ((l~ 1'.2~ 132(, (1~JO), TIl , r'uill'ilT .. ,,' inju,,,j who,," bd~<fll" """. ,,",,101 bdd" ," Ih, '"" ,,=I by Iho rioin'iffaoo th,t !h' d,f,",IMI h.'IJ 11,",10 ,,,",c'ILlenl ,bir.n ,h.,"~", '0 mong,llOn tb. lodJo •.

,,(

S"c ~l," Bichler ". Whit< ~l<'al R,~li11g & St''''pin£ )}J ~,E.2d. ,It; (1<))l)_

C"'p_,.'O Ill, "rr. 3d 435,

j S6.0I[lJ

I'ROO. UAIJ. I'RACrlCE OI!IOE

(3) Third, the product must remaiu r,'Il.mllably priced. It must not only be t~"Chllologic:llly pos~iblc to incorporate the 'Iafcr design, bUl COllltncrciaHy possible :1, well." There should be proof thai U,c of the safer design would not price the product out of the market. Tho best proof of this i, proof thnt the ddemiant or a competitor now actll~lJy sells a product with the suggC!;teti dc~igll.

A proJiwble corporation dOt.'S not ordinarily garn~r the ,ympathy of ajury by demOllstrating the increased cost of a SOIfer desigu. COli' sumcrs know that manufacturers ~t lime'S deliberately C1l1 costs by c\iminating fC:llllres from I heir prodllct~. Often. a marketing ded,ion i~ mud~ th~t part, which are not decmciJ to be "selling points" to the consumer shOlI]d be eliminated. The co~t per itcm of the s"fety device mny be minor. except wllell aggrega[cd OVe r thomand, of prodUcts per year. A manut~1clllrer ortcn deeide~ to eliminale n safety dcvice when Ihe ri,k of injury is eon~idcred too romote to warr:lIl1 Ih. ndditionnl c.xpenditurc. Th. ,afcty de"ice represem, a cost to the manufacturer. but d~ nO! incre~se its sub. The cost of insurance may be much le~~ tlmn the C051 of the ~Ilfct)· device.

Eliminating a 'Infety d. "ice m~y in fnet incren", the company ~"k<;, ,illcc it help, the manufacturer underprice <;ompclitors who do use the sarcty de,·icc. The comp~titor mal' in turn eliminate the ,afely dC"ice in order to compete. All m~J1l1f'IClllrcn; may do likewise, to remain compelit;"dy priced. Co,t,clll1ing by an entire illdustry OCClll"!.. and tllercfore the i,suo is not just whether the increased cost ort he safet)" del'icc would make the product more e)";pensive than other ~imil:lrl)" unsafe products, bill whethcr the product would remain rcawnably priced ir it were im· pro"cd. If the social utilit), of the product is outweighed by it, cost to the public. the product become, \)nll1arket"ble. In that event, the i,sue i~ wllcther the product ,hOllld be on the market at all, i.c., whettlcr fllc risks inherent in u,ing the producI ure outweighed hy the ,OCilll utility of the product. "l',,~il\' v. """'''''' Elwri, c<> .• 4," F. SUN>. 1.\47 (W.D. 1.,. t%OI .• ppl)·j"8 l.oui ...,", I>w. Liobilily ';i\, irnl"hcd in., <:L" in "hieh Ih, dcfo"donl 3,,""," "r of <.,roly
"'l> «,,' ""u,u.,1 production problem,. ,",t "hklL "ore iILIO"ck,tID plc\·c"l. "r" I•.~" , ...

duo". 'ho d"'B'" of ki'kh"k from" ,h.i"", ....

Juries h",·c lillie patlcn cc wil h a nliU1Ur,\~(urcr Will) Sl!crifi c~~ ~., rc· I)' by cUllin, corners 10 itl Cre,,'IC prollis. Th is cmpl~.s i~ of <,\:unorny :u ' he: 'HICrm~"
[!Ii}-Failure In Wnrn. A t onmm ll i:s..<;u~ ill I ~dd~r rn.W'I i~ Ihe ~ll 10 ...·bid , proper ''''rnill&~ ,,11lI insll ucliotls oould h" "'e a!Qisu:d

C)'«

the uscr in ~"oitlit1 ~ injn ry. "

Tile 1,IW r~quir"" tJl~"'lf"c!urcr:t and IlIlter c"n1!n~rcill ;:.,lIc r~ of a product 10 "'anl ClIloII)lners anll ""!f~ of d",,~ ~)o)OCi:ol<:(1 wi lh l>roclm'ls, Tlte)' !1I U ~ ! "I !>(l pr.cwidc in i'lrUL1io" s ~"(ll!­ the p"'per 118e el f lite producl an d l it e datl S~rs of impro per

11w II"! or their c~ rn, nr:

\I-W.l'

Proof, n p failu re 10 w;.rn ca~ i. fhe same. "'hclh~r it i. n subpa r! of a negligencc cbim. or a sJ.ri el produc t. li , bility ~hl itt1. The on ly UCCI'lioll i.~ Ibm Wnw jnrisdicliou~ do ,,01 r<:C luir~ .>roof IIM( lhc: man uf;u;turef Ime"" or should 1I ~" e known of thl: d:ln~er :JMOo,:;atoo with the p ICldllC I al th e time th~ p rodu ct W'l.' sold." " V""~. Ill>c"l .t Il«h' Mfl'- C" " ~ )'I. \ ·.Jd 101• .1(;.' :>I.Y£.1.1 .l'l~. 4S11 N.l:.2d :!O.\ n~s lJ. The rWRntT ..~> i"j~f..J . .. hi!c .Vn~ 3 d'''''hr ~~ ,.,,.. ~~ .... hi' l"uKI "'OS 01" by I)" ."~IJ,,,k,1 r""jnll M" lite "hid< IIi , tIll"" " \""'"11 < ~· .." blotk ~u",d. H < rl"llIliff ,11<£<0 ~!I"t ~I", ,",~' "."' .1,-1";li"d}· Il«l~nbod. to "" ~. Tho "'"Un m,,..mod ~h< j..Jr.n .... ! "booh di>n,;""" ,,,,, ..rict 1""'><1,"'"

,,"Li ,,"I''''''''0k

",,
Ii.;~ ;!,,)" cbi"'> "",I "",,,, od ,h. Co", ru, ~ '''''', nitl "" til" ;10" 0, Tho ~Ll1J" ",. rla;",d II"" . m,,,,,f.>I "Ih< ri ....1 .t ~ ""","'ti lO Ibe l"'~t '" d. ,,,~'> ;.""<e
1'"><1,,, i, ,,

.. F.,i lu," In "'-Jm ~II.< "''' n. 1'",,'''',.>.....Wily. ". f"",",.,"> 1.W,lfi' l in 1'..p1\l
.'MI"~

,.t.

t ) '.w

t

J.()-'PII11I,'i!

(M,lth. ~

1]"',><.1« \9!6)

""I"il<"" u" ~ .. t h< A ~ 51' I, ,""-',d.•".,"i'" rOO" bJd,,, :.tId n U,.OSll ]Jrl und !';.09 r." " atloId>.

•• 1'01(1i;;:",.;"" ,,( t t", /'M ,i< uLv ~,

It..Ol and

~.ol

ru.",,,.,..

,S

" S," , ~-J>.• I.. S;la & !I""'~ C~, " Nunb
.....,,,,

t

I'Ron. u ... ,1. l' IMcna> Gl1IOI:

$6.0 1(1)

The mU1\ufaclUrcr Iwows Ih~ rauge of ~uitllbl~ uscs fo r hi s prod!! c!. The man"fnclurcr a1j.() ~no" $ ,he .... ys ill .... h~h the product is atlU · any u~'d. H~ can "foresee" the uw; of his prod uct and I. rcquir~d lO do ro . When it i~ fo r~""ublc that tlte u!.er .o\lld u"'" the product ill It ri~k y m(lIIner, the manU raenu Cf must " 'MII him not to do 50. ~nd tell him why nOI. Whether It ...·~rnin; ~hould h.we been ,i"cn iJ 01'1",. ~ ddlc.l te ' IUcr.lion, tu rning 011 what ...':Ili rc:\~o,, ~ble I.md ~r the ci rcumstalltes. Thu •• the que,tion i ~ leO. to the ju ry in 1II05t instanco::$, A oo lancio\: pnll;es& mm! 131.:C pia"",. Tile fao:;l finder must c:onsid-

" (1) Wh eth er the

u~ ~ Ii",

prodll"t II'""

i lll~ndcd

or \101.

(2) Irit was nt'll an int~.... dro usc . .... hether Ihe liS<: "''l1S likely. ~nd. if iO, how likely. Ihat i,•• whether Ihe u ~c wn~ forc,ccJblc (II "for~.,;"""_ ab!~

m;';\ISC"). Whether the II~ roulJ hlJ r~ b<'~" anli(;p"lw b)' the """'Cl imn n nllltlCl' fOf the roU11, bUI u~unlt)' a qu¢';o t;on for th e jur),," m) uufa<:t u r~,. j,

(l) Tile ob" io llSn~s of the d:mter. !>i DSI coun~ do not oon~itkr Ihi i a. dctenniMti\'~ f~Clor in ilself. wn rm "ti nS dismi ... nl the ~'n ire cau se "fJetion. Rather. it;, OJ\e f~clOr to be con ~idcrcd by ttlcjur),, /l

or

(~)

The

CU!.Iom

in Ihe industry. ahhQlI!;h not

dl1crmi nati.~. I>"

f:L~()I'. "

(3) Applicable !.Iatuta, regula tianl, :md !!:u,d3rds tkJ II,,& w;,h

"'n",iugs and '''lIli~.n,"

i nMru~iolLs.

Th _ would include: the A~ S I Mllnd;,rd.

"" neo,ly ,h. ,;un< .. , . "il","""'....... _

~,ouJh'

""
om" I;'hili",. ,lot pbj.rufl' ,,«11 no, ...."'. IIw 'he l

Urn,.,.I ", ". Louiwili. 'lorn;", CO.. 64t P.ld l ?7 (l, h Ci,.

bon'" I'..·. " Sa I . n" .. ~ r;,., 1lI<,y ,~

t9~ IJ. ,~ pI)'ic¥

,\l,.

11'.,,,,' r~" I. 171: T ri.1t lo.... Q, I! (I '~$),

So', dw L. 1''''n'''' l< />I , Fr;"<1," ,. , ]" """,,, Li,bHi ly, . h, 2. "/>I ,n "f..,"",,,,', Ll>billtt in S q:U,ctI«." i ~.2lI41 I M."h .... tlctIJn' 1'187).nd til. 1. "SIr"" L."'I· i t1.~

J

3.OJ'~lIhl (~blt"'"

IIrnoI«

19~6~

"5,'" L. I'", n,.r& M, Fri"dm.,,,. I'md u
!

j .04i l l (MaulL ...... llt1)1lcr

1 9~6J.

,!t,,,. "Su k ' t.i, hilit)',"

i

1.,u)l)OIS A:"ill SCA I'I'OU l'>

SMI( I)

C()!I,:cl1l;ng "'''nt;n~, CluliOll'l, m,d jn~truclioll>. discus..
lind 1111; ,cJatro OS I'IA

rcgu hl1 iol\~,l '

(6) III , omc ,t~t~'lI. I hcr~ m\l~t be proof that tl, e 1LI 0 nllr:octllr~r kll<~'" of lite danger ~"d (;,;1<:<1 10 ""1 m of il." In ol her Sla ...-s. :L 'nanuractur. ~r i~ dee med 10 know I h~ dnn S~l> Jssociatcd ~nd g~rs. "

IIet

with tIll; u>o: of h's prod_

assllluc the risk mn 'arl;cli"::l prod uct ",ilh ullkm""'11 d~n.

A warnin g mUSI clearly ;niltru ct the u>c:r Whl! ili perm;~5iblc ~nd ..·..:01 is ,,0(. r u, inM~nc..·, IlL<: II ,.,' m~)' R'd I!lnt a w~rnlug 1 11 ~1 only oll e pcr~o n at n lime mlly \l~C the ludd.r d..,.." llVt a pp ly ' f lhe ladder 's \Jc:i"S uSi:d wi lh [adder j acl.:s.. E.,~ .. if the jur)' wndudcs ;1 i!; nppli· c~blc, the ju ry Inn)' well WIl c!udc tltal tlk! w'Irning 1\';I!I 1101 c.~ r'ieil

enough!' »s« ,"'''' II

,,,I,....

t< 5<-... ;.p" n r,,!.!., &.

~6.QJ . ,"1 S6.0t.("" hdd." _ad

!6.Ql . ..... '6.06 f..... I.od~."'

S« g<~c",/(. 1 II , 11o•• n.~ R. "'n ", O'n" ,,1 R< ~uloti,,"',"~ !

v ... t;"., ....

~

H

~.O;I(lllll"' ~

IG1l'l k". "'oU'

.... n _<6.\l3flJlfJ ""d ,t;.O'I l'or "",r·

tlOj.. n, o..",, ~cioo.t S,.rd~ ~ .O ".

10 II (.'.I:onl>:>o· IkoHk<

... d 11<>111, ,\ CC. ~h, 6,04 (I ?~~) ,,"I ,b , II). " C,,,,,,,",,inn R'l!'

I~~~l .

S,",

I> ,', g., I Ic'ei',,~'., Pi ",,'or 1I'~kCl"t\' , 1111 S.l". I", ,, 6'J<1 !' ",I lOy) (,\]",h ~.;"" 111.0 19;¥). Mobil< b""", b") ~", brnuY1l 3 >(ei", rft~h,,:" 1"lIdl,)' Tn ,"",,, ,I,,,,, on.1« .. ik, ,,, '0<01'", ''' ' i.,jud ... " .,t,\'",,1 ("'''' <,,",,"V" ,,,1.,.,,,.1· d,),)·d. fun ... p,.,;op, in ,I" q,obilc t.M~ TJ.< !Hop,.,n, ("" " ~ r Al o,"," hcld that ,h. lo,"'" ""Un ~ n' """" .. i" "d,"llll n~ "",",",;n< un~_~\oi)i'rn ,11>1 eI" 10"".1""')'<10 'um• • ""~~I ,'U'" ","".MM lung d,U""~," I, il i, ;nll",,,i\>k ''' ' ,]" nl-,m. r""u'
"",iIIu

""kr><. '"

,]" ~,ooU'1 ",r.,., " ~. ".K.. U.. h,,\a •. ]ol",·.. M,n,·m" 1'1-"""",,, e m f'.. 90 "',J. 1')1 ..... 7 ",ld 'Y>

n"'~

(1~~2), lliud,,,, , 000

'""'i, or; "r ~""O'.. ><'<1~"'" 0' w.."""" P""'''''''- Tho s,, -

" '''''~'''1 d~,'h Q
",tal.

~,.",< e"",, '" :-:....J "",), I"hl ' I"" "rtleo ",," ;, " ''''~liSOl''< i'lIllf d_ ,,'" h..,,, t~ P""·. 'he "\""U r"~I",,:r ~"o ..· '" ' htJ1J kl b,,·. kn,,..'o ,!oo.u 'he cl.u'~,,, 01 '" I"cd"", Th.I k'_1N~c i_ i"'f u!<'d 10 ,I\... "",,,~r...1U''''

n'l'!""'

" Fc;,,~ u",
.!?I'""

[:"nsIe of ~1.atll':C" .,,~ "", '" "'.-n """ por><'", n ", ,0<1 '1 ,\If""I<11 I1,, jlwg",,'" f.... •h" l"""''''rrs. l><>Idi"~ ,"", 1I~ j~ did .. ~ <'ft i ~ ""ttn;tli"~ jut}' ee, 11",1 Ih.
,I"

r",d

,..... ,,',

~

56.01[11

I'ROD. LI,\IJ. I'RACTICE

GUJD~

54-20

Similarly, lhejury mal' agree tlmtthe plaintiff used the ladder impropt:rJy, in a way thm wcaken<-d or damnged the ladder, but then conclude tlim the plaimiff would not have us~'. \.. $,.m I\k ....."Jck & Co .• 240 C,1. App. 2d 793. 10 C,1. Rptf. 143 (1966). TIl< rI,il1@·IV" ini"rod whon 'ho woodon q,plodd" on wltiol1l1< " .•~, 1I.,n"ins "",ko. Th, ,0n,l",kJ '" m'tt" I.w 'ho< II" p[.,;ntin· f.ilal '0 Nnhli,lt Ap,'m" jg,", 'a.lrklli.1>ilit)". Th. bdd" conl.lined d;rc' be 00 ",f< ,uri",,,, ~ od lh, pLi;n,iff hod beon u,in~ it in tho gm~' "h
"o"rt

a

"r

""d

" Id.

S,·,· ~Iw inj'" IS S6.1){;[t] "",l 56.0ii[2].

"S,·,s,·,,,·raliy 1.. FIlImor &.~!. FriC
n",,··

,. S,,· .,·,,,·ral/v L. FIlImcr&:\1. Fri,dmon.I'.",I",,, U.,bilil)", ell. 3, ··strkt r.;,\>il. ;').:.~!

3.01. 3.0! (M."hm Ikntlor 19S7).

,"'''''.

, S6,OL)I] liabil i. )' . hoory

"r r\,(,()\·cry."

'rh ~rc

arC \"ari(lLI S I}' poe; of br~;wb or wamml )". One n'~'r ,,]>]>1:.wh ~LI o lbers do 110]. T heM: ~re: (I) e~]>rC'\.' warr:lIIl)'; (2) i!!l~li ~d war· tanl)' of filllC>Oi fur II pllrlicu la r ]> lIrpose; ~"d (3) Wnm"'L)' of 010'c:-hauI:,bi lil!'. " E~J'r.,;, warmtLI y i~ e~cmpli r",d by a Il "w~pl!pcr ad\"Crt i~~",enl or I' "~lc'l11a,, "mnni"8 I'~ ~ ["ellh:.1 the bd der h ;l ~ p.~r1icull r Ij\lnlilk~. The 51 ~k", om~ 01 .. ,. amouIU 10 III' affin"~tiQn of facl , nol n'~r" Ir;We talk IIr puffery."

The im plied warr:l1l1)' or fit "c~s for a pnrticular purpose tUT1\~ 011 Wh el h ~r 1he defendant's s,1k'! I1I Qll had e.\du~i,·t control ovtr Ihe sclO:CIK!l1 uf Ihe ladtle:r or 11", pu rehnser a t k:tst reli...,! on the: S.1lesm:m's

judrJl10mt in

!>e1L'('lin~

I"" ladlk r."

Th e wl'mmly of 111crclmnl;d ,ilit)" lurw; IlI nn:: si mply .. $<-,' ~,,,,,",,,I(,· 1.. F, un"", I\: M. F,W'".a. r

()!1

whelher

mducI< 1I.tOlil F. ell. J. "S,,;'" li. bol·

i'y:' ~ j.01111 t~b'll ..... Ilnul<, 198(,)

"S.v ~""c~ , '1y c.",,,), •. S¢;..'" R<>OO(4,k Cir. !'I(,2). ;op. Vj'fini , b ,,·. 11,. pi,;,,,il! ....,. i";.,,d wh ." .h. h,JIk, 10< pu"h... ,-d I",", Ii", ~.r.od, n' ,·,~L'r>«I .. hil. in ",,,. Th. ><'''.«>1 .h• ..,10 , ,,,I ""11>p;< ~r ,..., b,Id .. ,,~. "'" . In<>c .uif>. l,! 4)4 (1'1;.0. l'l~ll Th, pbinli ff b,,,"sht rl)·j ,, ~

,~i.

"pb", th.::

.w"",un,. ",II<> """1

I",

~

bdd« .. I,i~b the)· "pmcon
"'\e
"'><

·... t""'F.~ " .... Id "'N 3 ~r.,; ..... w ",HI Iho ..... 0'"'" ..wid it:· Tl>< •.""" , Ai'mcd d;,..,,'.... I"roo ,h. drf",od, ",'" mah,,", ho,~d,"~ 'hOI _h ,,,,.,,..,... ,"",10;: lot" ,mil ~,b""," ,,, ioJ"",,, "",.1,0'" did nO\ .",m,,,1 lo;on r.\n· ' I' '" "·,,,1,1 off,,"1 .ILo h.,,,, f,or" ,,,il.

.,p,...... "..

£"<"4/'" So~ri"w: ,'. 11"'''' 'i •• 10j '" 1).~ ~ ~~. 417 K Y_'I.l
•• t:. ,~<}· v. s"~,,, Ik..bu."t Co., .lO'l F.2d 3OO (~ I~ C\,. 1 ~b2I. a(lpl}'n~ Virgjn;" I,,,'. ,\ ll~" " tIt< pL''''''T ....., "",..,in, "" ",lIof<""'l ~tld h......, injuml. n.. pbiD' 'ifT b"' LI . IIl " i, a~" i,,,, 1)", rlhtrib\J"" "n I~,." b " or.n c.' pro" ..·,,,,nLf. "n in,· 1,1;""1 ~ ",r"",>" or """''' r'J< " 1"'1",,1;, ru,p"". ,,,,J ,n im pii"\ WOl'"n,)' ,jf """. ,--fl "".~,I"r. Th. C"utl fC.<1K.:(;lir."'«"~, TI<,' "''''' ~cld " " I , hue"", lID .....;, &... . 0 imrticd nIT""'t,· ,,( r.,n..... I,,, a r>"lcu'-'. PUrp«;>.", ,br. d.l",od;",'" ",b1D>1l h:ul " ot b.."" "d"I"I)" rcl"d "" in rL,in!in', ..""riO" "'. !odd" ,~~"'k (,,' 10"

""'1"""'-

II ... • ''''

the ladder

wa~

dcr.-.; ti,·c at the time it

w~s

suld."

ll}-('touf. [n Turner ,'. CCIJ/I'tIIIl(/r
w~.o

_ n b)' pl"iuti fT in a

tlCw51'~[!I:r.

(2) The ath(n ~U~~ll corot ainl<.! ~ ~I~tc:m<:m thaI ..,fel)" " ';1; ,I prim. CU~iokr.lIlol1 in [1' 0000,,:;' ~tlch l~dd':Ts.. (3) 11'e l,d"crl i",,"~l1CI11 sl"red Ihm I h~ Inddctll ""en: rcinrOJc~"tI w be "nlishl)" ~ trO!lg: and du rahle." (4) The 111;limiIT referred 10 th e ~d" Cl li ~~rncnt III th e time or the pllrcha.<;~.

(5) TIll;" pln inliff info rmed the ret niler Ih~1 ~ he knew nothin:;. ."liloul ,,"Odd and wou ld reI)' <.on hili. judgme nt ill kkoct illg the Jad d,:f" 10 bu)·. (6) Th~ rctaikr :ilalW thnl the I~ddcr would be &00<1 ior c1"" llinj: "'-u "' I~~' ,;.be w:mlnl, " ':IS mnUc of n"1')" sood weod, :1110.1 W:I' tCSI<.-d 10 ml k ;l.ot 200 rOll nd~. wal1l'-~pl:r.

(1) !'In;1u)1T olTered l"" ti01011)' to the elT...:: t tll:lt Ihe I:tdd er hroke n' n re:mlt of tIl<.." pr~"nce of cro~~'srnil1\:d woed. 111e.<;e nffirm,llivc reprC'icntatiotlS of fm:l by tlie rctniler crcatc<.i nl1 c.~[!f~'S~ "·~rrant )· of the .tronS1h "r the I,\tlder, "' weI! a, an c~pre~~ "'amonty a,,'\i ns! n dL-f...::t suc h as eIO$~·grohlCd wood. '11", n::li.:lI1 ~e o n lite so.ltim;ln'S ~«:tioll cr",!.too II«: implied warr,mtr of fitn.:iS. The J'fn.c.~I~C of n defect in lloe ladder ~ I Ihe lillie of SIl le "'3d~ I h~ proou<;I IU1nlcrcbnn'ab le and ,·;"bled the nl>rC!'~ and implictl war· r~ntk$.

A rctail~r mar be liable il1 brea ch ofwn rrnltty . ln "'o:;t ill ~t:ln c~~, the , . lI er kl\Ow~ the purpose fo r which II ktlldcr will be tI'cd. Tile bll~'cr docs)lot have 10 Wlte the l'urflO,e. Whether the plain lilT re1i ~d upon the ~kil1 3ml judS01cn! or ti,e s.cIl~.,.;." jury qU<.... ti on." , . I:.(".C. I 1..1I~ (l%l ~ • • 3Sl :'
., Khk\",S';""'-'Y D,"£51ol. (""'. n Ill. ,\ pp-ld ~ l~. li7 N. E-2d)Ol (t9(') ~ The pt.,i"1itr p,"ch,\Cd ~ lo,!(\<, from 11K d,f,M,ttt ' M lbe l.d,l" ""Il.tf!'<'1. ,,,,,,ins ]ojU t)', ,\ '~;1 .", bro".hl r"r M<.l,h ~r ;ror1 ",1 ,,~""" '"" ~r fi l1oe<> r(l r

""".fIt!
IIIJ-Clu'NItl~n. The Immeh of ",:orr:un}" 111\I~t be the cauS\) of Ihe :tcd dclii. r or exumple. ir the .... ('"xI ll~ed in the l :ld d~r i~ "';I(' r~ntcd 10 be kil n ·drl~d hemluck. mill il1~I~'ld il i~ lir. lh~ dirreren~~

be\wwn the t\\'o .. o;)cb muSt be denl.'"

[c}-Scgligencc. In"

ICI ha,'c caused the '''"'c;·

ncs l;g~nce ca~c.

the

qut:~ti"'l i,

nO!

jll~1

ddct:ti..-c. hut alii/) ,,'hether Ihm def''''1 ...a.~ b)' son'e nt'@.I«I br the defendant." Usuall~', proor or dof«1

whet her IIIe produc t CJu~1

(If'''· ....1

i~

creates .11' inference of IICfdi£<:11cC w the jllry. but il j, (jllite po.<siblu for n lIIanufnclurcr 10 show hc did c " crylhi"~ he could 10 prcl'em ~ defC\:l. :md 11Icrci'0l'( Wil$ not "~liJ.!<:"I . TIle mnn ufaclur" is \odd to ~ " c~pcrt'> .t:llldnrd of care. Mid II expecl ed to kno .... ~!I(J liSe b~lIe r I. "in£ or dc,iB1l' if they nre a v,\j[ , able and would ciirnill,llc the dallscr," T he r:le to rs disc .. ~ 511pm § ~6,O I { l lIill "il lt rq;;trd 10 Strict lia · bility "r;: l)te "~mc r,,<;IOr> whi~h woul<.l he tnkcn imo c(lJI~i <.lcr~lion in dCl ermin illf: wh~1 h~r there was" defect In the product. :' nd wheth · ~ . Ihe del'e "d~m kn e'" or sho"l d h"H know" of Ihe dd'<'t't in lim~ 10 ro,o.":l

;t.

"""il.""hll"y", ~·,II "" in ,,"~li~0I1 .<. TIl, """rl "" '"",,J "TIll """""I,d ,)" ,ri,1

'''"rI'' ~i''''I .d I Ilt, Th" ,,'un ", ~l,inru ,ba, ,1" pU' f"'\< (or ... hi
Ih" ""II .. b)' i l. "''Y ""' ~,. "Old ,I,", tl>< t.<>!or """" "'" h..,,, to ,I" 'I""";"" "f 11,< pl';,IT;n·, ",I;"" ",, "" Ill< \~ ;ll ,,>nn1\. I,d')",. "~I,{W>J, Th< f tho OI"'n~ ,),,' ,I" e>;J,,,," ,I,,,, 'he !''''k<" ',lit w,,,,; 11. un" ,~~ I,'nlh", ~", ""I ored ... " ;'". 01,1.-", h> P''''''''' , ~< ,I " jury, OJ S.~"'4r lUll}' L n .. " ... & ~I. " nrum,n. Prod"" .. I.1"";~,~ .ell, !. ·-M'D.'''''''' ,. , nd

II,.

",,",",ndj~& <1"~'m""oc<:< 01' ,,'" pu. eba". ;T~T" Iho 1"''1''<'>''. n .. co"tI "I.." ,",~ Il",

"'''' '"

~ ..> I.;.bil ;' ~

in

~1;g.:oO('<~

(M'III.,... 1lc<Mk< 1'131),

"s." ......."l! ", S:ml. ') ~l. b",~""" C" .. ?6 Ill. A)~', _" \'\.1, 14 j, •.'7 S ,E.2d il~l.

7M (19M) ,

.~,"'"

J 3M II lJ

~

l'ROll. UAU.

I ' RACTl C~:

Cll ml,

-

COMMENT: Til\.> th. el thcoflM ml'fltioned. st.i" liability. wa r· ranlies. "lie! IIeglig
!

jd}-I' roof by InfC'CII«." The proof of

p.u

~

def":l b)'

illr~fI:nre

i~ .;mi/u,. btu '101 Ibe so me as, •• ~ re.r 'tX/uillt, i"rerenc(;. It pcrmi ls ~ pln inlifr to Il~ L to t h~ ju ry by show in; h" was properl)' usin g th~

prooll cllU,d llmt n tlcf.."C 1 i ~ the

mO~l

likely ~'ll's\: oflhe !leddenl.

In some hl ~I:Ulccs. this mo:thoo of proof ,n:\y hc necc>~ary. It i. oftcn ditrlCull 10 dctC'nn in.: ~lncll)' wh:u hnprcncl [n IalJd<.'f' ~n ~ K.~llold ,'lI>.\.~. tlICIIct:idenl usuall)' ll3pflC:IIS qUickly. II ma), be cl""r 10 lhe injured perSO" lhal sOlllelhing W<."lll ''''OIlS wil h Ih" lood~r o r M:afTold. but he will nOI kll Ow II..., m ..'Ch~1\k'l\ of lhe mnlr"II Clion. The h, dtler or ""affold mny have Ixen di~n~~e lllblcd or di !c:lfdcd arler the :l~cklenl. [[ wuld he s.o altercd by Ih. at:ddelll llml ;1 i& d ifficllh tn nsn"""in i,~ con<Ji,ioo inun;:d ilud), bc:fore II...: lICeidem . It is tlln~ oflen " ..",css;.r), 10 I'IfO"C lhe e~islcncc of ~ pr=id~"1 okf(cl by inference. " R"1lardk'S.~ o r lhe InnG t~1~c defining Ihe term "de:fect," if I h~ Jury cDn ciudc, I h~ l Ihe prodU CI did 1101 perfo rm as a rc.1"oOII"blc 1"" f>[}11 would e,~l"'c l it 10, Ih e ju ry will co",;dor II dcrcc· live. Thu>, if Iho leg of a Indd er buckled, or t l~ !'CaITo\d fd!. Ih.jur)· may l'OlIcl u<Je rrom the tOlimon), Ihal t he likely c.~pl1n!ltion is (Iho:

.,

.'i«;c~''''11y L

Fn,m" ,"< ~I , I'tinl m,m.l'rootIC"

UJ~l~ 'r .
",', L"Lbility I" "' ... Ii~'",·o." t ;! ,l! (~,"lIh,w Iknd" t>ili ' )'." I J.(I1[lj (M,"ho", Ikn~ .. 1916).

1 ~' 7J

aoo oh, J.. "$" ",, Li,·

«s<"Ct>! ~ " .JoIon S. TIII'I'eu..) tIS M. " . no. HI !'(.E. Z~ ~ 4 1 (197$), Th. pl.in· ,df"""'tirl ....;0",. ~pi""l Ih. "","uc..",ut' r,lI ,od .UI1:.1n i~j~,;..., T h. '''1111 md",tfI, ror

,h. ,W."d.,nl 1" I,. ,nl.rN in ""h ..... ' Th< .pl.;""d <11>1 lit< . \;, IhoM""'.... , ,a,h.. Ihoa ~nol bc<. i< _ oibl. for 1he ... ~ . ..·1>Ido ( ;>uo.cd lhe: .,ddont Wh, . 11M: ocdoloft, occC," .n.. 1100 dtfrnd"", h., ",rr., 'h' bur
56.0!{1]lnl.

, , ..

l.AUDERS ..I./'lll S("Ul' OLtlS ··pr~·po"lkl'd"CI: 0( the <;:\'idenc<:·· indk~I~) IluIl ;"\ d ~re.:1 C':lu5cll .111: mJ!full ~tio!l.

Mam,f:ochning tomrol~. ~uclo J~ (Illalit)' cOlU ro l and I1I.101a,,"I11<.111. p urclo.,iu g roomol an d h .. pc~.l lln', :11'<1 an im pllrHtnt c"!l,id~r· ation." N~Slccl in tbe c,..,~tion or pcr{orn mncc or , ucb ~OI'trol~ mid iUSfl«1iOl\$ ""u.~lIr estab lishes n~'G1i&e"t..: in II", n' lnUr;l<;\II"ng o f Ib ~ produ ct.

In :II Mriel prodUC1S liabi lit y CiIS<:. il is nOt ".,.,<$<:11,· 10 prm'e ",hal hum:lII error or machin. e rror , allSet! Ih ~ t!efcel in the product. AI· t hout:h piu poinl iUG the c~u~e of I he defec t i~ IIOt rcquired. ju rors MC :alw:tr~ intc"","l<.'d in 1o0w 1 1o~ prod uc! "'";IS nl JlI<;: ,,,,d why Ih~ dd~"C1 ocwrred . S"dl proo f is 1I(1f au c~
..

Oflen II mannfoctur~... wi ll :!sserl Ihat Ih~ d~fc~t
..

When t h"'e is proo f of:. mannfuclurin;; deteci. co ulIscl ~h Ollld nut cn llfl~"" Ihe iss",", by cxlclI; i\'~ proo f ~lllJ"" illg, I hal the dcfc n.bll\ W~~ '1I.,;liscnl ill ils m., nuraclutiUt; I'ro.:~"Ss. II i. 001 m...,.,.,..1fY 10 , hrl'" c~lIctly why Ibe defecl OI."curr~'d, ,)Illy Ih f'l Ihe dl..fccI W :L! prrscon al the linl;: 111~ 1;l(kler nr S(;.ffold """ 'lOkI.


11,.

the

d~ f~~.", m a "'''''I' f~ctllrillg

cuu~~

uf thc

uecid~ I1I ,

" 5«0 1.. fru",.,,\ 19~!) ,~,

).I.

f ri
prod"", ",fet)' n""" .,",,,,,,,

"s.";.,;,,, I

~6.clPIl4

""' ''''

"ROO. 1.1 ... 11.

"It.\cnc~: (;lilO~:

h"'mis~ til)ll inlO th e raCI~ m~y ~ IIow Ih31 Ihe injured pcr~ m3de pri or .IU I ~mcms us 10 why Ihe m:cidtl1l OI:c urrcd, and tht hi~ lri~1 or depo! ili ol1 I c~limon}' was ~l"nlcd 10 fit th e defect. The pl ninlilT may hnv~ 111 :ld~ ~ I"temcnts 10 wiln c.~~'S , [lC li ee, nmbulnll<:c per.;on· nel. n\Hr.c.~. dO::lor" or fri~1Id~ IIIal Ihe 1000cidoni happcnl.'d in 110111( way which l~ u " rc1~ lcd to lhe defect. II}-~·ntl$. :til

i"f<:(,;:II<:o1 of "

The followinG rnets

h~',,:

bam IIIII:d 10

esl~hlish

tkf~'CI :

(I) 111<: lllddcr \,Ia. do:sigr,,:d HI hold :t milumum of BOO JIOIIIldr.. Tll e l~ddcr wn~ ownl'd for 1'1'0 monlh !! alloJ usoo on l~' ninc limes \l(. fore Ihe ;1~~loJ.n l. The bddcr was nOI d,unused before Ihe nccidclI I. II WIIS prol ,:>:lcd fmnl d"muge duduS 11 ~. mid Ihere wa~ 110 cpptlr\u. nily 10 Imnp<: r wil h il. Under sitch r"CI ~, lite dcfcnd"nl·,,,mpnl1f~ p rco; id CH! :ld lni u ffi Ih" l h~ ladde r, lIS d~IS'llxl. would nQ1 rail. Thb jl<."TllliIMI :In i"rtwO!;c I h~ 1 Iht Lldd..r f:lIl ...-.1 due 10 a mOIl Url>\llunll& dd h1." (2) Accordill!: 10 1~'Slimon}'. th~ !>ddtr h:ad been im;flCClcd for def=s, 1~1 ~ ROI lio;(;n nUstl!>W 0<' damlSw, h ~d bttn u!iC
bd nS lI ~d normally allll<: lime oflhe accident."

(3) Pl a!lI lifl· l~stifi.d thallh" ladder "'n~ new, llial il WaS u~.d "nly in " \l ~u[! l. rea :;onablc manner. and Ih e ci rCU I11 SI:t!lces of Ihe l:tdder breakins cx~ lu d~~1 all rC:lwn"ble infercn cc~ uecp l ~ dcr,:cl for Ill<: Call'!<: uf Ih ~ br.:ak." (4) The lad der owner :lIId lhe pla ;nl;ff I...-;Iificd Ihallhcy had done ,00Ih;"G 10 cnu!II: .h. !\CCidenl mid Ibal Ihe fo's . causing litO plain Tiff to r~ll , Ihol Ihe ladd~r was nOI u$o:d obrmrnmlly, the!\: w~~ no rea,,, n,,bl c ~l'l!O lldar)' callSC, and Ih ,1! the alunlinum ladder's 3ide mil wa5 benl nt Ihe firM rllllg ."

" :-;""'n ' . ~tur W ", C"- 11! III. AI'I'_2~ 19. 1.61 " C. I,,,"HC". \\'. W. Ilobca:k Cn.. 4 t~

S . I'~ 2d

S.F..2~

lO9 (1910).

59S(M""... App. Ct. 1'.1$0} .

." M
.. I t~n v, COR>
,. Gill"pi, .'. It !). Womer Co .. 71 III, l d 311. l 'J l-U:_2<1 I"~4 (1 ~1~).

, ~. '

''''

.

f SS.JlIIII Proof I] f misIIS<: b)' t~c pJ~il1(irr. I] T ,l3m:'~c .". miMlk by other th ~ ladder prior to the "~~ idcnt, nmy negate :til inference

u, ... r:. of

uf defeet , For imt~ncc, the "" id enN

......... ~

m:,y il\dk~t~ that th e ladd er fe ll tlk! plaintiJT pb cal thc b ll"", 1]" 'III um,veu noor."

[il}- Hrpoth ct1cnl Question. A hypoth~ticnl 'l" "lltlon m~y b.: th e defcnllanHl lntl ufaCllIrcr. asking hi m to assume the rc'Cited (.lclS ill c\·idrocc." I k m ~y t hClI, for u31l1ple. "" :>skcd if. in hiJ. upin. ion • •he right Tt':l r Ie; of lbe particular nlOlM I~dlkt. ;IS tksisncd. would bend if ;I 285 '1'0llnd .Ilan ,,000 on lit", fUUT1h rU IIII. "

put

\0

The dd~IKl~nt'~ ex""rl nm}' as. crt thllt a m~ n cOllld 1101 ~tand OIl Ihe I~llllcr nPd eT~tc enoug li lo.lll . o bc'nd Ihe side r:.il." I-Ie rna)' arCIl<: Ih:ol. therdore. ~'" oilier [or...., 1111151 have ...n "~ 'he ""till of Ihe side tnil. 11le jury m:l)' conclude, a ll th~ olher hanll. that if Ihe llId""r WaS made prop<:rly, t)", !.ide rail wou ld nOI h ."., benl, and s ine<: it dill bcntl. il mllSl ,,0{ h.W( b.,'e R lI1:uk pfop:rly." Th o dcfell . " alii m~y IC.'S liry \"'" I ...... ladder ~"Omplioo wi ll< nil al"~lic~blc Sill" · d:lrll~ and would na l rail un""r :I pa rticul a r load." " D~'E'I' •. $.·""'cgllWl~ II,..... 0;,. , SUI'<" !oI lrttt .. 221 So. ! d I~ ~ ....·'" d, ...." . lj.t u. 466. lZ) So. ld ~ 11 (0 . " rpo l\lli')).

Sc< al" V. Woll:"... i.,\;. cd .• 1936 Sool~ ~'n Mel """i" t:nil'."il)' 1"0<111<" il)' In"ilulO: lln'<1 "'1 !.i."Hi'Y I.ili~.I ;o." ,I\. I I. J. "M""", _ Tho Mod.<,. Il. )·

1"'"""i~H

IM. tllLeI" Ilt!.tkt

LO.1bi~ V1T~(\,

19~6~ .

.. F""" ."II ••Ih. bdd..·us.c. """'..., ofp!ia< uw••~,~ ""d lIJ>i~l~ " 0' · _dirk>o pri<>r r~ lh, .... I'!<-nl. and ,b. ~11 i",,,,,.,..,,, po,,;'..,I., (act< of ,h. ",ohl'HI. ,u,h ", ,I" [00 ""''';0., (or th" 1>o1,j" h,;,. tho "'P "r 'U"~ ""'.I.ion of,b< uU,.. bi. n' O'·..",n"", , ,,, ti.". hi. hot:""·,, hi, "",.Ik>o "" tho 1IJ1' , .~<, " .. h:on~""

(e....

/'"

,

'"

"""'0'.,1). <1<0" ....,..w .PII< iG ',.""."

" :O.. 125 m . AT',,!d 19.161 Kr~~d 20')(\910), '11.. pbi",i!T brauglll,n ""ioo ' ioin" ,l\c ..11.,. "",I n",n"r'OI"«' ,>t. !:lOI!« to '"",W
,<1\Ii.,

.. Collin! ". MOnl~" m
nl< d,rO""'"I', <>PO" t ..dr,.... lhot the m.n on ,I" r""", to _

... , «old coo ld!lC'!

a Iq;: ol tke t.Ifuld .

,,,,,to "",ulh

" Id I. SU Q.lnn •. Sou,h ..,.. t Wood r,odu~", '", .. ~?' l '''~d IOl~ (Sth ClI. 1979)."11" ~I )in ~ T,"'.!: .... Th,
Ino""d . jodPlCn( [" . tbe ploin lin· ;n. p,od.' i< li .bjl·

;'1 """,a Iw.N en Ike d"'''' d
"..... ,",

I

~.Olrll

1'~nK!!;

{lJ (IL]

Deffndnnls"

(ir-Selkr. r:.~ch ~(lm mcrdal5Clk:r of:. !~ddc r n' ~)" be lj~bJe in ' Irict i"'roduct~ linbillt )· for"
llil l-Reiniler." " re[ailer ,I,.lo&kf

j.;

.t riedy li"blc fOf" rroduc[ he

,,,,,r..m.n! '" .1.... f• •I
(I", , ll""'-'tb (li e bdLkr ,,,,,,pIi,d .d.~ otl ,. ;( "'.,. "ill ,,"',,",,'nool)' ~."' ~"" "' ", Ih< ~"" bc-<,~", 0( il>
.,

\'''''~o nl'"'\; ". Fnnl ~h'''''C",. ~I

I "ler....b n ' ~ H

C,I, Arr, 2d 2-1S , j7 C.,I. Rpl'. M~ .l91 1'.::<1

11.$ (1'I(w). OJ K"",l ••. 0 "" ... ~}(}S. W.l d 79-1 ( r •• . 1~}~). "Il1< pbi!l1irr ...... inj""" ,.·I>< .. ber,ll Ib,ou~h ,1" I~""d, "r" ,."n'lI I>< <1<1..."\;"0 11«-. ,,>< it I""1l<>l d".. Ut''''''' "', II ..

_,d,. 11>0 •..,"' •• n;""n1 ~ j"dpn
'''(0

,h.pl.>lnrirr. b<:>IdinF ' h>< ."'" ..I• • ....u. 0'

'" "'~''''' r"~ILL'" ;"I,,)(\u'od th, ,·10,",,01.< ' OInn ",,,,. ;, uri,,])· J;,bJ. .... ,'" """,,,,I b)· "",h pm"" ,!> i f tM )' or< ",,,,",",,,,,,,Iy "' ,,\;<[Ou, Su al", C""•." y. l'oIIlk N.E, l,! ',!l (I"n),

It "ldi n~

C""""i,,,,,,,

~I

l "llo:.,1."-

7~

r."

III. ld 10. lll)

i",..

·I',od""'_,

.. S.v. ~." j~J"II """ II>< I",,,,,, ",. ' be ~m •.

" ~lcCI.11i" ", Ib)',IlUro 1:'Juil,m, ",II,ntul CO " 79 Cui, Itptr. ).) 1, 274 c.l . '\pr, l d 4.tti ( 1~69J. n.. r!>in,iil"\ ........-..koI. mlt< 01 I",IJ.,. hi' h;,; he•.,.) •• IId ,Ii,d_ Th .\,I, i".irr bro"~ ht " w".,~ful ,[<Jl h " I;'", u,Idd11 .,..,.. ·I"I> ....... n b. ld Ih"\ " ,.", Ihe 1.-"" ~'", <"p~«1 ill the b","n ~" "r ,Ii"'ihu'i n~ to (~< publio .

.',""-'<0 '''I' ,b.

,h.

,1»,

.1,.

,,,i.....

.oo.l,

• 1Id ,bu, .1>< "",' in, "3' , .~ • ,,"," 01 ," il<,I>I,,1 tC.1Il....,.io
.. s,.,

F""""

~,'",wlly I., N. M. Ffi«Jn" ", p",d "", U.,bili , ~. '", ~, ··l.io.lli l l'~ "f R...ik .... :ooJ :>'Iid;ll"""".·· ()I~lt b<w lko,d..- 1 ?1I(i~ I ..... ' ' ' '

! 56.01[:1 llell,," A rcl ail~r of ~ p rodu<:1 is nOI Ibble/vr 1I('K"'g~n~~ unlcs~ (I) b~ <'OlllribulW 10 ~~~u""nG the do:f~";I, or (2) b~ should ha"c di!iro\'erw Iloe d ~rco;l :md c(\m :ctro il .... The fact that Ihe Mailer di~p l"yed the la dd~r. o r p.micip:ltcC.I in Ihe sale. d~ not mean he i~ ~ ul o m :llicnnl' li nblc itl negligence if tll c prodllCI is W:f~~1i ..c. The law of the jurir.diclio n nJ.a)· l' rO\'id~ Ih;11

liftbl.: for II ddec t in ~ product I", ~1Is. bllt h e ill 11 01 li~blc in 'Irgligc .. re :,b!;cn t iOOIe shfJ\\ing ofbdc 0( d ue

"

rommerc~,1

loCll"

~ ;rt,kf/y

e3rc,"

[f a relnil cr'~ !lame i~ the OIl!}' no me on Ihe proouci. he is deemed fot 1'-1:31 pur~ \0 L-c Ihe mlnufacmrct, ""e lf Iholl£h lIOIll on
~ 6.1~

(M,,, h.,,,

1k" ~'1

1956),

.. s« ~"""'~I'" I., I'rlJm
.. s.... ~If I.. FIUID"' .It. M. 1'ti<\ln.>R. 1'00011<1:1/;""'1,,),. , b. ~ .. t .,bih,) of Row l"" >JId M;dllle",.. ,,~ U 6.01(111'\. [hI ( \101<1,.... llen"« ' 'II!6J. ' . M""IJ' ". 5oJI~ )I,l
I...,.

·n...id. f. il ,,r ~ l>do" ;.old II)' Ih, def
hl~~ '

whil. in u<e

~f

tho

rt,I. ,ill'. n , ,nUl. ,I.ui,d 'U nUUM )' ';'alg"".1 for 1l.. ,I,r,.<1"". 50"", 'hh<'ll~h So." ,b in..d , Iwi bc<'"m.. i1 "i.l II<~ m, nw>(.u•• Ih. fJddcl "" ' '''" " ...·0"11l lie Th. coull .~pblhrn l~ v, Sun, Rocb. d '" Co .. JO':l F,!d K(l (41h Ci,. t%l). "1'I'1)'i"S

'
\'''Iio. i~

law,

" Ki,k v. S1i n'_'.)· I),"~S1
r!, in,l\T "-,,,

lt l. A~p . 2d ; IS. I ~; :O<.E.ld JD) o~n

n,

,,'h....ho 1<11(",bddCl, 1"'''' .... ...1 rrom ' he d<"f./ldD..... , lOt<, ...·hidtcon.P>N ,,"'"' she "'."" on l!. ~ bmII~' a nq;l i&.....~ ; pj~"'"

""-,;.,., .!.I"", lh.
i'i, ),<>kil"g lh" n •• 11" i• •cq.;,.d te di"o,,,, '"'h ~.f..: .. '" "",)' l>< b)' ,,,,,,,,",bl, inlpa:tioo ,nd.o di"l""" '''''h .Jd.m to Ih. by)'er,

,r...."

" ""',",','

"

,

I·HOO. 1.1.\11.

1·~ (..1 · IU : r.UIII ~:

!(':\IS. or tl S~ lrain ed c~perl ~ . 10 di""v~r a !aIel]( or ntbcrwi se undel· ~'CI~bk dcf~'CI."

To

e.o l ~bl;'; h

Ibcrdor~

neg ligence. Ih c p b ill liITls

t;I~I'

frOl1l whkh It can b.: flli , !y pcrform a r..... 'on~blc ill"l ...... liml.

Illa l Ihe (left:<:( "":05

fe<Jlliml 10 prove

illf~rr(d Ih"l 111i~ i~

Ihe rClail~r fnilcd 10 lI!iU;,Uy dmlc b)' "Iooll'j fl!


hct o f i rl~I"'Clion ,

[lv}-Rep:lIrcr." A rcr:,ircr mny be li,,~l c only upon a sho\\,ing of ~I~~ of dlle care on h i.~ I':m . If he did "'''Id hlng ''''t: the pro
'<:1\';'

a b dder or ,..;nITold . tho:«:

Inay b. a 11,11,1 ;1IId eu,I'''' II'''' pracl kc or i".!"'...: ti,,~ rd,Ucd p"rI ~

of the l:tdllcr Or scilfl'o ld . If Ihe repairer f~il , II) ~I)J\du.1 such an illsl'l"Clioli. nr .:o.'''''s<: he l1q:lcctw a d"f<:¢l . 'nl ~ .cp~ l r ... ow~'S m" onl)' :t ,[nly to [)I'rform the repair requc, l"d pro[><:.ly. bm "Iso 1(' in,pl:C\ nlld le'l \h~ pnxh, e\ln accor_ l\a'l ce w;lh CU'\lOlIl inrorm Iho: ~licnl of "U}' dd~'Cl~ h~ should dl'it"O\·t." ,

,,,,1\

[b}-I'lainlirfs. [f il l"dder or ~<·;,lTol d fai1~. ;Uld Ihe u, e. or h ill equip ment r"ll, dowli ~nd iuju.", " b>·~\~ t>d e r. Ih. bySI;lnder mil)' h:au , a CIIU"" of " clio" In Mrkl I':abili tp)' 1...;:!IGo:ncc a!l"ln'" Ihe "'''n\lf~Clu r~ r. Ili~lribJ\1
M o'n,.~ ~
u ' J"l ,\ t·.". 1...

~.~" .I ~~ (l Oll,

Ci•.

I~~9~ ,~plY" '~

~...., b .... Tho rbin"l f ,"",in", injurin .. kI>ndi~s ""

bmko, IILm...;IIg him t" tILe

11,0 ,~'""

~",""d,

h,

"ffi m""~

the j"lg"'01 1l fn. tho ,I
,,,,,«I th." Ih. ",Y"'t "'hl,h c.,,,''',, ' h•.'1<""1,,,1",.,.,Id I"", ..on di'
iW, _ Iy tO~" u P<" ufl<' J"11o""m~ ,,,,,-un(! Ib:o, il .."" """" ,.011.1>1. ,o o p«' \1", no'''''.nuf, L;'I.lit)·. ,b. ~ "!.i:.bilily ~ f R" ';I", ""d Mid~r<",m. ~ t 6.0~( I ][c l (M' '' h. ... IkoN« 1~S6l-

"I(, .....~ ..." "_ y ,,,,,,I ,o 1I).Il,C t 91 ~t

1' '''n''
I'rO
~ !~2'

" John...... ~. Sl, .. b ,~ 110, ,,,,. I",i,,, Co..lH C~1. App. l d 331_ 79 c.t Rp... 19.

rI"'"',.,

( I ....... ). 1 1K p\:J,utilT "'.. 'h" ...... ~ .... ~ra " '00 dl",1 .. Ita, . ~. I• ...,.,.. h, ........ >l" "dj,,~ ,'" ",'" "r",~ 0,"'''';0" l"LlJ" ,,,.xll•• ",<" km.n " '" ",i08' SI", 1""1J ~1" u ""''''' ~I'ul ,I
")',"

.)

,I",'

'~.' ''~

..

l56.(l I[Jj

56-)1

If a lho: household gUo;;>! i~ " ·o rkillg lI·ith Ih~ lao.\lk •• he i~ prol~~cd by warr:tm i..... is'ucd 10 :, m.:mho:r of d' e household..·· (3)- I'I('~di"~" If II, ~ (3~1< lre III al l sUJll1On ;'·~. th ... pl;,;n ll11" .• hmd d pl cOO oot h ~
T he defend :"'1 may If)" 10

~I ablij h

that the

l~dder

WM nOI ulo¢d

pro]l
:md ;nsuuc lions

w~rc

nUl " , plk;t <'>lO\lsh 10 inform him

:I.~

10 lhe

prop.: r USl:.'·

:.Ici lb<"T of Iht:ie fllll-I>;'ck pnsitiolls nn ~ adopted unleM Ihe plainl jfl· h;L\ pleaded Ilk: cl:iimji. For illslau C<:'. if Ih" pl"im iff e b ;n)s a dl.'iign d d«r, :>n d Ih e f:OC i find<"T (."Of1dudcl; Ill;" the ~,d ~Cf ucCdled all OSI I". ,\ KSJ. ~!ld U L swnda rll'k·u!l n ma nufaclu ring derecI. II


_')oJ"

ml.~b'

fm 'o<Jj,lll>< i ,~"r~" . Tit, "1 ,,, h,id '"'" til< ",II " 0,"", ~ I.~.I dU l)· te u by. ; I"no". on" " b) "",,,.j~r r""" .., Ul1O" , ",i" li, bilily Ih, ;"jurN.

"'' I"

, . I I" o;l,il_n ,·.111"" W".·i\·n ,,, ,be 8,ound. '111< "'u" _tJirmN • d .....1 of 'he .r..-fc-rxb.,\. """'m. ,;" a dilTClni verdi" "" ,h. pou .. ' of 1"<~ of " ",il)". n .. """" belt! ,be pb;h';n'. Q ,lIC>t '" tbe homo of ,h. ..... ,"" ,,[II .. bddtr. ,,~< 3 ba\di",:uy of ""rllt;llli<;tlrI. 10 .h. \;odd .. . ...... ' ''''h loc: h... a rW<' ,. 1>tin~ . d:'M ...~"'" for 1"-'1Cb or ........ ". )· ogoi",. ' he >ell•••

'kI'

"

~," :f<'l""n:II,

"Or


"~"·~j",""'S l"Ol{ IIl~I·

"S,·c''''pn. , 16.oI[tll
"S,·,· ' "P'Q ~ lM I [lll~l liiil:

lrif'~ i ~ ! 6.06. 5&. 01 [JI [I] .

OJ Qtlinn , .. So ",lo"·(iI \I",>(OJ 1'""l u",. ("0 .• 19i F.2d IO U (5tlo C:ir. 1919) •• prJ)·. illS Tn", 1;.... I1Jin,IIT b,,'ug h' ~ rf<xluClS li"hili'l " ti nn "B,in" .. m~n"'.. l"r0<1 jo'Y ,·..~i'l 10' ,I" pl.innIT 0. tl" I'tI . ri l"f !,.ol (,ikd , ~,oo,.. ,h". ~"'f'I' . ,~. ..,n.

"",I."

,t,.

looJ,J"., ,... ,."

!

5 6.0I r ~ 1

1'(101). I.IAI1. 1'llilCl"I CP. fi l· H)I;

[4]-l nvcstiI:-1Iion." When comjucti ng t he illl·c,ti g:l li' ln in a b ~. SoC.lfJohj c,.....·." COIIlI""" shouk! heWn by spe-~kin ~ wit h Ihe dk~ lt nnd obilli ni ng dei ai l.. nbout th e :t~"t:i [lcll! "'HI t he pWd uct. CnullM l d lollid :.1'1<) illk·h·ie\\" 'Ill)· witnCllSl"S who m'l)' h~w S« n the d~r ~IKi

:u.'ddel' l. Add iliDnall)". cou!lSCl.h Clt,ld sp,"ak wil II i,m;.\lipumi, ,1.,il the ~cclle of Ih e ilccideut , la ke photnllr:oplc". ml d dOCtnll cnl Ihe mceh· " "i, m of the ~ccidcnt. Cou" s.cl . hoold nOl ig" ...." Ihe fK"'.\ibilit )· of c1amin il1!: t he lad der Qr sc~n"O I[1 wilhout r.:sort to prell;r!! db c,wcry. If 1m: ladd.". o f s.c,tn'old i~ I.. the J:flr.seI:aO'okl in" s.:,n rc pillee. Pimdly, ~w"' "", 1 sil()nl d idClH if)· the m:onllfaelUre r. o.... ner. ~n,Vor retailer "nd oo t"ill stnlcm,"IlIS from th . m if poSIoib lc. A COnt[lk1e ill '·OSl ig , lIon d tcocki isl j~ ~ct out in § ~ 6.5J.

[5}- EEJKrlS." Mos, cn!;,nc-':F"S II'o ul,1 ~"t>!l"id~ I h~",><:"'cs ~apn' b!c of bci llg e1!'erl, m\ lad de"" . G~I\cr,,1 e~Jlcrt~ uSllally hn'·c t~rcri · ~"ce t~\tif)'i", in lad der ~sa;.. aJ(ln& ,,·il h m:..;hinory, :unmnohilc. " 'HI mile. ca~ ...'. It is q uit e CC)llnllO" to r,nd a rIIl'<' hanicu l e" Hi n~er·~ resU l\Ie 10 conl ;.ill " ,,:feret..:e 10 1~lkkr Ul-":II ~. It i., es~y 10 fi!ld" IMc..:h an\cal e ngine.' 10 I~~!; fy ~onccml l\ S Ih e ptOSCllCC or ;11~~~'cc of:. der~'CI in " I~ddcr. h IM"r;: d,nicolt 10 fiIKl:HI engineer wilh 1\c lu al cxpcrknce ill de~iS l\i" g , produci ng. or (¢l lillg lmlde~.

,$

l"hu\, nn c~po; rl lc\ \ifyinS In a ladder C:l~e ,h O\lld be cn rcfu ll)· ,;.cru · liniR"t1 CQlt.cminjl, his knowJ~'tIge 000 ""IX" ;';". On en. c~pm~ ",ill h:\\"c bfOl d £~ncr:d mcch.all ic"l .nsi!\eednll b~ckgroun d, wit h little or nil actual CXpcriCII Cc wit h ladder:.. <>Iher than ~mlr( '()()m l'''i lim ... 1""" i1)· ft·"h ,11 ,,1"·>0 1 OS IIA "n«>11'< ,,f it.
"""·,,,,,,,,,11

. ' .\;.,. InF~ § 56.s.! ['IT ~ cbt.;kl:" of ","11<" ••-lIt..1'0 I"'·""tipl l~n . .. s.,... 8<'I,,,,lIj 'U/W c~. 11 . -1'",<\"" !'j,iOlirr, Vir... •• ,,,~I . h. 1.1. "" I'"";h,,,r !;'J><'" - [)Of"" ", Vi .,,·:·

Ii,,,,,,,, _

"""'=

1'"""<,,

.~ ,,110 L & M. F, i.;J"" .... I.iWili' ~·. ~h . l. ··,\b"~f...~.",,",·, l.I.hilil )·!II ~·<.II ~""< . " I 2.2 b/2) (Ma"h.,,· Ik"c ~ l hll" ",,,y·· (M"IIl,,'" lkml., I%l )

~

LADm:RS AN]) SCAFFOI.OS

l 6_l)

56.01[51

II)' or l:tw)'cr (OIl!oUII:t!ioll. The (.\pert 1hould boo: subject to eolb teral allacl: as l\ result. Th~ expert will nl~o be subj~~t 10 'ross_c~aOlhl alion r~S;Lrding his ~po:cifie knowkd8~ or the dewi ]s of the ANSI ~lu n,.bnl s., CO Ll II1Clital"S'

d~igt>s,

UL ~t :utd.l ...h. CI'5C in " cstiS"lion~ ~ntl "" lIly ot hel r:trtic-

1,1ar~

Any le~ts performed by the c~pcrt on !l1 ~ i;ldder will \I(; cn rcrllily !lCrutinizcd, and a Illinakc 011 Ilis part can r~llh in the di !>CrcdiJins of hi$ fimJinS5." In contrw;tto I~ Lkler expcrt~. K~rroid C.~P"rtli lend w bI: ~P'I-·ci.:oli!ru wilh ~,affoldi"8 e.~ !,!, ricncc, rat h ~r than SCllcr:t1 cxpo:rt ~. T h ~rc arc fcw~r ofthclll, but "' hen locatlld, their srx'l:i~1 ~.'po: rtisc i~ ;lppilr~l1t. Th~ SL:3reb fe r all 1:..' 1"'01 depends 10 ~ Grea! ,,-'1<911 01. the 1)"1'" of def~t! 3nliciplll~-d Tile t ~1'C of c~pcn I~r)' for a dC$i~ def~t

caik mny differ front Ihn t nCCtiili'U'Y r"r a Innnll r"c luring derc.:1CUSe. On ~ 11111)' rc:qui n: n d esign ~ns:il\~cr. Ihe "Ih ~r u tesling ~ nGi!!cer.·· (II}-MU"l>C I U 'ln~ Ikf«1 ClISe. There alc few in~ta!!cn whell il is Il«CSUI)" 10 eJpound UPO" desis:n rnliOl."k in !l manuf~cturin&

der""t ca...:. An (ngin~er famili ar with tlJ(! prcxluctinn pro<:cs. for Ihe product, includi ng Ijunliry cOlltr,,1 and teslin s_ l~ mOSI appropriat e." 'n/<: C~peTt'~ w51imony ill court will be prim,1rill' f"clu~l. /Ie COm· P'I'CS lhe dc:;ign dr~wings. m;.! cri:.] spccif\clllions, and the ANS I " ~n dardJ;

wit h the JaWlI prod"ct .

fomlli 10 Ihe

int end~d dc~ign

Frequentl,·,

th~1"(

lire gray

and

H~

!O

U l"(a~

$UUCS

II'h ~th er

tIl<'; item 00,,·

the ANSI ","ndn rds.

of intc rp'cta!ioll.

Th ~

require-

menl of cellain tCSIJ. !he in ! c r~r~talion of test ~ l! s. and the n!remel)' imporl:m ! question of e~us;llion aN nUlll ers of expert orinion. Oppoo ing C.1pCrt. can Mri,·" M opposinS opininn~ 011 r~<:I unl

fin dinS " The skill or the en gin eering wiln Cli~ In p<:T>uudittg rhe jury Ill at he;~ corrc~t will dete rntilt~ th e O
.:,..,11«1'"

,,,,,,,' IItnd« 19i11 "" I"od . ... .....r..r ",. no$=onl.

t

.'

I'ROll. I.("n, I'llACnCf: GU lm:

SMI[S]

u_",= object;". Ctil~ri" "",l r~'fI
ins, Ihe

bell~r.

Au y lL<»>iblc n ll.si ~!lce bel \\'(....'1 Ihe Iubor~l or)' ~nd the dcfclldan\will h:t'-e It) be chock<:d. Wh il.: toborator1C'l "'hk h " 'orl;: fer Ihe pnrticula r ....ofenda nl in 'I""Sl iOll r.Jw llld be " "oid.-d, D ,";"'u faClt' r~r

l;obo r~lOry 5hould 1101 be ududcd merely ht..... U U 1~ il dOl" work for manllfael u rcr~. Olherw; ~e.

the onosl c~ !",ric"c.'d \('" experl. ,,"oll id b<: exclild ed. In ndd ilion, bl)orn tories frcqucll ll y used by nmnufac-

Ill ron; l~Jn h." (Iuite PC,"Uru.if C ill roUr! ... ,,·el l :I.\ f(lr

>ctllcm~nl

pur-

".,.,.

Thc Yd low 1'3g\.'!; cOiltni n II Inrge !lll mber of l.:sl in g bl>QIm(lries uuder th e l i ~lillg "L,bor~l o ri~~ - Tesling, " Urochlllcs from I h~ \'ori ult! be r~,iC\O.m_ The m:t1ibili ly of (h,n ~"'IK" i~ :.)1 impo.-I~nl and C ~ "U O I be Icfl 10 11, e dcc;";",, () f lhe l~bm~l (l]'y. A ll)' I~bor,, ­ wry tll al req ui re. a relaine' or f~e befolc id eillifyin!; tir e c ... pcrl 10 hI! a"ignee! ~ r. ou]d be 'l\'oitke!,

After ;mer-'wwing Ihe "pen, Ihe Il!:'il~ II) Ix "" nl)rIlINl m 'lI! be ....,,·ic·wc:d ... T he Il-chn iqllt m u.~1 be ooru.;idc ..'<1 fr(Nll ,I k-j;., I !'<'f'5p«I;vc. Tile I)'pt: ~nd melli-oil or 1,"01. e::mnOi Ix Icfl 1(Il hc c~~rt. Th e l:lwy~r .hould.upcr\,;,;c Ih e IcS(' , n nl~", Ihe 1C!i1 .~polrt is Iml)' Up"ricnccd in Ihe dl!lai]s of Ihe ANS I .la1\II;Ird~. The 1<)SlinS Jl.oc~dure "'ill b
do nOl :m' ieiplll ~ Ille e~lc"l () f Ihe er"'.... "'ill be Whj.:cl 10 conccm h'iI Ih. dc lail s of Ih.ir 1,... 1,. Mos t tesling enginee.s I!nYC limited cXIlf:rkn.. in courl . T ho,e

tI,.

.. ~',,, j~fro ~ M 0->11 oJ!. Jf.,. J j...-. " ;~n of tbe "":"' ..1)' of "",,,,,,ins ""Ii"" to Ix- p<Tio,P..... h1 ,i>< ~, od d •• •..:hpiq"" ,0 bo u>:: <.'1'<" . ";nf~ .he 1,,,)<, ~ nd .he <>p< rT p,oIuhl, h.~,-c a d;ff",.". "ft~.,,,.noI · ilL~ of I ...... ~ '''''''e.<."miJ,,'ior, In.,,,;, "" "",Iit>il;'l- 1~ '

"'1'<1'

,."

s.:','

"l~,

c.'I'<.,·,

.ioL..,.

R, I J.,I>",11. Aft !'f Ad,·,,,,,,,>,, C"",· ",o",i"",i"n or Nop·),1,dk,1 !:x_

l" '" (M"" I",,, 11. ",k,

\'J~71

""'-""

J i

•

Ii

$4.01[51

lhm do have urcricnce ill co url ICOO 10 be l..-ss careful abl'lul ,be d emil , of dlc~r lc"foti nS. il\ ;,
m.,.

J'r. fcmbly, 1he nttorney should :l ctll~Jl r ~upcrvisc the leStlrlg. t ~~· ing IIc t~ 011 Ihe n•• lhOllcIOS)' aJld results. to correc:I any rc~,,<)d ddiciencic.,. and 10 prep~ rc him self for cfoss-exnmin ation of the 0]>~;lIg

upen .

[ill-L'nlvcrslty ProfC$.\ors. Mo~t uni,·tl'!iilies 3mJ Cllllilll:erins <;(Ilk1;c'S ha.·c t",lillg facllilie!. of oomc sort. ~I)';I . Ihol1Sh, would not h~.·c CXj><:riCIlCC h~ling I~dde rs or i(:nffoJds. Aelldemic e~fl=f'~ frtqLU:l\lly b el; c~I~!\si"e cAJl
.0.. rille -'I'rof<.'Ssor~ cOI!'·e~.,; .. cerlai!! prCSl ige to a jur)', ns IOnS the pru rC~\()( i. nOI co Dd osecnding 10 Ihe jul)'. l'rOrcssorl an: nol eco" omi.al1y dt.'\lClKkt!l u]1OtI pri"~tc cU~lon!crs.l'rores'iOn; hu". an a~

aurn of indcJx:ndenec ,lI1d ;Ie"dcmic im c,.ily. J'rO rCSS(l1'S are required to ~impl iry complic.ltc'(] cn s ill~crillg prillin ~ In nnnc,. \h~1 stUtlCllt~ 1::lt'I cOIIlpr<:hclI1l. 'They =l lhcn:for", ;:d uc~l c the JUT)' 11..' they eduo:::Ilc stUtlCIIIS. llldu~t ry e~perls 3re sometjlll~'S S
~~pcrl5 In u "i'·~rsilio.:s do 1'1 0\ h~" " Ih~ ""trio",", llOoS. ~ n d ~an U~ un i,·en.ity facilit ies. thcir charse is often

Si"tc

sun."bl~,

They lend 10 be

mor~

or a bu~i­ more r~a'

frup l Ih:m k!.lin& L1hor:otori"".

,,.... '''' ..

~l 6

To 100.'''' <: ~n u JXn ill ~ ulI,,-,,~il )" rounscl sllnukl ca ll Ihe EIISiII "c"fiIi S Dc)lanmciIt at d ie ItIO'\l r~pu lnblc ,;.el",o! in [he nrca and n ~k Ihe DC[l,1rIItl crll C hairm:m wb orn he c~n re"''' ''' Ulcn rl. Mo:.l [lrme-s!IO'~ , ';IQ do rol~lI l1i,,& work ill thri. il r~I of C~JXrtiM:.

[U!J-ANS I C()m mittee M emkr$ a nd (.'on.\ ultun ts. Th~ 0I0S1 ;m pr,"'s;"" uC'dc"Ii~ 1 II b dll.: r or s.:a fl'old ~)\po:r[ i~ Ihal he !J:....r.l 011 [he Sub.:" m l1l i!l c~ which d r:.fled thl.: ,\ NSI $1:llIdaf(1 ~""cri n s t h~ bd der o r "alIold, Th~ most i111[ln'Mi"~ eX [)l:r l ~ a rc tll"rcforc I\> C.'C " h" pla)'.:tl a m k in Ihe dmfli" 8 of I~ app!io:nblc ANSI A I ~ ~Hm­ d~rd, fll r kidder,., <1 , Ihe ANSI A 10 0, A 92 s l n lld"rd ~ fo r sca n·old.,

rot

'Th ei r nan"", ~ "d affilialionls are liM.:.1in the Fo rew:m l 10 the SInn, dard ., of I h~ Suh.:mllfll iucC'l, If .h.:}' c nlllOI I""lify. II. ~~ nOi likely 10 be ~'!o'l1Ip:u1t cl ic 10 Ih" c au5C. Ihey .hail le! be " , ked r,,{ lite n~fl\e> of ~x.p<:rl ' .... ho ,,~\ i ! l ~rl lh c Sub· ~'om"';u ~c. '>\I ch ,... by perf",,,,i!!!; tellS whi ch "'~'Te r~ l il."" "pOll b)' Ihe Subo.vmmill«, Com n';IIca< tls!l.111 )' :lw~ ,d !;r.m l' 10 i rlllepclld e~ 1\ [<'Slill S 1;lbor~ tori.,. o r II!l;vc rsilic, 10 h ~ lp <:slIIbl;,h Ih ~ ~l~!I(I,'rJ, r:r~qUO:Il1 Ly tm: "e~""fI '!I '"'LIC"" 001 On Ih~ S" brom miu«. bUI "'3' C<)oU:lc t<'(1 :11'" 'IM.-U by 11t ~ Subco mm itt ee,

X"/ ,,,' C
fIl cmbc ,~

m

or nook, ".

O.j-Autll/lrs A 'lid c~. If a .... ril ing is discoVl;fCd Ihm SIIppcl.Is to.",..:r~ position. o r t h~1 d cmOlI'\l rdl"" C~JII'rt;,;e, Ih . uUlhor ~h"u ld bo "(M I1 ~ ~tl"t.

(vJ- RelcrHln: lIoo"'~ l&r t:.p('"$. Th" (0 1l0>0'in8 booI:..~ a r" for Ih . purpose of ",,;.1;11£ in identifyi nS e nginec"; ng e~l"ln s : (I) T he Fon"' ~;c S<:n ·kc;. Di rcct ory: (2 ) Dire..:t,,!'), "f EIII:; II ~Cr>. in l'ri\'''I~ Pract ice;

(3) n ire..: I",)' o r t he A meric:", (4)

ll\:«'i Sa!'e l)'

COIL~u h ;l1!; EII~II"':f5

Cou nd L;

Di r~ctory;

(5) I,;,wyers L)j,'l'k Re.fcrencc" (c'OlIl:';n~ 3 LUI o ( C!I ....'T'~ cJa.'I6llkd LI)' "~ItJllry), Mllr~

itifro §

C(l lllpiclC ;!Iform nliuu

rc&~ rdiIi S

l he:..: bocr h

~

be fo ullrl

~6.SOl6I,

"''''''

f

I"'"OER.'> AM) SCA I' I'OLiIS

56.(lI[5[

(ri}- t; Xp('.t Scurth Otfl:l~hatiolls, Thcr" arc oq;I\f\;ZiIli ons which l()Ca(~ ~.' !lCrt" for aUOrIlCj's. [wiil-OllIN Allorncy~. Mo:1hod ~ orJoc~tins other oHo meys wilh ~imibr ~a><." bov~ b<-t:n ; of the: lIi.mes of qll:ditk<."Il d.111 "crilk:n ioll of tho: UllIIfI\ ~Uilllooril>'. {~l-Dcslgn

DerL'C1 c.'\S(', The: same: !oOurces IMI are: us.;d 10 " .. d

in ,\ mUllllf:o<;lurillgll eftXl case ~all be u.'cd In a dCl ignllc, f..'C1 c~,;..t. The dirf<'l"l:lIcc is Ilml in :1 ,t..'Sign ,,,,tnWi.-.h lholt M elltire inou, lry. 0. 1110'>\ of all i"d u~u'Y. hOI' o..-ell 5dlillg a
c.~P<'rt

T ho: jury will Ilwrcfo r" ~ ;05"~ 10 decide Ih~( pbin\ irr~ e~pert right und tlall chi~ f eJl g; lIccr.
f':': l C'l~C.

II is so nl ~lim<:l< clifYicull to I tXllt~ an cxput " 'ith .;\tcnsi\·e design ill the I"lnicul". prod uCI, The nmlluf:lctllrcr c~" brio~

C~I'
;11

it~

chief e"jlir
with <J esiSII cxp.:ric!I
~imibr

~11

proUUCl'.

It is not I1cc,",'afr for Ihe "hlinlirr. expert 10 h~v~ ~J1Cdfk
c~J1Crk"[c

., !ky,",," J ~~.1I 1!~1· " T..,.b.rid.., v. A"",i« Co. ofl' hil,-klpllia. l!'tl l'.~d 1i2S, m ( lJ Cir. 19'1). ,!,pt)inf P,nD'j'lt-.,ni" h'"" 1'1>< pl.;", ;lr ~.• , il1j,,,ed 111 Ih. d;,i""p'Ui"" or " ;ril1dil1l' ~· t..-t:1 ,,'I';"), ~, ~ '; n i'- lie ",,,,,,gI,I ,,.;, . pi"" , ~ , n.... ~f.>t . ura o( .he .. 11«1. 'n ", j~fy ~,Id ruroh ' rl, ;nti/l", ""d 110< dof,i1J,nl ,'rr=I
d,,,

ft "

!",., ali., pIlinritr.

Il'" II.. pI. il\liW, ",'ukr>... of ",~;g." ...

~,"

inod""" iW<

b
Ih.

" P«' .. ,. MI quot' fir«' t~ prKl;"'" in Ih, "broil!>',

"),,,01 ,,, ,1 ">1')'. n , e'I""" 'l'<"i,I 't "'" Ih< "",, ~d, or " ",.n "l" ",.1 n.. oI,r,n, <W,ned 110>1 I" h,.a no r""....•.. in ,~< ab",,,,'e .. 1>«1.,. Th. rnu " l1dd Ih., I)' ~"'" w~'< "101"" 11>< utll L'oo,l, ,"d il could nol "',)' 1"'1 il .1.>"",,\ ;1.>di«l
"1"'"""« f".

"""'''''''In, ,,(

II " .. .,.~ ~ ilh,n ,t> r""'''''' '" d,'1 ,"'" Ih, ''!'!t nl""' Jq;r •• .,( '1,,""i,l ,

,-""

I' IIOU. LI ... o. "RACflCH C;UUI:

§ S6.01[5[

Th~ l.:ngilll:cri"l: Dq>artmCfit of :o <'t)m[l<:titnr wit h the s ll l:E~!~1I 11"';1:11 m:,y 1:>0.' C(m t"cll~!. C~ re ,)lfl11111 be \a ~cn 10 rc!twin r~ I ",

~:&-r

lively nllOllymou" ml1 ;1 it i, dClc rm ;n ~lIlb at COll!ISd call talk fn:.. ly, :\f,my ~I1 Blnc~rs in " p:micuia r i"du ~ l ry hectlltlc frkml s. Ib rllugh co/l\'cn1 ioll~. committe,,", eiC. 1t is n,lt 1"l co m",,,,, In cn~Ol1ll l ~r nil e~r<'rl .... ho 1101 oll ly ~1l 0"'5 the dd.'1\1\;u,I'~ ~'1 ' 8i n l'Crs, but ",110,,1.0 has bo."II n c01Iu.lttd 011 Ihe ""nicu b r .':1><: in qu.~l ioll.

Ponn . r .'fIlplorecs of a com pel itOl' m:.y "",r'''" as e1~"', Will i I b~' b .k in rourl,oom .Ioa""Y rna\' be OI'en:omc by I heir ~f1<:~:b l ercdcnlhl l, ~ nd 1l.1 i:;11 experience wi! h n rc~sibl c. ).l,fe r altern ative. Th ~y may be nblc 10 Il"J lify \(1 accic\cm c.~pcrlcncc .... ilh the safer d l'~I r," . In laclck, ens.:::;. the design cllgince. OI11't he knowkdll"'lb lc or hunwn f:! clon. principiCll ,"

II shoul d "" "OI~-d Ihpl

llI ~ny hll m~ u r"~IQ'" ~xf1C n~

DC'l:rto. b.1I p:>yd,oIn~M!" a lthough the re lmined i" h\ll1l~ n factors oo",,;d<:r;l\i(lI1~.

On!

are Jlf>l .'1, g;. tllgin<'Cn; " 'bo ;m:

Find illS die risln c.~(lerl i. Imlf I~~ COJ<'. Sp<"Kl ins da)'. 10(';11 itiS an C" (lert i ~ 6()mclimL'" ncco:><,.".y, d~PClllli "r, eln Ihe complexily or Iho is'lle amlthQ cr.deEl1;al, rC'lUi N.t . Tb~ lime ;, well ,penl, Illmlgh, since the ~X(lerl pro,enls the ~uhst"llce Elf t he d:';m,

;"";.,,. ,n ,he ..a••,11k ""'ld.

" .. . ,be ..iI/<. PO'''''''';'' '" ,,,-, ~ ""o1 , ,,,",,,,,1;,,

l1l:I11>: of j ...·~tl
~r

b ro; ,100 "''''''',. ' l'<"io6<1. ",. Ibe

other ... nd. " "'1 ... )""'1«1 10)' o<cup.mDfl.1 '''f<>pi.o.''

.. T he I run.,,, I''''' ...... 50.:,.. f

f'OC"",;oI

Di",,~u,)' and h

j,"",." foc"," <'r«'~ II c.,,,

••boo/.: "a md"ul <"." ~d; "'" ~f ",. ~b<>l.",,1 r,ORo;

lI un, ,,,, FIIOtn .. So" dc'f' 1',0. lie, 1M,? S,"' ''' M""l c' , C"I, ?(WOO

s.,. "I,., ~i'c" "~"' "" hum"n f",,,,,.. "'I"" 01" 5'<\' "I.", Xo'ff"'GIIy L ~r" '"''

'",u...."

l! .bl l;'~

$.",......

'"

),1 .

in ,..
"

"Tn'"

cf

I),r",·","

Frir.l "",,,. 1',"","", Uobil;ly. ,·h. l.

u n I~la"b
-M "n~ '

u...1Ikr 1967)0 I I. K ~r< ...,d"

.t ,... "I~"' OC} -, Guide 10 &lVn,,";"!;. ~h. I I. - r ooms;c flu .... n F",,,,,, Eol";"«ri"l· ( M,,,,_ u.:........ 1'I46l: I: l-l A ", I I~l, ""d I k\l~n,-.... Sor Ci}' ( 19l'(ot, O. ~b ,_ \lull. s..rel~ (1 900)_

1:"'; _ "'1:

(19i2t. W. 11" " "'<1. 1'''><1 1/0.1 S, 'cly , Old En~ I""';"~

I "'Jl I)[[l.~

",,'1)

SCAF~ ()I.IlS

u'

",,,",.tiy

TIo< (, .. dl,.," 0' .j, ~ lad..."., I~ ' ,I . . ,,' .. I. I. i", uo 10 Iad .......-.. TIl , ..... brlg'" .lIl oh •• OId"'I ,1», 110< 10 ......

~ ~.

dor..·" hc 31 1100, ,im . .. , ,ho: """ .....1 t... d nq' II ",.. dd. lOll '" ",10« 0( ' 100 I"""'"

"'tom .. ,«h"'.,. ,,"',"or. ,>01 ,.... ""O"i,," i, .. 10<110.. ,ho

h,ol<. Iotf... u... fl r, ,lot <:ou.".~ ~ r

'h, M.h. !f.•.• d,I".,h,1 ",'lor ,. ...,"". ,"" f.1I

fo~

....
• ".,....-If "'""" /1<0" '" h.<:tIo • .\l i......... ~. "" ,,.,,, <'Oil'" 0( . toold" orcl::r!iod ,.1.". il Ih, .. I~ ~" .. bt-o. u::.~'d ... ,d 110 ...,lot)· f":r ,u," .. ntold h~,< pr" •• ".~ Ih . " ,dtk .I.lh ... ~".r''''""r'' ~ .J I,."'" . ...pr ... Uol •• II . ~ 1 .lil r d..... t\:>..N ..." •• I ~ _~ ,.. by

....,.

_

...

O~

III. I .. _I, p. b;'

fW\!I l ~.....,

..III . .... 1'1: hio;

«<0"'" if II

00"",,11••,,,<\ I•••• ,;1I\I11oe oo"ik ... I. 1Hd... <:t«'<. ,h. dofon d... 1 f •• • q • •• lIr

""'t,od, IIr,~

,~.

pb'.I;rr I." hi, ~"Inn' .. " .,',,~ Iho ladd"

'" ."I1 . ....,.od I~" II•• l""tIe, II•• • ,.fk ..d 'M ......J'io. In ,~ ~ f.'Il.

(11 Com",on

I'-Ptlu~1

h ..... ~

(aJ-Wus Defect Pre_em When Ule I.ndder I.ert :\IIInufnclnrcr? I" '''''ny i m l~lIc(1), Ih e Uln lluf"clu'cr ",iii c"nc~'dc Ihe I.. doler "',.. cl~ . r~"l.·li'·" OIl II", lin,~ of l it" 'lCi:idcIII , hul deny it "'35
;~

diffic:ull 10

So.,,,,.

'.1<,., ",.~" M, r... "shli~ v. R"",,",'k l< C<> .• 111 S, H. 1~ $. l ~1 .\,1<1 $'1 ( 1'111) , Tho phi n'iO' ,,,.,,,1, ..:, 1 '''j",i"" '" ,I" "-~"II 0( ,I " ,,~I.;P'" of" tuMo, h• • ," ""n ~ ....'hkll •.• , ,,~",uf"" '",nI 11)' "". lIl ~ "d ...,k1 ", ,10, pl>i,";'Y by n o' ..... Th""",n ol« plaioliir, <'«ph"" ' " 11.",,"'01 of th. dd""d.nl ·'

,,,,,.;"«1

",,,,iooo r" .. . on"",i. ,.M! ............. ~ _ ." hI. The"""" hdJ ' hat , h. ,..id"""" p,......

,,,,,oJ • qIJ N~~' (,,,- ,I" )"') ..'hC1h« II, . ,,,11'1"" M ul,,,l

(W ", 1"",,,,,1" ,II", ,h,,, """,,,m. 1 ","" T)r< \"(,., ,, " I.. , ,,",I,bh," ,I;>I I~ ' >I"k.":>" "'"' <"u" 1',.,;1 ...,. o. ,100" .i"",

, .. p.or,·h, ...

S,·,·

~I...,

II'b;toftg ,'. ( 'b<\4 A.I>'

" J~ .

.\4i N,r,S,2d-l

II''>':! ),

U'," ,'.,\",..

> ie"n I.::"jl!c' C,~. l ~S Wi, )01. llol N....... ll9 0'1\1). ,\ pa;,n« bruugl" , n "";"" ~E,i",,' ,1« n.. nu ....... ut« ur a b ddd .Jo;,i&nru ,,, b.: ...... by ""in" ,'" fn, """",,,,1 injun"" "" .u,,";~rd ..1om tb" bdo( 'h" 110. l:>d.ie, ,.", okf,'l 1». Ih. m ' ~ "I."" .. ,.

ud<,,,"''',.,

b,.,,,,

",,'0.

"'j,,,,.,,

I 56.D1( I)

1' 1100. I.IMI. l' Il,\.CTIC': I;UIDr.

"'L~blisl,

wilh l·o:Tlaimy. The tlef. nlb" l will (lff~ r ",·iLlcIlI.'t: 1),:'1 I h~ kHldo:no (LIe in sp.:~lcll prior 10 r.alc, :L11 11 lhal Llle in sp.:eti"n incl nd l:!i all eMHuinUlio n of the allegedly (k;f~cli " ~ pan and !CSIS OIL o:"np l~ unils. h ir. li k. I)· 111~1 the del'cud a" l sdls LII any ladders, :",d t h Cf\' fm e nUL), 11<)1 be ;Ibl~ 10 ~hol'o' proof '" in~ [1C,tion of I he Indd~r in 'lu~"io n . AI"", hi , .nlpl!"!)'",,;, UI.c al l I:Ldllct$ are i"'1""-1<:<1. Illis b doo " .... il1c W5I i'llOIl)' Iha, 'Onlconc irl ~JlI...:tt:d i, " nd observed Ihe d~· fc",,1 al (he I inlc r""c,,~ jf II w~c dcf,'<:li,'".

or

Th<.'f"Cfore, p[aill ti trs I'roof Ill!ll ,he Ikf"':l \\";. j I'rc:><.~'1 at I he lilli e of II.... l.1tc m il_II be cin:lun~l a .. ti:1!. 1r;"i"J; the b,iller ""dr.: tt> the 1Il311"r:OClllrc r ~ lltI s ho",;ng Ihal Ihe llo:f~"C't W:I.' nOl c~u""' b)' 3Uy in!ervclling ~cL. No> 0 "" pcr~on ca n ~ccuun1 for e"cry """"n d o r Ihe hodder's li k If the 1)"l'e of defect "'''rranl ~ ii, the p urdl :,,,,r, a ll }' !It· tC[\'clli"l: o,," n~r:>, ~!ld Ihe \,Miou~ "~~rs or the ladder should be clll kd In 'i.-;Iif}' rllu\thcy did not clwnge rhe ~onditio" "f Iho I:ld dcr. Th~ imll1cdial~ prior ~ s" ", and Illc I,binl iff, mllSI d~"<;crib~ lhe conditi on of the rek "am po n ion of Ille lnddcf illllnedia tciy prinf to lh~ il~ci· d"~lI.

The ,·.[1Cfl m u" gi" c his 0 l'in;on th;,I . h;l~ o n his c'\;am;" ll i'" 1 of 1" 1.' ladder, his c~p.:ri,'I("1: wi L" bdll~rs. his kJOowkdgc of l he m~n· nf~clu .i "g pro.:~ ~1\d Ihe 1"",;mOll }' of Ihe "Ihet wit nL"'....... 10 !he flriur u"'" a nd ..."lIdili.lIl " r the la
"","',

j 56,O!l I)

lil'l: at the lime il "'''~ .wld. The jury C":UI II,C"I' r:tlllc!ullc Ih.. l lh" Ikf",-, (lI"doI:". m the lim ~ uf Ihe sale. '

..-:IS

TIlt: def", dnnl mil>! :1110111(>( 10 idcmify rom. chonge ill the 11Itk!: r oillct: il~ li.ale n n ~ Iclale Ih ~1 change to Ihe cauli.e of I h~ ~cc!d<'!It. [b}-Ilid the Lndd er Urenk lIefore or After

t~ e

Accidul7 111

many C\l l be inferred thai Ihe brca~ eall:lO."tl Ille (;III; ;1151<";10 , ;1 is ~bl" Iha l Ille (;,l) CIIIISl"tl Ibe bre;l~.

The mere ra<:1 Ih ll , h. b dtler w:It. do::fonned .. flo:r Ihe ~ecidell\ doo!s IIUI gil" rise 10 no In fcrcuu .hl il wru; d.fonned before Ihe ,ea(km. ' If Ihe proof i. <'q\lu ll )" rons;"tc'l! ,lIal Ihe dd~t!i l'e roodi .io n r
The qU~"Slio n Il ~u nll)" lurn , On tho lc'limon~' oft h. plaill1ilTin describing th e ncc;d~lII. n~)" erewilne., II"ho obson'. d lh ~ f(lll . aull/o r an c.~pcrt lI"ilo :tI1.i!)'lcS Ih. e"ldcnee and Jliws hi5 op ini ou (I.! to what

' X<.

<.K•• W/oi 'i" , _. Ch.""""'c·\\,hi,.",.n Co., It>l A.D. ~J~. J6 :':-" .S.2~ 4 (1'1-42 ). A " X>/"<, " ..I0Il h<-tI, )0<14« I>j, ,""lr ~'l"11 ..1 ,h,l.h< !tUfI~r"",~,<, onul.l be h.ld liob!< If ~""')' " •• "'..., ,, in , h.I>d1l<: wborn il k l' ,/or. ~"d y .. vukl bo •• bono Ji.,.;:o'W<"
injIo,," ..

''':1''','

,Ioi.

• Ii.>,~ ' .. 11..0. W.." ., C .... ~ I'H'.ld 11lS{irlh Cir. t 9W).'I'I'I)i", Midli"n 13• . A l.doIn" wtt.P""I and rd t .... I"" pWllulf .·b ~. lor. ",.~, in""nin .... 3n("" .... "" ,lor. roof or. h""... TI,. rWOliIl""H'...,.. ' .... tir..... th.( .wo.m.,..... In d,. I.>old • •• "'hich "'Of< «>·<.10\1 "',.. ;, r,11. "''''( b••·• f'«or lho: JU I)" '0 ~~d thOl 'ho f,1I r","II'~ ,,,'"' '''1 dd,;t In II" """U'OC,o", ... clo.;gn of Ih. l, du\<" ;1 r.,iktl (0 pro"" ~'LI<JI " ~",,,,!i on 1><''''«0 ,u,h dorM ,b. 0011.,...,.

.,I
> Hon" " ,'. milt. J4 ".D .2~ !Og, )$J N.Y.S.ld 51? (1~7J). Th< I'I' ;I\llirw ... in· jU!
.,i
,I" 10"""' ,',,",I'. jlldJm"n! ;1\ (,,,or o{ I)", I'bin'iff ~" 'h, fro'Hod ,II,,, II" 1'''><10",1 hy Ih< ftI.,i,mfl" ...," "'1",11)' ,,,,,",,.10'" wi, h "fi ndi ,, ~ ,hot II,. ... f.OI ;" lhot la"
<.",,,1 'h, f.u.

.,-,,,,,

,, I

l'nOIl. ).IAn. c~me fi~,.

the by Ihe jllry.

tkfoml~t ion

l'IIACrJ(; ~

(WIDll

or the fall,· ' nlc m;, "cr

i~

then rc:soh'cll

eumpk the pli,'ntiIT mal' t~~lify thnt he oo..os 110t \.:no,"" whet her he fell 0" Ihe ladder. or the leg of tile bllller lx:111 and then he fell. Bill ht ~ r.x:.11 that he fdt m()\·tm~1I of the bddcr befOf'l: li t fel l. The JUT)' c<>uJd tonc!mle from th •., 111:11 the leg buckled or .lip"•.'d. or both, cau~ng the pl~i ll1irr to fall! rOf

[c}-Violation of Sludard." The ,·;olalion of:\ n,nndato.y TilqU!r~ncnl of a ~1~ lI da.d permils the JUT)' to dct<:fm;nc t hat lhe ~ rod­ IIt t "-as dd·cctiV1:.' !'Dr cxnm plt, whc'" 1h" A,mricun Sl:lnd~ rd ~.1.rCly for J'orlablc Wood Ladd ers rcqu irc"ll lhnt all bdder~ have m~1:l.l spT¢:ldefS, Ibe o f a ...·ood ~ptt::ldcr ~mlillC'd 'he jury to conclude thai th., IItfcl1d~nl'~ I~ddcr lach-d ndcfjunle slrength.'·

Coo.

Till: de;isn of m:m)· laddc'f!i fCCt.-i" do lhe c<:nific:llion of ~ ppm\"U1 ofth.: U"dcrwrittl'S Lnl>oral ory (UL), hl
com plic. Wil h Ihe UL M;I!1d:1rd!lo.

Any

~(Irr~"'pOl1dL'f1t:<: \)<.'IwC'C!!

•

the UL oml the

s.:.. ..

m;lIluf~~lUrc... ;.~

"1'1'

s.~,c~. Uf,iu. , .• R<>dd"' ! hold 1110, II>< , ..l;m". D~ <>f the pI;oilOlifr., ~~rf.rumiM'''' "'''al.• r>d tho ~t.in 'i lT"' t •• n '''' IIII''n)' ""N''',nin£ 'he ,·<>IIdi,i.n onJ of \0 .nn "lIlI ,It< i"')' '" ;"rc, '''''1 • .s,f«1 ,~" .. d II>< O«i.tkt>I. ·rh, 0'1'<"·> op'n'OII 1lI,,",1>< b;o."" ~PDII p'aN' .... f""1' :u\d .... coni«'tu,e.

,,,,"<>'

u..., 'h, I"o
",id.,,,,,, ....,

r...

, (""iii II.". M~ntgm"Id '"l'P"rwl ~ '''''' I.oldo<", aO." ,It< 1_, b«u. Th. _n am.mala j ""~"""1 f<1< 11>< pl.intitT. Mtd;,,~ .lun ",lorn tho .'.i ];0'" In. i~t)' '"I II .. ~ ti,·o dN;:n ,..~ ...

,,,,,In.d

• S,·';;<J .. m>dc <>C f'I,"al lb. 1 :til wood 1>i.Id<'<1 ill Il,i, ill'f'I"'l,,"1 "'"". i, , 1Ioo1t! I>c ''''fI''milJt, f,,, In. ngn '0 Ihoo u.....

'"'d,

,.... "",

, N.02( I]

Dflcn ill fo rnmliw. For c~ lunpk. ill unc in ;,mnl"l:, Ih~ L' L i" fo rmed dcrt"d:mt·ma "llf~C1l1rcr Ihal il ,,·ouk] ,,·;, hd rnw il ' ce rtiliC"lli'Nl

Ihe if"

~Cflilin dc\i~1l

dliUlgc were TlOt m ad c. The l·orn.,;pondcn~~ wa., in c,·i dell"~, rmd plUli lh·c d~m~g", V;t.TC ullilllatdy ;,wan kd " p illS( (he m~m,f:>chlT<:r. " immdu~cd

[d]-CoRlpl i(l nce with S tnndard." Evidence of cnmplian ce wilh a >Inn d~rd b adJ1l ~,--.ii>lc W PflWC Iud: of nesli\.'t:llcc nnd Ihal Ille lad· <.It ' ....~ not d&":liw. Hnwe'..... , Ill(: \I.·c');hl 10 be accorded Ihe ~"Ii · lienee (;(l illplia ln."c is for (lie jUI)·."

or

T he be l Ihal " b dd(f 'l1~e,s It..; :lp« iliC"lliQns of Illc AN.!) ] 01 V L sianda rd. d Cl<:S nnl L"Slabll
When an ~I""rl ''''Iilies lhat Ille bdtkr wa~ dcf~"CIh..." a qU~"SI in .. Ilf fa~t ~xl'l .. (,,""s pi le K"S limnuy (hal I In: la dder meciS Ihc app lic;lb lc m ini mun ' &1:md"nJ~." 'I C~ lI " .1! , .. A",,,rilh, 110 ,.1 ..·,,,, C" .. 1:6 K"". ~"! . 001 P.l
" s,,· ,rojns ~

' ~.O}.

Il <:"lIin". ~J""I.<''' 1
bw
II" 1,,,l
~ill""

t<"' llro,,1 tl", Ih, "", lL. " "'"" Ih< ,.,n",

'IL," il ~o "'rl""l ~ ill, ,b. UL C"k TI" '",,"" al ...... t«" ,n "" ....;, .... .. .." ,he JUTf in ~"
".1, ~,rM i,·"

,lL~~·«I


So·" ~!1>J ~'M
, .. Wh ile M"ol R~IIiL\tI I< S,.,,"t'; L1! C"'J'.. '$ 11"",,1,. 10 ~::9.

61~ !19~).

" ' !.nOn"," , .. 1\1"" w"",·,,· ~. 1"0 .• I rot! JU. J I? 1' 5 ,\ . ~d 2(,1 (19 7 I). Tho plioi o· lill" ~a, u,ln_., I,,,!.!,, ..·hid, "." ,...·,,,d ,""I p"""'",,,1 by ,,,,,,b.;,,~ !'lin' ~ I.,.,.... "00' ,bcl:d.l" ........ ,...-d . nd I,. "."" ,1,,,,",0 ,,, III< pOlllld. 1bc """" oil·"",,,, ,I", ju~ ~ ~ "", ro, 'he rI";l11 ilT " "" <1...;"1 tof II" M ,.don!", ",I~~~' (," • ,I,, "" t<~ " "IiOi. TI", "~,,, "'~,,! !I"" the r"" Ih ," ,I,. lao tic, "1<:1 all 1)'0 ' r<"'> fu, "./ticl, l.dtkt>. "'"< ~>
" Id.

s, .. ~l" (',..!tio,'. j.\n",p)mr,y W.,d.l: Co.. 1 1 11l. " PI' ~d 610

IOl7. } IS :-I . F..2 ~

{197 '~

,.." ,,',

I'IIOU. 1.1.\11. 1'/t.\C/lC I: GU IIU:

Th e fne[ lhat the d~.,;i Bn of Ihe lad.J cr ilIel the o\:III<Janh , "lid lh lll it ~h"J.I)d not r"i ) under 1)1l: C(lIIdilim)5 :IUe&od. I!\~Y be 115o;U 10 ~.... a'" li.Ji Ihm Ihe bdd~'r in 'I1I<">lioll oon l~ ined a nl'IIlUf~clUri rl$. d . f<:<;I ,"

[2J

Commun EYidrnli:lry

Issn~s

[n)- Laddc!r Uan,.. ilabl" f", T,i ~1. If docrc i):l. d efeet in 110. Ind. (kr whk h is visible, tilCjllry wil l W:lIl1. to..:c ii , The p)uin lifl'~hou l d idcmifr the ladder Mid I, ~~; I 10 cxphti l1 his l~'limony, Tll ~ p];limirt's Cllp
[b }-Su ~utnl JkolIW' Ch."~-.:," T h e Itene. a l n')I1 ;~ \h:u c "j,

dellt" I" ~ I

:t

" 5.,' ' UP'"

d cr.... ,d:ml-maIl Uraclur..-r clla nt:ed Ihe des,!;" u f Ille lad, ~

lo_OIII JI_Jli),

II M ,C~ lthy~, f lurida L>dokr C... , l q, So M 701 , r'b , I)i"L CI, APr-

,. .

1!'l~ ). """

~"i~t;ff ., • • i~ju ,"'" ", a I«IlII "f,~ , U. !"< ( lri,d, II" I,,,,J,, i"'~h.cI in tl", k Ld
",',OJ,,,,

" ul "pl:o"OIj,x), Th. ,~'" " w'
.. N"bn '-, ~"f Mf.. Cn., l ~~ 111 , App, :d "r, ~&\ ",£,~ d !I»(\~:Or, lbe pl..li"lin ",,,ughl . n '8ai"'1 mouuf",,",·I .." ;, ,-")bl"<\I. I'<>lk'.''''f lb. ~;okDl, .II<- pbinrilJ lu...... I ' ... b:Idun I"W tl,,' .....~ r h . '"~h ,h. 10M-.,. i,;dr ",.1(1 'K~ N: pro;lu,,,1. llro 1<'11"''''')'
""ion

,n,

rn,

It s.-"J:o'""",II, I~ I'N'~" .rr. ~ , FriNDI.q, ),,<>dum U,bil,lr,.IL 2. ...\-bl"'f.x,u,' ,,', " " bolil}' in N,~ I ;_,< ," f :'ZI.{4J (M ,,,h..., lk1\,l" I n7) ~,Id~!r. J, -S, n,. Li"bil il r," t ),I)1I,'J (Muuh,w 1i. ".I" lno), ,'~

''''

Iv\OllEItS ASI) SCAFFOLlIS d~f afl~ r Ihe ~ccide .. t is tlO!!;;g" wa~ tl~f..'Ctivc.:O

nOl admi~iblc a.

I 56,02[2}

~n :«huiM'ia "

Illat tlo~ prior How.....'c r, tllo; C"'IIlS" may be mlmi"... bte for ath er l'Iurpo
pbimil1' IIIay inl roi!u.:c proof th:11 the mmm[:LCI\lf.f SlIt>scq\lclllly marketed similar bdd.,. with side ra ils of a dm'e rent deo;ign." (c)_S"nillr ~ble!' I!" idc" ""

"ccldent~,

liv id':IICC of ~inliL'r

~r;o:; id~nts i ~ ~dm i.·

orII Ixk of n:porl,'(J ~imj lar ac..i lknlS is :lobo oom~

~iblc. ..

~

Prior ~ imilar accidents arC admissible to eo; l ;ob li~h the pr(seile.: of defect in Ihe d"";gll or m~nuf"ClilTc of the laddcr (lI1d to ,how tha t

Ihe dcl'cnda" l ...·3,; 0'1 no ticr of t he defect;,·" condition." Su~u enl "S.~·,

ISuPf',

".iI.. ,Im_ llov. 5, ... An", I IN,IS (l9i :!~ C~1tI R... ~to1.

)9~6),

" C.nl.oIl ". A",,,ill,, 11 ••d~'.rc Cn .•

n'

J lJ·ll-1Gl

K:m, 63 1. r,o~ l'.2d I J:!I; "? 1 ~),

l'1~n·

tirr . IN ...."" iDjurin ", 11.n the todd« he " 4' " 'iog io a r '''I'Uddrnl)'

.h.

",,110»1«1. , h"",i~ 1M", 'n 1100<. """"'.. ,bOl 11>0 ""'nur=~ ... chanp! il> ""'i~n in ~,01 ,,'~ ",,",,11.., Ihe uil, of 110. 1.M«" "'-" . "",""lk '0 ,h" ..- Ih" d" " ,f, mb", ",,' jn ""kl... di"e~,d <>f Ih . pl.,inlifr, ,11'!.1> b)' nol u,;,,~ 'h< ne ...
--

"""Ii,

. . ,~. ~ I-,lO m . API" 3d "H, )lJ to." .E,2d ' l ~ 1 ] 'I7~~ i't..inlilT .viT<,«I mulliplo r"'''lv,,,, .. brn. ",lbl'lcoJ

"""t:..Id.,

I> l;'lt~lit)' a ";~n ng,in\1 ,I>< ...,U.r "n~ n~,"" f"' l"r odnti>.>iblc. n", ,..,.,ilrililr of U""I~ ",cb d<';.n, .. ' he time '[, h. pl>in. tiff". :u:oiokn\ i< l""~ .1>< .......11"'" "'" a <1""',;"" Jd .. i n ~ 10 :Wn,i,,,,,<Jj.y,

"'''",!''''

i,.

"5.,( ~'·'k',.II!, L, "run"".!.; ,>\, Fri,d"" •• ]·mducl. l.bt>i)j.),. ch .~. "Sn-icl U.l,.oi\· i }.0411]("1 (Moltl .. " I"",
it),."

" !jo"~II<'~,""II" 1..1'r~ ,... , .\ M. Fri..-.J",,,,,,. I'ro.l,,,,,, 1.(:jb; ~t1.C~. l . "Sui", "y.- t l .OlP J(b] f~"""- Ilcodcr 1~56).

Li,bi ~

" ('_""<11,-. ,1m,,,,,,,, lu Rl"·,,, Co.. 116 II , ,, U J. Wll',lol n1 6f]9~ t'l.m,iO' "",,,in"" i "juri,~ "'h'n ,I", 1:><Jd,,~. ",., u,,"~ in" P'''r<' ",.nnor ,ud"'.I)' roll' f"f K,,,,,,,, u~h.ht 'ho jUf}" . S"'", nf PUlt ~i ,,~ ~ .n•."'~ "" 111< H" ~U{,"'Ur.-r f cd 1... 11 w. lOl" ,de
rid·, ",h.. t>y C'QItrifUJ"', 10 ItlMkrl . 1K b,W" ",-m atkt it ..."" pot' on POI;';" of ,Ite d:tM,., 1>r .h. l·nd.r"'f~"" bbo.-"o,;"· ....... nd tQ' "",a:ti,e n.., \u,o>,.oo ~' .. loa" five "'hr ,n, ~h jn~ bd,1c<-\ Ih' C."
,>
or

~

56.0 lIZ1

1'llOll. UAIl. 1'I(,\Cna; G\JIIJE

similu r
A l:1~ k of reports or ,imibr accidents i~ lilroo Qdmissibl ~ under apI"0l'nnle .;in:u m>lan~'eS." Tht abse nc~ of ~n)' similar :ll;t'ido:nl' it

imposfiblt: 10 pro'l<', a,1\! MY ~""idtm;c o-..eTling tl1m r.~tl [;).;ks proOO· li" e rarc•. TI,e most that cn" usually be ~tal.'tI by a mOIlUr:lC LUn:r is th~ 1 they ha\'~ !I01 T(.'cci"cd rcporl. of ~I\y ~imilar accidenls. It would be sp.:<:ulallou to a,sert Ihu\ there hal'. not b..'1.~1 an)' similar >J«Ukm!>. rdI-Ex(lCrl'~

TestimDn>',II Ladder e~flCrts arc u~ua [[y me· clmukal cnsin L'C n;. " However, ~"c.~l"'rl dOl."S 1101 hal'C 10 be a eltauicai l."I1gin oer. An npen crnfr~man II'.'~ ""rmilled 10 I<:st if}', bMed On hilllO y,'tIN. of " 'Of): wi. It ,,'oed, I h~ I .be mil of a wCKXJ..'I1 Iadd~r broke ","'C3U'. i. lI'as cO I1~ lrucu:d of lI"fit wood "nd 1111.1 n groove was cut dC~l"'r lhall I"'rmil1Cd un der a ladder standard,"

m.-

H. Gol" ¥.

J\"'OJ""",l:uWcr Co.. 16' Wi.. l1l7. 16 2 K W. ll9 (1917). ,\ JWnlc. "bon !hc l.d".. ~< "'''' ....', Ca1 K<>rJlh him. Th. cou" '",'cr>«! the: jud!n><,n fO f I'blnti IT, TI", ctlun h,ld ,h.t ",;,hout proof d"'t tllo ,,,old« ... ~, cl.r"I;'·. whon ,I,iN'-1 """"".n .... I,f>ucb a ~IIJ. .... in cif-In I·...... ""I~I"'" ..."'.,

'»lu,""

'h,

".Y

"St<>~1"" § .%O I I~I·

Se, Illso ch, 12. "Prod",( Dpcn . _ PI.inlin', Vi,,,," p<'h _ Dc"co", Vk ...."

~od

" .... 1) , "1' ,,,,1,,,,, E,·

S.V Idc-r (987): I I. " " I'<"trin It. N. S>11" .. J\ltOfTlC)·-.GlIilk 1" Enti" cMnr- " .... l. - nr,I;"",.,;< U... <>f " _gin..,,· (M 'uh ..... Il<mk' ! 9M). ~ D.m.,", in Tml Action .. c:h. 41. "E.'ron T.. I;mon)'" (\I'''h",," Iko,1o, 1911).

"r«'''''' II 1'. !;;tI1«., AtWM),·. Guilk,n U".!it>«'inr. ch. 2. "TIt<: 1'0-

" 1. ~ 1. I( . m lle: \:u<>f

""'i.........

~ ell . .10. MM.rn;". ~nM (M",!hcw 11
.. Wil<"n v. 1.0.'-,', AIhoOOro 1I"du, •. 1,,<.. ~j') S .C'. 6toO, 1 ~ 1 s' F..: d SOl (1 '163), Tho pl,iolirf "" .., ,hrown ,~ !l>: 8,,,,,r\d ond i'\i UfN I.dlk, h. ,,"'" ".,;o~ 10 10k< do~'o liJhl bulk, b",kc:. Tho Sur .. mo Cou rt 0' No"h Camlio; in :ul "'i";,,~ lho 1"'''''00)' "' . ' ... n .... o ,,·h o hold 1"'1 l!-.e ",,"'Of ''''''' did 1101 <\",Iirt." JIl y<> ... TIt.i. "',..,.. idc~l il\' ,, 11>1 'I I'" or ~ " -" p...... ,II',", "" opinioo. on it< ,013_


'he ""'"I,ll,

,,1>«, ,h .

«,

""3'

'tl

.....,,".

,

i 56.02[3]

!.A[lIlEIIS ... :-Ill SCAn"oJ.1JS

,~,

An cXp<.lrt in e~perl witne,~

phy~ical chcmi,[ry "nd metallurgy may le,lif), as an an the properties of met'l! ladder,.'o

Court' hm·e. On particular f"~lS. cxcludc'tlthc testimon), of a meCh:luical engineer, in pnrt became the engineer )tad no experience

in the (]("Sigll or llmnufacturc of ladders." E"idcnce of te,ts dOlle by the eXp<.lrt arc admissible '" the basis ofllis opinion. Evidence oftL'S!' by the expert showing how the acciden[ happened are

lIdmis~iblc."

SOl11clinH:l;, the defendant's experl will tc,tify thm he [O!';lecl the Same modd ladder am] it met the applicable UL standard, and plaintifrs expert will le,[ify

th~l

he had

c.~amincd

the ladder bill did not

perform :lily tests!' Thi, does !lot preclude the [llairllifl's expert from

toslirying to n
DcfQCt~."

In on.

c,,~c,

n Ihin wcll and Onngc'

" r-;",,,,u,,,,, ,'. Whi« ~101U1 Rolli,,~& ~"",pi,,~ C'''p .. 75 W"h. 2d629.45ll'.2~ 619 (1969).

'0

Sc,' al", 2 1. Kupo:""in &. N. $,ilo,"" ,\1Iorn,)"', Guido Ensinwint. <11. 40. '"F"Huro Au,I)"" of M"l
"",,"0101"

I',

\loot!, 7 Mich. '\PI" ~3, 1~1 ~,W.2d 210 (1%7), The pt.,iotin·

b'''''gil' ,\1\ ""h", "pi"" tho nll. hold ,h"t tl,< Iljwion To the '1",li(".'io,,, of rl,intifr, <'I""n. Thi, "il""'~", ",""",d ",. nooc\",ni'.,1 o,,~in«', b,II h, \,.>d no in .

to".,

"I"',i,",< ,h,

" Nonl\l,om ". Whit.Metal RoIlin~&. St'mpins C"'p .. 7~ Wo,h, ,d62~,4S3 1',2d (,)9 (l9M)_ Th, pt.intin" n, injured ",)",n 'ho bdd" h. ~'" 'i"IOI')' con'" I""rlo,,,,«\ by 1h, dero"d,,,,', 0'1"''' ,,-itno>', Tlto PU'I'OI< ortl""" t~~t, w,,-, to ,I,",,' ho," 'he ,,;;oid,"T CGuhl h~'o h"p)',".oo, "cod tho,' ~-"o ''''''1"t<"1\ ,,><:T1" t,~timoo)' "'''"' ,)" ",ult "r "Ol<"-"';Ot" h< ,,( the i:l<Jd" "",hor ,1'0" ,,,,,,.

.!t"

''In'''

" {d_ J>

s., .. '"J'''' ch. 7, "]')'1"" of Ddo"","

,,,.<10

"'~W:

from po .. Uoy ,"',ieh eo .. ld bud;]" if n", fOOl was Im
A

~

ri ,'d hole I;OlIl d C;'UIiC a I) dtlcr to

A miSYillg safd )' cleal hook 10 /;odder failure and ;njnry."

ha.~

colb~. "

00" fo u"" to have co"" i buleU

A 8' Q()\:c o r inC " ;''''' may Ix: CUI d<1:I"" Ih.~" pcrmin ,'" by Ihe 130.1. dcr 'I~ndard, C':\ming :, t nil of n wood eo hodder 10 brt'
[4j-)!tsusc." M i~u:;c may be Ih~ tame of an :Iccidcnt. A nli5use " Collin' y. Maal,<:<>m
"',,"'"C>,

"1'1" l<J Ion ~ I' KE.!~ 671)(1 'U),

"

N"",l.:"'~

Jt

!.: ill ~. Sti ......-..r Dn>, $Tot" C(o" l$ ilL "1'1'- 2d U!I. 151 f".E.2d)O] (196-)).

".f<: Law.

". SlwcCo".. cI

~1 1'.R.O. ~ ( fl. 1)0:\.

196'JJ. 'I,pt)'j" g I,...,.

"IJ. ' 0\\';1\00 v. L"., c', ,\:JotlooM 1I00d"",c. Inc., 2W :-I.C. b6Q. 131 S. P_l d

~I

(11/6)>-

"

~l ilL",

v. St.;. r
S,·, ~I,,, ,'"P'" t

5{;,021111.].

S« g,,,,,,,lIy L. F,unocr k

or', !.i"lJHity in

~I,

N,~lig
it

l'rird"'.II, I',odu", li,bHily. 'h, 2. "M.nur""\ ~ , , 2,l l I"j, 2, I~ IIII (~J.,ltlt<~' II,,,,,,,,, 1 ')~71,

., .~·....,"p,a cit. I l. "0,("",:; ,,1oJ II.'....

!k< at", V. wnLkow;.k. cd., 19S6 SoIlI L,.n, M<1h",!i", l:"i"''''I)' I'md'''b lb~il, i1)' 1"\\; (" 10, Enl"Si "~ TrfS'\

",\Iiu"",, _ n. Mookm 0'1' I'h
"-*1,

or" ,,"

",

"

.'

t.ADnnI.S .1 .\111 SC\I'Hll .IlS

f 56.01141

is any u ninlo:t1tkd use. Th" nil"" for I:uldcr C:'Ire and me a ro: !il:t fonl. ill th" "~S l . tan da rd,"

------ -

---

-----

---

- -

CO MMENT: Mi,use. as .. le8al <Jo fini\""'. I! ~ny unlD.eseeable use. Unim'mdCd u\.!'! ;" 1". IC/O na. row a dchniticn lor misu$O. f or elIampre. a :;crc\W'Ciri...... m ~nufactu~r (an hooesllr state I~a l tn~ i nten ~ ed use 01 a strowd river is 10 pl~ce scr cw~ inlO wood or rT'K!lal pnd this interld~d uSe only includes D twisting

[ ,

rM.~n""'t to ttMl ~,cwd riyer lII!ah . Thus. Ine manu facture' could dMign thC m"lal in the $hall to ...i th$land t",jsti", or torque b~ not OOnding. 1/ lhe screwdriver ;$ then used to open ~ p~lnt c~n , and tr.e sh alt s pli nters injuring Ihe lIscr. the man· ulaetu'er, Ilnd e. 1ft\> unintended usc d afinltlon. could a ll ege ml)Usc . Howevar. INe . yo oo knD\"~ lllat oponing paint CJn5 wilh a screwd ,;V/lr Is lore"'l(lJbIC. Ihu~, under Ihe IO'I!S~3b1o dclini.icn. Ihc, ,, woo,.1d be no misusc.

If:. ~nf"ty k,tu tc i ~ di"'nf'.'Ig~d ..... lien it sli(\" ld be cnga~~d, ~ud th e ~,r~l~' re:o!ur~ would h:ovc p",.cn tcd the lIcc idcnt . th e m., ,, ubc· IP ret l~ g.ener:III~· nOi reo;pon. ibk!· Simi"'rl)', if Ihe ladder {cll hr.... call."': Ih e pI ~int iO' p~"\C"~"d Ihe lad
" S""/'l/w ~

"-d~ tl(l\

inlcndnl."

~"_O) .

•• :0.: ....,",,'. Sf'",)",I ' ''' l6~ F.2d :!~~ (l, t, Ci,. 1%0). "I"1'lli", tIIi Mi, blo" . I'loin· liff. a r,ro:lci ,,~ ,II< Ily I,,,l.... otlll ,,"a< inj .... d .' • ,,,,~lt.

C,.

" D,'I"" ". Sch..,"!'"","" 0"",_vb " :;"'r>« M"h1" : ll So, ~d ~l. (1 .. , '\!>p, rm. {/c~i,'I, :!j~ I,,", 4f>:•. Zl.1 s..,. ~d ~1\ (1%0), 1'1.>1",if( hr" "p.!" "" "","",

\ ~b~).

" ~,, in" ,h. ",," ,,r."""iCT . ..-h"\<",I,,. "Jld ,<'aik, "r" I ,~dor ,"'!Lid, ,,~l.rr>'ljlT'" ,I" nc,<>'. j LLj"r; "~ TIL< 1.t>I>i,im", C""" of '\rl'''''' .rr.m>nI ,II< kwI.., ","n', diwrk->t 0( lh. " ' _ to,al "" ,h. "'.(""""""1" ""( ,h..1'hcy ...."' ...... po,lty u( an} ""l,tll"'"' '0< ,,-hlLL,,,,l ,., tI," ,ccioto.,. n... 1lo h.'llLh "J~' :.ppliei~n:tnd ,..\I~',ru inj .. "". Th. court .rr",,,,,1 JoJ ~",,",,1 f'l< ' h' " of<"<1,,, r, r. ",I;n;: t\ 1h< f>l.>i,,,jll', "'" d a Ii1'1" ..
h,,,,.

""<

..

.,t

,t" ""

'In , ~ , ,, 'f'!

0<

" o.:MI W! I'Z"3 .t.: I ~, ',,1 I't lIdV 'IIr stl ''':> 'JII~ j"'1'> " u"I"t.: ""'.' W:\' • • '(~;;.Il ~ r~

pr,,..·,, I t '~~l

'1l1'!'~

,tl ....:> "'"I.) 'II'I .., "'!>II •• ·to"~; ~ "'fNI"'~~ ,. 'J'OIH"IH'

)00

'" ~ I! ~'!'I" 'OJ "'" ~ .. ~ "~'" '''lll~''~' '1l""I"1 '~l ' ''''1'" '>I'ln'II'!I<»P"';" '~ I~ 'O~l~ "11 uo J ~lU~~ JJO ilUlpm'l~ ',h;3 O(ll JO d~l~ dOl ~\{\ lKl :lmjllllll; ';!"!U"~l .r. 4 ~n ~ '~)\ltjrq ~!'I ""')1 ll ll10,,. ~ 'I '~Ill ~'!J c j~)IC,U~ 11'!'I "" )3" ~ '" "" SII!<'j'I U! I"'",".s,~ 5.).\\ .mln!'ltd ~ 41 J! ,u.:mll1 ~m SUWI~ .' ll UP:i41 II! UO!I~IIIJ<1J"'V IP'~lIl1s 11.")41 J31'1'~1 ~41 1 ~41 (I.re '~[~I "100 01 J"IIJ'C[ :>ql :I"!,,....l '.'>.l uCI'''l si'l JSO[JJ!lu!,![d " 411')'[1~1''''' ' LIf''' .(IIM ItI"'..j "'",,II.")}o"») ·~4 1 "I'-""'~" "' I'JYC'[ "I '~ulII. 1I JO "'''1-(;0]

,,'ptOI pllm><.l -'~l' J~jlllll ~Jn I! uJ ~,l~]lP~ 1 ~IJI Ul llJJ ~l'l~~ I~P P UJO ~3\1 .'J".J I\! ut! J"'II"'1'\\ \l\l!l '!UIJ~ I "l' tI! "l!~"d,,~ ]1'111"1' ]!uttlKl-ooS Jl]l 01 J ~J~J ll!'" ~]Jno~ J'II '~I'Il1H)d QOi: Ie P~Ir.J ~l J~PP" I ~ J! '~m!.1 ....'I!~CUU~ 1 "'~1 ~t!l 01 J~pj '';~'I.l '!I.~'i()Jq ~."al 1Il\l PI"tll IS J~PP~I "'II j",]1~ II ." Sll!"!Ull~1 -~l) II! ;; IP~"tlI'-1I""e. "41 lt~ 11001 10" op SUIlOO 'stltll 'J~PP~I "'I' ...... III<" <1'"",,,1 OOl , J ,\O ""0 011 1"4 ' P'>l(~.:l '~Il~nlJ" lIu ~ -~ ....,nod m II ~11lJ ':>! lqnd "'I I " ' I "''' )oJ .r:>ppq ~ 11"" 0 1 "Iqm.os~u" '
om:

'>'l!-'td~~ I "'~I IJ.1J!nb,'J ~ Ill )011 )n q ',(!P~'d~ .' 1"'1\11 ~'11 'I~"J~~ 1\"'(Ip.,~ ~'ll J" ~ 'U\I J ill I" PPP'il ;)lllil D P"t1 1 ~I(I 1"']1 ~JIlJ"') U ~IJO II ·"I1~"'!r.~ p~ll~J ~l) S~\II!I 1110] JO '!"!1\Qi! OOS PI D'l 0) 1'~'l1\kJ pu~ PJI~," ~ I ~p lln<Xl

oot JQ1I!8!J,\\ c 1'1011 ()I p,'leJ

J~PPt! 1 V 'Jappq 110 l'I~I ~.\\-[1]]

. .. .\lnfll! U,,,O

SIll )OJ .... IJ~"![ IOU S! :lll ('li e IU:>p!(l..)C J I{I J O X lUU " jijW I"OJIl " lOll S! M ...,SIIs':") s/4 ' I"'(!"J '<"I'P~1 :'11]1 I)"~I~"! Inq ':Y.I"~l o;q ~!II :'1001 1011 PII' pu~ IJI1pII1 J Il ' JO d~I' ,10 1 J Il L 110 j U!.... , ~)S SIl,, , lI!IUI,,[d :'>\jI JI - "~'I' ,!:o., u ~II I SII!SlII:.HIl ""'Lnq!11I1OO I) J! ,\1'10 .\J~M~= ' !'I ""~ "I~lJ :lJu.T.i!1 ,mll lnq '1,,~jj!l~"'lI i ! :XI'~JI'J dOl J\ll UO:;11!J1 1111)S ,
',"01"1\ pa"(l!"'~1II ~J~

,'J~,'J .~ WillIS!,\ _~P

1)

"! >';!Jli Ill'"

"
!>.' llhUP.l
uOlUUIOJ ~lU OS ' ~~tJ J~P Pl1l

~~ Il~!IU pa:t~H'1 : rel="nofollow">Uk"" jill\] ·~' n s ! m JO ~';lIaJ

JOJ Sp UnOJ;; , nUJ,tunu

0;-9.

~p!.\t1j" ,.~:lU>"II JJpP"

lOl.l.")\' IM 11\'1"1 "(10H,I

JOJ !;:I!,U ~II.L [t lro-,s

~

!6-ll

I,Allm:RS ANI)

SCA~l'OI.l JS

The bo.'5l ilVidCfl~c 10 <)"eN:om~ [his argunH,~1t is t~'SIi tllO!1~' of an cyewiln cu [hnl plaintiff did not ln~e his b" l ~!!ce," Such IC~limoJly ~m! c"cn o"crcomc the fJ<:t Illal I he pllinl ilT \\'~~ disr~saf(Jilig :I spe-

cific hal~n« "",rning. such ~ ~ wan.,,,C agllinsl manding on Ihc top SlCp Of' top rnp." The mere f:let tllnt Ih~ dcfcJKl anl-n"~nuraC1U r(r prim.ro ~ warning 11031 the ladde r ICll ,,'ould bend inwa rd if Ihe user CIIus.,-d Ihe Io.w 10 be 011' bJ lancc doa; nO( nb.olvc lhe dcfrll dant. TIl e questiO!I il whether Illc ladder should hnvc btnt undcr Ih e c ircum~t :II\C!O'l proven 10 cx ist 3\ thc lime of the fall. TII~ (;ICI lI"~llhe dcfclld~!1I w~rncd 1I.al 3n ofl'..o:.Lance Io.,d could bend the let don not mc..n Iklt the plainlitr~ conduct ~au~d Ihe leg. HI bend, It dOl:. not IlI ("J Il the p!~in­ [Iff wa s oIT bnhmcc," If a no rm,,1 elf·b.llancc lo.'l
'rr.

(dJ-Al terotIDfU, If the ladder was allered, Ihe nlt ~rnt i on could have afl'c et.:d the jX:rrormance or Ihe dc~i g n , causing Ihe ladder t(l ma lfun ction. For cxmL1pl~, in 3 t':I!.e in whic h Ihe p)'linllfT n~il,-d of wood 00 Ihe 1.' 3r :md flOnl Ie&" o f 3 ",<JOI.kJt ladder, (Ii<;

'I"pII

"II,;',. ", 1, R, CI,,,~ U

..

c:~ 2 ~~

MiIL01. 119, 11

'l,W,l~ !I~

(19$$),

/d,

.. Lilril>' ". Man. J{""bu,".t Co.. III S,W2d ~5 1M" CL API', 1971).

"Ilond npn ", Apn

\\'~"";'k ,

[a"" 101 R.I , 319, 27 j A.ltl 162 (197 1),

"rd, """~

1'1I0 /). wlln. PII ,\CTICf. GllIot:

, 56.0J

rcru.ro

COllrt

10

ch~ r£c 1 1~,t

Ihe jury could i"(er Ihe cn:o:uron or 3

dcr~ct. "

§ 56,03

l.addtr Stundards

11,. '\m "i..n S;t1nlW Sl:Irutsn:!. I",,'il". (,\ .- .sll. ,"" ~I"",", nf• •" " .. <1;"" II •..tollen 1::>11'1',\ 1. (;"",,",",11.,. I..>."" .. t<>ric:< tIIL),.1III

,b. O",,",. U...) Sartly 00Id Er.. lth Ad .. IoIo I,.,1I1or! (OStiAl ..,... as

.......:t ,\>ou ,">lh . opp1.· I" I. ~ •. I.odd
,,""d.. ~. "III ...,., Uy ol.......,r_ 10 VI . •1O......ct... n • • ~lnld . 0511.\ , _lOll... It. ,.m '" tort:< ~:'" r" ... ,Ito ,\:-iSI 'I""d,..~ ••

(tl-AIlICI"icnn NII,lo,",! St.Rdords )nsllt_te {A:";"SI).

Thi.~ ~Cl i(lt!

will :maly?c Ihe ANSI sl"'ld~rd.! ill w,,1~i l. It i, ull lik~ly I b~t a h dder

'1\;11 cuu\ply wilh Ihe npplil;":lblc Af';"SJ ~t undnn! an d 1\01 "'i,h Ihe Ul ~ 'nl1dMd.

The Amcric"'l Nntion.,1 St:lndJtd~ Institute (ANSI)' fl3ss.:d IMir original Arncrio~n Nnliom,1 SI:lndurd SnfelY Cooe for COIISIrOe licll. Cnr(, and Usc or b ddcr:« in 1923. ANSI ', Conllnill"" on S~rdy In th e Cou stru ctiml. Care, nud Y.<e of l 3ddcrs, t he A I4 Comll1il1~'<:, pt"(pan-u th~ initi.,t ~1~l1dard jll 192] , ~!UI il ~ rcvi.k:m~, up lIlIti! 1948. lk'<;lIosc or the ,'3, 1ollll 1)'1""" of b dtkrs lh;u b«nme :\\"si!nbk, Ii"e Su !)comnliU ~C!i were ultimately Cr(nlc"
~Il c nlt:)· m u~lli rsl

"&;0\"," •. '><, .... R_ck" Co .. '40 COl, Apr, ld

79~. ~ ('~l. II p'r. t~J

(t9 66 ~

• An"""'" S ot;n".1S
trotA.

,\n,,,;".,,, " ..ioo.>l Sl J!>
It«t";~

""'".. ,\::>ISt ,\l U·I~!l: J\,>Il Sl, t>Ibf(l fat L>dd<...-I'o
m,,,,,.... r--SJ ","""<~ "

M"..' -S,j
"!~. l· 19U

N:uiomol SIOIld. ", fOf bdtk<"l-J'i « ol_,'" r",\, 1\<'I "i """,", •. ANSI

,\J~,j·!9t14:

" ""rico"

",,,lion.1 S,>!,",,,, 5,r,I)' R",ui".,,,.,,,, fbr I ob- M;>
"H.-'· I~J'; ,\""r "'~"

1\"1;01\:11 Sl a!>
1I."", ~irem",

.... ""

UDllEIlS ANn Sl'.IFFOI.I1S

10 hi~ ~"'dcr. Tht v<;Diu" orlh~ Siandard "·hie" ....lIS in dT«t al the t;me I.... ~WdU<:L "1I~ [...,111 I,y I "~ m~nuf;'clu rer i~ I 'll! ot"f ~I;utda fd i~ (ldmissibl~ .l

which Th ~

,,~KI
(11l.. lyr.i. belo ..... ~oncc rn. tke mo. ! COmmOn IJddc"f"S, port~ble :Ind md:il llImI~n... I-Iowcver. Ihe same IfPCS or t~. (,re ;'I1~li ·

cilbk 1U pof1~b)c

r'~ 'l fmcc-..l I1I~~lic

ladtk rs. ... ilh SOJl1oC

v~ rin liotl'i

in

dct ailllmi inlcrpr~ln li
Fron, rt:tUing II,is th~l'wr. The ~ lIorney shOl"d be 3ble 10 ~ whi~h typ;.: of Il'l>l would have di landnrd illidf.

Fi' M. coull!ocl n'UM ideo tify tbe type or laddn . (I) W~S il made "" IIIC job'! If so. the job'lnmlc '~d,\cr ~13nl\:Lrd 5honW be COll5nltro. (2) If it \\"a~ not ni nde on lite job, j, il por lable? If mH. Ihe fixedladder ,.a ndnrd appJ("" (3) If it is port~ble. i~ it made of ..... 00..1, mel:l l, Or pl",,1i<:? Onl)' Ihl: "1'l'1ic:lbl<: Sianda rd sloo..old bC' nm~id"n:d. [21 -acc "p~ti/)MI SafelY a"d Heal lh Adl!1lnislralion (OS HA), Th e OS IIA Rcsulati,',,~ for Llllden a nd Sc.1lrold,· are lakell ln rgcly from t h ~ AI'S 1 >l.a"ll:i rd~. The a SH A Regil lalion~ ~p<.""ificall)· incorporate by rcl"I:rellec Ihe ANS I , taud:< rd. ~nd .....,IIire ~II e lllploy"rs 10 , uppty t~dd."" ~nd Sl:arrold~ 10 too, CM1l'tO),'''''S whieh C

. ..

os r tA ,eglll.li <J< '.~ l~hni"~n)' Ut'l1l), 10 the employer, nOI Ih e manThe; ' <1'r,""",,1 Ihe CU~lom m,d I1l":lcticc in lloe ind""t.}", and ~ ,c nd no;,"-;hk=. lot k;l~1 o n ~ II cgtjg(nc~ \·;.us.: oJ f a Clion. for t lla! uf~c ... r~r.

'&". ,'.11'•. l -''''' ,'. CDI ...~,. 01 S.\".!,I ,61. 41.1 SS.S.1d .l7~. ~61 ..... It. l
,,,,. "''''''h •

l~

C.F.II . H

tI,,,

1 9~6.-I~~ ~11191l"7).

Su ~<"."",lIf· 11.. II "f"" &. It. I k~"". 11"",1" 1• • 7).

()" "polk."t S"("r "00 1I,,,llh Ml (M",·

lhc~'

,,',.'<1

, ~ 19:5 4lO(~)(.\11 1'm;1 fF<'rt.o bk 13
,

PROIl. ].JAil. PR,ICTICE GU[[)f:

rcason." Tiley al.o ,hould be u'«'d by lbcuperl", one nflhe ground~ for hi~ opillioll.

[3}-UllIicrll"rilcrs Laborntories (UU. Tile rul.:., and t<:81, in Ihe l]L 'tandard, alld III~ rlIic'; in the OSHA regulations, are ,imiJar to tho~e in Ihe ANSI ,Iailliard,. [oI}-r.linimum Rcquircmcnt~ f"r Safely. The ANSI siamiards e~­ pr""ly CSlnhlil;h only millimum TC"{I"ircmenl'; for ';lfet~·. Till", com· plial1ce d"", l10t mean thaI a ladder i, nlll def(."Clive. The ,tandard b not detcnnin~]i\·. ofth"l i"ue, ~ince pwduct, liabililY aClion~ arc of]en "onccrrled ",illl more Ihan millimulll safuly.

§ 56.04

Portable \\'O(Id L:idders

.\t';S] AI4.l-19X2 I, 11", Am"i,"" ""1"'001 SI."dord, [,,<111.10 (,\t';S]) 'Ia"~"rd fur po:>rlolJ'" ~,">< ,,,.d fo, ~"rt;,"la, I"dd" po'" I. 101 fo,lh in th< >I.od,,,d ".d i, 'I"-·,mc .... II",II,·~. 'n" 1)'pC or ~""I,..,... 0",1 ("-",",,, ;, .1,,, 'I"-'clr..,d ~'llh ,.1". lor "ppll.. llon.-.r !hc 100'1<"'ro, I·:..,h l>, 1""1''''' rn"n [.,ollk,.,.. ')'IOci.,I-pu,,,,,,, 1",10, .. , ",1<1 "op <1",,1,.

,·",Ic..,

u,

,or

m."

1..0<1,,,,,, P""" "D",i~n vo,m,,,liI.. '[c·,I," '" rn;t~, ""e Ihe)' ",m' ply ~llh III< rtq.l"m,"" III th, "n.olArd. In ""lIo1potlnn nl <",,,. on .. )•• ,I,,". "tt(),oe)". f(), b,-,(I, .10," ,),,",101 ,'n,"" Ihollhol' O."orlS' ""t ""'lh<~l, ood ~,,'''k'!'. h,,,ln'''," drop 10'ts, noJ 'l.bllll)' ..

""

",t>;,


[lJ-Baekgro~Md. The ~lalld;ml fur p-or[;lb1c wood );(ddcr~, li~e Iho other,;. wm; dcri"cd from Ih~ original Amer;o;lll :>ialiolH') St~1\­ dard Saf~lj" C()(]~ fur COllstnlctioll, Care, and U,c of I.:lddcn;, A \4,

",,
•."" R_ Ifng'" &.1<_ 11,>\,.,,,. O,oul""i",,,1 S,fd), lk\lth ,\01. ch, 12. "Tho U" ,,[OSIIA ill I'ri,,,,, l.iti(;,,,io,,;· i 1;:,OI(2) (~1a"I"w II.:"d" 1"~2) ~','"

Q_

g<',,<'wlly 1, [),,"', f;,ld"IJIi"'J' 1/", <1 OSIlA

/I.<·.~,d","m ..,

171!- T";ll I.",,",

(19~l)_

,,"''''',

LADDERS AJ\:D SCAFFOI.J)S

tiNt appro"ed in 1923. It wa< re,'i~d in 1935 and 1948. [n 1948, a '.pamte American Natiollal Stalldard C(}(lc cO"oring wood laddeN. A [4. [, Wil, created. It wa~ revised asain in 1952. to cover ju
(ur Stundord. Th~ official r,dionalc for a sion and sholild be referred to by the e~pcrt in hi~ w,tlmany cOllccming thc ~Ialldnrd, It Cilll b. ll~ed clfecti\'cly on cro,,·cx:uninmioll. Often the opposing expert and hi< attornq will not bave obtainod this import:!nt dOClllllcnt. ~illcC il i~ not MIld Wilh th e standard itsdf.' [J}-lnlcrprelalirJll. The ANSl Committe.., will not imcrprctthc ~tandard. Di~pllte< in interpretation lIre referred 10 lhc Americun L:~Jdcr [m,ti1Ute, Th~rc lIrC man)' dilTercnt tyl"" of ladde,.... und different conditions IImler which 1hcy arc '''cd. Therefore. the ,tandard should be libcr.llIyeon
Whcn it i, impractical to m
'AKSI A14, 1·19!1 ~ 1,.1. lld,~L\

"""''''

ed.' Tll ~ I)'PC or h:\ rdwar~' ~m1

for applic:ttinn of the

ra'leIl C~' l~

aIM) ' JX'C lfJt"1l, wit h rI' ).:s

ra~tclI~r.;.

A comr>
~ 1:lJ1 dnrd ntUSt meet st itrn~~ . du ' abili l),.

pIlrfo rman ce.

UIUJ

wtathL..-ins dl ar:tctcri.,iL".'

{S}-l·t·~ (If J.nddCf'!i ~ n d n cir ))f", c,, ~oo ....

"ad,

l :uld~r i~

I"lIll1l, from 'f ypc; fA (cs'r:t·!Jc:I'<}"·d uty industrial b dder ...1111 .\00. po.",d dUly tilting) 10 Type III fli.{l.h l·d ul)· ....mso:hold b dder ... ill! II 2QO'fI"Iu,d d UlY Tali nG fo r lisht hou!Io:h••ld u,,<,).' A fom , ul~ del~nnilll"s the "e<:e'~'I)' !.lirnen "'; "n s of p:m i.;" b r spe, ck", of ladde r ma te ri al,.' Th e pu rpc>!iC of th e formula is ttl c~ su rc n , ui lnbic IODd 'e:\rry ilig C
="'ot

(6J

PorillMe St.."l:o.dtlm..

(R}-(;ctHlrnl Rcqulrcmenl5. T he s)op(; of ~ t~p I",J!.lcr.; i5 lin 'il ' ed." Sp~c ~~ 1!<:lwc..,n thc ~tc~ i, limite!.l." The ,t~p~ hal' c 1l,) he lel'cI," The ~id.:: r~iI ! mll't be al le:\.';1 IL~etl ~i " width ap~r, nt the top or th e I ~ ddcr" and 111\"1 'pr~"d UII! III ~ ' erlain C.Xlc!\! rrOn\ 10p t('l bruto m.'· · /d.~U,

' JJ..tH. ' /J· tH. ' /J. f ,.S. ' !rl. t 6. 1. 1. ' 1d. 1 b.l.l .

'"rd. f ~.I.~. l, " U. ~ tt. l . "(J. j tt.l .U. " IJ. § 6.~ . l.!, " f, t

" IoI. t 6.1. ' .J. " h1.

".".,,"

l.,\om:R.'i AI'iO 5011(-"01 .0 5 The Sle~ m u." be ;'''~"hcd in a "erI~ ill man ll"r." Slelll~lkIclS h;we ~ lOp ("ap. ,,·hich allo,,"S fl"l.'C s"·j,,sin&o f tl.e back So."(lioll ,,·jlhoUI cu,,:s,
T he spn:adcr ",Ur.! bo: of ~\lmcien l ~i1c and ~lrenSlh.'·

[h}-l. duslr;'l ] Stt p1;odw" . T he dim c n , io n~ of Ihe l'.1rt~ u,;cd in Type IA al\d T)·pc I ~t ~pl:!ddcr~ are pn" cribt:d." The ~ I CpS" :1111.1 bracins" are ~ peclflcd. [t)-Co nlln~ rdDI St~pl mkh.·rs.

Th e dimcm.io!ls or the rllt1S," th~ ~IC)l>." and br ~ cing" arc nil prcscrib.-d. I d}-Ho,~.old Slepbddcrs . Tho:: dinl<:w;io"s of 1he P.1Ilf.," Ih. st<:ps,'" ~ nd tI.., brncin," ~rc pr~'SCnbcd for hOll~h,,1d Mepb dd("f"S. 35

wcll

17}-1'or13bk Rllnl: Uiddcrs. TIICf': a ' e fOil' Iy","-s (If portable , un£ b ddcn: ( I) r.insJe lOOd" r: (2) ,,,·,... ,,,,,,,illn c., lension b ddcr: (3) "t"<;t irlll,,1 ladlk r; ;lIlt! (4) 1,,"!.lle and cxtcII~iOJl IT"",, )..; l~ddc ,. Each has it ~ o,,·n ~p.:dn ] r~'(lllirelHclih.

[nJ- Gcncl"Ill Rcqu lrements. Tho ladder. m n~· ha\'~ '·Mi(luS Iypes (lr b,,;e~.'· UUlllls mil S! Ix: lc,'d and properly ~ruco:d." Th~

"1tI. !

6.:. 1.~ .

'" fI!. ~ 6.;:.1 .).

Itfd. >0

Id.

~

0.2.1.6-

" Id. j 6.1.~. J.

,. J:I. f 6.1.2.1.

"/J. n 6.1.1.l.. 6.l.M . ,. M. j 6.1.!.1. "101.

~ ~ . 1. .1 . :.

"/d. II 6.~ .l ..I· 6.l.H. "iii. i 0.2.4.1. '"I
"1<1.

b.l. I.\.

~ ~. l.U.

"'100. I.IAn. PRAcn CIl (lUIOIl rung. "'U ~I be e made fr"lll n p:trtk~ \ar g.roup of wood.' :Ind \Ie a lllillil1l~n! d i:uncl~r. Ucfl"nding on tbe k,lgtb o r. he fU"g.1> Sh ~~ d~ n OI

or allti ; li p

devic~~

require thoi.

nrc optiona l equi[lnJ~nt." The ~la lld~rd

ills!~ Uatioo.

[hl-5in~k Lmlder. TIIerc Me fou r lyfl"S 0( iinglc bddcrs, ""'itll maximUIll 1cngth ~ for each t)"[le." Side- wil dimension s nrc ~[lCci­ lied." 'Ind t lte ...i d th bet ...·«n t he :;ide l'3iis al tlte b.l><:" i, specifh:d.

[eJ-Twn-SeCllolI f;x tc:Mion L:'Idd.::r. n,eN Me fnur t)'flC'I and

$il(!l; 0( t\\'o-~ect ion cxtcI15ion laddcrr.. " There ;ore maximum sizL-;, for instan~c. 60 feet for Tyfl" I ;md IA • .w r~~t for n'[le II. and 2t f""l for Type 111. " Minimum sidc·r:ti l dimc!l~ions nrc _t1.'o S",~lkr ' klc railti :lTC ncccpi"blc. if the r~il . llr~ rcinforc~d pro!",tl)' and arc cqui,-:t k nt in ... rentth. " There is" ntin im um diM"'OCe bcl\\'~'Cn lite ~idc rnit~ of the "Qucm s«ttCIl." There must he u minimu m overl~p bclwec-n the twO '~Cli(ln~, de. pend;ng on tbt IJlfl'I of CAI~$jon b dt b.: "Id· t ~.~. I.~. "f4. ~ 6..l. t.~ .

" hl.f /d .U.

"!d.

I ~..I.:!.l.

.. J,l j ., IJ.

~ . l . ~ _~ .

~ 4.)_2 . ~.

"M.!

G.J.3.1.

" 14.

,·/,t J

~_ LU

., M.

oJ .J.7.

~

.

" /d. t 4.l.1.!.

" U "ill.

J /0,3.3.4.

.'I

minimum

d~t:lllce

bet""....... " tbe pui" tS of bi:.'If.

LADlH:lIS ANI) SCAFFOI.I)S

I 56.Ml7J

ins.· · 3nd there muSt Ix: 3t 1,",,5t tl>'O p.~in of gu ide iron~ where the 10!, and boUOIn sn:lion~ meet" L.ock~ all d ~uide irolls tn ust bot: nleta1 and mo ng C!lOll g!! to dC"eiGp th e rnn ~trcJlllt h of th.: 5idc mil , ." The gul d ~ iro n ~ mU.l prc" em fh e uppe r M.'l:lion of thc ~Iddcr fro n1 1ippinG or (;liling ou l whi k: Iht lad der i~ mist."d. JO\>'~rnl, or in IIS\"."

A rope and ,,1,]1<.,)' ona)' be u>Cd ","it h the c.~te il lio n l:uhkr, lJUt lh. diam c1cr of the pulley ,," d t ll~ rope. ~"d th e minimum brcl king st r~1I1l1h or the ropc:, must meet lht stan dard 's ' rccifK:"ll oni.·· Id}-S«lionaJ L'Kklcr. The slaudanJ .
m ~lInc r."

le}- Trc.~I !c lid I::xt~ uinll Trtl.'ltk Luddl:1", Type. I . Th.".. is 11 "'MinIUm k:tl&t h and ';~.e." mi"i nluon di m~,~'~"'s ofth" ~idc rai l:;.," mi nimum sl'rcud of th . l'e,! I~ al Ih" bon oill." and millinlUm wi dth between ,id~ rail ~. " The eX! Cll si(1tl seclion mll!l D"eria" Ihe b:\,c sc~ · li on b~' n prcsc ribl:d Itumtu" , Or r~C1."

The mclal hing" joinl :It t he 10" or lh" side r:liJ~ mUM " ,e\'(111 Tlw met al s p =d~r or locking d ~ ,'i cc m U~1 be of slImci em ~i7.e and 51n:nllw to ,;.ccol el~· IlOld Ih e rrOn! and back ~CCtiollS 'f'r~~,j ill g. ··

" IJ. ~

6.J.}. ~ .

•, IJ.I 6.J.1.1>. .. I J.

f

6,J.U .

" /II. Ill , lo.3.J. IO.

. j

.. fJ.' 6.J.~, I . .. M. f &, H ,!. ~, /d.

"IJ. i

~.J.H

" IJ. ~ 6..1. ~.I . "hi. ~ Id .U.

"/rl. f

6,].l ..t

" /... t

6.J.l.4.

"(4. j; 6..1.H .

"Id.

~

6.J.Hi,

".,. ''''

f ill

I'IWI). r.lAu.

$6JIl[8)

1·1I.~C1rCE

GUIIlI:

th~

~ Ign

open po1i!Km."lh e C.\ICl1~on l00;:king d,-",i n: mm! ~ of a dc· nlu] ~lrCr\glh which Il cvclops lh ~ rull mC\\Sl h Grlhe ~idc rails."

Ru nS" "'''lnOI be mor~ II~~n 18 inch<:s .1parl . nor 1= llt.,n 8 inches ~p~rt. 011 tll~ e~tclisia ll ke lian, HUI S.' ~h3n Ix: s/U=I:II knt 6 ineb· ~b apMl and 110\ mOrC [lmn 12 inch~'S apftrt. " E..lclIsion l rat!c In
[~}-Plntfor .. l .Jlddc r. A pl atform InddcT i ~ like a portnble lld· c.\ccpt it h~, a worklns plnlform ncnr Ihe lOp. Requir~ mcnt ~ for eOll!otruction arc ~im il ~r to [h~ fCW" slcpladdcn. 'I'het"~ ar~ s!'<-'Cif· ie '\'qllir~menl ~ for Ihe slope of lite hick = I;,;,n.... Ihe minimnm wldl lt bclWl'Cl\ ~idc r;,i l~ at the platform ." and the method by which Ih. b:tck lcS~ nnd ,i<Jc rnil, arc conncelcd."

d ~r.

TIle platform mUSI be 11l:'ldc so llt"-I it " 'ill not f:til ordcfotm under a loud of 1200 Ibs. fo r t )·pe IA: 1000 1b5 .. type I: a nd 900 Ib~ .. I)-'pc

JJ .fl Ib}-I'lIlnICr'S S lt'fIhlddcr. l'!lime",' Mcp];I
nO! "" lonlle r titan 12 feci. mea,u rcd frem Ihe fronc rniln l01l8 10 the top of the tOP SICp." They llil"c 10 lII eet cllc Tcquj r.mcJ1l~ fo r slcplnd· tkrs. CXCCflI : (~)

The top ..~ p can iii: climin:'I(d:

., 1oI.!

6..1.~.'.

" II. § 6.3.'.10. u/d. ~ lo..\, .... {,I. ! 6. ) .'.9 . •• /d. t U .1.2.

•J

" 'rI. §6·U .l .

"/Il l

to.4.) . ~.

"I
".~. I.!.

"/J.§

6.4. ~. t

56_bl

!l SWlIIOJ

(b) A m Il<:

spre;ld~r

may

l~ \I~l'
instcalf o f n

m~l:d ~l'rcml~r.··

[~}-M:lwn's

r.... ddn. A n1~son's bdd~r Is" 'pccial 1)"pc of single \;oUd~ , for lise in hn'·y c'>Jl~ruclion WOII.:. It COI"'lol bt: lon:;.:r than .w r~~t.'o Ther.: i~ n milli mtlln ~i ze for slde mil.,," minimUIll width between the sllf~ mi ls!' 11m! specifk:lliom for Ih e runs phl c~· lIIenl."

n

(9)-5ltp S ioois.. Sll1' , tooh (; ... 001 be longer I h~n ilKhcs." sltlfN nmy nOI be k." Ih ~n 4 inch<::'i in the fr011l nml 2Y, inc!!~"l in Ihe b;l~k ~cctio"." T here mll~l b. at Iea.t lOY, illche~ bt:t wccn side rail , nt th ~ lOp >lep. TIle sprc:ld must incrlM~ IX il1che!< per fOOl . frum wI' 10 boUo m." Ther.: mll, l be 1\ ~urrlCienl l}' Mrtlnll meta l jflf"e:Jdcr ur IllCkins dc,·ke 10 Ioc;k the front IIml bae): pos ition s in open ro,;ilioll." The lOp c"l' 1)HI ~ 1 be at IC:l:ll II fOOl wi de. SX in ches de"", arId X·ille!! th ic~. Thl~ r

\'~rifi(":II;OfIl"tsI&. I....:!d dcn n,u~1 p3 ~' IC:SI~ to rna!.:e Ct"II,r"ml to the rcqu iremelll, of tb~ st:llldnrd . Tile prderrvd "D.... ign Verificati
[IO}-I>ctJ1l11

.u r~ th~)"

i.. "

)l311dard." l\'atur3l!y, whcn rlf: rr",,"illll a \<::'i t or i1l1c'prdin!,: rC5 ulls, . erc.· <"lIce mUM l~ made 10 Ihe ~lanlbTd ilsclf. 1101 10 the O\ll iinc o f Ihe !ila" d;"d pm..·idc"d in Ihis clmple •. Th" <)II!Ji!\<; io t his ch~)ltef" is il' • .. Id. j

6 . ~. :! .2.

'0 JJ. t

6A.U. "Id. t ~ •..·,l. "hi. ! 6. •..1..'. " It£ j b

~ .J.4 .

"Id. t'-'·I. " /d.

I IU.1.

" 'J. t (,.'.,L. 11 1.1. It

ttl.

~ ~ . , . '­ ~1, .

1.

"/lNS! ," •. I.t~S2 /I" 'M !" ", ~

"r

'6JJ.
j

' . 1.1.

II" I... "

",
~.

Ihe " aurl:oro.! ;. !"(I"·ioI
;rt/rlJ

PRe)!). L),\II. I'R,\CrI (.·E Gum !'; 1 '~ldal 10 hiShlis bt

c '·crvi c,,· of

:1Ic:l~ .. f iuqui r)' and IUO"id" a n an d procedurc!i of th e te,t s.

11110' fIOtem ia l

l li~ p\l rposc~

[a}-Yl'.\ti _1t ElTon;. 'fhc ~I~ nd~td st~lC!1 I b~1 " (sJubtle ,':Ina· liom in t('l;[ [c-c litl iqu"ll may inml<Juc~ ~ i~nilien m ["'Iinl.! ~rrol1l tlt~[ bi1llthc le~ling p rogram." It sla tes th~l th e PC!!;"'" cOIloiLlctjlll,! lhe tc;lins sllou'" h,: c:ncr,,1 to fuU\lw ~II
111;, Jl,u" jd"" a r... liI~ arel of c rQ\j,·eM minal;on in a ny IlMkIt r a.s<:. !lot h coun,",~ ' ! e~pert and the "1'[lI)llent'., ~~r"'rt 11':1)' Ix: <juc~­ li oncd (0 determi ne wt.<:thcr 1hey kilo,., tIl e dcta;]~ of l he t~'S.t in ;; j t:Oll' wrds. Ifl hey tJo not Imo"- Ihc ddails (Ill the witnei10 sl~nd. Ih c jury may cOllcl ud c t)tnt

Ih~y

didn'l r" uow the del ail . in til e field ,

Tbu~ .he la...')'~ r shOl.]d do ' '''0 . hingl- Fir~l. he nm~t ma"" .~ur" Ihat hi ~ c~l"'rt'~ I"'H int, metltoo . :lnd kn " ,,'1cdgc arc lJoCy,lIld ntt ~ .·k . He shou ld obs..r.'c Ihe lCj lins to mnke ~"r~ Iii~ ~.'p~ mll lQ § 7. 1.1. Ih~ 0 11P!)n''1lf~ 101 ra.u lts wi ll ikl(.'rm inc wh"th
s/',OIIO, fhe I ~wj'cr ~ho\lld h:l"~ Ihe tle l~il, ~ f Ill" lI:!!t, li st,..I for r ....ddy r~rere"cc d uring «"""",~anl;nati\lll <Jf hh oPflOn~IIl's I:Al)<.' ft.

He sho uld COIlduc t a Ir;\'i:1 tc~t with the '''ppOuonl's c~pcrt. rr the cXj'lCrt nl3hs a nli,tah, elle l:t",)'cr !.iIO!!]tI refer H' § 1. 1.-1 (.,':ld lh.:ol "diliGL'llt c rr<: 311cnlion 10
,,"t1

[b}-Ch""s tn~ tll ~ ]~1 1Itlcr to T~s l. It is u.I' in ~II c'ln'va k nl "'''',"<'I'.

" /d.

~

7.1.4.

tAIlIJt!AS A:'
IC\IS !oha ll be ~.... rtt.h"u:d o n lad~~'f'1i lhal h ~v<: h,."'" ill " '" Qr s ubjt.-.ct I" prior d:ml :lg~, lII i~u 'c, or abu~~. "" T h"rcrur~, if n d~",i gn defeci b ~lail""d. Ihe ICIIIS fohoulll Ix JlIIrfonn~-d on ~ I-;lm pk lalkler 1h., 1 h,"l.!i not been u!iC<.l pr~\·iou ! ly . The Ic~t~ Call :"~o be cond ucted on die b ddoer wllieh failnl. U\l'\),!vc:t, Ib" rden llli IClOt r,""uh s (or Ihe pUrpoloCI! ofd elerm ining com plim'cc \\'ilh Ihe w llld ard ~rc Ille lei l rc~ull ~ on Ih~ So.1 ml'k IInus.d Julk!.".. In n dc"SiS lIllcfccl cme, Ih e m:lll ufacmrcr will brillS in experl. who will le>"lify 11m' lru:y t.,",,( O lilt m odel b ddcr In qUCSlion " " d Iha l r"l'r~"";"I~li"~ .ampll'5 .1 11 compli ,'
If liu: m:lllllf:lc!nrcr tCSl w an III1U!>tti !o.,mpk nud the plaintiff t~~I ­ used L,d dcr, it C~ II be nrgu .d Ihat Ihe plai ntiffs tt,t rdul ls a rt: a r81~lbl>' jrrde"nnt ror Ih e I'urpo<e of d~ltnnini n::; coml,]j;mre "illl 111,-, It ~nd~rd. filll':C Ihe "I~ndard ~flCCifi c'l!JJ)' ~)'p1ic"S to IInll sed ladder'!, ro

1\

Th . desi!; 11 \'~ri!ie~lion If;.
Th '~~, if Ih.: s:u 11 ple b ddcr p3-<.S<:S!i«: 1l,."iS" "criflealioll (."Sts, I!'" I:tddcr !hal f:1;lcd as well :IS " s:,"ll'le lad der ,,~cd ill :m \.'(Iui"llklli

· ' /d.,1.U, at TIl ..... 1<" 'OS<J II .. '"' "'.-II, . d ... net h<>ol of 1<'I"'J ~,~l , too MI. ",;I y and q...:tif",,,. ,..,... of ,toe ''''' - """'~I he "".. in«! d",i~~ dio
t $I;»l{IOI

1'1101). 1.10\11, I'R,\CTICE GUIIH:

mUllllcr") '" Id limie r ~'qUiV;llcII I ci ro;:u nl r.l atl CC' ~ h ould be l':-; lro . Th e I~St rC'\lh~ ~all ll"," he ~omp:lred . If lile re~ul l ~ for th e ladder that r'li kd :Ire lI'Orse lh'1II Ihe resuh~ for the >amlJoi e kidder lI'i lll equiw· knt U!iI:, the e,' pen c;on upLlin why thil> sItov.1I thc ladder th:ll f:lik.cd Ind· ll.r. lhe expert awl' 1 ~ljfy thai :lJrhough tile: Inddcr was us.:d, th e 1.'lI1 results :IT\: idenl;.

1 " 'OIl W oo\'C ~tl oblai,,,..t.1 h~d Ihis pfirticulnr I,alder \leell l~";lc<.l before 1I 1e. ThcrdQre. its fllilu~ to COlllply ",it h the (J csign vl:1ilk:llion ICS!~, "' hilc olh er la(hJcr~ or the snmc nHldcl do <:o'l1pl)', indiclI I"", IluI tile: Lld der has n nUlIluraClurins <.l~. fcel. Ir the Ind(Jer cannot til: 1<.>:s!e(J conl pleldy, because or dnmnge to Ihe 1:t(J(Jcr wllich occnrrc<.l in the 'Icciden t. t he ~.~p" rt may ~ I ill C.~"rn­ illO: the onal~1i~ls 'JT v.'Oti;UI:lIIshi p. If Ihey are in!ldcqu':l1c, he m Ol)' ~~pr_ hi~ " !,inion t":u II' ey wOLlIII h~"" C'IIl~"t' It..: '~dd~r, "'''~n new, 10 r"il It> comply with tlie r~'quirelllent 5 of Ihc ~ w" dard .

Ir nn n~Hlu f~ eturing or (JcsiS " d~f~Cl C~" be: fu uml by tc-sting o r c:u mill.1lioo., I"~ np..'l'1 m~y be I!.Ul1l i,,.,u 31IriU ' lvn ...... noi"S lhe cir· C Ulllstanc~':I ur the acc i tl~ "1 as ,.'"!;,ilicd 10 by I' I\! "b intiff ~ ' Id other witnesses. "~sU1l1i"S Ih ~"li~ circum S lnnc~ til be true for Ille sake uf hypoth<.... is, the expert mOly then e.~ p rcss his opinion that ,lie ladder I" US! 103'"e corll:oilled n m;ou uf3CIu riIlS d efect Of il .... ou ld no t ha\"e r~ ired

under lh~ ci rClI1 "starl<.~,··

[c}-Gt ~rnl Prltldl'lc~

nriflcaliCH'

I I:Sj~

of Tes tln~, Th e rc~ults uf tlte de~igTl are l(1 ix: !lI ken fh .: min uies "fto,.. to.1d r~rnO\·~t"

Th~ I.~ loo<.l mUM be IlfJtllkd ~Iow'y, ,,,,aid I" !: ' III}· ion p3CI '""ding during the l~St."

Thus, ir I h~ pbinlif!' cn uscd ;nopJ c.t loodi ng of Ih. ladd er in somc IIla,mCT. ' ''ch :lS by jum p;"!; o n ii, or /flo"illg 0 11 il in ~,, ~. " ';1)' but slowly, h~ .... oukl h:m, 110...." "beinit a d iffe rent IYpe of I<):I(J 011 l h~ !:odder lhall it was tC'Sl ed for. Thi s; lila)' m~k e n dijrcrw~~ ill wme "

1b< ~n

b older.

p,.e " ."

..';)Uld luu ,,,,.,I«II!>e lodder fu< """'pori1<.'o1. /1;"",;"'011 lb. , 'M «lui ••1ent .. ill ""
•• 5 .... rr1r'" I )(0.011111"11'1 . "'\NSt,\t4 , l'19~ 2~ 7. 1,' . hfd.§ 1.U.

""'"''''

,...,

LAI)j)~: RS

"",n SCAFfO l.llS

Mluatioru<, but in "'0'11;1 would b: i r'clC\l~ ro •. Th~ (I\ll'Slion i~ whet ber the lu!.klc r'~ <.i ..-siS Il w~s :l d!.'1 Sur Sincl~ lind 1t'<.Iens;"" l .ndd~ E.1ch 1)'pe or l;,lld!.~';~ ! ~t ed 10 hold;o "'orkin& load 0(:1 cerlll;" lIuml",:,.. or po\lll d~. A~ :I iII\(cty ra~lor. it j~ lc~t lvmlcd to hold lou, lim." it, wnrlo ing rood.A Th" sl~ wJa rtl ~~ fo rth ,lie ml.'l hod of al)pl~ins the

lMot 10.1<.1, ;"

dCl~i1.

with lliagrams,"

(f}-Bnrd ... ,c Tcsllng ru. fox'ensi" n Lnddcrs.. Tht Icstint or lIanlw"re used 0 11 exlcn~i(ln l add~~ f!.'
of rnachil1 c to operate di e runs lock tb rnuSh certain cy~I<:"-" K01 l...'crY "oU]"("n " ...i tl I~,,'c Ihis C<\uillrnC'lIl. j;O if Ihen: i. a lI:m lwa re fl,i lu ... i,,"oll'ed in the ca,." colltlr..l i must be .I ure l h~t lh~ expert IH" Ih e
Ihe r""l~i r~mcnl~. 51n~ a~d K"l ~nsion l .IIIidl'fs, T "~ ladd.:r li floo 36 incho.-s off a CO<1"rcl~ [1oor, ~nd d roppc.-..l to the fl oo r 011 cn~h mi l." If there is no visual Jlnnallc. it 1~IS'Cr..

[fJ-Drop I I'S! for

-, ' -

i~

placed

~i
IC}-I' IIol S Up T""'. Thill I",'" i~ 10 IIC: ,ure I h:1I Ihe (oot 0( Ih" l he ladd er to sli p. which i ~ a COIl IIIlO Il "aILS/:

I" dd ~r due; not pc fmil iii' ladde r :lccklcIII ~.

A 16'[001 c~l~n~ion bdder is fll lly cXl cndcd "'i,1! ils fec'! r",lins Oil plywood wltkh hns bc(11 Sllll dc-d. A wdSl!t is allach~d 10 Ih" th ird " E'«ll" n, duty;" 'Yr< II. ",,1 liFl l1 dnl y I, 1)'1'< III ,

.. A I U ·I~.i1 ~ 1.1. Tobk I S. "1
I 7.:

"'J.~ 1 ..'.l.

tL'd· t 7.J. 1.

!

7..1.2.

" ldt

7.JJ.

., Id.

" 'd, § 7,4, ""'., U .

..,,""

~ ~ IOJ

I' ROD. I.IAo. I' RM..T ln : CUIDE

high.,.;t 0)' fungo nlld:l hori 1.on!~1 pu llins for~. i, npplied. K [ ft hcr~ i~ any "ot ic~"b1c !lIo<'enlcnt acr"s.~ tho I~t ~urfnte, Ihe ladd er fall~ the tes l. [b}-J·:"f~ndhtJ.:

L~ ddcrs . T his t ~.,t" 10 em!\<: ve rt j~ol Cl1.tel1iio n o f Ihe fl~ iII....'ion. A tO m»I"le c.~ I ~"1I..ion Indtkr is Sl.1 in a ,·crtic:l l posilion . lind ~ m,'JSlIrI:tl tlol"nwa rtl fol\'1: I~ lIf1t>Iiro VCI1kJlly 10 Ihe oollom fllII&ot llte lOp ~Iio" , o r the ro pe ~n'" pulk y if lilt l:KkIcr Ita.. J tOll" :1m' pulley ~~'slcm in ll:,l k~.

I,'orce Test for F;"lcnslon

mcas ur~~ I lt~ <.IO)"·lll"llrd ror,"~ n .~es'l.1 1)'

Th" mn~; n1\nn foree no:<;c~~ary to ~~usc "crtica l exten,;;"" of the fly 'cetio!1 of two rcet or more. .11 a rmc of one_hnlf 10 on e foo t per ~c"<:ond, ; ~ !11 c:!$\1 rcd. Th e overage nm.\;mUIl1 fo rce cannot e.\cc~d Iwo limes tit. wcij.:ltl of Ule lad d.,.·, lop k(tion. [ i}-CompressIa R "fl'!il. This Int J pJ)li,,. 10 slcpbt!der,;, T' ~'I ' form b dtlc", Il"($ilc b dden .. U lcr1.Sion Iml le ladders. m.d ~ep s loo1l'. In .IN: leol," a Io:Jd is applkd 10 tlte L1ddo:t' Hlp ClIp o r pial ' form. or . tn Ike f;:U;C o f a I r~"il l e 1atl~t;1" ~ nd tlt e base wction of ~n eAI~n si o n Il lilier, 10 both >ecIKJII' oftlw l~ddcT al th.e top cap of e~ ch. =tioll. ' 11t~ Indde T mus t wi tbst a nd th ~ load without ICSI fa ilure. [jl-lJu~k~1 S helf Test for S lcplndd~rs. The bucket shdf IInt SI s uppo rt II lo:KI of 100 pou nd s for aT 10:.1 .1 une nlinute lI'i ll1ou t f~iI. ure. "

[ kJ-':ronl S lnbilily T l'SI. TIlis I<.'S I' appliej 10 !.Icp bddm. pI~I' for m ladtkrs.. lr<.'Sill! b dtkrs. f;lIICIISio'l !Tot le laddtlli, ~ntl St\"P stools. A In:td is l Pplicd 10 the s«oIld hi SIt .,.t ~'ep or fUll!;. o r the: pbtf,,",l - Ihc high .,;t propcr !.Iamj;"; k\"d. A horizontal pulling force, fm nt ...,:.r(ls, i~ then exerted m a f>:,niculn r PlITt of lhe I;,dder, depen ding on the I ~'PC of ladder bei ng tC~I ...... The ladd er must Ml l tip fl'W front 11 IIInd lC!'s lban Se' fo rth ;11 Ihe l1a ndnrd .'

J

"/,l

1.(, ' r~hIe l ~.

• , III. § 1.1. " Id.§ 7.11. "1,tt7~. I

Iii.

f

'hI. ~

7.!{l,

7,tO,'r,hl<1 9. " .. !.I,

[I}-Sid!! StahiliEr Test. This ICf>I' :11'1'11<.'5 10 sl;:I,Iadd~n;, " bl(o rm I ~d dcrs , In:5 tl " In d d~rj . c.~lc llsion trestle I~ ddcrs. :lIId ~ICp stool ... A l03d i~ ~ I'rllo:d to,he !oOi:ond hithcsl !.Ie" Of runs. or . he pl:l. l(or1ll. A hori7.0!1I ~J pull ing for~c. ,I dc",,,rd s. is ;l pp1ic~ !(l a p:.r· Ii\:"br pari of the b~d"r. Th" ladder mll~1 ItOt Ii" o~~r (ro m a 1o.1t.I I~~ than thn t ~I fo rth ;n Ille st andard.' (I1IJ-Rcnf StltbHh.· Test. Th l) lesl' a ppJi<.'!; to "cpludd cn;,

p l ~l ­

form In dders, H~'!i tl e kid ders, e.~I(nsion I rc~ll e L1d
SlnbilJly 'fesl. 'nll s te' t' ;l ppli ..1< ' 0 'I cp lad dcrs, l:Wden, IId l ie b dlkn.. and t!U",,,,iOl' t resllt ladders (nol !O ~Iep ,tool.). A lon d 1.1 apll li ed 10 Ihe J:lddcr lOp Clip, pl atfo rm . or lOp , 10,1' wln,n 110 lop cap ;~ used. A hornDnlnl force, ~. rw3 rd, i, ~Illlljcd at n p~lti c1!lnr part of Iile Ind d~r. !f Ihere i~ nIL)' rcL1111'c tnIWCIIlCII( in ",,(es~ or one inch, (If lilly
{o)--Ra ckhlll T e.\!. Th l~ I"'t· :Lpplks til 5Icllladdm,. pintform bdder,;, 1tcslic bdd..:r~, :md c.\I Cll Sioll IrCSlle bddc..-s (not 10 !\lep ~loo"). to. lo.1d is ~ppl ied to Ihe bottom mjl. to. "crt icnl pli llins fon:c is ;tpp li ed, lift ing j usl [he reM fc ..1 of III .. L,dd~r lh r~t' inch •.,. o IT Ihe Ooor. to. force &allgch ll~ 10 >lt1pl)' n si.'·pOllll d lUlCra\ pulli ng for.:e :'1 Ihe bollom of one fea r ruil. T he bler:,1 disp~.ccmtllt of lhe re:lf rail i~ tnt::l 5Ured. The nt~ximum luteral di ~placcnlcnt carm,n ex c( ..'<1 Ihe vn luc ~c t fort h in the ~ ID ndnTd .' '{d,

§ 7.11.

' IJ.l ' Id, • fiI.

~

1. I I . T,b\et~.

7.12.

~ 7, 1~ .

hbt.

[~.

'Id, ~ 7,lJ. ' ''L ~ 1, 1 ~.

'Id. t ?14. T,bklo.

1'1I 01l. LI .l.lI. I'RA<:nCf: "U IHV,

[p]-Front-R ailnnd Bm:k-I..fG Dynpmlc Drop TC~I. T hi ~ IC5t " ladders. 1 f"C"l11 ~ l~dlkrfo, Cl(ll"fls.iOU Ir~~I 1c lad
{q}--Ibil TOni;o" ~!l d Spn.>adcr T.... I. Tit;,; tc.'ll" applies to ~ Iep­ bddeN. ~I O\tr
§ 56.05

l'url:l~lc

r>leM

L~ddcrs

,U4.:_11I!I.l "" ,bo! ., . .. """ N ..I ....! su ........ In"iI"~ I,\:-;!.' \) " .. ,d,.d for po.tab l. ",,·,.1 1>t- "" poJ<1ab\e ..... oIl:001.kn. d",U<. ", I~. "."" ....... fW »0<1 • • ,\t"~ !

Wo .",.tIMd,rs. 1"" . ""hl"".! ,.... ,... , ~plr '"_,.. b ....... ",I.'~ prl •• , I1}· t. b,odl'll "ml "n'n~ lb. no. m. .,~ ..... s:o-«!IG e •• Ieu" ,II<> ~,kJto .1 ,100 lIf
{I}--Ihtkwoud. l·ne llacksroullli flll" till: IUCf~ l lad. 'len! 10 m-~ .Ir :!OO .. r"oui~ation' lUld j"d jl'Klual:i rn~ r~,·it'''· anti "omment. ·fI,e r~.. ult ili S ~IISgeltiol" were considereu in pn:l"'rins tile lin~l d("n , .... hich ... " ~ ~pl'rO\"t,,1 ill !956 by Ihe SI:mdard. ··,,1.

~ 7. 1~.

II Id I 7.1 t.. "Id. ~ 7.1 7. , $.~. ,~"'" ~ ~ ... ~(Ij. ,. ~, ,,, ,

.....

LADIIERS Al'iJ) SCAFFOLDS

§ 56.0S[~]

Committee, The !972 edition was also developed by Suocontmillce AI4.2. The ~ta!t(Jard wa~ upgraded in 197~. in r~"po!l~e to:l Consumer Product Safety Commi"ion "ch(lilenge." a"cr 100 imown ladder e.'pem provid.d technical expertise, in O,'cr 50 mecTing" with ovcr 400 test document', o"er n period of two yc,m;. Tesl procedure; for de,is" "crific:llion, qualit}, cOnlrol, ~!ld in_ .ervice t,,~;[illg were d~,'c1oped. Design verification would tnke phlcc during the original (ksign dCI'clopmcnt of the product. Quality can· trol would be cnndncted Oil Ull ongoing lm~i~. In·sen·ice to!';I~ wOlild be collducted by the u~cr all a periodic basis. ANSI AI4.2-1981 wa~ approved March -t, 1980, to become cm.ctive June 4, 1982, Certuin modilkatio", were required, '0 the efT~'e­ tive date W1l> changed 10 OClober 4, 1982. [2J-SimilnrJtic~

wllh St~ndllrd for Wood L~ddcrs. The pro,';,ions for I'onable Metal Laddc~ arc the ,ame as for l'or\:lblc Wood Ladden; in many instance,. 1'hi, section will therefore not reitcrate lhe provi,ion, and t~><;l" ""I fonh for wood Iudders. °Ole Selection, Care, U~C, and Labeling pro"isions arc tile same for all lite A NS( otandard •. The only difTerence is in chnplcr number. For instance. the selection prm'isions are in chapter 8 of the wood and metal ladder st:mdards, while in chapler 9 for lh. reinforced plaslic standard. The bbeling provisions are in chapter 9 of th e stan_ dard_, for wood lnddern and mctnlladders, bill ill cllapter 10 for reinforced pi:'slic Indders. Otherwise, tile section numbers arc the same. Therefore, ciWlion 10 ,c\eclioll, care, lise, and labeling provisions will be only 10 Ihe applicable ','elion of tile st;lIIdard for wood ladders. [3}-Rationulc for Standard. The rational. for Ihe slandnrd for porlubk metal standards is on file wilh the Secrelariat of the Subcommillcc A14.2! [4}-lntcrprctulion. Interpretnlion rilles for the slandard for metal ladder. arc lho ""me as the rules for wood ladders.' 'An",;,.1" L.>dd" lfllti,u," It I E,,,, \\'",k
PROIl , tJAlI. 1·ll.H.'TICt: Gum':

[5j -Sfl'ufiudOlIs- The brief ",alerial specification>:lre.>el {ofl b in Ihe gt llcral r~'(luir.m ~III"· T!I~..,~ irl clud" rC(jllircmcnls fo r flarc,' sid. ruils,' rung ;Iud ",cp ~r~"ills,' ruu g .o lln ~~ l io n'.· Tungs.. ~I~~ nnd pl~ lf",m~' hmdw:uc,'o "nd 'lI/ITS. boll ';' o\'as. :md ,,·clo:k." Th .r~

ilre .hort Sp""irlCal i on ~ for s.lcpladder ~11.c. " . Iope, " .... Idth ~nd spr,'lld." SIC!"'. J> $ICI' ",ielt h," buckd slod l'cs." blCk seclion," feci ," nlld ' prcndcn; ." Fur sin:;t.: :lud CXlcl1)ion l~ddtfS, IlIm:: aN specificatioo. for width, " ~i7.t,» o"erla p I.:nglh," o" crbp co1l1rol." and for the c.• tell' ~iul1

l<xkinS d~\·kc."

Sp,."cifl,·;uillJlS fur tloc tope and pulk"}· ... . hQ,,:s, ·o\," S I AIU. I ?~ l ~

. tJ. 1

~PUfS, ~"d

ot her

S,

j,1.

'/d iJ.l, , hi. { S.l .

• /d.

~ l . ~,

M. ~ ~ . J . ,. i
~

lIM f P .

"ht I 6.\.1. 11M.

t

(d, ! ,

"'d. j ~U.

"/d, ! "fd. f

~. I.4.

&,1.>.

"'.t. j; 6.1 ."J

(.,\.7, 6. 1.1l

n /d.t

6 ,1.~,

" Id.~

,. fJ.

" Id. t (0.2. 1

(...:,,* ~.""~ j

"-~,~ ( •., " """" 10<1<1,,),

" ItI. I (,,13 " ;"sk J>dd
" fJ.

I

~, 2,j,

" hi. j • .~ ,6. " Id. ~

b.1.7,

J

(.1.S.

" IJ.

'.",'fl,

UDDf:IlS ,\"' 1) SCAFFOI .IlS

:U\1i,l ip ~kvi,",""." ,,,,d

( l id C;\l'~

~

U .O!Pl

,,,,d ~nd c)OSI, rl'li" :Ire '~I .

The :;.arne tyre' of spec irlCations :,re SI:I fonlo for !resile a nd t"lU ..-n$"',n Ir,:,;tlc I;o dd~'f"5," " ialrom l l:,l.kl c";.," wmbiuar iOlI Iadd<'N,II ~nd ~t." w'(l l ~."

[6 }-'\tI~k: IJ( Indinnlloo. The ~ I><:cifkd :Ingle of illclillmioll ili lh" .:,m( for mClall:"td c r~ as for ,,·,nt hid den;. 75Y, ele&rccs. Jl A lIlooifi· t alioll ill l~ulli" I't1 for rnmbin:'ltion ladder.. uset! ,n Illcir cxt~1,sioll­ ladd er ""!Up. '0 Ihe CXle,,1 II t:<'C'!:II)· to ""rmil Ihe Iread porlion rh . Slcl" III b<: ho riwllml or Ie,·e!.

or

[1J

T~.,.~

(,))--GtlMlll,Il',inc iplcs. ~rc

al'l,licabk 1(> both Ihe

gc m: r.1I principles of t<:Sling Iw der :mel nld:l\ b dllu ir~n ·

Th~ Io'Im c

,,·aod~...

,brd ~."

[b]-Tem S imilar {(J Those for Wonden J.nddcr~. ~fan)' of tll<.' 100000 rs in Ille ~1 :Uld:t rd fo r wooden 1:"ld(rs rlrc also u...-d in Ihe slall<Jard ror me ra l ladd~ r .." Unwe-o....,. the di",, =-.ioll r~la li"e to 1"""$ on woodtllladdc" IJoc< no t ~ l"·;o}"s ~pply 10 I..... l~ OIl metal l:ukkn... Fo r inwu"-,,,- a fail ure in a Ie,. or a lWl(I(\en ladder 01'!ct1 I. " no ,i~ual 11:t lllolgC." wh~r"a~ for mCl al l ad(l ~r$. tho b~lder mal' pa" n. lfms i!$ Ihe p..!rm"""" r ddormation d~! nOI c.,ce<.> rl"lou its, ref~r"n~. mUSI be Imide 10 Ihe ,,:nrdard it,df. II,l! to rhe o"tli"" of Ih. stnnd~rd rmwidcd in this c h apl~r.

>1M.

~

6.1.9•

.. 111.

~

6.: .IQ.

"/d. § 6.1. "hi. ~ ~ ..;. ) , hi.

t /d.

" /J. ~ 1t.6 "'J.~

H(..mlbdik,,).

".,><". '"JI'" H

~~.O~ [IOjI4[,J.

" ~.,.,.

56.t):(WIl,l)·[fj .

'"f""

j~

,t.,,.'>

J

I')l.ot). )JAB. l'IMe l"le ): (;UII)I:: The: foUouc;"S t~'SI~ ~ r" COI11111011 10 both wooden "" d mel:>1 \;Ill· denl , lUld crosNcfcr"n..:~"S nrc pro,·id"d 10 I h~ ,,(>
(1)

Lond

(2) tlard ... ~ r.;

TCSI~I'

(3) Drop

Tc~t."

T"·;~l

TO::
(4)

(S) 1'001

T~ l.'·

Sli!, T.-st.'·

(6) Mulliscclion Ext enuing Force Tl'!ot." (7) Comprc,uion T Clot. "

(8) Uu.k cl Shelf

T~'!
(9) Frolll Sinbi lity'" '" A~SI "H.!-I9lI! ~ .s.~.

'.p'U !

"Id. §

1. ~.1

(",,,tol L...w",.) •

!~.().IllOJ ldl.

7.,.4,"",,,,1l.dO ",).

s..~ """"

11 it/.

I

§ !6.().1[lOn~J. 1.2 . ~.2 (m01"II ,
s...- "'1'''' ~

SlJ.O.I( 10110. 7.1.!!l (n.. ,~ll>
' . Id. l 7.1. 11 (mc'~l blden).

:;'·< '"PI"O

~ 3~(lo.IIJQII~I·

" Id. { 7.1 {...... at ia
s.... "'P'" ~ 5(;.O-l{lolll'l· " Id.

f

7.1.1 1f" 'I.1 bd~"~l.

S« "'po.

"III. f

S« ,rlP__ "III.

f

~

!I6.OoIIIOjf,].

7 .J.~ ~

(m'l,lI h,dd.r>;).

5(;.00I11!l]1il·

7.M l.n,
·...·<'"P'~ i

!I6·fU\!!lIlQ ·

..

'....., ,

LADIlI!:RS A-'Il SCAFFOLDS

~

56.05[7J

(10) Side Stabi!it},." (11) Rear Stability."

(2)

Tor~ionl!J

(13) Racking

Stability."

Te~t."

(14) Front ami Rco]r Rail Drop Test." (15) Rail Torsion and Spreader Test.'"

(16) Stepladder Slip

Tc~t."

(17) L1beling Tests."

[e}-Tests Unique to Metal I,adders.

TC'Jt~

for met:d ladder:; Ihat are in addition to Ihose for wooden ludders relnle primarily to bending and ~trenSlh. [d}-In-Service Tests. Tlte metal ladder slMIdard il11rodllc~"!. sp..'Cific "in-service" t",I~, which arc not spccificxl :lS ~nch in the wooden ladder staminrd.ln-sen·ice teslS arc desisned to cvahmtc the condition of the prodnct following actnal field ,"n'icc. The}' arc to be condnct(."{[ illltle field by the rnarillfaclllrer, the owner, the "s.cr, "/d. § 7.11 (n1".1 bddm). S(C >UP'" § 56,04110111].

"/d.

~ 7.3,~

(m..,~t 1.140"').

S,-,' sUp'''- § S6.()4110Jltnj,

., /d.

i 7.3,9 (mo"II><1d",).

S", supra § 56,04[lOlIn]. " ld. •,;<,

~

7.3,10 (mMO"j .

'"P'" § 5(,,04[10][01,

., ld.

~

7.3.11.3 (0'01,11"<1<1",,),

$", '"pr~ § 56,O.1[lOlIpJ. "ld.§ 7.3.I:!(m<,,,It.14dmj. S,'c '"pr~ ! ~6.04IIOJ['Ij . ., la. § 7.4 (rn,lalloo!k"j,

S,," ,
~

S6,~1101[r],

7.6 (rn'«III,&k"j,

S,-,· inf",

j

~6.06.

1'1l0U. 1..1,\11. l'k'\CIICf. (lli U)1: or Ih c~r :Igcnl ~." Many of 1he i n-scrvk~ I"'I~ n r~ .. "

le)-lIuriwnt:d Uc~d illl:. In this 10;1 fo r sin s!e, c.'\ ~I. slo n, anti combi ll:uioll laddcu," th u J"ddcr is pbcc'(l ill :l flu l, hun zo" I,,! ~i· I;orl, lo.,d~d in :l~co1(lal\cc whh T:lble 5, 3nd 111(11 un lo.llI~t1. A Ikllec\iOl' ICSI 10<1\1 is Ihell ;,pplied 10 bolh ~id ~ r.lils in a ~lI«ific loc;;1. Iio n, ",)(1 \'c n i~al 111"'lsur~ llI~n ls nrc Wkcn of bo lh rai!.l, bl;forc and durin GiO:l ding "lid "f.cr Ihe load i. r.:nt ovOO. The m,ll);inlU!ll n"crag~ dclk<1 ioll ofbol h side mil~ ~ 1l,,01 uc.:a.I:1 '-:l llIe 5<.1 r"nh ill T:tbk 6 of the 1il ~lId~ nl . An ;llcrca""d load c'!,,-,.I (o lit. ul1im:l!c IOS1 1001d. in :lcco rd:II1~~ ",;Ih T:,bk 5. i~ Ihell 3p(1l":d 10 l ite L1dd~'T. 31 1bitt diff~'1'Cnl sp.:cifie 'Utls loc, liom. ' 1,e ladd"r ", u~t suslai n the 10:11.1 willlolll fuilurc." [~nencelloll l'~st.

Thi. h:st"

i ~ dt:~ig tl ~d

10 be

~ s.:d

bot h M

a ..k~j;" "",rific;lIio" lesl, ror the m~l1Il r:lClU"''T. ~ rn.I an i"'~i""icc 1"'1, Fo r the u ~ r. The ludder i ~ prdoaded wil li lbrd. 111~ Ic:<;l "",,u lls an: '''''oukd 01' a d~ '!l ~Io:t:\. A deflc'Clion I~ 0 "crl ical dj.t an,-~ from the eX 1TCme cul~kl o cdgO!i or lh o widest ",'(lion of bol h rail, 10 the floor. bo th before loading ~ml ..... hilc Ihc r,,1I 1,"'1 1();It! is ;11'111i.:d . The I.1ddcr nl llSl p.'~s 1m: II:St ",ilhoUI Cl.C«dinS Ihe (kfl,.,;liQ" a"d MliCk o f IWiolt "'1 for1h in Tabl~ 8 or I h~ ~tn!1dilnl . I!.:)-Jo:':':I,....'ilOII (-"dde. Ru ng·lkndi.1: S IrCf1!:!)1 TtSI_ In Ihis lesl,'" 3 dowl1wa N diS(rib1u
: .1.1.

" rd. "M. I '.2,1.

""1 %' .2.1 .2-

" rd. t

1.l .2.

t

'. l ,S.

.. It/,

""'''''

I'ROU, U ,\H. I' MM ; n CI : cumt:

5/>-16

r.oil ..':mlile"w bi:1l(linS IC'5 ls,"" 'Th . pu r-pos.: is 10 du:<; k ir Ihe b;.se of Ihe ladd~r will be nd when a In.~d i ~ upplicd 10 ii,

In Ih~ ,1:lI le side, r"il camiic,'cr h.nd!nIlIC~I." ~ l:1ddcr is pbc~d on ils edge wi lli Ih~ rungs \'crtic~1. Th ~ lower gidc mil is U"sUpfIOrIcd. from Ih e 11<1410 111 end to the midpooiut o rlhe lowe~t runs, A tC$1 hllld is al'l'iid m3'mer, Nl'ithcr side r.lil C:Ill suffer over Yo inch of penna_

.,,1

n..


'rh ~ s..'(.~Ml(1 t..OSI , Ihe , ide-",il c"ntil",·c' drop ""'I," i'l !lmil:!. 10 Ihe S.11r1C l e >l performed on wood ell laddct! ," [Il--S i~ e·ltnil Bcn~ing Tc~t, 'I'Iri ~ leSt" rcqllir ..", placin g a 10ld, in ;lcenrci ancc wilh Table II ol'th" "Iand a rd, o n ~ ~tx'Citic 'fIO l Oil Ille middle ~ I Cp ~dj:l,:cnl 10 one side 0( lh<: m il of Ille lalklcr. 'nl" m:At lIigh<.T st<1) ;~ th"" tc:!;, ..-d. The bdlkr mUS{ Wi! M!lllld Ihe 10.,<1 wi! houl (pilu . ....

l'h'Clorm Ik'fldilll: Ten Til" I<-Sl'" ~v~lu.1l~ lit<: I)f Ih ~ i l~p or pbtfmm .....: Iioll by ;'ppl,'ing ,tlmd over lit e full ",-,dill u f th~ ",ep m [ll:\l form ,u,d Oil II.., <:c1llcT of lhe 101lS"'1 [ml-St~fl llI'

~H~lI gl h

or bo tton, ~IC p, 11 Ihen i.!; u[lpli..-d to Ihe longest like SICP will,o ul hr;lc<'s, '" w~11 'I~ 10 .te[ls or [lIUlforms of different d ..-.;ign, or >!",clfication .. The luad h; Ihen :lPf'liod to Ih ~ lUI" C~[I of a , tel' >100 1. If there is t
[nj-Sltp'lo-Side- RlljJ Shu. Stn:nl(lb Tffi. This test" c~:du ­ Jood r; 3pp lictl

,110 Iht Mw 'gt h of Ihe ~ICp-lo,~;t"'~I'lI; 1 joi n!. A lCS1

Ihe 101\;0$1 bmeed ulld "nbr~co:d !'Cept >li th Ille k,r;l r""",,;ulI.
., iii,

~

' ,M,

.. M § 7.1.g ,L

. r /J. t

1 , !.~ . 1.

.. S,,.. ....JI'II _ . , ,\NSI i\H ,l , . l it

~

' ,).3,

"Jd.

i

7..U ,

~~.()I(IO llfl _

J i,D,

.

,"'.. stool. Whell the 103(1 i, ,,'mol"W , there must be 110 indi(':\tion o f lal f3lm,!! in II", faSl eni,,!: tu~~rlS IInaching the st ep \0 lit.: side 1';,11, or Il'S' fai luN or ~IW COlllPO~n!. [,,}-R~H C~n l[ Ic .'er lk~d(u~ Trsl>;, This h:"" m.",u,,'i rhe hcndmg slrcns il, o rl h~ frOnl .nil" and the rc.:', ,,,i l," II 1~1 . 1xllh Ih. "in" tow :tr<Js the c,'lI ler bending nnd Ille "nu\" ~w~)' from Ihe ccnter bending " f th e r;lil~.

' ,, '

Inlhe rf(l1\l 'r~n bend irl S lest, the ladd"r i~ suspended on its si(lc, a load is "pp li cd to tIle hOllnm end of a fm lll .ide r:,il ~I Ihe l o\\'~r end. T h~ ~111'1C Ihili S is drill" 10 the lOp mil. Jf l lw; r~ is morc I han Yo in~h p.: rlfil"' CIIl ddorm31ion of ~irhcr rJil. Ih . l,d dl'r fail ,. 'Che billie. i. Ihen r~"'WSl.~I. so r l>~1 IhI: boUOIn ""I i~ !lOll' the t Op r:lil. Tho: J", kl~ r ij h~l''!I the 'i:11Il~ "':ly. ~Jld

"r

n"

' (';I f

rai l bl.1Id illt:. Lcst is ~'OrIll"~led in Ih" Smne m:lnllcr. A

f.onl ;).".1 tea ••.1il dyu"mi~ d" .... ICSI" also is u~I' o ~,·,' lu:>,.: ,he ~Ircnglh of tlt~ r:.i~.'· 1.11bc]jtl~ L:ldd~rs

§ 56.06

Th, '1""~"'~

ru, 1...... I Io~ MI.," •• 1:Hld<",",'" lhe >l~",.,d rOt b ~II"~

mot.1 I.'~" ,,, ",. Ih....... 110<'0 ,.... 'h"", [)-p...... / W.. l. or "'"'klni:<,

.. ·'""u,''"'" ..

""J

I'd",u,· ~".~rd ··rt.,,~,,·· ,d ",kl,,!!, ,".'11>< ~"tOhl ,· (",",.,,1 lie ~I.'«~ I."n "b","" Io<'" 1'0
>I,,,,,,i ...

""_ ~ .......... ,........... r.. "..... I"" .t. 1~ . r oyooJOI1\I" . _'0. T.."

•IIt

'Of Ihc '""toI-r~' b"'· 1 ~""lr~I""' I ...h"k ,t." .
:I
. on .... , ......"'... ...- .......

rq:io~ ' ''''.

'''I. and ,lit .....

1Iot h th" ,;t"",Ll ld (or \\".."" k;, L-.ddet"ll ~t1 CIOlI I",Jd Cf":' " ru>ide the i/.1nl Cr':< lui ,em en l ~ For bald.r lallcli,,~ MIll mar\;. in£.. The MatllJiII"" ~ I S fMth n tl umber uf Inbeli ng and m~ r~jn~ rr;-. 1..<. I I. "Id. H 1..1. 11.1 , ; ,3 .11. .1. ,. 11.', H ; ,J.I U . ',.1. 1I..t ,

" M.}

"/J, ), J.IU.

" s..... "'f'~ ~

~,(l-IIIOlipJ.

". ''''

t S6JI6I IJ

1'11(1). UAlt I·H,\(.TIO: GUIDI;

q u jrcmC!l1 ~. 1 A

prad u"l ,,'hiell i ~ Impm[!<:rly or i !la,k-qua1~I]' Ihe st 311d:'r.... i. tkfcctiw. Ir Ih" I~,k of it Ilrnp<:r w~rnint or inwueti on Inl><:1 ~onl riblued 10 t 1-: ;tcc;dt7lt , lh e ucfcll,lull l ;, li .lbk' m;lfk~-d. Of f~i ls 10 COIll(lI)' "..it b

Ih~.c

nrc thrcc dirrer,nt IH)C'; o f bbo;:!. or n~"k;n:;Jo: ( I) I'rim;try l'lulnrd "Dange r" nlld "C3uticlI\" markings; (2) 5afcl~' Usc InsUlleti oll Markill!!,; "lid (3) I'rt>dlK:l D~ I " Inform,,,;on MM~;n g.... {JJ-DaRl;Cf aad Cn l iun Mnfkial,."i, !>nnwr}' h3Zl1nl unng".... and "cnulio n" markins~ mu ~ 1 conform 10 Ih~ uo:>;;gll principle! elf tile Americall N ation.,151311tbrti Sp«'I'i'':> IK>1l!\ r(lr A ccide nt 1" ""<'11' lion Sigll$,l t3!Cndh A of AS SI A 14,1 - 1982. The marki ngs mUll be durable. a nd (,lImot be pla~c:d in ~ n obs<:urc l(I(':u ilJn 011 Ihe )~tltlcr.· M

[ll}-Slep!addcn;, Tlm:c ca lltion/dunger label> ar~ r~quircd ror stcp laddel1l, nnd Ih"i.!ocat;OII is speci fi ed in th c ~I:md:,rtl.· The !:tbel~ 011 the Iftdokr ;n~()lvnl in t l~ !;,,,'s uit s hould be ca r" fully , on,· Jl~ r.-d wil ll ihe req~ir~mcnl~ of lh ~ \l:mdard .

[b J-Exleruion ;ml SiJlI# l.add ~u. Pour t;,u tion/dnngcr 1;lbo:)~ 'Ire w luir.-d ror :lingle and c" tt:nsiol1 13tkltn..· U""''C'o-.:r, tk-pc,ItIi l1s 011 1heir [l1~~C mCJ1I, the liSe of lhree la bc:l. nmy 1 "m~-e Il1ldcr th.., ~t :l1\' ,lard.

(l)....s.'ct)' L'u lnw uct ion M n,kiJl!:i, All \I eI'. "~l (n~i 04', ~ntl .irlgle l"dd,1'> l1lust be nmrked wilh i:>{Cly USc i",tnlclio" , ! AN SI A I';. 1- 19S2, AI'pcrl di~ A, figu re A3 , ~"IS fll r!h S.1 r..:I}' uoiS I A ,\ H.S·l~~ ..... tu 1pb
H,~,

t9il
A~S I

• ,w "'r-a i y",O!11Ji' lIiii\. So< al"" L F"'"l
U . loili' I' u. s rati",,«."

.1·...

f ),Ol\oI\O\
tknd<, 1906),

, ,\ NSI Z.1 ', I·l?7!. . ,\ SS I ,\ I ~. 1.19S!:

) tJ,{9.1.1.

I /,lj

9.1.l,

, to! § 9.1.

I' ''',J" ~I '

Li, bilil)', oll. 2.

HM ' "..r",,~,

...,

f 1-n t.~b""""- 1I.,,1it< ]951) a nd
9.1.l..l.

L\ ',JmRS ,\SIl SCMHlLllS

5(0-1"

S""d fi, ,,'io,,. (or In(oc m;,Liomll Signs

Compl ~m~nlar)-

10 ,\NSI 1m:

z.l~, 1-1 972 ~nd A~'CidCtI' 1" "'-"II'u", Signs, "KSI Z3S...... ' 973. nH"'\lfll~ UI,cr'~ l~bel

doo lIot h~\'~ I() comply wi,h 'h= labcl ~ ve rb:!-

lil11. ' 111.; Sl~,,,h rd splXir"", the kx':tl ion o f ,ho ",:o , ki,,&,' ~nd S<'1 i lo"h ,I!.: ill(Offl,-"ioll lh( •• 'N: "" relt uS/; i"~'ruc:lio:ns ~hould i ..cI" dc.'o G"'k:rally, ins"u c lkm~ should ~ovc, pWI"" "" /celion o f " l;,, (md I he CUilomcr slmuld bI! a!>l>ri!<.~1 the ladder in n m(1Il1ler il1c{l t~~ i,t<:f11 wilh ~ wJcty u.... ins. ruc,io" co" .)inro i" Ihe A I'<SI a"""ndh. and if lho; !;,lId.". W>l~ nOl accomr>:ll1ied br 11tal roafcl)' uSC ins.n'~ 1io ". mtd if Ihe cli~'Jl1 t c'lir.~s h~ wc,uld tt Ol haw lI
ladd er

'lcci(k1l1 ~ ~re

the

r~(t h

of imrrop.: r ladth:r

(t~a!.!~. Ih o warnill S~ :tI1d it1>tnl clion~ ~hould be cur.fully C~ ltmined

itt evc r)' c:ts~. Th t l'laillti!T nlll . t III;: queslimt~d ~om:ernin s c~eh in· . lmcliQn, Eac" \'io~1I ion or an c.' pr<'$S safe')' us.: inst rucrion will incr~-:l":: hi~ .wJlp.u (,li.·" n~lige"ce. II m~}' n~s.1 'c any d cfco; . in ,Ioe ladder, if !lIe defect ..'(mid 11m be climill(lled by Ihe IlHtlmfacl ur ..... ~Ild a " raper wurnin,: or InSt mclio" Wllilid h'!\'~ r r( """led Ihe "(',idon1. [31_ 1'.oou<:1 Olin I nfom'Ulfioo Mark;"!..... The S(;u t(l.,,1 r«iuir~... •h~1 :t tI(lOd (1",,1of infon mllion III: (Ollmil1w on a " rod un dJI~ informalio n luhd." Th e i tlf<.>rm~liol\ I;. impm ' ~nl 10 ,h e UllO nte)' fa r a numh~r of rea"ltt ~ . T11('

ht~~l~ ~il~ ~ lId

"m,~"rd 'Id.~

",/.

crileria

~p"ly

du,y ra1 ins ;IIC ",;""",bl to ~Ictermin ~ which 10 Ibe 1ad~ct. T1", nl«l~l l1~"'e und number

9,1. 1.1,

~ '1 ,2. 1.~_

toO /J. f ~ . 1. 1 .

" I't~~ .."

".... ''',

PJ(()J). LlAn. I'Jl-\CTlCE GUJlJE

l6-S0

am! the rmme 01' the miUlllfacturcr arc of COUl"">e cssenliaJ iteml of il\form~tio!\.

The mOll1h and ycar of manufacture will help lIetermine Ihe applicabk "amlanb. (N
The adhe,ioll test" incorptlnrt., ASTM D903.49." which i, a lest for p<.'el or stripping 'tr~llgth of ~dhe,ive bond,. A minimum force of 30 Ounc,," mll~t he rcguirc1J to rcmo,'e the label. The Icrntch resistance te,t 1< r~quirtlS tlte label to r";i~t def:!c.ment or remo"al when a n"t mel"l blade i, scruped aero,,, the lnbc!. The test i, .1111 011 the label both before and artcr conducting the water imrncNioEl tes1. The water immersion te,t " requires the bbd~ to adhere to the ladder "'rface and remain Ic~ible :iller being itlllllCf1ie1J in wmer for ~8 hOllrs ut 7S desrce~ F. The oven aging te<;t" r~quires the labds to "dltere to the ladder surface arid rcm:lin Iq,ibl. aftcr being placed in an ""en ,et at ISS degre'!s tor 240 hOUN.

Tlnr.,. the bbel ,holll<1 rmt comc ofT the ladder. absent extruordiliar)" circmnst:mcc'S. "!d.

~ 7.1~.!.

t.

" A \ "ibole Ii,,", Ho< Am"ri,,,,, S<><;"l' I... , T "tjll~ "ml Malon"I_. 1911. St,«,. I'ltil,,,ldpl,i,,. ),,,. l'JlO.l. "1I14.t_1%2~

"Id.~

7.18.2.3.

"Id.~

7.18.2.4.

7.1H.!,1.

t(,>«

"

, '"

"""","

'

UOUUtS Arm SCAf}'Ol.J1S

§ 56.07

l.nddtr Selec tion, Cllrt, lind UliC

Tile _jor ... """otr't" f.......lr..., """ncollMdcrs .. ~ r..;t II~'

""" 111"01:. 1.".. _

)cf na;n.r foil, r",,.. _

of.roWt.

...!f'"'l'jIOI'H"" .....

lollr. l>oIolors or. I.t..... lldl"g . t tI•• lop 'lI1'(lO
.,.,.,.prio

or. I",porloot .....

Id....I."-•.

.\10' 1 lodd,,, n. r ~C.ll;II<:lf.•• p,.....,I.~ 1,,"1Ie.... !Hook! be pI.. N!"t"n '""IOi"'I.1< ."~k of indin.d ... IQ.he ulil. onlC' 1<, ....« .. 110<: l~tWtor ',ruor .Jldl"~ to til< ~""'nd Or ,.111011 bofll"" t..d ..... .,." ..... ~I< fOOl ..... pot! .... IOJ! 1>.01... h>o
' ' 'JI(>fI.•:......

f. _

L>M«. _ . , . ........ ',. .....alMd, '''''.'''''1<4, ... . ",,,,,,. It I,

""1«1

1._.p"""

......... , 10 IJoe ltoId"Iod'........ h u.... 1f ..)"mmankol 1'01 i ... IX II ol~lI<'fr ... "rlol _ .. oi l I. on I"" 110<: l.t
,.,ttl

[l}-J\llljor Copses or 11:1115. The ANSl .!andnrd ~tat~'1 !h~t t1t~ lluljor cnu ~~~ or r~ lI s from self-, upported I~ddcrs are (J) lack o f ~ I"·

bility. am] (2)

~Iid!ng.

The maj~r C;IlI~'!i of fn l l~ from 'lo!Hdf-~upporting pO.tolll<: lad. dm, "re: (I) )"tcral ~lidillS at the top ~uprorl; (2) cutwMd ~ lkJi n& at tm: lower b:I,;e ~uPiX'rt; :tnd (.J) hllman !Jipp.~&~.

TIo" . t:",da ld cont JiT~~ a "SummaOJ' of Signifw,lIIt ,,~~u..'f\t Cau"",,"'" lllcsc "c;J. u!;o,.'!io." ho ...·.,.,'U, reb ,c only 10 :t<;ciWms ;n,'OI.... ing oon-dcr~'C:ti"" I3dd~rs wm:n lhe uscr is :11 faul t. (21-El'id~tfarr V:ll u ~. T he ANSI stJtu:brd iCt' fon h Ihe ilflfll'Oo

p.iulc procedu rtS fOlthe Care ;Iud U!>C: of l addc r~. TI,es.: >hOllld be reviewed and cO nl pJrcd wi lh plainlilT'~ aelioll!. El'idcnlbry Ufoe of lh~

porti on of the Sia nd ard, to imply that the pbimiff' i ;I~I ~ pr~'C:lpl. t:ltOO the fnll. is Imp'o!"'. nb~ 111 a showing that plaillt ifl' aCllI ally did ~I1C orth~ ilet,. prohibited by the ~Iandnrd. I JO\\'e\'er. if the pbin. liff tc~tirll.'S t h"t he did irl fncr d t! one of the pr~cipilnlins ~m, wit h. J

.-

AI'.1-19t, j

~. I

,J. T~I>I<: Zl.

..,."

",

PROD. LlAIi. I'RACI1CE GUroE

l&_S2

out knowing it wa~ n cnu~e of the fnll, he will be ,on~idercd comparntively negligent at the len,t.' Thi, portion of the ,tandard is mcfnl in other, amrnmtivc wny •. In some ~tat~'S, such as New York, ~pcciallaws protect construction workers using ladder,.' In such a situation, proof tlmt Ihe ladder II'US in a dcfL-ctive condilion, eVen if the defect was caused by the plainlifl's employer, will hold Ihe general conlractor and building owner liable. Similarly, proof that the plainliIT WIIS using the ladder in an improper manner, even if lie himself set up the ludder, will hold the general contmctor and building owner liable.' In caf>CS in which the ladder was prol'idcd by a third party who can be sued, ~uch 'I~ a general contractor or building owner, this por, .'1<:< g""",ally '"pra
Il. "[}Cfm"" '00 IJ.,,,:·

S,"~I",

I.. F'um".~ M, Fri,dmon, P,odu'l' Li.1bitil)'. cl,. 2. § 2.27 ··M."uf",,· ,ure,', Liob;l;ty;n No! l;g'nc," (.~!alth,,,' Iknd" 1987), l Dan"se, in T<Xt Act;on,. ch. 48. '"Compo,.ti," N'JI;S::'" (~l.1tl,<w Bend« 19i~); 1 CM,p,fOIi.'. ~
Looor

I.o,",'~! 2~O.

241 (McKinney 1987).

For !li",u"io". "" Zin,,"" v. Ch<, ~6 '"',Y.:!J 132, 412 ~.Y.S.~d 861. 385 N.E,2d 601 (197.); Uboo •. ),J.n,," oh
'S,,·. <.8.• H.im", '., N,,"' York Tot, Co, 46 ~,Y.2d 132.412 N.Y,S.2!1 56l. lBl N.Kld IIlI (19n), TI",de""",,,' "'"' ~mbn~ IS f,,' 000", the ~round 00 hi, G"'n bdd". p.1inl;n~ " bu;lding "",nro by lh. d"fembnt-tdophonc e»mp.'tI)'. Th' I"kkr ~'" n'" ,,,,,u«d ..., ""Iu;rro by 'h, N.", Y",k lh1Td of SIOOO'''''-' noo AN''''''' 12 ~,Y.C.R,R. 2.1·1.2l(b}(4), Th< doiklin~ did 0'" c~",i", ",,,,rot or ' "I"T\';,iOl' O"OT tho I"rformo"" of th" d.,,,,d,,n\", l',inlinE<_ The Itiol ""''' d;>mL<-"d th, ,01iOl,.IIO' I'1"<'0f. TI, •• PI"I"', d;"i ,ion 'O","ro ~oo ~r"ntro jUliR""nl fo, 'ho I'bintiif. Tit. ,nun o[ "I'pelt- .m,m,d. holding thot boo, Low ~ 240 ;mp"'ro ab,olul< li.bili,)' 011 til< o"""r o[lho b"ildi"~. C"'" lltou~h tit" ~'o,k W"' ""'f,,oll,d b)' a ,,,It'<mrlo)'od ;nde[>«>dont oonlr",tor, I..,\>." I",w § 2.JO (M,Kil1l1o)' 1987) roqu;ro, ,onlraoto,,". own"'. and ,h<;, '0 pro"ili< 1,.1"", for lh. p"i"\i,,~ of" "undi"~ "r ,truotur. whi,h i, "" 000' ",u
Th, Rub ol'tl", lJo,ro ,>1" St,"d~r,h ond API'",I, ,equi« 'h," ",hen wo,k ;, 1",. I'u'm,d un ,u"~' hi~I"f thall 10 f,", ,l",.'o th. l,!ldor foot. tho uPl'" o: ,<cu"d ,,~"i,"" ,jo, ,lip. o"d 'IL, 10,"'0' ond of th" loddor muM be hold ill pt". b)' ~ 1"''''". Of ti,d to ",,,,uro anchor.lg' o""fe')' fool. 12~, Y.C.R, R. 2J·1.21(b}(4)(i.) (1971).

n""j

",-"",

!t>-IIl

I.,\1I0l>"S ,\:<':11 SC-\tl'OI .1lS

lio ~ of t h~ .",,,,d,,,,:1 kn inJl. !on h !".""1fc1}" r>rill~lrl~-; ""'}" be t)~d. nm aS~;tt~t tlt~ m:mufnc lurcr. but 10 ~how tha ll hc Jl.~ n e r~ 1 con· t rnctnr [}r bui l(liull [}wn ~r fu;k-d to perform propc:r ,:,,'e ,,,,d ma;ll1e· nan,e of the buuer or pcrmi llcd unsafe practi~~s on Ih e job.

(3}--I~tddcr ~I~diun. T here arc sc"em l fac tors ill'"oll'l....t in .clcC Iladd~r

hlg Ihe correct -n,~r<:

for a job.

,....: four d m )'

cJ3~~ific;oliol1~

fOT l"ldeD: ""'o, kins I.'o.ld

",

l!\tr. no,,,')" dilly IIc,n'y dUly M ~diurn d",y

H

I.i ~)n ,IUl)"

'"

'00 m '00

'"

In ", k cling Ihe "PI'm"r~llt l~dd~'1". con~idcmlicn s hnuld be &ivon 10 lh .. lc" tlh rcqnirw _ the worl:.i nll ioad lhal will be 00' Ihe ladd.,,-. lind l h~ llInounl or uS\: Ih .. L,d dt:r will m:ci\"c.

Th. worki n~ 1 10 the maximum It:>ad lhal ,",',II be .. beeJ1'O rt. C(1II1I:lCIO",. induStry. 1"'<.1 Ulilit i~, tc"d f{) II S~ ~.,[r" h ~~ ,'Y duty ;\lI d hCaI'y duly la dder!. 1'4inlcr~, om,~.,-,. ~nd lill)l1 n,~it\lctJa1\CC cr~w~

u'<\: m.~li lllU J for hot.I.Whold usc.'

To ,;e!e.:1 :1.11 c~t~".i(",

bdd~r. tile COnSumer "'U~I kilO'" Ihe heiShl of the 101' ,upparl poi " l. If II j,; lL roof "'''·c. thc ladtkr " 'ill lIa,'c 10 ~.'t~n d o ne to (lire.: f
111

~ll"C1ing

a

~1C ~bdd~'1".

il .1",,,1<1 .,., noted

t l~,( ~ath

k"t1 h o r

I:Wdcr \l:o;. ;, high..,,;. sl~ndillg 1",,~1. 1'", inM~n'c. fnr ~n tight-fool 1:....... ,,(. lh" loiS,"o.l SI~ll(I,"g k\"eJ is fcrl. ni,,~ in':! ..... ·r" d ••1CC"-

Ii,-"

. "I ~ .I . t~nt

u.u.

• /J, j !U , I .j , I .

"',bl, 2l. """'"

1'11011. 1.11111. 1' R.\c nCJ; m : lJ)J; minc Ih~ m:uimum ,",ork lIeighl of II "~l'ticu l u ladder, atld III. II scr's heighl nutl "lIf~ r.ach 10 Ihe lI iS ht:!ol ~tn!l(.Ii n~ Ic'·e.I af Ih~ ladtkr.'

All ~.~ IC!!himl ladder may be tOO hlS h far the work to b~ d"'l e. If a 28·ftxlt ladd ~ r is used, no work ca ll be IICrformed lxlow ,I ccrtaiu pOi l\1. u.cu,, ~~ tile worhr will be 100 fur nUl 1I""1IYfrom the bui ldill(: 10 r..... . ~h il s:lfcly. Thu,;, ~ 2S-fam o:.\ lClIsion b ader C~l11K>t 1>Ill,·id.

a .." ch 10 I, ll I""d s bell>"" 2S fcel. A ,",ork~r ~a" u'u ~II}' =,'11 fmm I h~ ; (ound up la a h cij!:ht of or >0, A ! S·foot eJ.len';OIl I:ld d ~r can be clooed to 14 f~"t, bUl On a 2~ .fC)()t ladder, il is a prob lem tn wo rk l>elow 10 f,'l:1, So b"IWtc n seve .. [cetluld 10 fcct. there i~ 1\0 fCllc h. Thcrcr()r~, [I dillh· ent ,i7.~ I:ltld er will IJ:I"~ to be ,tiCClcd to reach thn,c heiGht s. """~l rC~1

T h us. I ;uld~r id~Cliol1 cnn b<: problcnl mic. Uw uf "" ineorr~'CII)' sil.nl ~"Id<'f call crC'JlC a d"n~crou~ ,;IU:ui"lI, weh;l.~ a wc rkw h~v. inG Ie I"", a nd '<'Jell OJI rhe IaddL'f in an u tI.'<:I f" "'''Y. T he work si1 e mll~' l imif the I' ''al h of !he lad
augle 01' incliuati on. the bottom mar slide. A ~ho rter bdd.r th . refe r" mml Ix ('IrMlded. T he oollOn ' 3" ti lop ~u ppon for I he b tldcr m"y .u.1 cn n inc wh~l hcr a Slcplatklc' or an c~ leusion I~d ..",r j~ pr"fcr:.bk. For in~lanCl:, 011 "" U"t'''" slope:. lhe four Ic&~ of ~ lI"pbddc r ma )' oot be able 10 Ix suppor!w 0 11 a lL-vd . In SlIch ~iItMlion .... if th",~ U. ad.-qu~tc lOp SliPport fllr ittl ~;tl,," , i!ln bddcr, il may Ix m ore npproprial" t" uie un eXlc"~ion

[4J

l.1tlder,·

Rules

{(IT

L:tddu Use

[u}-Imcnded Usc. Mm\ ludclefS MC de~ign~d for Ill': by ollly o ne penon , If a 13dlle, is 11"";&,,«1 for usc " 'il b more l bJn Olle p<:n»I'I. ' I.t:~ ~ . 1.I.).~ .

'iri. f 1.1.I.U . • /d. t U .2,

",,""

LA[)llliRS A"I1l SCAFFOLDS

~

5'-07[4]

the ]abellllll't 'ay ~0.1O (f tbe bdder doc:; not 'lnte il wa' d.sigll.d for marc than one pel"on'$ body shoukl b!: lIear 1he middle of tl", 'tel' or rung." Othcrwi'e, the imbal· ance of weigh I on the lodder mal' cause the ladder to tip. The pe<>on should nol go on a stcp or rung which is highcr tlwn t he highest ~1:lIlding level." The highest standing level should be in· dicated on the product ,bta label as well as all a "Danger" marking." I'or mo~t ladders, the USer m",t !lot step On the ladder top cap, or top step, or pail shelf." He Illust not step 00 the rear bmce~ of a 'tepladder, UllleSS the mnnuf:lcturer approves doing iiO. [c)-Angle of Indlnation, A common Came of accident' on nOli-self-supporting bddcrs, or ladder, that lean 'lgninst a wall, is thut the ladder', feet ,lide along thc grOlmd outward from whalc,'cr the ladder is le;miJlg asains!. The top of the ladder then com~"'S ofT the top ~nppon, and thc ladder, with pu-,"cnger, falls to the ground. On the oth~r hand, if the !Ingle ofindinntion (or "pitch"') is too 'teep, the uscr ha, a greater ri~k of slipping. Al,o, the ladder is mOre prone to fall backwnrds from the lOp. The typic~l comedy scene of a young nUI11 011 a ladder perched at a yOU!lg girl's IIpstaiN window, mtd the would-be suitor losing hb babnce and the ladder falling backwards, is accurate. (n real life. bowever, instead or gaining entrance 10 the Ilirl', room, the hero cnds up in a bospital room.

Tbese two COmmOn improper placements are usually the fault of "hi.

~

U ..1,

II JJ. § U.l, " !d.

" !J. § '1,1.1, t 9,1.1,1. Appel,,!i, A,. !d. § U.', Ifllo, 1"I>OIop i,,,'lo,," 18 j"C~" ""Io~' Ih, '''p ""P. ,hi, mlo d"" O<.M OWl)'.

D" Ih,

to"""" '0' " '''P SI,p ,,,,,weigl, 111, dMgor ,11", ., UI<. wilt '''' il '0
(On? 11 ,n,,,,,k, or an invited mi,""". ""rile Ihe .;,,,,ing;, M,,,l' u"''' wilt ",,,-,on 'lnll i, m"" "" '0 'tor (]Il or it woutd no' "" th,,,.

"f,

""''''

f SU7l41

1' 1101).... " ... I'RACnCI!: Cl"IO!;

,....

th U!lCr, ~lJhough 5\,ch a fall w mctim ts i. cau i\l:Uby a defc:ctive bdder, ~uch as one with jm.... l" To gct optimum r~sistallcc \0 sliding. non·'elr·mpporli l1g lnduer~ sltOl,lW be Cl"«tw al ;\ an~ of jllclinaliO Il (or " pitch") of 7SY, Iksrccs from the II ori zol1t~'. The "qu.1ncr kl1l!lb rnle" provides for $...:11 nn llllSlt:. Aecorui ng to the quarter length tule, th~ ladder should he ~d up!.O IhJ I Ihe ~ Is 3"""Y from th~ wall "di~;\nce of onc-<juatler ,', c cffreTi,'c wor~ins Icngl h of IhI: !nddet. TIle cffl'<:lh'e W01~ing ICIIGt h me.ln~ the distnncc of the .ide mils, from the boU()ffi of The $ide roils, 10 Ihe lOp ~ lIpjl
ladder

ucu.l~ble.

[fthe b ddcr d~ not Ila\'c (cc!, h~~ ,,"om, m~ing or ~ Iippel)' f<'>l.:!, or h~& an i01prop<:. !ype offOO! for the . urfx(, the ladd~r mn)' ~Iidc O\I t"':lrd~ from Ille b..w, l fdl': fccl!lre unsupported or um lnb!c, the bllder may ~Iip laterally. Proper fOOl ing for 1"'= !we Or the l."ldd~r will help a"gid oUlII'ald and l ~leral 5\iding of the fcc! ~nd enhallce Sl3bility.

The rules ror foot ln&su pport arc :leI rort h In the .r~ndard ." Tlte I~dder b" ~ should be: 011 a firm, je"eI ~urface . It m~)' be llccess~!)' 10 use "lalkler lcvclen" TOgel cqu:l1 rai l sappan on IIl1t ,'cn ~u tf~cc:!i. Slip reo;;slUIICe of the fccl enn be enhanced b)' shoc~, spun, sp;k.:~, Mmibr devieeos, an d combin)tionr. thereof. Whcn nee.;s,sary, the)' l' Set. t., .. Phillip. ,'. Hord.·",. Whol"'. I..... In •. , 7~ ll'. 1~46(Ed\W <JII' (,om """ac h hi" •. Tho pt.iAtiff !NOlI,,"' Ill! " lion aJ!tgiI1g ' nrt 'h. "pod," "" bGI, OIl. o>f, h, bd~" nr< ......... iv< 1>< ....... . h< d ....", and RI>,tri.1 ~· n

,h.

,'.

Con
Alomin iom Co .. 619

",>d~. I' 191l~

" 1<1. f I ..U .

I.'.'.

s.w.~~

J4! (Mo.

19 S~).

,...... ,",

U,UORIIS

A ~D

sc.\FFOI.DS

should III: illSI~ llw, A fool b dder boord o r !.imilllr devi~e AlD)' be u!II!d jrlllt b dda d~ '101 b~w safel)' sbQC:5o, spih"l. 01' :1 , imHnr d.,..

,·it.,.

If the bddcr is lIJI:d 011 i c~, ""0W, or slippe ry ~ llrf:IC\:S, :I IUi !ab l ~ meam must be pro"id ~d to [lr~.'clH ~li rpin s. [e}-Top Su ~Porl, A mm·.elf·supporting Indder ntUSt be laid ~ Iip latel'lIlI)' ~nd either fall , or eausu the \I~tr \0 I
'lsai"'t a wall, tlce, Cit " at the top. The top can

Tho IWO side rnils sllOu ld be phlced so th~t they lre sUpf>Orled <'quail)' 0\ Ihe lOp. " Some b~ lk" Iw\'e a single support a II Jd,m"m for u.., >I'hen the ~l ]lport is n pol<:, buil ding corner, o r Irtc. 11", ~I· 1:1<:10"""" shoukl be larse ~nd sub:!.ulllli.u ooough to " 'P(IOrt the I"d· det Dnd I""d. If Ihe L.... d., b.u 10 be pllCW "pinst ~ window, it $Ioould II/we ~ devic:e 3c ros, III.: b....:k of the '~dder. which eXlends ncl1)5.~ ~ he " 'Indow, 10 pro"ide rinu support ~S'linM the build ing "'nll~ or window fr~m",.

[I}--..<;irlll LO:Idln~. Side l o~ding occurs when a lI~er rc~cho;i 10 left or ri)Jht. E~cesslvc side lo~ding make'S the I:tddcr 1U15Ia bi c nnd cnn cau.e It to ~lide nt t he bn.., and at the 10!'. Thj~ Iypi~all y ~he

O<."'CII[& when a "'or k~r W~ll1~ 10 "void climbin s dow!! and r~fIO'Ji l lon· ing the ladder c1,,~r to the work." The ihndard SlatC:9 Ilt M ~Ide 10... lill& mu,1 Ix ~"oidro '" nnd tlml the Ind,ler musl hi: h'f\l cl(OSC t() the: .....ork. "

..

[I\l-Climblnl; Wdtrs. II ladder ~houJd Ix moumro f.om l ilt bot lo m. nOi f,om the side. Climbing o n from Ih~ side C3U§I;S the Inti • ' .'d.~

8.l.'.

<.,..

,. 5 ,'" lti~l."d ' -. Sin" , L"",\>a Co., 11 .... , 161 M ld 9" U~. CI. "PI'. 1971)_ Piainlifl-. a ,i~n ~'''S(f ...."oitlt
"r

Ihe I"dd",~

~ot'h". 'I" ~ court onhm«l jU"Bm1 ,0:;;<101,,;.1 I.dd.r ., .. 1'01 In ~ "'''''''.'' ~r fur a P"'I'<"< in,.",Ord.

"'A!4. 1·193! ,

w."

~.l.6 .

" Id.

,

PROll. UAn. PRACn Cl-: GULOf. der w be

IInb.1l nn~cd.

Ih o USCr 10!me his

If IhQl~dd~r lilM- il and r~ ll. ::

( :In

fall.

--- " Of'

il ( :111 l"3US<:

bahtn ~

The 8Lnnd:nd Ihneforc "'~1""" 11"'1 ... h~" ditnbins th ~ laoJd~..., the

user ~ holli ll r.1Ce t he Inllll er ~ lI d h ...:p a Ji rm hoill. He mll_'\ lld l'Gnin l ! sid~wa)-". mOlion or b~ bo..'O:Il linil0 the !oITuctur~. The U!iCI" shoo ld 1101 dimb :I brokcn or be'l! la uder, or whcre nny stru ctural damnsc exiSIS. [h }-t::l ccl ric~1 HD1,.1\rd 5, Elect ric pOwer linOl and oth er c!~": l ri·

e:1! circui t! m lL~ 1 be :.voldro. If a tn d al la.wc r. or a "'000 b ddcr "'illo sid e·flli! 11I(1 ~! ~i nfo l1:c n'C n l u·jr..'S, rom..,~ int o conta~1 wilh ~~po'icd

, all cl,":lriC

~l'eeiJi~3 11~'

d..,;ll:':ncd for u !~ !\~ar electri c power be k<:Jl! ~Wl'I)- from . 1<...:1 ri.

lin~. With th~ t c;\C"Cption, L"ldden ~hould

power

lillc~.

(I}-AC"e1.'M In Roo f. Whel1 ,1 I ~d!ler is u!ot.>d to gCI 011 " roof, top of the Inl oue fOOL, ~nd JlO mor~ thall th m: f ..'Ct , ~b<:I,'C the poi nt uf sl1pport nt Ihe eave! , ~uu er, or th ~

roof lin e!' The I ~dde r ~houl!l b.: Ikd !lllwn 10 prewn! il from slippinG_ When the uwr MCfIS from th.; l3!ldcr til the mol. tbe,,: is a dllng<'f" that he may tip tlt e la dd~r, or cuu s<: it to slide, and ~pccial care .lIo uld \Ie

. M"",p""
u So.... ~.~.. ~j'" .,

''''n

n1 0 J'!;,IIk bot"·",,, lodoI", In ~'" :oJ a = 1'Md " b ile p:iliI'in~ ut.ti ....d l. 11< o6ml><\ ..... . ~"" , be ...11 " , n.! ",.., ~fO<1ur<' ~r . b. l>dd". T"e ..,u rl 10<1<1 ( 19 ~),

n , pi> i.,iIT hod rl"

>I''''

.1"" the OI·;U," ", rtQ" idod ~..~,

,"nkkn' ro'. flr idi n~ ill r",,,, nr , ~ , p\>in,jlr.

.. A.I~. ' ·1 9~ ~ f U7. " /d. i $"UO.

""' ,,',

],,\DDERS AI\-D SCAFFOLDS

laken at thai point" [j]

Larlder SCUlll :l"d Adjuslment

[i]-llxtcnsinn COld de.". Exlcnsion Inddcl'l ,hould only be ad· ju,wd wh.n the user is 'tnnding:ll the hilse ..rtlle kidder." The USer 111u,t ch~"k thai the locks arc propcrly engaged. that the rope is tracking correctly in the pulley, and tlmt both llppcr and lower lad· der ~upport points are contllCting firm wpport ~urface.;. The uscr Illllst not adjt~t the ladder fWIlI the top of the ladder or while anyone i~ standing on the I"dd~r." A l;IJder c:mnot be n,,]\'ed while :In)'otte is 011 it!' (iil-StCllll1dder~. The IIscr must be :;urc the ,tepladder i~ fully opened, with spr."dcr; locked. nlld all feel 011 n firm, b'd SlIr· face,"

[k]-Ercctjnn or KxtCIl.,ion !.udders. An c~tclision ladder )m~ two ,.ction,," top "''Ction. called the "ny" ,cetiun, :lmllhc bottom scclion. "albl the "bao;c" ,~'Cti()Il. Extension Indders mu~t be sct up \0 tllnt the lOp S<.'Ction i~ nbovc, and re~tiTlg on. the bollom ,.ctiull. Th~ rUIlg leeh ntll.'l be CIlS;lgc'd. [lj-lIooks. Hoo"" lII:!y he allachcd to tIle top of the ladder, lo gi"e it ndded sUpp
U~e

tnddcrs. Some bdder.. such as trestle lad·

"Si:". ,\~., Tut ~,"l, ". R,D. 11'0"'", Co., 1"0., H(' ilL App. 3d toJ>. 40S N.E,ld 4n (t9,Dj, I" ""wing f,~",.1 bdd" to the H~lf "f ,I" tr,ilor which it w" killing, ,I" pbio@-r,,,tTtlo,,dhi,han,t,",,d'-""'to tho t,~, ,h,n "j « d hi; kf' f"", hd';11<1I,;"" It Wel, at thi' J"lir,"1.,,( ,~, Io<",,,11. lh< ri"in'iif "",I he r<11 w ,I" l'OI"'~, '"";lilli"l; ""~,,,\ i"juri". Tho ,,,UrI "fllrmru tho jLod~. nlin'itT, h"tdin~ til" the "'iLk",-,. wbi,b ;nd",kd ''''timon), ~f "to <'1'''' ''I,d It" pi.1in'iif lL;mldf. "'''' ,ul1,;;iol1' to >l,"mil tho to th" jLor)' on tl>o '1",,,ti,,,, "r 1""';01"0 """,""

"['<,,,

<,,'"

" At',1.19~2* ~.3.D, "h!,~

S.lD.t.

"M.~S_),l~,

"/d, ! 8.,,1.\:, »/J. § >:.,1, tX. ,,, , ,.. >

1 1c 1:"ld ........ C{lIlIbil1~li01\ Inddel1l, ~nd 1.10111>1" Sh:p. lauders, nr e
(5J---C'.I1't nt l.u
tor

(I) 111 >('ICcI lire buder, "preferably" before each lise ." (l ) If .h" Jacry mat('rial lIa. J;IIU~n on th e la dd.".. wk" t h" larl dcr OUI of S<.'1'Vk" IIl1tiltbe p rob\l'1tl i~ cnrrC't'tl-d b}' " qu., ljr" ..d m<"Ch~oic. "

0) If the 1~(ldcr I",s il<:ClI ".~!lO!cd 10 eXC<$.,i,'c h"'lt. for d"nc'Clioll ""d ~t,el1S1h h... ro,e rell >in8 il."

it must I>c

lc~led

Ir ~cid. or :1Ik:,li~ haw gOl1tll on Ihe l~.ldcf. eo" " ,11 lht n"'''u, r"c lllr~" ~ illce il 11"")' ral llec the wor~i!!S It>1t1 of tl'" ~uldcr." (.I)

(5) Whe"

tr:H\~lXltIiIlS

the b lilier. provitl c propcr .upporl 10 Ie_

du".., dllfi ll~ ml
f,'1:'.

(6) b ddcn . hnuM ""' s", ...-d ml JIfSU,i~ ~I'C' fe' qui""L l'i V!lI:lble conllc'Clions and "",g· lock <':(m slIl;:.e,,,, ,;!IOll!d be lubri~a(cd frequc!I1I)·. Bults alld ri"cl~ ~ltoul d be 5ccurC. Thc "'dder .lroold lie 1:lken out nf i~r"icc irlh~,c Ilrc all)' 1>011. or ri"ct~ ll1i,~in G ., 1.1. H _,4.1 . S.';" I .~. U ,l . " Id. H

~, ~ .I .M_1.1,

.

"1<1.)

s.~ . I.l

.. JJ. §

~ .•

,. M

I.l.

~ !,~ .4,

" {d. ~ ~.',~ . I,

"tJ.

~

U _<.

".... ,",

,.."

' .<\ UDHRS A:-I I) SC....TOLDS

or if the .isllt)·

join l ~ \K:l\\'~~n

the

'( .p~/run~s

und the

sid~

.".

rai ll arc not

(8) If the !.:Iftl)" shO!.:S or padded f~o:( bcrolli C e.~ =~ivc!y worn, th e Illdder shou ld be taken OUl llr~crvice." (9) The I~dd"t ma)" bo: Coaled " ';Ih :l lT~rnll"'renl. noru:oruiuclivc: finish, r.\Jch as ....~rnish. sh.II~~. or "dear pr~'SCrvalive. bUI it nnJil not be couled wi th :tll)' opnquc cO"cri nS c.'\C~pl for id~IHlrlCali o n or

""awing. and thut only on ODe

~d~

of the side raill.'o

(10) Dkt, dust, grQ$C, grime, car\:ormo.:oos subs!nnci$, lind Giil."!" conduct ive ITlnlcri~1 may p ro\'id ~ n path for electrical ClIrrClliS 10 Ira,'ct 11,e l!lddcr 0111-11 boo kC/lI clean. 4) § 56.08 S<;:DITolds Gucrnlly A ""oft<>lol u 011 ."'''Ild or ....... .....,~ , Iolto,," aool III , u_nillc " ' ",W •• • • ~ I . ...... '" ,lot ................. 1.I~u" • ..." ..........1, ..... of

""114l"l'<- ,. _

.. "'... " 'G.k
by.hlo.o. t • • k~('(.ld ..... ,100 ...... , .. Ik ...... ..... Iao'''' .. . 1 , b ~ ... lfokl, .. til •• ,be lIUtIuf" '''rn' . 1.... "'. ' ....10 or ~_,. , ~ort> ...... 100 ,Ioe 00II. ,,,,,,1i<>o ., ... on.f1'old. ",~,' be 1I.1Il, ,. the "b,"llll. " ...... ,,,1<1 prod",,!> It.bllil, •• 0.. 1I,n .r. dof"'llI. plOd "'I. nil". o(Ollok! "DOl.tI, II.blUly 1I1 ~ .. h."" Irr~."llr Atllooto r.r 1""""'01·

~

Ilt:ool.., all<' >
.""'pI....

' .. lib ' 100 pIol. ,m .", ~_ •• ..-011.

""1.

Uodt'r. bt, ...... o l· ~orro'''r th,.,." ... l.jur t<,IM<. """ ..... "'. ooc . -,..n ... k h dll1'lnlh '<>aM't11oo 1>O!t. M&OII'" , •• 'I<",,".~ m",.f_m-, """"', proOf of .. deol~ .. feci Of t)· ..... ,..:G'O(

. 10I.,i<>. ()(.

>t Olldot ~ ,

=.,

~I""" "" flold lno .... ""..,fO
• ..... f.<1o'" Il; "'~"I "'. to I.~o .. " ..... .,.,.,..., .. «
<'<"""_ to ....IIt. '~OI .."

.-_01...... "',1> ' 0 ,100 ..,.


"/d. i

8.4 ,~ ,

It Id.

"'4 f S.H .l.

., 'D. I

~.O.

•

i 56.oS(1)

I'RO!), L1Ali . I'R,\CTICE GUIlIt:

(I Kfneml Descriplilin.

ScalTold~ ~ ri:

llso:d in Ihe C()1~IM.l<;l ion.

nl=intell3llCe (~.I!. ' "'in dow "'llstling ami p:)inl illjt)' :tIld dt'molilic ro of build ing' and OIller Slr\lClUrc~. 1A scnFlh ld i~ "any temp()r~ry clc,'nrcd or ~uspend c!.l platforn1 lind it~ SUP flCrii nS ~lrucmr~ u'ed for snppOrting WOrkn\ell or malcrlnh. or bot lt. '" 1\ !impk IiC'IIrrokl m~}' Ill: (ompri~ ofju~I;1 plnltk ~ullponcd on tllc 5id~'S by two IMlders. The ~a rl}' movnblc ~arrl'5 were :'lluch,:d

to JlIIllc)'s allovQ :\I\d pulled hI' olber wnrke l'li. To IOWL"!" lh e !.Caffokl, the lOpe \\'OUW bI: Jet WI; to !':lise the 5C:IITold. the rap¢ ....,ould Ix pu lll!tJ up.'

A5 call be nl"le'ed. on occn~i on, workers let go of the ro l'<-'" and the plnlform fell. Ropes broke. planks brol:~, ilud wDrL:cTS tripped 01T Ih . sid e 0( Ih.: .\ellffokl . MOJors rcpbc(d m~Ilp101' Ihe ~ rro\d if it wenl be)'ond ~ CCI! ~ill sp«d, such a. in iI rree M l. AS~;Il, "' ...... be imaginnl, Lite dl.,illS brok<:. lite ~blro,m, broke. the worhr.; fell ,wer Ihe side rQi l ~. ~nd lite l.!rnkc sys lem failed under

Ihe

~Ir~in

of Ihe

~po."\:ding, fre~·ra1liIlg ~corro ld.

!k'(:.1U5\: 0( Ihe ho rrib le injulio::l Ihal lIa'· . occu rred in .""~lToklinS acdu..'f1I!>,· Ihci, d<:!\;~, ronSTrUCI;OII. nnd U~ hJS bn:n Ihe fiubjccl of c~lcl1!oive Jc~;'I"lio" and regu lation. Such r<:su lalion b s nol eli mi. n:ll cd defective ftClffold •. Con , lruction crews still fnshion Ih . ir oll"n rorm~

or

scarrold~.

Pam On Well·designed

~ntTo ld. br",,~ .

n,lckup

' $(-,' J~pn> eh. ~6, " l ....,.)I>Cl_ Liability e:,,,, lIi,I(IO"),," ...·hk h ' '''..,. . .... . n....,,1 ""'~ ),.1<1" rlal f""" . " ...~den"

, ANSI A 10.8·1 ~J7

f

1 (Defio;';"",I.

..

, '''1. ' H'" ,of 1(.lTuid I. , hi! iM.t...,I I. >e
• s,." "2-. 1( 1;'.. v. I< . Il. W~m", C .... In<... 95 W...h.. :!, i""'..t;,'l' f,>O!y,,,, , ......... d ""n", 0"" kK< "r"n ~IT". "'hen on oi"mi""m ' ....,[foidi", ri,"k "" 11,,,,,"". ,I"<""i"l': .ll<m JO r
,,,,.,d..

(ull .",• .", d rho d,n,o£< ·)o,h h.1d 00<., ,,«1 n I'<...:<~t of lhe ri,k of , hd< i~J~ri .. ru r';~nl 10 i"'"f'"l ~nd dil.oI nllt..: ri>It fi l>
"'w'

,.be

)6-93

1,,\ IJDI(RS

,afety de"ic~, fnil. Safely go unworn.

,~~])

d~,'ice'

SCMH)1.11S

for worker>. such a>

~

56.tIS[J]

h"rn~ss

!xlts,

[2}-Stntc Lnw, l'rotccting Workmen Oa Sc:tffolds. Slate laws pro"id~ eXIra prolccliol1 for workers 011 scatTold,. For in>laJice. New York lm~ u law sp~cific:llly s~lIillg forth broad prOicclion and right~ for worker> On >,:affold~,' The owner of Ih. building !xing worked on, ~rld the gell~ral contractor for the work, are botll "abwIUlelr liable" for any "ioilltion of thc provi<;iolls of 1he ""affolding scclion, rcganlk",~ of whet her 1hey crcnled I he condilion, owned lhe scanDld, or "therwi~~ dir<"Cled, supervised. or had anything 10 do with the work. Tim" thc worhr"s compensation bar agnin~t a worker suing hi, cmploy~r i, avoid.d, since the \\'orhr can sue the oWlicr and general cOJl1racwr. e\'~n if his own company nWllcd the scanDld, ">sembled and urrnng~d the 'caffnld, ilnd ,up"',-,,·i,.,d it> \I>~. Cont ributory ncgligence i, 1101 a dcfclI\c to a ,-iolntioll uflh" , tatuto,)' pro"i,ioll, rcquiring proper '<:(,ffoldillg, mny

[3J-Commoll IMUCS in Scnf("ld C",~,. The cummOJl i,-,ue> discussed ""pm< with regard to lndd . " "ppll' in Inrge m~a,urc tu ,caffolds as well. There arc. howel'er. wrne particular issues that tend to urise in ,c~ffold ca'C5,

raj-impleading. Thcrc is nftcn a trail ()rr~~pon~ibiJity, leading from tllc oWlicr of Ille scaffold, to Ihe ~clter of the ~cnffold, 10 the lI1anUfactllrer of the ,caffoJd, to the lI1illlllfllctllrer of cnmponcnt • S/:,. ~,Y. 1",1>or La~-

~ 2~O

(M,Xi "",), 1%7),

'0""' "'

Thi, "",jut> I,., 1""" ;"1<'Prcteci by th< Kew Vorl pbdng "~l)(l"'~'ili()' ~,r,,)' ,1 <"""r"<. "n "~m " and ~'n'r"l ,,,"<' ,ml g""or~1 ","".1OtOr ,,,, ,,;d to "" ",b",lutdy tiohl," for" Li , r.-", in ,,·.ffolditLg, S" , Z;mmer \-. CI ..,,,utLg COULLty l'orf,,,,,,itlS Am. Inc .. 6l N,Y.2<1 ~D. 4~3 N,Y.S,ld 1O:!. 4~1 N.E,:!d ~O); (]9SS): Lo"~ ". Fur,"_ F N,E.2d 11~ (19S1): All,,, ,', CL""t;" Cn",M_ C",l'" +I NY1,I 2'X1. 405 K '{_S,2,! 610. 3)(, N, E_ld 1276 (! 978).

fe'

Tliul. in

"1"'''

Now y,,,l;, 'he "OIker\

'()fllp
hI>' d,,,,, not m"all), pr",'O,,"I .,

1""' "'' injLlrro Oil . ",.,fi"old from idontif)'inr " I'iable dd onLIo,,1. rho i""" i, "h
tho 1->1.,. 1-"", pro,hi,,,, \1'", "i oillt<"Li. "ot who'h " lboro '"'' t",~li !", n,", \,inL!OII)' .111)' ("il",c of., ,.".,[fold ,-iol:1[" the >cOli",]. If the ",,,io," ,iohuctl. "omp",ti,'. I",~i!,<,,," i, not" "cfm"" Th«
w."

'·\""""Pfd~ ~1;'D1111,111·

part, of ,he !.Clifford, 10

lh~

1>131lufacwrer of !aw mal,'fial$ used in

Ihe componellt l~'rt ! rn Ibe ~nffo l<.r. E~~ h ", lIily i~ 1~lbl~ 10 lite pla;n· liff, und~r ' INcI p rod llCI ~ Ha bil;I)', uS a »cll er of (I dcfl...: li ve proollcl.' 11 ' ~"f"Cro rc.

dcfcnd nnl s, wl,ell

, ,, ~"tl , mu,! co,~ L" r impl,'adi,,!: "

" umt,,:,. of pM!i"", :

( I) 111e OW"".,. impk:l cl . Ille seller for r.cllillg " def""':1 i,'c !'Cailokl. (2) 'llI e own., and [b e scll c'

illlpl c~d

IIIoC nlulwf,to:lurC! fOf m., l;illj;

:, , llf,"CI;I'e pl"l"l
(3) The mnn ufncill rcr idc!l1if1"'l II pllfficular paT! [hal fa ik'! :mil implo:ads 111< mallu n,ctIJ re r of thaI pari . (4) 'n,," I'Mt m :' nu f"c!u!cr cl aim.' he w,~, ..old d~rccl; V" , (lW m~I(· onl"- from " 'hkh h~ <:"OtlMrucl,'
u'"in a nd pm ,i de s;, fc[y CqlliPIllClI\ [0 Ihe plaintifT.

"r

ElIch lh t "-hove ~laim. llIay \Ie viable. d ~pc!"liJl& (I" Ih~ cir~ uon' o.lJ1K"e< oJ !he tld«t. ThllS ..... hat Jlmy "",n ~s ~ ~Irnigb ! rorw"rd for I h~ pJ" illl ifl' ~J Il nm,;hrOOIll j"IO" (on 'pI .. ~ plodUCI~ l i~bilily cas(, " 0' ov"r wh etl, . , Ih e pl a inliff ...·ill rcc(i~<: COIn (l<.'l,;alioll hul 0 ...;(

,'.,!it:

who will p,'y."

E,w y enorl alld \Iral~~Y In m ove lhe ~aw !llol1&'''U~I be c "lpiO)"Cd by III<: pl"inliff. sin ce. s~n Cr;! !ly ~11C~kin s , Ihe o Ilier IY.ln i'"lI will 11 01 hll"C Ihe illCcllli.·c 10 dQ "'. s..1I1~"II,cnl di'\Cn,,~ion~ an: " ftc n prolr:'cl cd by Ihe comple.,h )" of

I he Ir~, I. · A n il;..<.u" "'hk h ill clear 10 Ih" pl" nt iff, an d wh idl shOt, I,! > .I« '~P'" clo. S. ~ t 'n1."';' lI M. n d . " .... "

I .I."I>·g<,...,.,II./· L " n'OIIeek M. I',l
(.\ I,ul1<W Ik",'" • Scr "'p'O

1'",.Jum!' j,,~ lI j'J · . ,, ~. 1$. "r,,,,,",,,;,y"

I ')~ ;) .

,·n. 1.1 . "" .~mi.ol j"t ~ s...IIk'Hco":·

s..., ~'%"fOJII~ , n.,n" t ... jo T.", "", i"" ,- ,·h. ~ I. " S« ,k m,m T....hH..I""'·· (M. I' Ih.....· I ~. 7 )

"

Ik"dcr

I~~)."

It. )om ..., . " "
,,~ •. "'""")., s...~ 'I.""," 1

IM"II" ,,· ",,"" "

1.II.UIlI\ II S ,\:>lll SCAVFOI.llS

~

56.05[3J

be rcso),cd rupidly. bccolll<;'l prol rac(cd nmlmurky ill Ih" se mmbl.: 10 ",.a IlOCate blal"" .

It i!o nOI rcemn mC71l1ed l1ial pl ;lintilf~ a110m er dday procecdin s "'i lh lite ClI"
Adion ,\ncr Seillemelil . ,\dions ~fler '"'ttlen l~nl wi tll the I'lainliff. for ;ndenlll ificat iOIl for amount~ pnid , arc 1.""0:11111 10" .10 alt hough MT:llcg;"·,dly koss :u\'lI nt:IgWu~ (or Ihe p;trt ~

ieekins im!en1l\;r,cat;oll."

"or cMm pk . " Ihird ·",,")· co m l"'l1 ~lIioll i ll~ural\ce

IKln

bo:l1dil~

p.1id 1(> ~n

Ralh er lhall rely 0 11

c,,~ mil)" be l!fo ught b)' Ihe wo rker's c"nlpnn}, to rcc,wer for workcr'~ compcll ~a· employ«."

it ~~par:l\ e

act;"n to recuVcr olonie>; paid in rhe m:lII'" ,·..d l<;l Oil Ih" indcmni(K'aIKln cI:tim. 0 " II1~ IIy ~s. ju rie; It~"e loI."COOO . j,\lIl",'.,oj Ih~ '~ Il1cm CIII, eith e, on liabilit y or d~mngl!"il . With out tht strout. inlerc:"t~'" t.'SIimoll)" of the ;njllrw plailllifT, ~ ju ry m ~ )' COli · el ude III :lt the :lIl1ount or the N::lltcmCII! ""l~ too high and n" ·,, nJ a 1.",'oCt" .'\tIm on the in d. nmi r.catloll d ,lilil. ""Ulem~llI." d.f~~,d.~ 'l1 in 1I ICaffulo.l ta~ !ih"" ld im pL..':ld fnctur~r a. e~rly a, f>O,-,ibl c, 1<1 ell'llT. nsniml ~ 11 ~rral ic

to .1',·" •..~.. T """~l. 1< .... .. MoO«w ttL",""r (" ~ .. I I 7 til. '\N" 2d 3ll, ~! ~ r'-1;.~d ~... fI~l>'Jj. T",".,. "."1"",, d ,im b)' ~ "''''~~''' n "" 00 r.1I frrua a ..>ffold ..·1..... 11>< 1'1>l\t l~~h. T.",~ , ~ ... ""' Bh' iftlk,m1ifltJ' ;.oo h om d,.I. mk , """",,_y whklL "",'pli ,,( 'h' ""ffol
' 0&: J'Ll"k pnn>.J...,I 1»' ''''' ~tl.on' .",,~ ,ke en"" of ,II< acd.I<", ... '" ..,Ilki.." 'n ~'"''' T<.,,,~'. <\, i", fo, in,ktllnir"",,100 II>Mry .., ",I.;, Ji~i!I' )·.

.,0.1...

"S"·~"·r.N""J· L F'~tttcr.~

'I""' l~t ,"1,.,.. lund«

M. fr ied", ,,,,. I'""h"' '' t.I ~bilil!·. ch. I!. '"h,MJtllli.

1?s7~

" A1>.;loo l« ' . R",U" ", 1101, k

Thi, ~ f""'<.

~1
C". J Ig 111 . II.pp. S(,.I . 4~ S .E.2tl 4l S (1943).

'''''''w. '~""Jtp
" ,,1«' I)" , II" " "I,lj.
r", "'''ol " In", d..".r,<> 11_

s...~ 1:<'0,,,,,1/,' A.

m• ...." k .." """f"""...non 11<,,I"' '''ITI. The I... ~· of lI"ork," , n', C""'\'1<",.I;"". d,. 14.

l'any Ar"on. " IM.n l",,· lin""" t982).

"Th;,~

!

SMII[J]

PROD. LIAIl. 1'I1ACflCE GVIOIi

[cJ-Urcacl! of Warranty." The "a,,.IUII on Illc cil:ldcl" of pri,'ill' was manned in pari by scaffolding <;asel. whi<;h prc,~nted the mo,1 <;ompdling insl~nce, in which a lhird party. not in privily. should nC"crtheles, be permitted 10 rl'<:O\,U from the manufaclurer of a defectil'e s<;affold. J< Traditionally, the pllrchaser was rtXluirod to det~rmin~ whelh~r a scnffold rope wa~ suitable for its purpose, TIlliS. the purchaser wa~ required to delermine whether the rope waS ~uilablc 10 support a scaffold. and the rule of CGl'eW emptor ilpplicd," Irlhe purchaser made il known to the ~cllcr that he uccd(."
10 hold up

Wnrranttc8. Manufacturer>; may allempl as the re,ult of tbu II~C of a seaffold. Howe,'er, when Ih" injured p""on i, not the purclu~,cr, a disclaimer is rlOI \"Ilid a, agai"'1 Ihe injured I"'"on," [d}---Ilisdaimcrs

(If

10 di,clnim liabilily for ilijuri~'S received

"Se" '"pro § 56.01[llIbj,

S,',· at," ~"""ra//y L. r,u"'er.'< M. I',i,d",",,, P"xl'''I; I.iahilily. do. .1. "S"i" Li.bilily,"· ~ .1.01 (M"uh,w lktod" In6) .nd d,. 6. "U,b;lity of R",,,ilcrs "",J ~l;ddl,me,,"

().J,tthow I""od" 1917).

" Set, ".g.• o.:,.]io., Smi,],. 89 ~,Y. 470 (I ~32),

" Ph"", ", S,ooi. I.umbor Co .• (," ~,M. 90. 305 P.1J .\67 (1957). 1hcploi"tifi'w,,",

injIJ,od wi""," ,opc. "hi,b b,d bc.." Hml;ng

d;'m;,~,1

,url""ti,,~ ~

,,·.. i,,~i,,~ ;0;,1101,1. urnko. 111 "f·

of tho conlpi"in'. tho
rool)',

~-hon

'h, bu)-or p;oh 0",'

,",I 'hore i; "0 impl;"',1 ~"",­

" C"mnl;n~' v, ~l"'g""·" Ino" N[l, J~·108 (D,S,C, Jon, 10. t917). A \-"die' ~'''' «ndo'«1 ,~"i"" "«<);"",'.i,,',

ohair rnr" poilUO<, 0<1 II" ~'n"nd, 'h"l 0]" «,.il<:r "r<: ill bv,,· "".,in·, eh"i,,_ " Vel,,_ v, C",ho< &; Cla,k I.u,,,l,,,, COIl'" 13 K. '{.2'1 117. )~Q ~,Y-S_2d 6\7, 3DS N, E.2d 7!() (1973), 11.in@'.aC':lrp
~

hon the wood

pi,"" thot their jot> '"I'<,,-,,<>r nrd"e<.l ~"'I
,hom. Tho dofo,odan,·lumbor ,,,mF''''Y ;"elud,d" di",I.,imor or h.l bih'r "" i" in· 'oko ror II" pionh. 'n,e ~<w Y~r~ Court of Appc,L, h,ld I)", 'be l"m\>;:' '''''''1'"'')'


,

.'

!.,I. .mUts ,\:oiD SCA}')'OU /S (eJ-l"eJ;li~~IIO;C."

II ;~ lIlll1:ll1y dimcu" to pinpoi m rt)O( of ~ vio l31ion o f /I ' talld ard o . 1I Iksign
lU ring d l;rC~ 1 mal' O\:l;Uf d~ [li(c tile c.\~rci ,;e of duc c:lr~ b)' :,Il I'J r. li c"" This i~ es!,<,c ial1y true in n scaffol ding cas., where Ih e dcfc"C l in th e part tim! rniled UIDY hm'c bC~1I alturgic',,1 IcSLi llG,lO ,

.

disco\'~rabl e

oil ly th roug.11 mel·

The refore, ~ lriCI Ii:lbilil~' llnd ~ta lluory prm o:.;: lio n lll'\: ust",Il)' reli<:d upon by lh t p ~1 1r11;1T, wi th II cllligcn;:c :l1l :l1l{;m"mirI8 r~~lor. I'or insla IICl:.;1 mn)' bt; $11 0"'11 l h:l1:;1 ~":lrrold boo a 11( («,;\'" !I<.'(\)IIdD . " TI,i. i~ ~umcjem In m a hli'>h liabi li.y. If it is :!ohowlI rUrllo~~ lloat Ihe dcf,mdllm r~I "':d to perfoml l l!"~1 r}' periodic rocltl l~l$

b l~kc.

"',"1I

On t h~ MXon.b ry Il~n k.:, lhe jury Rl3Y to " Imim th. do;fcudrull. Sin, i'3rly, if "rio~ failures h ~d oocurred wit h t he sa.... mll3f)· hrake, the jury nl~)' punis h ' he dcfendJn t [<>, n<>, tnkill g cllrr«livc 3CI'O li befm " the ;\~~ i!l.nt . [f}-I'nilutt ' 0 "'" rn," Si nc e , caITollls arc SO d n!\l/.~ rml~. " ml the rCl ullS of m i~tl~C 10 horrible, a m:uwfacturcr i, r.:qui rcd to tuke c.' t r" prccnuI] OU! to be ~ u rc th"1 :my d anger a ssoci,lt.od with Ui;C nf Ihe !'c"IToi d iii comn llulica tcd rIOt onl)' 10 th e put~h:.~cr blU to the uscr :I.~ well. U Fo r i."tlllle;.:. a w:trlling. cOIlHli ncd in ;I 1.'dmic~ 1 m.'I1·

u.al.

"""iIL~l ~l1~chi \\g 3 ~" rCl)' belt 10 a supporJ rod w,~ hdd i"s.i<:-

...." ,,01 eol""""'.n r blr" jff. >ilK. IhO)' ,.;... ~ ctImpl<1c

"" ,ft!:fl" '" .~. C"''' ~.'''''

"hd PC''''' "" • •10" j .. ,'Ii«. ,"

t . S''''~''M,~I/J' L I'N""" A "'. I'ricdm,a. 1'"••,."" t c<', I.i'bit;,y in ~ ._11 ......·," (.\ \.:0"...".. 11«1<4« ('157).

'·S,'··fl>JWf

i.bit;'r. ~h. ~ •·...b"u~"""•.

,~.o t[l[['I[iI.

,.. .1'0" 2 I, K "f'<"',';n &':>1, MI,.. ", A"orn o>",' Gui"" 10 !",~~",cn"

..

,b, j ~, " r ,ii. "" ",,"i}'''' to!' M"~IL11'" ""~
" S''''Kcn",>I~' L1',""",1'< M, Fri,d""",.!,,,,,,,.,,, Li,,"ility. "', l . " M ,,,,,,(;,,lllf. ,r', !.i,bilily in N.~ tlr~" ' •." ~ ~,l! (\!""h.~' tk,,
i .1,O)I"III1I" il (M"uho" · Bo,lde'

19~") ,

"S.". "~,, :lei..... , S)'","",COI1,-.12 t :'ol,W.2d ~(t'o'.l)'

WH~

".... ,."

J

K08{ ) ]

%_95

I'ROIJ. lJAII, PRA(.T](.'l: GUlDt:

qll:ne as ~ mll iler or lnw 10 31'prnc a uS(: r of l11<: <.Iange r of doilis so."

The coun Slal~d that III ~ C!u~"Jtion;~ whether th e warning provided ~deq\lllic "","UI.1nCc Ih.,l the inform.'l iOfl 1I'0uI<./ nctua lly r~:x:h thos.e "'hOfc s:t rc:t r depcnd~ Oil Illli r h~ vin~ il. Th us, any

lir~~a\'inJ;

w:lrnins sh cli id be pl~ec<.l ill a locHli Ofl w ho:r~ nw~y ill so me technic~ 1 n~ ,mml

II Il lcr will ~Cc it, mlher Ihnn lucked in owner', file c:lbinct.

In.:

ASS<.'TIlbly iliMruclio!l ~ m u, l be ekllr an d e.1S)' 10 foll(lw, since mi nor mij,lake, in a~>.mb l ~· c:m h :lv~ d;snstrou ~ r~~\llt • .'· {1ll--Pro,lm: Delu l. Th. ~im pksl m~... hocl of ,,(O\'ing til<: <:xi<;1e!ICC (If ~ m anur.. cturins dcl'cC1 i~ 10 hll"c "';I"C$~ Iesl ifr 110) 1 they s.,w the brokell pan ~nd d~'S\: ribl: What the)' r.aw, This is usually in· ~urr[(: icnt in hsc1rto es lab li sh the preSC llce of ~ d~rCC1, but In some ;n llan ret: ~. Up· Rig/u. ffl f .. " Ih . clnw dam[l end o r ~ cross brace rod 5eparnlcd from I)I~ rod, a)l tl"'i nS ~ I S-yca r·old alu mi num ~cnrrllld 10 COll:1 )l!i~. A fd],)w <'nlpJoy\'C o f Ih ~ [lbi nlifT aud Ihe job ~\Ircri n":ndcnt bot II lot ifi\'d th.~llhcyobsc",N1l heel~... d~mp 3 oo tM rod:ofter ,ile:,cd drnl. Ih al "orne weld hud bmk~n so!!lcwl~rc, and that it ~ppcJr~d there hnd been II r"ilu re 10 w~l<.llhc claw 10 the rod. The court held !lIut fhl~ rre-;.,:nlcd ~u fficic"l rael ~ from which the jur)' cou l(1 concludc thlll Ihen: Wl\~ II defeclive ... dd unioo t.:f"·U Il Ihe ebw clllm p anti Ihe b mcc rod, I! i~ 11111 r~uml1lcnd('<./ 1h l nn)' p~ ny attcll1pt 10 [lto" C B defect th rough b y Ie-timon), alOlIe. In ~lIrroldi "S eases, nn upcn i~ 3...·lIyll wll frBn l~"CI

lind

,,~..:cs.'!o"y.

Stnffold or Purt for Trilli. Pari;..,. nr. often eritto prod uce Ih~ ~lIeB~"CIly dcfcC1i"c pari :>t lrinl. D3malling elv..ing lIl'gu n'enl 'l :ond " 'ot iOlls ror diR"d ni verdicls may [h}-Produ dn~

ici ~.nI

for

r~il urc

Uld,

:. loIiocli ". Up-R~M. In.:., ;3, .. mbl< ,It< "",,"oiih1-)",t-.", d; ..... "l..", ,,,,",,.

I"S in i"o<":qu", , '"hili')' "nd pl"i n,in', foil , A !J,"O.OOO

r", ' h, pi,inliiT, .. j

til

.\1'(1.

3d

1 Q6~.

150 N.£.ld!.l (19}ll-

'·
""." "",,",,,1

"""".,

rou " fronl bilu r.: 10 prod uce lJoe re3l cvidenc~ in Ibe ~':1!.e, II..: ;tltesct....tXti<-.: JI.l rt. It h
~I)'

[i)-ExcludIng Other Possible Cnuses," Once n defec I hn~ been idem i~<..J, II i5 nOI tt<'C<'S:\:I'y for 3 plnimiffto uclu de ul! ol her ~i­ b1c cau!>eI fOf lite brc:1 k''' g of 3 sc" rrold." The jury ut a~' conclude Ih31 lho: .. lk'S('d Ikf''''1 m or<.: likely I b~n lKlI the C:lU!./: of lite inri· delli . II i~ 1101 " n·cs....~f}" Ihal I,...,. probable r:;IUs.:s I", dirui"~I<~I."

'S

When n 1l13i"Ijrr 11lltm rn~ 10 l.""'tabli~" .. oon'pecilie d.:f\'CI. b)" ill' f,'fling 11m Ih . $("~ffold "'Quit!. nOl h3W O(h"""is<: fnilcd, the p~~inli R' mUll .~cl"dc olh ..... <'/luall)' prolK1blc <::I.u..... ,,( rhe fail ure, A ~ Ion:; a. rhe plnilHirr~!W~bli 5hCl< rhat the fnilurc probab ly oc~lIrmt :\~, result of ~ d~rcci. Ih ~ j)ln;nlifT hn. mel hi ~ burden or proof, Tile fact Ihat rh~ dcfelldm!l CUlt conceive of other poSl'ibk ~;,u."" doc~ tlnl O,'C'COn1 e Ihe pl :LiIl IHr~ proof. [j]-r.~lIcrlS. A p,or=o. who is nil c~pcricll c"d m~chnllic~! ellgineer ;LIl d :lIt ~.I ~" '" the field of metallurgy may t<"!.tif)· " 'illt regard

" T•.um, h .... <, Mo:G, ... I.uft'h
f'J>in,iIr,
~

WI '",... .

'.-0.

,,",«~ kI

.. h;"b "'....m.I

when ~ pbnk u",", .:hi(h h...," . undiog !noJ;. in T"" pbi,n;rr bfOUtl~ "''' . !;OIin" ,b, ".!'Pl .. , t>f ,h. "".rrokLi", Th. COPn affirm'" ~ JI>\I,~,.", Ih" pbln. !ill; boldin& ,I,.t it . ~, nn, """"'.... 'Y KI r rodlOCe the okktti,~ pllnt ,a,,, .... kPo< n, ....... ,I>< d. rM i•• fU rt .."", .... lrtclalt.

"""

0''''''''' ,,(

s..., dho Sroo<' ". l:p ,I< I~".

I"".

~

III. AW'

jJ

10M. 1.W :>1.I!. ld : ) ( I9l!).

··Dc"""''',.......

" S,... K''''''",I/), l . 7 I) ... ",~ .. ;n Tm' A,"fi.:>!ts. cl1, ~l. f.. I""""."' ""1).11"",,,,,11;,'•• ltd JMoO"'""!or)" r;,id,,,« ,,"I FI ""l l'rcp,,""io""" (Matthew Iknl., I ;~ l ), (19~J);
" S<"~,'nm,/I}" 1,. 1',,,",,,& M, [In''cimo,,. !',,,,IL...;, L;"bi lj,),. ,I>,:l, ""M" our.,,,u,. «'< Li'hilil)' i" N.!liF
" SI"'I' ", l1p.Ri8111, ("0 .. J ill. AI'P, ),) l(lO~. 1$0 N .~.l,! 2) (197l1: To,,,,,,,, trIO, ' .. ~loG"'" !."m\>c,

en,

111 III. At'l'· 1d 3l1, l!4 N.F. ,lJ ~i.-I (19M),

"s"., ~,'.,""11,y "'P'~ ~ !6.01 [
....

' ,",

~6- IDO

I' RO O. U"IL I'R,\CfICl: GUlli!::

to a

dcrc~t

in a plO,l usc'tl 10

~ upport ~c~ffoldi ns."

[k J-.·"res«1Jh~ U~ u Satffohl. The M OO of wrn.1 h.:r II prooJ· net WIl.Oinul1dcd for II"'! ~~ scaffoldi " ; is uw~ny ror Ih e jurI'. Ftl r in~t~"c~, " floor d....;: king nmn ufncturcr cI~imed that il did nOi imend, nor could it f(l !.O nably h ~\'c for"'SI:Iln. thaI con, tfllclion wcrkcn " vuW 11\.1: its do:..:kins: for :\<:n1Toklin!;- 11",)' cl.!timcd that Ihe Walk,"' II "! of thc deckins to ~urport thc'm while doioS weldins wo rk in ~

, hnftway wn~ a m;!ltSc. Tb cju ry Ilei d to lhe cOIItrnry, nnd the mann· r'II:lUI ..'t fdt!«I prior 10 lrial on tLlmases. " Th. mn llu f:~clu r~r ~hould WlIrn osnill'! n fOI'u r:mceo; of \.lfel}' \I"b c1t s l~ppins on tb o ~ca fl"Old. the same" ~ Olle relio:s. UPOIl such assurance~ when bo~ fdill a J plan t OT t~ kins J r>r~~rifl1ion dr\l&."

Wh en the plaintiff rai" 10 foUow di ,,'Cliom; for :tsscmblin g a sc:tr· r~lies on his OWn iu dsm cn!, lin d he kn ow~ t!tnt hi~ method of ""'i ng fo ld, nnd instcJ d

M;~!!Ibled .'·

the scafl"o ld as

[m}-l>ual

If the plai nliff's employet also d\$igned or mll nur."lClur«ilbe scaffold upon ""hieh Ihe \I"Olkcr " G." . , k

Cflp~d t}·

or

Em plo)·~.

s.m.'. [no, " . ll,,,,,~, I?? &0. 2~ 29 I (FI>, Di.I, CI. A[>p. 1967),

s..... ~I'" ~"J'! I. KUp
K 531",.. ,\I_f. Gu;'1< to ~ -nns..

dL "II. ~ F"'t u .. lI.oul,.io '" M,,"~,uh" and do. lI , ~F"'
" 1l".1L ". It. Il. Ilabert_ C" .. No, 10 Itlll (N. D. Ind, .\bn;:h 19; 6"", ,,,1"'''''' Irr 19 An .... L R<j>. " K' "~I"'" " . (1 974) .

.. !Mo'. ' .,t ..

I

19-10<. (t~J6"

E loo.,ber Cu., 16 lit. "'pp.

O)'m. ~, .. v.

)~

J6l, 306 N,E.ld

6~ (,

0 "..." lS2 1_3 1066, 1000l".W.l d .l46 (1%1 ).

.. 50,01,,, 0'. K>t"",.bOO T.nll!. Silo Cu. 105 Micl<. 3)9. I II N.W.

~2J

(1919).

S,'" alS!' H'P'" d" 1$, "Def,"" •• "d t~"". " ,r.. .. "

" ,' .

, !M8[3]

LAI IJJlW S A'll) SC.uHII.I)S

WlIo; wo rki ng m I h ~ lin1 ~ oflha aed Ucnl , Ihe plailllirrnmy l><: 10 Sn~ hi~ .... lIl'lorcr unlkr Ih~ du;ll cal"'~it)' Uoctrin e."

~ lIIill cu

[1I~E ~~ nlplts of Ucfl.'Cl s. [n une (:.<e, :1 "br~~ k-b;ld, lie," used 10 l'UpflOr! a se~fl<)ld, broke, The m ~nufrlclur~r was held li"bk. ba.~~d ill I"lrl 011 Ih e '"'llliDlOlIY o r ~ mcl:lUUr~!.I ."

The presellcc ofkn[)\ , in a plnn~ , ill violnlioll OfSl;llldMru for [u m.. b<:r IISCII ill !I(;lfrold;lIg, wa, found to be t be c"u~ or n plank breaking." The pr~~l]cc of ,h~ ~J10 1" WII< I'T()\'Cn by ph Ologr~phs. rather Ihan b)' illlro•.lu.::lion of Ih" plank il self, Th~ cln .. ' C1:o0l p CIIU of ~ crot..~ br.u:.; roo.! i\(par~IN from Ihe rod, allowing n !5 ·ye~ r_old ohun illlun
Wh"n a !,J~n1; 1Ipt:IKl.d, cnusillg th e pi:li milT to fall, n violulio n "r Nd,rJskn '~ ScajTold S., rclr Act W"s h~ld w be IIc&lis~ncepcr "-',"

A phlin li lT ,,,,,,,"c, .., 1 judsm~ll1 for R rm~lur~d ~ pit)l; :",1.1 lnjurnl feet :",1.1 :m~b " ,11 <:11 a d cf"":liw ~n"l1 lie. u~d 10 hans ~ ~arrold bracht "1:;1 in );l a ~~re ~,,"eMc w:,U, cau....xi t [>e "'~ rrold 10 Ml fom

floo",-. ,

·Ih. n\"IloCn..oe of cl\!at-\ilc Ik"~ to hold pl:tnl:inll in place wa.. held 10 comlillit e u defect , ari d ~n award to u worker, ..... ho hau been i1\ju FLxi whcn t h" bo:I rds slipp..-d and ht: MI l"rouSh Ihe c.nt~r or the sCr!rr"ld, was "ffiI1!1C(!.'1

.. s,.... ".g.. j)ou~I." \', E. ,,>
"

nonn.

G,,,,~ &

5,"", I,"" ", U,c.:'. I'>9 ~, ld 2ql

.. 'f.",,,,. t nc. (1 9M) "~. ~.

~ . ~ kGr <w I.~ ",t;.., f

m.•. !)i". Ct. At'fl. 1%7).

C,'" t 17 1If. "1'1" Id

l ~1. !~ 4

N.I:. ld

t.'p.Rirll<, In ,., .1 lit. ,\ rr . .\d IO,;~, Iro l\' ,E,N :~ (1 972),

•• I"', r ". Soli.." ... 16. f','
5 S~

I'j.lOll, I./,\U, l'IIAcne\-: (:\jlllJ!

,..n.,

A !\C Llk.~lI'm l '""c hed fm ~ ~1 ~in1i lf ki ll~lI "'1,,:11 he fell fro m II con~lruction sc"ffold, ~Ilesedly a~ n res ult of a ll eye brnc k~l ,..hich

broke."' A ~749.000 Sc:Iticmcol1 ,,'ilS rn,ched in Th" rou nl! ...."Oi.:k of I ri~1 011 bl:h alf o./"Ih c f~mily of a deceMcd worker wh o rel15 4 nOOf~ a fter the [lOwered r.cnffold for all [)ffice buildi ns col1:1pscd. Th~ ev idence 5110 "'00 Ihat IIIe defendanl "C\.~.... k .\!ed ir.; c"quillUlCf\t un ~~ r a~lU;tl U!\C oondiliM, 10 determine how il~ roTubiliTy "'3~ affec ted by weight. wind \"cl<xlty, and other facton."

A SI,600,OOO.cuknm ll for the Il'mngfu ! d~nlh of .. wi ndow c\C(lno:r " 'il5 ~:tch,..d ill an action c1.1im jll& a dd'~"CI ill :t po".~'To:d plat forlll." i'l:oi,nlff dai m~1II h.1t the pinion ~II Jn fo r lite 1II0lo r fmc· l urc~, cnu,inll lhc pri mu,), brake to r'liI, :lnd lh ut the ~ccondilry brake ,,'IIS dcf~"CI ;"e, ""CaUl<) il rniku 10 hal t the d O$C~nt of Ihe i~ .. f1·old. I'~,illliff disco"em! anOl ller si mibr ~ccidclll, ",lIkl! oc.;uroo prior Ih e windO", ck.":mcr·s d~-:ll h. \I~L\ i'1>"oh ·et! ~ !oI." ';ou, " UU f )", 11M: manufact urer da ;nll'd in tllrn lh ~t the ~haf\ "'~ malluf~c\urcd from der,,": lh'c r~w nmtcri~!s, pro"id ..", by a secon d d. fcmlnllt. ~ 1\d th(ll the pbin/iff was conTributorily n.."lig~'ll for f:kilurc 10 \10'",,, a safety 11<11,

10

Ii 56.09

Rwk~

G(wernlng

Scarrolll~

!>__ ....... , .... . ",Ir ' . ...~rI'_ h... ""'n 0<1 ,."h ..,. , .... " '".lio...t St:" ubnb J.. t~uI . IA.... Stl. ''''' U.d, ,,,,IL ... , ... lI
IOSII ,\). OS ll A r<""I~llo ", ~",,,"," " I .. ltI<,,.no! ..."ffolo1.< or, •• ~." i:orl:d)' ( m .......

" NSI .",,1I:I<4S.

_ ilk>

l10e A ~l ,\"" .... J . I0:Il .. ~ r<>l4, _ r k ...... _ Iy " .... I .... ""'r~ • ""rr... , ~ d ",roly f,. ", tho
..,..,t . .

m",,''''''

f.."., .... 'ro,"

'"l'I"''' •• ""'....

" ... h.,d p,OI«t!oo .

.. C.,."u;" ~. I'. t..u 1)0.'.. 0<.1. I,

l G7l>~

ScJffitldill,!! Coo. C, •. 1'" 1~·~ 1 (\j. S_O. ~ .C .. 0 .. ' ..... "" U' "f'D'kd;f< 20 AT I.A I.. 11<1' 1 10·1 13. ( I"''''',

.. Dd.',"' ,'. SpiLl" SI.;;" _ Cc. . ~o_ Sll\~1~ (KX s,'r. C1. . Kin!" C,, "",)', ",,"'.. 19n), a.' 1."1"""-.1 iI. n AT LA L. ((, " ~ 22·R6 (1')1'1).

n.

.. IlLla ' . 1010 IlIood ~·~)". So. n li'JllIl (N. Y. SuI' CI" K '". eo..~ ,~ S ..... 19. 1).

"... ,,,,

..

i.AII1lI':IIS ANII SCM'row s

j~_ I OJ

~1~lIId~fll$ I h~1

The

apply 10 SI:,,/Toldins

(tl-Oec upat lonal Sarety

~lId

Health

t:a!.Clt

a rc:

Adminl~Ir.llion

(OSHAl.'

T he OSUA R"lIubliolls for Ladd~'tS a"d Scaffolds' are ml:.cn b rSd)' (,mil Ihe ANS[ j\land~nb . A, in [he ANSI ~Imldards, tile ""ri(\\I~ Iype; or t.c:~n'old.~ receive !'CJmmlc Ir,"~1 melli, Wilh:1!l umbe r of g4~I(T'

011 rrincipks applying 10 1111 sca(fol..k The fol1ol";"& crcd by OS HA:

'u~:~~

arc WI",

R~'qpir"II1~"t...·

(I)

Gcncr:tl

(2)

Wood ['01" Sca!fCllds. '

(3)

Tube ,md Coupl.,r Scnffold..'

(.\)

Tubular Welded fm me Scafl'ohl .. '

(~)

Manually

(6)

I!b'minS and Rlll"li,,& Work

(7)

Olllri~cr

J'ropcl l ~'ll

.\{(lbU. ScalTold..,' Plal ronu~'

Scnffolds.'

(8) Mao;ons' AdjllSlablt: Muhi plc .• 'oim SU!opiI" , ion s.:"rrolds.

(9) Tw,,·I'oinl Suspensi on (Swi ligin Sl SI U1IC!l<'tl e.~·

(10)

,0

ScafliJ ld ~. "

Adjustable Mllhiple-Po i"l SUIlpc!l$iOll Sc-:lf-

lords." 1 Sa- R_ II..g.,n l< M_II"""". 0«"1",;"",,1 s..r"')· ", "I I~,nk " c<,
~ 19 ~6. m(.) {I ~ t7~

'!J.t '.

I q26.4~l(~)(1 % 7J.

\ Id. ~ 19~6.Hl(.) (19 1H). • frl.

J

l?:!bA51(~) (19~7) .

'/d.

t

I 9!M~ I( o) (l 9a7J .

• M.

~ 192 ' , ;'I( I') ( I ~8 1 ).

' '''.~ l~lM5t(~)(1~8 7~

'. ,d. II

M.

"Id

~

19! M} l th) (l'IJn

~ 1')2oAjll , )(l9~7).

J

1~21>..j$ I(j)(!'Mn

' " • - _ . _ , -<-

I 56,l)9{lJ

I'RO]}, LlAU. J'R,\CTlCE Gumt:

(I I)

Single-J'o int A djusl~bJc Sllsp<.:l1~ion Se~fl"o ld! . u

(12)

Bo.ll",·"in -s CI, ~ ill!, "

(13) C:trpc"icrs- n racket s.:"rrold•. "

(1 4)

8.ickby~..,;- S'I\f ~.e

(l5)

Ho rse s....fToldll,u

( IG)

Kcrolc llc.1n1 Sc.1fToloJs.' •

( 17)

1'1~~I ~1"t:rS' ,

(I S)

Imerior Hung Sca rlQlds.'·

(1 9)

Wi nd o\\' Jack ScuflQl d,."

(20)

RoofinG

Soffold s, '·

Dccor,lI or"_

~I\d

u.rg£ Area Sc:ofl"o!ds.'·

Il r,lCkcl~.n

(21) Cra,,-lill G Ikr.uds

Of

Chicken l.aOd eMl."

Sc~ fTolds}'

(22 )

rloal or Slti"

(23)

Form ScaflO lds."

(24)

Pump h ek S<,,,rrol d.... ll

Th<-'!.. follow th e -"nn ~ forillat as I h~ ANS I ~ r,,,,d nrd.~ ,..,1 fo rrh

in/m_ Uld.

~ 1~~"'~' I ( U (i~87J .

,. f<J. § 1926.4'1(1) 11%7}. II /rI. i 11)!6,4S l(nI) ( In 7).

'· IJ.J

19l",.mel (I~8n

" /d. § 19l/c4, Ho) (l9 ~7 ~ '"/
~

19!(),4S I(p) (I og1),

' ~ /J. ~ 1 ~16." H~I (1~ 8 7 ) .

" f<J. §

1 91.M ' I (r) CI 9 _~n

"I". J 1 9!~"1( t ) (In)). " IJ. § 192b.4S1(u)OQH1}. " M .. 1
~

l?2o.4S1 (vj{I9S7j .

~

t9 Y,,' ~ 1 (.- J 1 1 ~ n J.

" IJ. § t91./c' , lh Hl 9i7t u hi. ~ 1~ 26_' S t ()' )(J9~ 7 j . , '~

" ,!

1.A[)llIlIIS II:-m SCAFrOl .llS

[2} Aln crirnn :\alloaal Slandards fnlftutc (ANSI)

..

[nJ-Hlstor)·. The Amcri c~l\ Kationnl S!andl'rd S~f~ ty Code for Buildins Com;lruclio" . ANS I A 10.2-1'.1+1. i niliatl~· c(lm~ i"ru Ih.: 'W""'3rt! ~rO" i'liom ronccrning Sfo/Tc ld!o. In th.: r:ln )' r95Ch, il was recomm ended that the Code r(lr Bu ilding Co nlotrucli(ln be divi ded :It\d i"Ycd a~ ~pnr:tl~ sandnrd •. A subcommittee of the A 10 Com_ ",itt~~ 011 fJuildi" il C<mstruction was formo.-d to cr"" le :I . 13udnrd for scnnOiding. II ";'IS nol IInl il 1969. though. l Sl.: f!.~ratc ~'~ U· dnrd for ~c~/Toldin!l- wns npprm·cd." That vCl1!ion was rC"ir.cd. trent· lng the c"rrem ..:mdn rd. ANSI AlO.8- 1977. wllich W:lS appro\'cd on SepI~lI1""r 22. 1977.

'"l'

[b)-U~c. Scarrold~

be performed

~ilfcly

may b<: 11 5~..J 0111)' where .he wor k c:\1\11(I1 from the g.ro und or from 'olid cOns tructi on,'"

[cl-Lolld RlIllngs. The ~I:md:ml I'mlides for hn"~·-dIlIY. " m,..ti"m_du ly. - :l nd lisht-duty" sc~/ToWinl' He'lV~··<J\lty "",,/Totdins j. d ~'Si~nc'(lto ~:lrr~' n workin g lond of 75 lb./fl.·. Heavr ..:l utr $C'3fToid itiS is ured, for u~m pl~. itl ~ I O,"' nmMllI· r }' wot~ . wh....e nl"t.:rin t will II<: ~( OfW on the: pblfonn. M~dill rn·d llty

!;CnlToldi ng i.. d.::.igncd

carry a working lond nr SO Ib./f!.l. ~lcdiunl_duly >c~rroltJing i~ u.ctJ. ror exam ple. ill bri ck· laying 01' pL.... leri ng. ill which malerial,,:lt\: ~epl OIl (b~ ",,,froid. 1(1

Light-du ty !oCnfTolding is d~'!i iSllcd 10 ",. rry " wotkill S 100.d of 25 Ih./ft.'. Thi~ i~ m;cd.o hold wo r~me" onl~·. wilh nO materi~ls ",o"tJ on the X'affokJ ot!t.:r I""n tool>. (dJ--Fll
'.

portalll. The ~tn"d urd r«luir05 foo l ins whiCh is ""'lind . rigid nnd "ap.ablc o f tnrryin~ t h~ maximum ill1,"ld,-d land ",i[ho\1l ~"tllillg or dispbct"Ielll."" " ANSI A I O.~· t9 6? "A~SI,\IIH_t')H !

,. III.

t

~ It>cli .,; tio", ~ .

" lel " Id.

" IJ. § l.!.

J.1.

16-106 C~iNg ct)l1~r~t~ b!oc~~,

OOxes., 1005<1 brich, b;mcls, or

~in,ilar

ob-

ject. 10 'lIppon " >c' , uch oc~ffo kl to h;l'"~ ,m opcn (,1<.1 e r .ilk, whcre ~ wor~er C~n f~ 1I

off.

There ",.." ~O ll1e excerljon~. A ,caffold ;n.,idc 3 building doc~ not Il;l'"c 10 h,,~c SUJrdraiJ~, if the ocllffold cevers the cntire noc r of a room amilloo.-s nOJ hH CMY o(lCn ~ides.. It I;iIlII,Olloave any openinp ~uch a. hei~I ""a}· .. eI~'~lor ~ hn s, Dr stair ...."ClI ~. I. For n" ..~!1c lIca m,. noats. oonIS"'aiN's ch~irs. carell my (suspen d,'SOIf}' des ign of Ihe sunrd l~i ls. The !;uMtl",il mUM be 36-42 incha; hip!. ",;tlt midr~iI ~"\IrflOrtS:l.l loosl ~vcry 10 fC~I . There mu>! be a l00:bcard whkh extend, ~t ka~t JY, i!lel\c> "bo~~ Ih. 'urf~c~. The slnnd nrd !i.C(~ fert h spccifi~ ntatc",,] spct irleul iont. fur Ibe !oi7.e nr angle iron. w:lil S(a.-l lubinc- "":111 all",.i_ num ,ubin:;. Qr lumber 10 be tW!d in COI"lnlet; ns tile gu~rdr:lil!.. Wh~1l IhCT ~

nrc urea " below the :scaffold w)lcr~ ['Caple a~ required 10 ..... or~ . the ~':Iff" fd nlUSt h~ve a sc ,,,,,,, be' ..... .:;:n lho: ,,,,,bo:u d and t l'~ lIuardraii. l1~ins " 0. 19 gauge U.S. St.mtli!rd Wire. K·in. mesh, or Ihe equh·al,-nt." TIll" pre"c!l1~ 111:1lcr;ul from railing "ff Ih. """f_ fold onto jlI:l]IO lT> below.

(fJ-.-Snru)· 1'''':IOr. Se:l.ffeld~ and thei r cob'fIOnenlS arc lI:quired I' I
" Id

J

I ' 1<1.. ~

l .J..

:uc n

.. hi.

"/d. i l ..1{ll. " IlL ~ l .lI.

.

,

".~

16-101 10 hold;\t Je~~t rOOf times t h~ m:lli nlUIll illlcnd~'(\ 1 1X,~.1> All rop.i u~cd for i u , petl~i olll~ rcqui~d to hold 3t 1~:I$t ~i.lti mcj the imcn d.II11~ for p:tnic ular worki ng lrod"- 4>

(h,rOJ)Cl1ing$ In Platform, 1'0 op<." ins. more th:", onc in ch i. )lCrrnil1 ell bctw<:<:n adjacent pl anks or be lWee n
vWed. and Ihe l:Kklt r mUSl bt: rCIMa ineo,l from

mfl\~.1t1. "

[j}-MoI'ement. All plan ks mU,1 be ~c~u rcd from mo\,cJI1cm:' as Iml Sl all pia{fom', :\IId l:iddcrs leudinll to the plntforms." Thc poles. lc~ or uprigh ts of lIC:ln"oldl. mw,1 bt: plumb and rigidly br~co:d to prc" cnl any oWlt)'l ng ~"d dispbt'C"'cnl.'4 To " ",,'em tippi nS. s uys or ollicr m can ~ !!I U!{ be u ~~d to re, trllin ;my ffl:':.~ landjng !.C'~ffold lOw~r with a h~j"' l or mote lhml fom ti"":5 the kIlgt" of its b."\Se."

[k,rAttochm NlI to Pcnn3n~n t Str UClu res. Sc,fT(lld, m "~t be ~curc:d 10 perm nllCIl! $lrUC1Utc~. The ~talld~rd states Ibn t ~Ulchor bolts.. rc .·cul (j,m'o) bolt!.. or cquivalom\ m.:lI tIS lil ly be 11'1<.11 to do w.. It sll'.'cilicallr I'rohibits ~ or ...i ndow c":a nds ~ ncllor boilS to secU IC the K"nffold 10 lhe ~tru~tll rc. " "fd. ~

3.4.

J.n

• ~ 1.1.

t

'1 Id.

I U (I ~ oo Ib./;".' "''''"''"'110" ~r'~c 1,,,,1><,).

"Iri. I ). g (1. ", pI.""I", .·oh n,.';,,,,m pomu.>ib!c '1',0> Cor ~ ;n. ~ 10 itI. (DOmiIl>l)"" 2 m. ~ ? IQ. ' ''''''p I pIo. •• , '" IOf•. ((II" ,,""'i'll IooiI oC ~ lb.i11. ' : 2 ia . x 8 1R. a ,.-orId.ot"

'
1• .11'1. ',

"Jd.~l,ll,

·'Id.

t .1.12.

t " M.I "Jri. t " Id. t · ~/4.

l.ll.

l.ll. ),lO. .I.l7.

"""'"

! U.IO

,'1101).

I.I M~

J' RACrllT. (OUlUVo

To "rcvcm I i,,"; I1;. J; lI)'~ or 01 her !ll~~JlI mu>! be u>ed 10 r~""Sl.r~iu :m y rrcC-<;I~ I"ling sc:llTllI<.II O"·~fS ,..ilh ~ hciglIHO' b,"l'!(l 1":11;0 o r mot" than fo ur to one." lI}-O "~rhmd 1" OlCdio • • In COII>I rudiOl' , ic ,-:; ~n<.I olher

"'otk

iilll iLli'~ls., prOl~"C!iol1

from IO<\ I~, m" l~ri~ r., or ,kbris (:.Iling fmm abov~ is C'i~cn tiu l. Th ~ stand ard requ irLojj Ilmt ov~rhend protection be: l'fU\·w..-d to ",ortCf~ expI.lscd 10 o~crhcnd h:v:>nh." [~t}--O.·trlall\1ln~ I'lank~.

All pbuks or pilrfotlH' itt a continn.

run hn\'e 10 eit her btl SL"1:llrL-d from mo>'c!tle1l1 or <"'~ rlapp<:d a 1II;11;1II"m of 12 indl\.'S." U" IL'S:i they :11.,; rc:slmi" ro:l' both I:IIlII. Ihe)' nlLl~1 t~M,d o,'cr their e"d Slll'porl ~ at re"sl six in ches, bul 1\01 0\"

mm e th"u )8 ;nche'S.II

fu}-WuTk Comdillons on SrnfY"old. Worht$ a rc not l"-"mI illL"d 10 .... ork all SC;tffold~ duri ng . Iorms or high \1'illtiS," ifl hc scnffold i.l; L'(lver
"Ct:uoII"l-iI<-d 011 the [<>}-I'rOlcetiou

So.'~lToId.n

or Senffold Ilrum Oom'l~e. The senffold n1Ll ~L

be PfOlc.:'~-d frou, . " b$tallCC>. which can "'ClIkcn or d ~,,,uge il. A~Id:l aml ~orrmi \'~ ~ubsl~I\L"'''' In"Y \"lI USI: d"lIlage. wil hOlJl beinS Imtic...... and lhcrcror~ the)' clln be LLSCti with scu ffold. Dilly if II," scaffo ld n"lIufaeiorcr :IUt1l 0" 7<'S and :lW ro ....'$ su ch u>-e."

"ikr or ~)· "t hcli c rOpe!; mnM Ix: Uenlo:d or Jl nllt"C I<.... if wort ",ill b.: df"'" inl'Qlv;ng corro, ;I'c snbo;.t anc~'1I or chcmi cals."

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I.AI)DllRS A~IJ SC,\FFOI.D5

l 6- l09

;IfPIT '" oil .... 1101<1.. II.......... ,Io«e • •• 10 ' I'll<' .1 oc:dMol> ...... .

n«l . Md~, In'C "'" 001""" N .... NII""",11Ol: '"'''',1>.111''' ..... ~ •• ,IWI •••«1",". ,.. ..« ..1•• ..,cl '" r.... th. A " "'''rd 110<

u' . ur

p,,~.,,'4

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p1.,fo"". lor

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...l>I l. I.",,<• • ,•• .1, OJld .<"~rr.hll fQIOOC in ..:riou. dto>iI(n.> bu, t."""· ,ulll ...I~· .il,io" .W , "-, ... 11 • .!kll· ",upoIl
... po .... o,oc.oted..... 110< piOi'

r...... ~. bo . '.'~1.4 .•" ... ~(~ "'"i."ololly. 0' ........ II",,,, __ 'I,-d .I "",I .~ .. ork ,I,lfo ... ' .... o""lIOoem .. b k~ 01110« kl .......... ... ~ "" .. W
Th~rc :Ire \'"ri ou ~ Iypes of s~n1To ld ~. The ANSI siandard u!tcmpt~ 10 PI\.'S( ';be "'p:mH~ rule~ for <'.:Ich Iype. 0111)' ,hose ocaITo ki typo.'S ru,med in t lie ~t:",d:l.ld llU)' be us.:d ,' a llhoush Ihe -cnfo ran c. ;"', tllo'; t)·" In ay Gr~"1 In e~cept ion rnr new dC"c!Ol'mcnl~ wbi ch pm.. vide eq uivalenl pro tection,' or when pracli cal difficullics or unnc'C~'S· SlIr}" Illtrd,hi!" rc~u!t and C'IUi":l lcnl proleCtiOn Cnn be p rovided ",ilOOU I adhering 10 Ihe ti,cra l rcquircmcnl ~ Ihe st;mdMd. ' The I)'(":!' of s.;;,fr(lld~ spocifi t:\l in the "an ~~rd nTe;

or

(I)

Wood Pole ScafTolds.'

(2)

Tube an~ Coupler .s..:~fTollh,'

0)

Fabrie~ l«1

(4)

Manually·Propelled Mobile Sc"nbld~.'

Thbubr

I ANS! A lIU·l~l1 i 3.3!. 'lit

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(5)

OUlrigll~r SC~lrrokl.~ .'

(6)

~1a",,1IS' ;\djuSl:lbl~

(7)

Tw[')·I',HII1 Sm[lC,,~iorl S~nITohJ~ (Swi nging ScnITol
(8)

Slone Sc:1I~rs' AcljU~lablc Muhiplc· I'oi ni SU~I\~iol1 St;;,(folds. "

(9)

Siur:lc·l'oim

AdjlJ ~lnblc SU~ [lI!rl ~io"

(10)

Il<>al~wai ,,'s

Chairs,1I

(I I)

C:(!rp"m ~I'l" Ilr"C~~1 S";lITold_~. "

( I:!)

Urit"klar crs'

(13)

i[()r"Se Scnn"o lds. "

(1 -1)

>I~.'~dk

( 15)

Interior IIulig &nil'okJ,.'"

(16)

I ~,ddcr

(17)

Wj,,
J ~ck

SC:llTuld .•.'"

(18)

Flmll or Ship

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Mulliplc·I'oinl

SqU3TC Sc"lTol~, '~

Hc;om '&alTold ... "

Jilek

Sc" ,rold!'. '~

SIlSI\l'l~iou

Sc;lITolclr.."

SCan"olcl... •

LA I)DEI!S ,,:-':1)

16- ttt

(l9)

CmCllaff Sl:Jffold !."

(20)

Pump ) ;<,k ScaffoJob!'

SCA~l'Ol.llS

TIIC general pro>ision. "1'1 forth ~lIpm § $6.09

j 56..1Q1tJ

~pply

10 all K;,r-

fold~ .

To go fllnlier. it is neCCS>!lrr ror the e~p~n 10 detcml il1( rhe lype of 0.<:,,0'0)(.1 iH I'ol\"<~L E~c)1 IHI<: <'If ~catTold ha. u nique r\ll(~ con~erni"t: pcr mill6ihlc U'C'I, d '"IIi~n. c....-clio!!. n1 alm~l !>, p116eh l1l~m 10 MruclUre, ele. 11,C'W prori~U"'~ pro"ide ~tkI; liol1:l1 prota:tioll. be· )"0 ..... Itmt ~ffonkd b}
plkat ioll!i. ( Il-l'nl\'cr~d I'J~t(l}rms fur EX lerlor nundrn~ Muintenan ce. A M.,,()an'tc sw,l(j llrd i. ~(kJrC!lscd 10 Ihe ul<: of 1'O"'cf~d p)~ lform~ (or ~.' t<'TiOf buildin\: maimenaru,-.;!· ~ lIhol!S h sw; h " pial form ili a ~J(' f()kJ f()r lopl purposes. The ''<j uipf1l<'11t co\..,rw br t hi~ M~nda(d j" u<;a! prirtlarily ill wi udow Ck~lli llg, m~1al I'Ol i~hing. crtulki ns. a nd I!-c ncrul ~.~terior bu ilding 11l:o illl~n n llcc and rcpai r ~.

101'''1 m<>l-..J for d .::minilihe "imlm'"S of tire building. .. ~ ,,'ell!IS for o llocr gClr.:'-J.1 m~inh:nolle,". Sintt Ihe build 'nS' mn)' be d('ll.c:n.~ oi slOrie~ hig h. the sc~flbld-Ji~c unit nlll~1 be de~is ncd into the bu ilding. Power.'!! pla tforms are devices that ar~ perm:lIIcnlly i" Sl ~lkd a n the buil,\in!; or struc!\, re. I' The unil ca" shl~ of n ,oof ~ar nml ~ p1n.fon n. II ill dri"en b)' a n .:leelric onOl a r. The roof ca . nm~ Oil t racks whick nrc pcm'3n~lly (.t.ached 1(1 11," la p o f 1h~ huilding. "Tllc roof COlf is d r;vcnlo the loesli<)11 next 10 the , Ide of the bui ld hl~ w here I h~ mnill tCMnIlCC is 10 ,ake plnce. The plelronn is hoi"eo OIW the ,ide Ofl110 building uno Ihen 1(Wo·c n .... im o [lO'itlon. The plutforrn is l h~" itl!ol;rlCd inll1 g'oa vl'$ ('"Inullia ns" or ~T /'iii"'",), ... hich ~ fC pomnallCll1 ly 3111M;hcd in II>.: building. 10 P'C\·.~rI tho: plalfo, m from ~wDyill; or moving from ~i
~

wind~

wire rope nround the drum

n.

"U. ~2 l .

.. Amllo n'\ SI,md....d. S.'fc<~ thqu;r<JnrnlO fvf I'o•.-"O\! r l.,fon,,, r., E..,,;or " Jd. j

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M>;n"n , ,.,,,, AI'S ! AllO.I ·1?10.

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t

~ U' [J

"MOil, UMt. [' RACTIC' ; (;U tllt:

to m~ l h~ p~Morm , or un ..... ind s Ute ..... ire fC\l'e to lo .....er The pb lfu nn, If tbe mOIO, [(li ]r., ;1 ..... ill nOl bold tb e druOl ill place. and tb e ..... ei~ht oflllC pl:nfoml will CauSe the drum to turn. allowing tbe wire to unwill d. A~ Ih e platfonn SlarlS tll fall, a ~ccoml:iry hwke llI.;cliu·

'''pII

nism iI; dcsiS'h:d 10 be aU lomat ical1)' 3Cli" ;1l ~d by the incrc:ls.t:d 111m· ins: Sjl<....'<.1 o r Ihe drum. Whcn Ihe M'C'ont111)' brake engages, il ii ill' 1~'11"'--d to lock II\(: d m m, 1'f"C\'C1uing Ill<: "i !'<.' lOpe from 1ll1will diullo (IllY

further.

ll1e1c m~)' IX om: wire rope for C:l~h ~id.;, ...·h~ h ~ad. rnbo: and lower th e pl~l(o rm . There n"~y b: IWO rOJ!<':< for ..... eh side, :111 of which rai:\e or lo\\w Ill<: pbl for",. Th~rc llM)' IX O1lc on eaeh sid<: for lowering Ih. plalfllTm ami o ne for r:lising il on ""eh . ilk. Elich !.ide hll.~ Olle mOlor 10 rai se and Inll'cr Ihe wire rope for Ih,11 side. T he 111010r is Itlmet! b}' i' number of scars ami shfl •. If th~ Sr:.:mI .hc~r. or oll<: of the ~h.,fl' " .."k, ", hlch Ihc)' can d,~ there wUl

The d rUlIl ....iII !prn r'OIIi II'e " 'eighT oft loe I'b irorAI, eau. i"s Ihe plalfon" 10 (;,11. no. II", ~iok "; 110 Till: :lrr«I~-d mOIOT, Tl>c Side " 'here ,".we is All bro· ken p:l11 ",ill Iiny in place.

be nmhing holding the dru m in

ft

Mopp.llll~iri~l.

As the phn form falls, it re.1Ch ~" 'i P<'cd whic h ~utomaticany IriS' ger. 3!\ cllwrll~ lI~y or ",~'Cond"ry " brnke, T he loat! generalcd h)' Ih e de~cc!\di n s pbl form may b~ sum cient 10 soullc the rIlClid di
fails. III oll e i !lsl ~t\t." on ~uch ~ SC':lfTo ld OIl the 55th floor of~ bui lding. Ihe first ", jlldo'" wa,h er was cat3pllit ed ofT the ~caffolt! 1O hi s deo lh "'hen thc ~cafTold', right sid~ t! rofll'cd, while he ",a, ~tandill S on the left side." The ~" rrold'~ socont!arr l>rnk c f"il~t!, and tbe Ican'old ~\lf· feret! :' rurt]><:T rn:" ran all the ,lfT,-';IW ;.ide, TC1iu liing in th e I':cond window w;l!'hcT d nnsii ng from rhe bot!ld . until l ~'

cued." ,. Ikll. , ~. HO 11,,,.... ,,)-, No. 8 8""~ H!'I , \' , ~ r. l'I .. N.Y. eo,,"l), No., 1'>117).

"Thi' ~1"1."fl'. <_ w.... >
" no; rt,j",I !T, ~"' ,,"., ,,!tIro {o, 51 ",ilh "". ", ~,

""

I.ADDERS M'll SCM1'Ol.llS

56-1 \3

~

56.10(1]

The failure was a broken pinion shaft in the motor. The scan'old mmlllfacturer had designed the ~hnft and had forged it from raw steel. The manufncllIrer claimed that the st,:d wM dd.Clive and im· plc~dcd the raw material supplier. Ullimntcly. the owner. mainwin. er. manufacturer. en'" nmtcrial manufact ur~r, and plnintiffs employer werc all defcndnllls ofonc ~orl or anolher, [a}-Appllcnhilit~, or Stondllrd to E~i5Iinlll'lnlforms. The slan_ dard applies only to powcr~"C! plmfonns inMallcd aftcr March 2, 1970. the approval dute oflhe stnndard, It docs 110t apply to powered platform. installed prior to the adoption of the standard. althollsh local law may make the stundllrrl applicable to prior imtnllati011S."

[b}-Two Types or Powered PlatForm,. There arc t\\'o ba,ic tyJlCs. Type F and TyJlC T. Pan II of the standard appli~~ to TyJlC F powered platforms, Part III applies to Tyl'" T." A T)'I'" F po\\'cfc"<1 plntForm i5 sU'pended by al len't fOllr wire

rope'. nnd dcs;guc'd so that failure of any On. wire rope willllOl "IbSI:lntiall), niter the normnl position of the working platform." A TyJlC T powerod platForm is sU'JlCnded by ut Iea~t two wire

ropes, mid failure of one of the wire ropes may IIps~t tIle normal pos;· tion of the plntform, Worker.; on TyJlC T poII'~rc..J plalform. art required to wear safety bcHs tbat are aU:lched 10 eilher the platform or the building structure." [e}-Type of Drl,m and I'owcr. Thi, stand:lrd :Ipplks only to powercd p1atform~ hnvins lI'inding-drum-type ho;,t,. although other tyl"'s of drums" may be pcrmittc"<1 by local autlmriti.;. If the)' urc permitted by local authorities, powered platform, wilh ~uch drums ~rc governed by th~ sl~ndard." It lIpplic' only to electrically powered platforms." " ,\NSr,\tZO,t.19JO~

"ld.§

3.1.

J.l,t,

"!d.~ ),2.1.1. "ld.~

).2.t,2.

"The >
" Al-lSt A120, 1-1970 ~ .1,",2,".

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t

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I'IWII. U,\IL I'II.\(.,. .CI:

G U III~;

16- I H

Id~Tr(l<)

F I'owered I'lotforms. TIle ma!~rin ls us~d to con " ruc t suc h plalform~ nlllS' c\lnlply will< !oIn!lli:ord~ for .'~d :md ;Ilu· minu m. 3l rel="nofollow"> .he c~se may boI.»'

[e}-RcqllirCmelits (If Stnndnrd Not Exciu ll·a. The $ta!\d~rd ~ lnt~'S Ih:Jl the 'I ~isner !IiOl,]d incorporate ;'Il}' fC3lu r~'S pos.~ibJc 10 minimilc hnz;ords :lnd p l(wldc rc;.sonable :":lfe' Y. rC!:iltd less of whet her II." fC;tlure i. call ttl fur by lI< e wmdnrd." [f}-l'rccnutlnn Agains t Adl"tr.>C CJim~tc. M"n~' 1H~'cri;LI~ ar~

aITc"....d by 00111 we:Ll hcr or h)' wl'3.t hn d.3lLs,t$. ~bn llfao.'ur"R muS! tak" thi . inm C
Ih }-Co.t~ct With IhJ1di"l:. TIle I"'" 'crcd I'lnlform i, ~upposcd 10 bc in cO lllim.,.,u, conla,,1 with Ihe building or Slruclure." Thi~ nbsorb<. ""iud forc~'S 'mrl h ()ti~_onlal rno'·COlen ' . An>" bUildi"~ hi~er than I 30 f~1 n,u.;t h:t\·c T rails, in ~"'l ed mul· lions, or o'luil'"km Guides, built int o lI<e f;lce "r the building.

The ",·",kin& 1,1;liform " "I:llitdin~ suiclc,. The ",orl.:cr ~~111,,)1 be Ml"i rc'd 10 """,unlly phlCc tll~ guide shu<>< u r rollcr. ililo th e building guides." "/dt\O.1 "/d. j 10.l.

"hi

n

In.l. ltlA.

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"Id. ~

\1.2.

"/J. J

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" h(f

12.5. 1.

"ld.j I ~.S .1.

§ 56..10(1J

If I h~ build ing d00; nO( h~,"11 buildi ng ~ u id~'S, sudl i~~ T mils or nlulli on!. lhc pkllrOlm 111I1.t h :,v~ rollc", dl:'!lir,nc'O uud r.. instc"d of 30." [i]_ Roof Cnr. To nlO"C

th~

working platform from one ,ide

of rhe bai kling 10 mlOlhcr, a roof C3. is 1I."<~ry"· The " 'or kinS

plalr"""1 is itlipCndoo from 'h e roof car. '. "

The roof car camlOI go [asler tha n so feet [l<:1 millut~" mid m\l~t n>ecl lhc HPJl lio:~bk tl (;>ign crilCT;n for pl;i lfOl ms.'· Crit~ria for m o,'C· ml'tl' 'md (IO>oi,ion ing of the roof car ale :lC1 forth! ' There n1l1~1 be int erloc ks 10 IbD t the roof eM will not operate 1111' ks. th e workin g p);"form ;.; in i t ~ " up " positi on and 1t01 in C'On1~CI wil l! the face of Ihc bllildi,,&o lind a ll plol« ,I\,c dC\"iccs a nd il.lel locks :ot. in <;'Orr",,! po!Ijlion .... Th e roof e:lr mU ; 1 be determ ined 10 Ix: ab le to wilit!IUlid 12~ per· C( 1lI of il~ Tlll.':
",,"d 10;111.118." [j]-Tnmperil'lI. A pro"ision In prc" cnl the l'ubli~ from tnm p<:rillg with th e roof ,..a f II1U~t Ix: 1!l
off dlC roof "rca to Ih.: public. U · 11.i~ IlIle is lI$Crnl ",he.. dClenni" i,.s wlk!lh~r the roof enr ~nd aSMl<.~ aa-d ,oq uipm elu Me in the ~~rn., C'omli· !jotl as whell nmnufuctu rcd. 11I]- I.
i

Rml .~

Ead. wor\:'ng Vlmfonn mUM IlOSl " " oncot·

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i,

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A difT
f'""" .huuid \>0 'ppli od. " IJ. ~ 1•.1.

.

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,

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1'N01l. ll.\ll. 1'11,\(."(1(."1:

(;U IIJ~:

ro.li .·" pl il1 ~ itl II con ~pl~"ou~ jXlIoil ion Il:u ing ll~ nHl~i mllm po.:rmll.~i· ble r:,.~-d IlXId."

[1}-Snfe IY Bc1t~ and Lifo !.illes. Safe lY ""11 ~ ure 1101 necc~'''r)' wb~" uiling ~ Type F 1lO",·cr..>d pl:ufo ml."'usl.-:ld. a Type: F ro"·~"fet.l pblr()rm mu, ' ha~.., (our wirt: ropes ~nd be do:si&n ed Ml ,11:11 if one wit, rope f;, i l~. lhe pb lfornJ will ''''! f;,I1. Since Ihe plnlfo rrn will mit rn"" ~ .i!:"irIC"". ly if II", wire rope l>rc,, ~ s. the $t~ ..<.brd d o.s lI()t ,~. qllire IIIi: "" orkro; 10 "'car,, s" fCly bell on the pl ~. rom,. Sl 31e Ia .. ~ "",)' ! uPfll ~ n) clll the ANS I ' Inrt dard nn!.! requ ire Its. of ;, S~f.ly lId t 011 ;or,y scaflil ld.

(mJ--<; u3rdt:.lils. Tn " SlInrdraii wl l:li Me SI", elured !D provide the worker " 'i, h th e " hility III rcuch t he ....·all ;rn d do hi ~ ... ork . whil e be ing. ~ rol"'; 'l-d 011 hi., sides :tnd behind hi m. On Ihe "'or~ins si!.!e of lit.. pb tforrn . SU3rt!r:lil!; ' h~t an: at k "-" 36 i'ICh", high. m el nOl Ill ort: lhan "2 in ches hilt!!, mu ~t be pruvid ed. " O n the "at a nd >i de or Ihe p ~otrflrm. ,he !l""rdmils m os. he:11 I"", . 42 i"ch~ hiGh. ,\ midd l ~ I)' imcrm edialC rai lins m" ~ be rl:I~~..J betwc~n Inc lOp rai l ~,\d Ihc btl!1 mn tnc\xmrd" 10 prcvcm lhe worker fro m raili ng ill b.:1 ,,"~"lI " l lot

railing.....

l h ~ pblfo rm, a m ~l rlll ic me5h IllU.l bt; ~I"'Ce'i lx:IW~"" ' lho: ", i dd l~ l:"ardraiJ ~nd Ihe lo,,:bo;,rd.

0 " t he wnrki ng sick or

pi a(.· .-d in 1m: 0 " . ht OIhCT s id...,. of 'hc' 1'1" '(orm . I h~ mct:dli c o.esh "'till be rrolll the lOp rai l 10 Ih e ' Ol.'bi.,ard .

(n}-f-l'lllring "f the I'bt form . T he n OOn!!!; ml)!;1 be tOll" nlel· ed of rwruokirl material :l nd ""'« nUl lr Jve hoi"" l ~rgcr Illn n 9/ 16th i nc lr~"S in d i",lI cle,. " In)- U"i~lilllt ....... ui pmtll •• 1 lie roof t":l.1 u r " vrl:.ing I'btfo fltl ,m,'" h,'c ~ flO" w drh'en (!fum(,). wit h wire r<) pc~ lea dinll rrom l h ~

d ru m(5). over ~lK:avc •• 10 su ~p.:n~ioll or Ilnc homj)c poiJll~. iiIll hal lhc

"/J.

~

Il l.

.. III j 1.'.).J . .. III. § 1M.! . .. /II. ~ 1.1.6.! (A ","," . I,>t\.,·,,,d n",' \>< ph,,'''') . t",,~ ,,11 " /J.

~

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IJ.il.I. H .•.

...., ""

.'

56_117

i.,olnlEHS ,11'1l SC.WFOU>S

I S6.ICI{I I

rl atl<Jrlll cnn I>S<' wilh

fric tion

d~'\·h.-.:s

I)'

cI\llo;hC'i.~' E~~iw

SI ...in in dll: ~h;ut~ n.u. 1 be hn\'e fiUc'(] k cy~

rrc\"~mc..:l, and connection ! ~u bj.:ct to torque 11I U1t

or !>plill""-" . ".

[Q-Drurrt5 ~nd Sh~:tyl.'S. On ly :'prTo1'cd m~leria)s C;1lI be uso:tl for druOlS,U On))' {IllC Ia~r of mp<: can be pc rmit\r:d on the drum,. The slMldard set. fflrth tll ~ Iyp<:, dbme\e r, nnd pilch of the grooves 01' the drum Ihm huld the wire ro""." [Ili-Gt,rs. Tile A'"C ric~l1 G ear Munuf:.u:lu rcrs AS$OciatiQlI setS [flnh MKlld;,rd! for gears. which Ih . gcar. fin Ih~ powered pialf01"l1l mu'lm ~e(. " Suilable IIInter~~1 is "'quiT"d." Good gc.,r 1«lh" :Jl1d 3d~1I31e Iu\".icatio,," mU ll b.: provillcd. [mJ- l lIs~c1fIl" P.l:Ut.o;.

The maUlifaclllrcr "'1151 p l(lVidc n

"">;"'" of i11spt.-c1iug th.: gcnr ~••m:h as pl.1tcs or rltlgs which pro\'itle

~ method of vi.uaJ i" r.rcClio1\ o f Ihe full ... ith h of the Opet:1 lillg S~.,. r facco;." (I"J-lIuhli~ Milt",,;. Th~ hoiIil ilig motor mUM ~:ilij" ' 0 lill 125 pClcenl of the mtc-d IDad a l ,my place the plnlro m, (':III 1m"· d ! ' If 100 &"-"1 a load is pl~eed Oil the hoist 1" 0101. it mll.~1 be tk~iEntd ttl ~t ~!I !1

--_. "/01. ~

1~.1.

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t~ . $.

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1~ . 7 .

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1·1.11.4 .

1 I ~.~ . I.

"'/J. ~

1' . ~3.

~

1 ~ . 9.4.

"/d. J "' IJ. !<

I~ . ~ .].

" M. ,

I~. I O .~ .

"!d.

I~.lo. "

.._, .. '.

*~'or I J

"Imu, U ,\.l I'ItACI1CK C:lill m

{\'}-HIlI~i ng I{opc~ ~nll RIl(I~ Cmlnl':lioo~. Th e wire rup.."l mU~1

Ix of a !;'trw;n d:'SSi Jic:llio n" and gr:llj(·!' A

m~la' .bm I ~g

mU;l b..: nllactl c(J to on~ of tho wire mill: r:l~tcniJ1g', whi ch conUt; n, infofJJl;llion ",i, h r<:!IP;:C' /0 the dJ:unelcr, cI:u;,;i fi~alio" , " r:\dc, m,m" ufactu rer, mted br.,.Jkilll! s!rC li sth , a il e! in.w llalioll!' Tho:rc nlUSI bt.: ~ mini mum faclor of " ,fell' of len." The mel hod of att;lchins the "oi~lins ro~ II) !h" d rum 31\d IIII' Iypell or " 'in: ro p<: f.1slcnill!;.< ;In: ~pc:cili cd/' IpJ-lI mk~ Th..'Te mUSl be I \VO i l"bpo:nch lIbl" 10 slop and h old Ihe plnlform wllell km(Jttl wil h 125 perce1\! ori\> rn1<."<1 l ()~ ~ ; " prim:u}' brake nlld ~ =ol\(l:tr~' brake."

The l1ri mal)' b",h i~ nh\1IY' ap plied. I>nIL'S/i llO'I...or i~ nrfllied 10 Ihe drive motor.'a The second~ r)' br:lk~ lUust \),: nppli cd ",hen e>'cr I"e prim..·uy br~lr;" h:L~ be\,n appli<-d 3nd ~ I1Orrt ~l' ~IOf'pi"g rime ha~ dapsc(J. The secondar}' brake mu, t ~1'-O Ir~ prn,-;dcd with an raw ~p'-'I!d d~'ic ~ and 111U", be: "ppli..d wh c~c"c r Ih.: bPC<'iI n r Ihe tlrum or rlalf"nn r"'l<:llCS n nl;L,imunl or 1010 JlC rC<..~11 of the r~lro ,,,,'Cd. The o\-~rspcetl d~>-icc' must nlso ~h(ll oIT Jl()wcr to Ille dri"illg mOhlr. Undor ~u<.:h circll u,_,mM6, Ihe pl~tforlll ~houl d nl)( \f3,-.1 ovcr ,hr~e r~~t bo:fon: Itl c , ccolltlnry bmke ClIS"SC<;'" Th~"1C " lIl"l be m. arr~lIJ;L~ mClIl for le,tins the ,;cco nd:lIY brake. " There :I re ~C" trul dirr~r~nl Iypes 5CnIl1d;~r)< bra l.:..'S. "'hi~h 3re di\O<:~ in ,h • .~~ IId:lld , "

or

[q}-lilcclrkul Wl rin): anti Equiprnenl. Til e ~ Iamlard ."1\ forlh rul os for decuk-J I ....iri na lll\d ~'([uipn..,u ." Elecuic" l P:lfl ~ III U51 be

"M j

'~. I.

"III.. 15.1.1. "M. , I ~_ ). "Id~

' ·Id

IH.

n l H. t t f t

1,u1.1.

. , '''. f

J.JI.~ .

" Id. , . Id.. ,. /d.

" .7.

l ~ . II . l.

14 .11. l_

ao {II. ., /d. i

'"

"'..,

..,, ..

56_119

L,\])DERS AI\D SG,WFOWS

§ 56.10(1]

gll~nkd.

prokeling Ihem against accidell1nl e011lucl." Adc"qllll1e grounding mu,1 cm;urc llial 1\ single ground or ~horl eircuil doc. not prc"cnl the normal and filial stopping dcvicc, from working properly." [r]-Conlrols. All roof-poII'cred platform, on's( h",'c ~omrol­ th~ poII'~re<J plalform i~ opcratc<J. The controller re'Iuires the ()pcr:l1or 10 follow ~el procedurc' to run the platform." TIle cO!\1rol1cr i~ lIs<:d 10 lift and lower the plarfoml. a, wol l a, operate the roof car. The com roller :11,0 ~ef\'es Ihe function of mrning off the powcr. if Ih~re i~ a malfunction."

leP,; by which

The control" 011 the working platform mu,l be dc'isned <£) thnl Ihoy do !lot work unlc'iS :111 eI,clri~~1 protective dC"ices and interlock, nre in position and the roof car is nt un e,tnbli~hed operating p'. in <-asc the normnl control:; r;tiL The cl11crgcucy ~On­ Iwl must be in " lucked compartment. :Imithe key mounted in a bre:lk·glass rceeplacie ne.~rby."

The mnin drive for Ihc machine should be desisned so Ihat it can

he manually cranked in an emergency." [t}-I'rotcctive Dcvkcs. A number of ekc!ricnl protective device, n1\>o;t be designed into t hc powered pbllform, The operating d<'., /d. , I fl.J.

• • /d. , 16A,W)

., 1d.

~

11l_~,

1.

" /d. O>!d. ~

13.11

" hL ~

lo_~,1(3),

" hL ~ 1J.1J. "In. ~ I J. t4,

"',, "',

§ S6.tO[tj

t'ROD. l.l,\ll. I'RACnn: GUlIJE

l&-tlO

vice'S for the working platform mu't not operntc ulIl~, (hc roof c~r i, iocatc'<.l ill the corm:l po,ition." COlwcrsdy, when the I'ower.d platform is being op<:fatcd, the roof car control, mu't remuin inorer· ati,'c, so the roof car call1,,,1 move while the plalform i, workin!':." I f th~ tension ill the travcling c:lbJe c.xcccd~ safe limits, the down direction rclay must 1:" d"'Sign~d to open." If the hoi~lillg rol"" become o\·crload.d, an automiltic O\'erio:Ld devioe must cut off I'nwcr to the mowr in the up"mrd direction." If :lIIy hoi,;ting rope bccom"'S slack, an automatic device mnst CUI otT power to the motor in the downward direction und apply th~

brakes... Limit device<: mUia prevent the working platform from going higher or lower than it sbould." If the nomml limit of tftlvd is rcache"l, a limit device mu~t preyclI! furl her molion ill lhat direc' tioll." Directionul limit "wilche, must di,cnIll1<:Ct the power ~nd npply the primary ami secondary brak.s if the driving mceh"ni~m fails." l'i11:11 terminal stopping dO"ices must pre\"~n[ the pbtfaml from ovcrtravcling a( lhe tcrmi!li,l •. " The dC"icc is located ju~t beyn!1d the lIomlai terminal landing. and will not function if lhe plalform ,top, nO"11:III)", but will uctivate to stop the trave! of the platform n~ SOOn liS it passe; Ihe nom",l posilion. The j;llal terminal ,lopping device di~connec(s the power from (he hoi,[ and applie'S bmh th~ pri· "WI)' :lI1d ~eeQl1dary brah"5.' ., /d. j to,<>,2 .

., !d. i OJ

l~,?,!(l),

/d, j 16,9,3•

• • /d. j t6,'I.4.

"!d. i

16.9,~_

"/d. j 16_'1.6_

., /d. i 16 ,9,6(2). "!d. !

1~,9,(,(l),

.. "'- j 1(,,9,7(1). I

fri. §

1".~,1_

"... "', '

IAm)EIlS ,,"s n SC\ Ftl)l.D!I (ul-Eme'~lI(y

Slop

t 56.10(11

S"'11Ch~ E.:l~h op':f~lint dt~i~
h~"c

all emerGency slop switch. Emergetlcy sla p s"' jlclH,~ arc roo bullons ur h.1ndk5., Marko;
Bcl"mc 1II1}> .'flll'fgCIIC)· oroeration of lhe pL11rorm c:l.n occur, lwr.. ..·ay conHllunicmion mu~ tlx: e>tabll~hcd between tlt e roorpcTsonnei and l he (lblform pcrsonlld .

[ ..}-Type T I'owercli 1'llIl f(llms, Ttt.: . .,m.: rub """I)' 10 T)'I~ T po""crcd pbtfomlS, wil li minor except ion,. DcC;I.\I.C T)'f~ T powcr~d I)JUlfor",~ only h~,'c Iwo ....i re ropes, (:.;llIrc o f o n.. of 11o~ rOflCS c~n callie serio us nud d~lIgerOIlS movement of the plIufonn . Thefe(ot~, \IIo.ken on Ih<: "'or~i"S pblfo rm "IUS! b: provided ....i th ~p­ prol'.,j ~:!f. ty bcl1~, \IIi[1t aPP,o"cd rncan~ of :llwchillS Jif~ lill cs 10 Ihc roof or III( "-orki,,S platrorm.[xJ TII5pt'C'fiOll! [JJ-,\cccpCOftC~ I llSpcclIQQ. Aftcr insmlllll;oll;\nd tldo •.: u#, the (IO,,·~rc-d pIMf,,(Jn O1 \I~t be put 1l1rou/:h:l11 ncceptntlce [eM in the licld, \0 dC\~tlllinc Ih31 aU ""TI ~ Confornl 10 Ihe M:lntbnl ami IIt:l.I all ""rely ond Opcr:llinS C{j llipnltnl functions pro per!)'.'

Each limo; 0 major IIIteration to ,he i".13IL,I;0 l1 ;, n~\Ii So, el f a~C(pl:1f1Ce I~~ S mu:;! bc pcrfomlcd.

~rfo nn od, ~

/IIJ-Annun! Inspection. u.ch il1>(nll"tioll mu st then be 1.:s [N :111.:1.._1""ct)' 11 mOllllll ill ille flll.1.<.~.tC orlb<; cnforcing OP11"'"1>", t I6.U, 'M, t 1'.2

I/J.

' IJ. I

lid. ' · Id.

n.l. .s.

t 30.1.

"....,."

t

5~.lotll

PROD. 1.1,\11.

1'J!ACfJC~:

GUIIlI;

~n owner's .q>r~IIL" i\'C, or Pl1 ' nsurane<: wmp:U\)' n:"r~o:;cuI:llin:! AI I h~ mmo!!1 jllSroectioll. al l f1o,ru mUM b<: insptClro and . ... h .., "L~­ c~s~ry. ''''' led to d~tl...-nli!\c tlm1 'hc~' !lrc in proper workillg o rder. J>~tl ~ subjec1 "'e~r' muS! b.: l(:Stcd 10 make ~urc they h:,,'c 1101 wo m 10 the poi1\l,h ~l lhq j ccpardize Ihe ~f~ Oper~I;OII or,lle t'tluipmen!.

'0

[Hl}-Spcclll In$llIlello~ Ilf Gl;>ycrllnrs nnd SCCl>n dnry llrnk c.o;. At le'.' t Oll ce a year. in~pcc ti(}n an d tc~(ing of Ih~ governor :md St.'C:olldary bt"~l.:ins sy~l elll mll5t be P'lrromlcd.' The inil~Lti!ls n,a: h:",is.m for Ihc on T.ip..:ed device mmt be ~ht..... kc:d 10 mah ~u n: it work~ :It thc PfOf"Ol' oVenpe,-d . If n~I:'.'I.'ry to cmu:lUCI thc Icsts, t he initi~tillg dC"i ce :Uld the hoi~li ng machin e mll!t be removed from

Ihe buil ding nnd sellt 10 "

~hop

eq uippI.'d for

~uch ":SI~.I'

Ij~}-M nllllcn~lIct

l . sJK'C1k1n nllll T esl$. ["cr)' 30 d3)'S., l":ICh ioul1IlIation UlU SI u ndergo a m3 inte nnncc j"~l ion and 1<S1. Req~jrcd main1<:lm!!~U i"c!udcs rcp]acemenl of broken or \\'0'" paris, ch~c kins nil clcctric~l conntct ion~ nnd u]] parl~ " f the equipment to ma k~ ~u'e they ure " 'crking ~rl)per]y. and performin s lIeccss:lry ma i.. t,;11:1'1C~ o n s e:l.I's, S1031h . bG:uiO!;'l. b rakc:s. :md l h~ loaiMin c dnun. The pnm IIlU$( be e~al11 i n~'(\ 10 dctenT11nc the do;S"~ of wear. T he controll er con tncto .. " lId rdays mull Ix kept d .~ II . ,~, mll ! t (l lher !,:lf1 ~ fu n.r.:lioning o f which ( o u]d be an«t~-d by dirt Of OI h~'" eOl1la m,,,u nt"''' P'Ins ~hOll kl be lub ritato:d in UC«llobnc~ Wll h tile l1l1I"Ur:U:IIJ ~ I'S r<.'C(lmmC.'f1dation~. r~ces~i\'c II"' of tubriC:IIII> ~honld Ix avoided ." The hoisti"g ropo..os should be: resh~ckl"d

,It.

~ II

at le""1 every N nlPnth", find tlte damaged

~nd

fatigued po llioollO re-

rnO"(d,u 'The T·r~ ils. mullio",,- or other 'uW~ in the fM~ or th e building mL61 b<: k<:pt in pro,..:r wOlki"S order."

'lti. ; .\0.1. • Id. (1)1'" ';'''' ;''& ,"" b I"'" '" • Jd. $ lIlA. " /d.

'"pc>. \><"i llfS. ' ''''... I'!,,,,mo ,," " "01.1 \.(\ fMh"}

t xu .

'lid.!

l!.l.

" J<1. 1 ll..l . II IlL

I

l l.4.

"IJ., l U .

or,,,,,,

---- .... --

UUIIl-:RS ,,:-; 0 SC.\ I' HJI.OS

"'~

i~l-ntphltelll""'l

or Wire Ropes. 111~": i~ a r~l'r:t«ment for wire rop<.'lI. wilh rcpl;, e~ Ol ~ "t fmm IS "lOnt b5 to 36 months, lI~pcnlli,,& 0 11 Ihe d rum diantcl.er a mi ro pe lIinmt'C"\" of Ihe ~~lIipmcm . " In allllilio". whene,"er Ilter~ C. Ihe ,,~n: ro po: m U~l be rcph ~. ~b t'(ju!~

(.·i}-I.og or Inspcdions. A Jog lIIlI, 1 b.: kepI o r ~I! malm~­ n"l1 ~ "nd t!!'llS allli of ~1"'Cia l in~pcCl iCliIS of SO'WII O/"S ,11111 s.'Colld:u-y br~kl!'l . "

..

[21-Mobile &11f(oltl5. The ANSI A9~ COOI Oli ll.'" prcp~r~d :1 nlln,k r of m:lltd~rd~ lhal 3i'Ply to I1\Obik scaffokk l 11c ComOl iltrt' lI'as for111~d in 1948. Inil;" I]y. Ihe _ttlmJard o l1ly ilppl ioo 10 Mnnu :llly l' lopdl.:d M(lb;ie L:nlllcr !Mol"llh :11.d Sc;lnolds (Towe",), ANSI A 92 .1 - 1977. J11 1961. I'clticl c· nlOll1llcd d ~ ""t!nt\ nml r
'"eluded.

T he Sceld:,,;;'t for th ~ A92 Comlllhu:e i~ Ihe "11~",cc of ""II:l iInsureK

C~1t

("~M ullall~· l}'upellcd

Mobi l" l.3t1der g~nd~ I nd !Xo{(oltl5. b dder !c:lrrol d~ are l~dd~r~ or ~carroI~ IlII ",·hL'("I!>,. whic h <"OIm, ;'1 ~'arioos do;sn... bul the kl.")· ingrcd;o.;n{s arc nn ~ Icvmed wo rk pkl1fnrm n!ld wbccl ~ o r eMlcro; 10 mm'c Ih" plat· fo",•. The M:vttfunl" do..'S nol sp«ir)· d<:s;~ ~nd <:OI ,slru CI;Ol1 r~_ ""'remclt l_. oc'CauJic of Ih e wi d ~ variety o.f Illaler;;,), mill d"'i l~n possibilities..· t ·n.c~:lJlIt:.nl $1"1..... hOl" ........... Ih at tit" mobi le b llckr si .. " d
The ,;t a'I
1 l!.\>.

,. M.

f .10.3.

""N~I Ml ,I · I~n.

"/.J. i

.'.1 .1.

" ld. ~

J.U ,

i .1.1.1. "hi. t J.lA , "h!. ~ ~ ..1.1 . '*I
... " II, '

... '

t>R()j). I.IAII. 1'It/I.CI1CE

....

fIlJII":

Ml p!!O'!$," usc of . !ip. rc,i sr,tnl ""ttcriai, on :;t ~ps arrd p!:otrorm," Gu~ .d r~ iL~.'" tocbQ.:ards!' arid ~\"CeS.S 10 ami ("1:,..... (rom the plal -

fo n,r." wirh n fa cro r of rour safet)' rn;,,!!in, all d :' method to hx k the whcd s, Me ro:tluir~d," Tubular ("bril':ncd fr.rmc sc:r.fTo!r.l., ," [ubu b r rubri ~;l! e(1 ~~~ri ou:'l fo!dilll~ 'lcam~ d ,.'· lulk! and n .upler ~anblw.." :lIIti mobile I,'dder ~t ,,,,ds" " " di.... cu,,,,d. ,\d"'"lu~re

whwl., or

CH"~",

I'ropo;r uso: of ladder ~!aml.,

i, WI [onh. For insl~ucc, wo rkeN :[r~ proliiUiI.d from ridin!: (] n the units ...·hile the)' an: IIc:irr;; mu,-ed, unk!.~ ~ dl'Quatc guardrail " mKJrail~, nml [ocbQ.ml , lire uiied . IIle rorc~ n....:'~~1)' 10 mo"e Ih" :;c:rn"old i~ appli.:d 1'1$ close 10 th e ba~c a~ practicable. an(! I'ro\"i.
L.~dC~rro'r.ls to gain ,"'!liliana! h<:igh!. ·· A Ilur" tx. r of udd ilionnl ruJ~~ a"" ~Ol r,lrlh. mo't of wh ich nr~

~'I se.

roJnlll OIl

l.ab.:llog rcqui r~ ll1 c "ls in clude p r~"a\lli,nl:rrr /:rt:.:l~ w:rrnillS of ",,111 mOL' Im~~rrth . TI l<: slan dard lloes lIot ~. ( fo nh Ih e );,beling requircll><:m, ill 'kl~il. D~ Ibe !:\dd\:, st31ubrdi do. bill " ,••c1)' s,,~.... l~ arC;\ji "for cumid cral ien," , ueh a~ impcclioll. proper r,ckel ion. SCUll'. di, I]bing iMtrUC\ioJ\~ slor~S" :md ""r.:. "and oL her ;ll>( ructio,,~:o., dC<:ll1cx! ncccs.
~ ~.u

.. t tl.

i

.

). l ..l

"14. ~ J.l .1. >0 hi. f J .~.! .

"ttLJ " 1.1. t

:0.2.10. J .l .

"' M. ~ 4.

"fd. t~

" M. § 6. '1 1tl. ~ S.

" /0. i ]' /d.

f

9 .~.

'! .I O.

"/d. I UU .

..,.,,,,,

~

56.IO!ZI

fb]--i\lonu:tlly·I'ropcll cd Elc\,"tin!: Work l·hll r\) 'JII~. The Com mittee on Mobil e ScntTo ld ~. Tower,. an d l'blrO m,;. A'i2. has n Subcommittee on Ele,mlnS Wo.k l'lmforms. Th~r I'Cvised ANSl

C92.3- 1973. i'~uins ~ml (,pproving ANS[ A92. 3-19BO on ':\fnrch 19. 1980. Tile s.tandard for man ually.ptopdlro ch:..·:,ciuS work p1a l rorm~ i~ lin';lro 10 maou~ II)·· propo.:lkd . ..."nically-~dju~lablc wo rk pialro rmi uK'(! 10 posit ion "-..nhrs 1I11d their nlOlcrials abo....: Ih ~ d ~vi= l/; Th e 5111 11 dard ooven dC'~IIIII S work pbcfo mlS u!iCd ;n pl~n ' ~ , O\'e. !eve! ground."

Mnnunlly·propelled cl~Y:ldng work platform! aN diller [o .... ed. or lI",nuall), movcd, bori zonl~lIy 011 wheels or ca, tcr5. 'flt<: wo rkers cnn 11I 0llni th e pinlform w;lh Ih~ir matcri3 ~. and be lif,ed up to Ihe rosi· lion where Ihe \Oicr k is no:dro. n ,e ~'~utblll CO\'ers weh COIlCCnlS as m:ltcrillls.'· w,lding st:u: • •,b rdi. " mi"imum nuw work 1o.1d.... Mruc[uml S3ftty factor." s.ta· billly." pla tform rC(julrcm ~n' ~ ," ~~fdy f~clol"li i ll Ik!.isn of Ihe clc· ",,,inS ~.""mbly," and bll l'Sting slrenstli of h)'dmu!ie p,trn'" ,)'slelll~ prot~'Cllon

includes pNventing the platrorm r~il ur~ hydrau· PIlCUtn2!iC linc." or fDilure of" wire rope: or clt:,ln."

Rcquirc-d

from de-;ccndi ng in the event of n [lOwer failure'" lie

0.

or:l

..... ~S I ... ~!-3·19Wi !. I.I, .. 14. f

Z .I. ~

~1J.j

4. U.

1111£ i 4. 1.4.

"M. i ., Jr!. ~

~,l. l ,

"!J.t

l,

. , IJ. I

~ f,u",d,";13"~ I""bi,ro ~

~,!.l,

•• /d. i •. 1. I"""')" (""Of or",,,. ,~"" o"h.i",of s." I)' "/J. i '.t.:!.

··/J. ji 7.l.1 .

.. /d, fT.! .:!. "hI.~

1,n,

,,,-, ,,,,

~ J6. IO( Zj

1'11011, U"Il, !'!lAU It:t: GUIIII:

Any ,;iogl~ m!ltfu!lClion of Iii .. COIluolsyMcnl noll""- no! pl!l lform mD\'eJl\I:I1l.··

f~'SUh

in

Th eTe must be au cmcrS~11C')'lo\\'ering dcvkc," adt..-qu!ll~ mainte. nance" ~nd (r

[c}--Self'Propelled Etc_lItl,,!,! Work Platrorm~. Work On Ihi s Slllllda rd" began in 1916, nnd i, WII S;Ipprovcd on hnuary 13, 1979, It ~JlJl lics to ~clf.prCJl"lI.d, vcrtlcll1y·adjll5t!lbk work plalforms used to poliilioll perwnncl nnd !hdr IOOl:l nlKl m ntcri~l, at overhClld work locations.

Self·propelled ",orl: pblfol'l'Tls !lTe plW>.... O(lCr!ll.:d. wilh COIlIrol. ror the no.tehi"" funCli,",. on Ille pblform. The platrorm no,y be "I.". v:'Ito.:d, "xtended horiZ0I113 11y, or rotaled." Tile requi rcm~"'l~ or I~ C ~Hnod ~ rd ~rc \"C ry ~llIilor 10 IlL .. r~'
[d)_Boom·Supported EIe.mlnl: Work Pbt(orms, 111i~ st~n· dard" was nppro\'cd on Inly 17, 1980, and cOVerS work pbtfoml~ Ihallire ~uppor1cd by a boo", which cil h~r \do:scopcs, rotat~'S, or CA· ICIl!l~ 10 position flCr.
Th"

be dlhcr

sI ~lIdard cO\II~ins

" "'1<0'51 Mid.

C~II

"' ~2 . j.f '1:l0 ~

O1 I"'U~!ly

or

~ Ir.pmpdled .

III( common provisions of t h~ mit ... SIan·

1.: .6.

t 7.3.

" fd. § H .B .

"Iri. ~ f).H . "lrl. ~

lLI.l . .. Arn<,;"", 1''';0""1 s""",,,j ,\~S l

(~r

Scli'!'mpdlod

Et<"lin~

II'OI\: l'I.1l(o""",

A92o.·1979.

"Id,! Ll . .. s..""~pra~ 50_Hl{l W']. .. "n",,,,,,, NOIim.l S,."d.lr~ For ikx>If"""", AI'SI

M 2 . 5· t~ro.

"""""

l6-12S

§ 56.50 Sources of Illformalion There are a number of wun;cs of infornmlion on ladders and folds.

SC:l['

[l}-Consumcr Product Snfety Commission. If Ihe ladder is a COil· sumer product, it is under Ihejurisdiction of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Thc CPSC has a loll·free number 10 provide information on rec.11Is, product :;.;Ifety, and to ~cccpt reports of product·relnted accidents. Thcre arc regionul CJ>SC offiees which C~l1 be COtliaCled. I'ublicntimts of the Consnmcr Product Safcly CQIIlmis,ion can be oblainc'd from: The Superintond.nl of Documenls U.S. Priming Office W,,-,hington, D.C. 20402 The CPSC has issued Hazard Analyses :l1Id other documents con· ceruing h,dders. The U.S. Government Prinlins Office sells 1he CI'SC documems. The CI'SC j"ue' documents which include Gen· eral l'lIbiications, Laws. Orders, NElSS Data Higllli<:hts, Hand· books, Manuals and Guides. Fact Sheets, Alert Sheets, Ilibliogm· phie,; and lisTs of publication~, n monthly CPSC memo, Ha~_1rd Annlysi~ Report" Sp<.'Cinl Reports, Product Safety Education Unit Series, Annt,al R~pom, Consumer Deputy Programs, atlt! COIlSUIl1' cr Compluint Contact System Annual Report •. The Consumer Product Safety Act requires the Commi.<sion to maintain a National Injury Information Clearinghouse to colJt.'Ct nnd dissemilmle data concerning the cause, and prc"enlion of injuri'" nssociatcd with eo",;umer products. The Clearinghouse responds to over 6000 requests for illformmion a year. Mo,t reque'ts ure un· swore'<;e, nnd ,]>Cci,,1 reports contain 'lImmarks of accident invCSlip. lions and other rdated information. These case summaries arc av"il· able for ladders. Microfilm or paper copies of the orisinal rcpom

of""'"

i SUD[ I}

51>-129 ~~ tt

,'OId

be m:,iled upon f~qUC>l uuder tile Fr~~dom of Infur.mll ion Act COIl~\lm...r l'rOOlicl S;,f~iy Ac!.

If the lIl~nuf~cturcr is iCii ,IIId Sp':Ci3\ Rq)(m~ Oil lad . 1k1'S. ~V\UI ..d ~lIould write or ca n; N~ lio",.1

Inj"ry l" forll1:>.Iion Ck:oonllhou51: U.s. e'm'UTlle' ]'rucluct Snfer)' C("'l!n i 5~ ion HOI Wl"Slbard A '·c nuc. Ih)om 625 Wa, h' nGlon. D.C. 20207 A liM haus.:.

or ~" a!tDblc lillt:s. ~a" be OOI"ilWd by ""o.in& tI.e C1driDC' or

The lIl:l.jc r l'OUfC"eS d "Ia g:UhCR"d b y Iloc Clca ringhome inc lude Ih e Nali onal £ !.-<:Iron ic Jujn r)' Snrv";lIallc~ S)'Slcm (NEISS), Acci· d~nl 11l,·"" lil\allu"., Ot:a lh C~ rtilk~ ll"" mid COlISl>nM!f ConlflL1 inl~ aud o lher iojlll; I"ql('IrlS. s uch "" Ihmul'-h media. The :"b lio:k.., O~,,, abo\." th e "lclit u an d the inj ury ar~ TC'Cor.Icd. SUll n"a riL"; of lJI~c d am ar~ nv~il· able tll ro"gh sp':cial reporl~ m>d Ih~ qu;,rle.ly ,"'.... 'fY.lf\"r. NI.:.·JSS Ditta IliIi'tli.~/UJ.

"

")lio,,~ 1 (~lIa

." cdd~ "1 itl"cslig;ltions inch' tle OIl-5il ( Of Id cphon.: interviews \'; ct im~ or wilno:s,'L"; con~crn;ng nil ~ccidcll1 . the wn~'$ in whk h Ihe ]>rod UCl ,"',\\ u!.t<.l. l h ~ c;ro;u mSIl"'~Cl', ~ Ic. l'olH."C. li r~ (Iep;l nmeH\, and roro1M!f1" "'flOriS m:l)' be It ~t!d as 1OU 1'1')~mcnl:1l lint:! . 1\ 11 ill\"e~ ligaliu,,~ h,wc lx,,,,, likd ill the C lr:a ringhou~ by )'~~lr and NEISS I'ro(hlCl ~"OIk. CPSC an,.l)"Sei of ha~.llrd I"'!h:rns ~xhib; led

wit lt the

co", ""

" 11011. ..."'.. '·'MCrle.: GU IIIV.

by the ",-.;it!~nt in"',.lig;llio"" are u", i)al>lo: fo r s.kch,tl such a~ laddc,~.

~rod Il C ' ~,

The Ch:arins holl sc co]kct < Dealh C~rl;licllt ,,,, in which con.unl cr :1,<: likely to I>c invol,·cd. The C.r1ificaK'S lhc111 ...1ws ~re not di'S<.1J\;naled. but compute.i"od sunltlwri<:>; of indil'idu:ll ~Cfl iii· cntcs :Irc ~ v~i!.1bk:. p rod\lct ~

A fiI~ of consume r COml"winls .ect:ivw by k11tfli 0 ' \dcphollt calls 10 Ihe CI'SC i~ ;,1,;0 m~inl:lillcd. T he ,'Oml"bin'~ :••e ioocxc.,J by

;../EISS produ ct ~ooc. The file "II>(> rollt3iJIlI IlCw.pnpcr prooucHeI;l\ed n~ddem", Th e Cl'SC llils

8a1hcr,~1

aecoullt ~

of

all impr<'S;;vc muoun t of informali oll 00

!:tdder nccidcms. A c~lI to the hOl lilO c will determine wh et her there

h3S been any reca ll 0, cm ' et: ti vc aetiOI\ wit h rcs~.d to a rarticllhlr moo d. ,\ fe"i el\' of e.ach yc"r'~ cumu!3 tl,·C illlk.~ from th e MIl1Il hl y CaI310111l'' of the Unitod Siale; GQ'nc"mcm~ U.S. I'rinti ng Office, W~shi"J:' lon, D.C. 20W2. ",ill iml ic:tlc " 'h31 CI'se tIocumcll's are ~" "il~bl" for J'lUn:h:l~. A kilo. 1<1 Ihe :-IaliOllftl Injury 1,,(0..111;11;011 Clo::Lri nS' h ~u~c Si><:elfyi ns the type of prooll\:t ;1I" ol~ed (~ldde.), Ihe Mill" 01' lit . ma nu r" CUil\:r. :lIl d the moocl nu lll bo; r will r~ult in sp<:c illc infor· mnl inn conc"rning Ihat produd.

The ClOSe Annual

R~ ]l{)ft

h:l> an

nppl:ndi.~ l i~liug

all

pTodllel~

which h" c b«n . ccaJ lcd or which h~" e been , h. liubj,-.;t or corr()l; lin action. :-I ElSS D~tn Highligh ts provid e a ~\ln .m;lr~· 01' t he slall"Ic.ll i"fom~"io" fron, liLe s}'Slem. Fael sl ...~Is ('OJ""i" infom1:u iou co,,· CO!noing O:I1;o. ln products, wei. 3.~ ladders.. I-Inr.ard ~n;.lr~i!i ro!pOn~, sp:cinl TeflOrls. tl~!~ ~umm;.rio:s, ~rod~'1u i...."",ig:,tiOlIS, ill·tl epll, ill' ,·~ti&-"ion~. COll5l'nler co mp\aillts. and ~Ulnmari"" of
[2}-Nnlinwnl Tcchnital Intunnm;on ~r ~ice. The N,lIioIH.l Tech· !lienl [ !lforU1~liol\ S~ r\'kc (NT IS) i. ,h ~ cell l.,,1",urce fo r all s',,"crn' men! l ~hlli ,~IIlCll;lIll1,~'I !1. It f"lbl i~] ...'S a~lrnc!'!O of tc"ChtlH:~1 ' cpol1 i ."ire a month (or;, modest :umu:ol ~ullscri p\ iw, ra!e. T ..... :'Iddr~, 19:

NTIS U.S. IXpnt1lnClll of Commerce S2SS I'ort Itoy,,1 Road

L\uIlUl$ AN I) SCAHOt.DS Springfield, Va. 22! 61 Id~n t i ficalion

Department will help idcntif)' documen ts 10 ~:lreh for inform~ I ion 0/1 ladders. Tll~ Cu~\Om Scan;" Ikpa rtmenl wi!! perform a se:ITch through t he Dblog COlllp uler ~)'i!em for n f~t of S125 nod provide up 10 100 ~b\.t T:lel~ of ~n&il\~rin, nrticlts deal. in g with tlw ~ub~C'! reque:. led . A f~ of525 iJ req uired for e.lch addi· lion:tI 100 lIils lrJC Is. The

[J}-Sl nndards nnd Tcsll nll OrSnn[za t!o ns. There Ire scver;1l or· r.:llli Zaliom thaI have pa~ ~ln.ndnrd~ rd:u inS 10 b ddrn; . oo flCJf· rold~. They Jlavc condu clcd c~ten siye research nnll lC5Ll ng on Jalld ~l1 ~Ild !.CafTolds am! po5SCU II "'1:;tlt h of infomllliion. in addition 10 Ih~ Mandanl .• Ih~"Il1scl'·es. T he primJty S13ndnnh orl3ni7.lll lo n in Ihe U" hed Sima. for lad· lInd scnrrol(l~ is;

der~

An'crica" Natio!'",1 Slnndud!; InMit ult, Inc.

1430 BroDdw,,), New York, N.Y. 10011 An otller Or.llani7.:uioll wilh

sl :md ard~

on

b.wc ,~

Dnd !.CDrroldl;

hn~

inform:llion relllvant 10

i~;

Umfcrwrit~rs LDooralorio:s. l oc. J33 Pfin,!lcn Rood Northbr""~ , III. 60062

All inlcn lalioo.al or&""iozatioro wbich Jadd en. scafl"o ld.' I,;

",,(I

Int ernm ion:ll ~uJl:l!ional Snf"I)' :md HC1Ilt h Inform alion Cen tre Inlern" tiOIl:tl Labour Offic~

en 1211 Ot... va 22. Swit ....... land R~b tcd

mutcrlal nMy b.: ob1 ain ed from;

American Soc;"I}'

ror

T~~llng ~n d M ~lcri a!s

19 16 R:tec Slreet l'hibdc1phi.1, Pa. 19 103 [4j-Th~

, I.

ATl.A

EIclllnl;~. T he ATLA E.xchonl:~ bns an elIll'tl~i l'<:

s..... '·.R•. ILO(l"'<TIl.:ulon ol I._lour OrJ:l" iz:"ion)pu ~l"",lionCIS. I~. L:uld<1s.

I'RO]), LIAI! , !'RACTICE GrJlI)f:

lImou", of in forn1:u ion 01' bddcT and :;c:Itrold 1;[;&:lI ion, Tho: 8;dIBIlS" s"r"~ JlL';m itrs'la\l')'C:~ by providing Tq>O rl~ ml ,u"l'pontd ~nd I'lIportcd "crdic" and settlements; urlkl cs Oil the ~ nb~ct ; the 'dentit)' of plaintlrr~' ntt orney~ Who ha"" ~ubmitK'd . in,ilar search roqu~\S; ro:gulatol')' chron ol"f,it1. nnd rccalb: computcri7.ro k.1rclles ming tnginCl.:.ing. S"f~1y, 11-'[1'''1, Sllm:l.uds, Ki~n[mc, ~ Iod industt)' d~[ftb:l'l<'!i; ~nd com rlllicrilcd lC.1n:~CS fot frtkral ami S[~tC ilppcl!~[e decisions, l'\(julrie. must be w bmiu oo in ...·riling and bc ~c<:omp~nied by 1m E1CbM&t' . esea rcb ' Cllncs[ form and a check in [hcamouni of SIOO. Th. add r~"S.. ,,,

The ATLA Exclmnsc AS$Ocullion 0( TM" ' L:!.\\'ycrs of Amaka 1050 J IM Slr~'(l , N.W. D.C. 2(X)()7

WIL~"inSIO!l,

The ktter mUSI s[lCcify th e type of product (I
The names lind ;IlJdTCSkS of IIllCOICYS who h) v" sllb mintd si mila r ""Mell rcqu~"!It~ i~ impo rtatll. TIK: list refers to the mod~l IlfIxlnct th ey were inv~'StI Bnli ns. From the hundreds of n~me> lisl~'U, mnny may npflCIIr with the same ",odel I~ddcr or s.e~ITo!d. C<1 nt~cl with ["OS\: ~1I0111t}"S "all TdoUlt ill ~ n exdl:uJgc of infom,arion-lrial lron 'lCripts, d,~iticll"" diKOYery rdlXlDSC!o, ,.a~ of CllperlS, evidence, ~nd r.;'50;1rch. f'r"qncmly, it 13 lXl~siblc In locate nnoth<:r attorney han dlinG nn nlnto!! ident icnl c~s~ agai! .. t lh ~ §,unc dcr. lld ~l1t. The altornc), nw}' be }."....... down the line in his ell$<: lind ha"" fini.hl'U hii j" "I,.."Iligalioll :ond d isco""t)'. ATLA mcmbe.~ s bl!"e tllcit inro rmat inn willi oth~r ATLA nl>:mbers. for th e cOS! of III~ copyins. ThUJ;. nweh of tb e work on ml ~Ltomcy's CMe mny have nl rcad)" been ,nnlplClcd by >onl0011C else. Alk r idcn[ifying Ihe anot"llcys who i~1V<: s"bmiu~-d ttqut'St~ 011 the !
1,A[)IH:RS AI'J) SCAFFOI.1)S

i

56.5lll5j

with it brid q"e:'I,iollnn irc roncerllinE his cn:o;~, hi~ (1pc rl~, and so rC flh. Fellow·up rcquC~I~ for m or~ nt~n si"C in fofmalioll c~n tlK:n Ix: !1l~d~. A T LA

~M

al'ID

'Il"'~ rch

tbe ensincerlllE

d~t ub.1~

discu!oSed suprQ

§ S6.0 1[3l!!]. [5}-E~l,;l n tc ri" g Lltcrn lur~ . A search of ~ nlli1\cc ri nB litemture may"" in order. Til., rmdlN'{ StI/fIY ...·'...T ii a "alued eompcndiunl of abMl'llct ~ of anicl~ primed in tnllinccrins, mnlital. !c~l, aud ~'fcty j ouI'l t~I~ , It i~ pub lisbed b)':

T lte i ll~lilutc for l'tOduct S1fc ly, Inc. 1410 Duke Uni\·er..it)· Ro."KI Durhnm. N ,C. 27101

It al~c conllli ll s currelll n ~ ws rel ease. from wrlou~ go.'com,c nt .. gen· ( iC!o a.ud pri. :uc Org3ni:talioll~ rdltin g to teC':llls. co((c'(:lh'c attion s. mod other »fcty·,cllll,'(] is.u.s.

..

Th~

"

sou rce used b)' cnlli1\ccr~ 10 \oc~tc nrl!clc~ is HI,' F.lIg" lIc~rin" i~ pub\ish<.'il by Ihe [In\t(.'(] Enginecri ng Cenl er discu'>Clt "ifni. The Engineeri ng I..dt·;. i~ loXlII<:
'ml,·x. 1t

The ' luickC'i' WllY to ~vnduel " M'OIrch j~ 10 d o il by comput er. The Library will «mlh le! :l compuler s....:If~h for iuformalio" &c'1"lCtlIh:d uftc r 1970. an d" "' ,11111"\ ,.arch, if r.qll c'll~1. for inform alion in. dexed Ix{me 1970, 111 ~ Engin ... rlng S.",iell·It ~. " lru l), cQ mprehcn. si"e Lib.~ ,)". ... il h ~n on_line rompulcr information relrio.'V3l ')'SIcm. u~i"g lh~ Dialog sy~IC "'. TIle Libl".lry c~n rClricvc dQ(1lnR~' ts or 3 bib\iog rnp lt ~· concerning any subjc'C t or product. The libr~ry will lurr\f phouxopies of urtid c:5 rC1lnclitoo. T he Library's ~dd rc>o; i5: Unit.'(} Ens i" eerins Ccnt~'f Libmry 3~~ E:161 47th Sln.:el ~e\\' Yorl: . N,Y , lCO H Thcr.: ue man)' m lier d.o.tab.~ II~ b)' the cornpul cr .."..,.\«' at Ihe Ens1rIC<.-.,-j,,~ Society Libro .y. SlOth 3~ the N~liolWll Tedmjt~l infnrm alillll Sen'icc (~.rr lS). The Engine.rius C""lc r Lihrnry elm Mo.uch Ihe Federal Res;.ler ab, lraCt •• Ihe CO II G r ~~kl1tn l Record , nnd O"~r 200 Olh"r d!ll ~b:~....-s. inc\udi ll g the U.S. I':r l~nt omC
,-"

i 5'-50{'1

I'llIlO. 1.1,\11. t'RM.'TI O : (Ovllm

((iJ--Col:lpelll~'

[)eslcas- hi a daoiS" dd"C(1 casc, Ihe ex~!("CC i-s 1m: ( CUlm! i~sll~ . If:1 C\J"'l"'lhor'~ product ClllI 00 located which u"'"" the ~ u Sgf!>;lcd s"rcr alt ~rnath'c d ~· 'iSn, il ~ "Jr ...",~Jy persua";vc.. 0 .. tlr" Olher lr~ nd" t ~ (1l,I,le tk'·,15L:lring 10 plaimirr~ ca~c whell p lain!ifr ~ " ., (!Crl i~ ~ ~k cd, "A nd Il(m· man~ n~IlIUra C lll rCTh of ludck n; ~r~ lIme. sir? nOli" mnny of thes..: uSC th,s ~ugsntetl dC!iSn1:' 3nll h,§ rei'll)" is, " lllon'l kilO,,"." "Yo u don't knOll" or QII)' th:!t USc th:'1 dL"li sn1 " "Not amlnll d, b\ll th.y could usc it." Titus, tl~ 5Carch fOf rompetilOrr;' procl u ct~ is olk-rl a m~joT :t$po.-.;-I of I he illVL"SliSDlicn of ~ prodUCTS l,atHli!)' ~u i1 .

of a

fca~ib!c ahcrnntive tk">;ign

The fi rst I~;J.; i. 10 Kl~nliry the manurnctu rcr. or ~;milnr product •. Will! ~mc lallde..., litO. ma}' Ix:rs <'M~' :rs goinS 10 ~nle h:ul.l wi1J"c ~ lorL"l. SU cil UIIlclhod i~ more r;IIl.·eOlIIi\lmi'lg nne! 1'''$ comprdlcn· ~l.'c th.~n wrili'l£ Ihe lI'lje.- ns~iati(ln~ dealin s wilh buder llI11nUracturcr:o allll rC!luest ing ;I li~1 of J;,d<.I~r "'~n""It"IUf"ts.. 11,"; r ~d· drl:S~C!I nrc: Th. ,\",eric,1!! I..o!d~~f I n~[itut.: I I I ITal'l Wu~kct Ori.·~ Chicago, Ill, 60601 The M~1~1 LadlkT 1',0. Ilox SSO

M :lnur~cl llr~rs A ~\(JI:bljoo

Gre'O:twilc. I'!I. 1612$ nl~ N~tiorlal ·Trad. nlld t'rofCl'o"immt A",od ~t j,,"" or , h~ Unlll'd Slale" (NTP A) I.ubli!it c" an allllllnl dir~ctory wh;'; h id ~ "lilic~ ill (\u,,-

tr)" 3SSOC~~ljOlI$ 0( m.1n" r~cI" rers.

Once manufaClu re," .\te idclltificd. a lett er can be In:lilcd 10 ~:'ch ttqlU.'SIinS

plainlirrs

salC!l li ll'l"JtUtc 0([ lI! e ~j l.c :lnd typo.: of I~ddcr involvc:tl in

".sc. After b1"()<; hurL"l a oo ..al.." lil cr"I"t~ mrvc I>«ll ;.1111-

cr<:d, ph O logmph~ and

~jl<:ciliclltions

can be COlli pared. Th. inr"rma·

!ion e:ltI [""n be: n.ed in ""'"eml ....:I}." (L) M"' I im !,Clrtallt l~·, the hTochur~~ may b.: ~U [h Clllica lcd 11). n Nntiu 10 Admil and "ITeroo a!:I c,' Klclicc at the Iri31 to pro" c the r~a· ,,;bilil,- of Iho: 'UU"'M(d a ll er/L~ti,"" dCloiSII, rr."CII if they "r" beld imlllmb>iblc for 'mtl~ rc~,;()Ij, they Call he ui<:d on cr05.,-e'lIl11 ill3t iol1 of Ih" opponl" t's ~pert '"Hi ,"- ltOU'C exp:rI <' (2) The lIIal crin l enu It.:.: u,;cd lkg iS"~ ill uetu:I I usc.

._-- ......

l() ""UC~IC

all CXpc:T1 as 10 ,IIIC tJl:lfivc

... . .."

(3) E~po;ru I'rl.."\(nlly or formerly affilinlccl wilh I h ~ Cll mpetitor may he willing 10 extol Ihe "irlll~~ of th e ah crtl mivo Ues ign. (4) The COSI of Iho \'onlpeli lOr'~ prod Uct C:III be comp3.n! wilh Ih ~ produ", in qU
[7}-l'nlcnts.' Tho l'a tC11l numlwr may b<: loc~h.'tI on Ih e identificalion ~I ale of Ihe ~ ,oduc l. TM m:onufaClIlTet' may have malle Slnt'" n't llts in I,is pm~....t ~fll'lic:ot ion which !Ire u5(ful on dir~'(:1 or emsse:o:aminat ioll. J>mcnl ~

:ITc a S(ll1rcc or altcrrulli,'c dllSign!l. r"lenl s wit h improved designs n,;).}' be loc::otro, which " tWale the SIlk (If the offendi ng prootiC'!. 10 <"lwhli,h Ih !line or the ~n at the lime of Ihe ~nlc. Th. palcll1§ Ii" "prior nrC' similft r 10 Ih e p-1lcnlw device nTKI ideolif~' po.TIOn~ wilh kno.."'~'lIse of Ihe ~rodllCt who can so:rvc as consul·

I"'", Or

c~flCrt •.

omee

The U.S. 1'~Ilcnl will cClllfy pholIXo pic. ofP.11~m § as beln!; nUlh(I";c I\: l"oductioo!o. Th e U.s. ['nlenl Otrl(t n:qui fo;, up t(l IS <1"~'l; 10 jK'T(orm the rcqlll."lied cdlifinlions. :,lt ho llgh in ;:an em<:rt;<.,,ey the)' m ~~' be able to do,;n faller. Send the reqU<.'S1 wilh the palen! n"mber to be certifi ed. with $1.00 per p~t cnt for photoco pying ~II U $3.50 for ec"iliealiOf!. 1o, Comm j~l;o n

of 1'., len ls and TrnoIrmark!

Wa~hinst on,

D.C. 20231

P:o ll111~ ('III be 'l~a 'eho:d 3t ~ p:!lcnt libmL'y o r ~ny largo: library " ';Ilt a f1~\t"l d('flO!OilOfY. The pl'OC'CS!l is IiOIn<'Wlmt anluous for the nnjlliti~t<:d, but il ecrtlli"ly can' be done.

A p:,lc nt sc:Irch org~ lIi ~.,tion e~ n 5ClU'ch mI d nbt.,in ecnirl<:d Jllto· locopie!. nco re rCJtlilr , A p.11cnl !\<'art'h 0 'l;lltt;7.lUion whkh charges r~"SI"' abl~ fres nnd p ruvK:ks e.,ed lent sen'icc i~,

Patenl Sc~rdl lnt t rualional 2133 Ddcn~ liiPl'I::OY Cmftrn l,

~d . 211! ~

'Sf' I. F'U"'iJi. IJ' 1O

N'Slism<<." §

2.~6(6J

(Minh ... II
"'''''',

~

PROt). I.lAll. t'UAcnCE GUlllE

56.51l[8J

[8] Relerence Books lor

E~pcrb

Th~ Forensic Ser... icc~ Dire<::tory Forensic Services Directory, Inc.

P. O. Box 3161 Princeton. N.J. 08540 Directory 01 Engineers in Private Practice National Society of ProfC'!siotwl Enginee~ 2029 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 Directory of the American Consuhing Engineer~ Council American Con~uhing Engincer~ Council 1015 15th Street, N.W., Suite 802 Wm;hinSlOn, D.C. 20005 Dest's SafelY DireelOry A.M. Best Company Oldwick, N.J. 08858 § 56,51

Nomes nnd Addresses of Experts

Following arc the names and nddre,~es or some engineer, who c10im to h,'c ludder or scafTold cxpcrtisc. The jisting of th<'S~ ".'rerls in and of itself dn~ not constitute a r<'Commendation.

[1]

I~1ddcrs

Richard M. Jacob~ Consulta11l Service' Inslitute, Inc. 23 Rumwn Road ) ," UvingslOll, N.J. 07039 '\'

.if<

lohn O. Omw3tcr

62 O"crlake l'ark Durlington, VI. 05401

D.L. RichllrdwlI &. A~,ocialC" LId. N34 W22155 Cnpi!ol Drive Pewauke<::, Wis. 53072 Williom J. Kitzes, J.D .. CI'SM Consumor Safety Associates 6000 Executive Blvd., Suite 100

/ II 1.0"'1'

I.... DD£RS A/'iD SCAH'OLIIS

t

SO I[l l

Rod,,·ilk Md. 208S2 l'aul G husow 160 Easl Hnwlho rll<: Ave. V~lIcr Slrr:Ml, N.Y. IlS&O

Ern""" A. Niles & A~~i:l1es 4 Ilrookwoou Ro~d Towneo, N .J. 07082 Swnler J. Kl~in 2 Ston~r Clo"~r L.,nc pitl srord, N .Y. 14SJ4

Gorde" H. Sihw P.O. 80.. 2 1 Newtoo,·ilk. Ma. 02 160 (2J "

"

~rrokfs

John C. Weld (lll 360 W. M~in Street \k:rgenfidd, N.J. 07621 David E. 1I0bl;rll. 1'.£. 21~7 Orch~rd Ave. No. Minnca[lOlii. Mn . SS421 L~wrcncc

R. St:ITord S Gmccmcr~ SU\:.: t _ A lbo ny. N.Y. 1220J Cha l"'~

R. H~ineo; 825 Wl>«lwrigll1 Dr. M~nc" .. t~"T. Mo. 6 3021 Mlch""l Grunreld lS2S JlypcriCltl A\" J1u~ Los AngelM, Cl. 90027

Charles A. Bo.~

"~sbert

215

Middletown. Wis. 53562 David V, MacCoilum I~I~ Hu mmi nsbird Ln~

or,..,."

t SUI[)]

I'IIOD. Ll,l.U. Plt,l.cncr. GUIDE

Sienl' Vi!\l;" Az. 85635

[3 I-Orgnizat lons. T here are m~ny orgalli v.:o tions \\"h M<: slafT in· clu des enginccrs quite capable (If providing expert tes timony (In sub· jl'Cls .~ uelo a.o; bddm l nd scarroills: Triodyne, lne. 59$0 Wes t TOIl!!Y Ave nn e Niles. Ill. 6064 8

TIll; In !\lillU~ for Saf.,t~· An:Il YSIll Suil': 6 10 451 Hungerford Dri,·v Rock"i lle, Md . 20B50 Lueius I'ilkin, Il1c. 50 t ludroon St. N~w Yc rk. K.Y. 100]3 Co n!ultant Sen'lees Instilule, Inc. 23 RUnl5.Oi1 Rd. U vi n~Dn. NJ. 070n Americall Stall(b rus T~~linll Bureau, In<. 40 Waler St. . New York, N.Y.

10004 ."

Mxrotcd •• Ind. 17 Camphill It.... Pom olla, N .Y. ]0970 (a "nln!er," with no engineerins .UJ fT 0( its own).

".

§ 56.5 2 Appliclbie Sta ndards

[I} l.nddcrs ( I) A lt\C"ri~(J.n N~lioIlI" Smndard for udders · Portable Wood S"fCl r R~'qlli n: m e nl5, ANSI AI". I-\ 982. (2) American Nalio nal Standn rd for Lad ders · Port able Metal Safety Require!!lents. ANSI A 14.2_19B 2. (3) Ammcan N:llionlll SI:md3rd for Ladders · Ponable fmew r la, lie ' s"rC\)· R~"ljuircmcnts. ANSI AI4.$-! 9Sl.

Rl~n'

"... ""

S6-IJ9

' ''''OilERS ASI) SCAHQUlS

t SUZllJ

(4) Amcricnn f'nlj on~1 St:mllnrd for L"dllcrs - FixCll-Snfcly R.:ANSl A14.3-1984 .

qnircmCMl ~,

(5) Amen ..1Il N~ljona ' SI"nd~ nl SIIfel)' Roquin: mcnI$ for Job· M:ulc bddm. ANS I "'4.4-1979. (6) :-I FI'A 1932 Usc, Mninlen nncc, and Scr .. icc Tesling of Fire Dcpo.rtmerli Gmund L~ddm; (1984 cd.) (N~lioll., 1 Fire 1'101<.'<:1100 AI' socialion, IbUerym8rch !'ark. Quincy. Ma . 02269). (7) NFI'A 1931 Dc!;sn, mid Dc~is n Vcrilkolion Tc~IS fo r Fire Dc· Gro und L:lddcrs (1984 ed.)

p~rtmcm

(8) Und~'riler I...3bor~lorict, 333 PfinS!iI~'l Rood, Northbrook, llI. IiOO6l has is'i\lcd ladder r.t:l1Id:trd •.

(9) OSTIA Rcgu lntiolls, 29 C.F.R. §§ 1926.45(}.4'2 (1987)(2] Scnffohl:i (I) American Nolional Slaml:lrd, Safety R.quircm~ lu~ for Scnf· folding. ANSI AIO.8_1977.

(2) Amcrio::ln N~tional SlllIl d~rd, SIIfely Roquimnent s for Po\\"· ered l'blforms for Extc'rior nni1dins Mainlenance, AN SI AI20.1-1970. (3) America" N:lIIoMI Starnbrd for Man ua lly P ropelled Mobile I..:Iddcr Sund~ and ScalTold. (1"OIO,'CI1;), ANSI A92.1 _1 977. (4) American Nntional St andard for s.:lr-l'ro~lled Elc"uling Wmk I'L11f(lm-.s. ANSI A92.6- 1919. (5) Amcric~n N~lional St'lm'~ rd for Doom-Supported ElevalinG Work I'lalfoml~, ANSI A92.~-1980. (6) Americ;m Nntiol~1l S1~nd3rcl for Mnnu~lIr Propelled EIt"al' ins Wo rk "btfo rrns, ANSI A92.l- I'JSQ. (7) Anwrican Nationa l Swnd:lrd for COl1 51 ruc1ion and Demolit ion Opcmtiolls - Work l'l ntrorms Su~po:TKlcd fro'll Crall'" ar Derricb $;,r.... )· ll;~uj"'mC"l'Is. ANSI A IO.28- 1983.

SlandMd, R<"qlliT~mcnt~ for S"fctr nclt~, Hamc~'e", Lanynrd s, Lifelill~~. mid Drop UII~""s for COI'~tructia1\ mid IndU:O;l rial Usc, ANS[ A. 10 . 14-1975. (8)

Am~ricnn l\'~t !ona l

.

, ,,,,,

(9) Underwrit ers L.nbor~tori,,", Stm>dard ror Safety, PI:mb and Slases, ANSIIU L U22-1984.'

F"bri ca t~d

~,rrokl

(10) OS HA Rell\llalio n~.·

§ 56.53 alcekJhit or Mntcrlnl The (ollo"'m& jg :0

(httkl;~1

D(r~ets

of possible malerinl dtl"eC(s:

(1) No dcre.::l s in quality ofl he wood: (~)

No $hak c or sepa rati ons along with grain.

(b) No

"~,"e

(IxIrk o r b ek of,..00;1 o n the eomer of Ihe piece).

(e) No comprc~jon r"ilu rc~, which is d cfonn~lion or buckling of Ihe "'ood lib«s. Thi~ 013)" appo;ar lIL'l " wrinkle "cross Ih e , urf3CC". or there mny be itwl.lible "fiber breakage" on the end gmin 'ur· f'K:l~

Cd) :So do:,;;:l)' ("rot" or ··dotc"). which i.. d!~jn tcgra tion of th e wood due 10 t h e 3clilln of wood,dnlroying funti, (el No low density wood, wh ich i" wood that i~ cxccpliollali r light in wdghl and uSlIally dcfi~icnl in ~1 n:n,l h propmics. I" !oOI"lwood, i1 i~ fr~qu~~lI l r in dftatcU b~' cxc~p tiollally ....ide or I.arrow ring~ and u ~ uaJJy Illls" lo\\" proponion of 1;1((\\'00II (,umn)enulO(l). In Imnlwood. il is unuJJy ,,,di<::ltC"!i b}' tXc~'!.>i ,·clr n,, 'row ""tlu~l rings In which rhe o.lrlywood (sp ringwood) portion I'rcdOl!lln~les.

(I) Wood m\t~ bc ~aso",.-d .!1O than IS (,<,r,cnt.

lh ~t

it,

moi&!ur~

COnICl I! i~ no ntore

(2) Compf1:s~i oo wood oftcn hl~ . eriollS adverse p.oper1 i.,; which

must be con sid ered blJfo re utilizing it.' (3)

Uf,.e of er(lS!, grain i, lin,ired.'

• Th"" ",.,
1'1",'

yo,~ .

)11.\' .

• J~ C.I'.R. H

.. ~,

In.tlMo

loon 19.1"'~ l l ..1S2

(1917).

I td. t ~ . 1. U{_ ;n .. 00<1 f" m ). f ~.l .U.r.ide, .jJ, . Nl ~"k kg.). t ,,<[><. " nl >. and <>Ih" j' ~~
' . I. D.

~. U . 7{~OI

LAillJIlRS A:"l1J SCAn-OI-US

~(>-141

!

56.5-1

(4) The g"neral ,lope of the cros~ grain in sillc mils, buck 1c!;'i, rungs, and in pari' olher thun rungs is rc'Stricted.' (5) The pre,ence and size of knots i, limited.' (6) The prc'Scncc and ~ile of pitch nnd bmk pockels is limited.' (7) Th" ~i,_e of elw::h is limited. ' (S) Th e

§ 56.54

~i,..,

of splits is limiled.'

Invcstigntion 01I'Cklist

(1) Speak with the elien!. Obtain delnil, abonl the accidenlund the product. (2) Obtain Ihe polkc report and COfllact Ille officer who prcpared il for amplification, [I, needed.

(3) Ifllcrvicw any wilncss(''S and gel statements. The teslimony of wilne,s,:, :~, to llOw 1110 accident happen<:d fr.qucntly makes or breab a casco The i'1\'r;S tigator or attomcy who speah with them first haj an advantage. (4) Obtain records of uny ~ntil~· or person who inwstigatcd the accident. Speak with investigators, a, ncc"dcd.

(5) Go to the scene, if possible with an invcstigator and expcrl. make measuremcnt •. and documelll the mecha· nism of the accident as prccisely as possible. Read the ANSI stalldard, and OSHA regulations to detcrmillC lite issues Ihat will arise. Slope. pitch (lmgle orindinat ion), distances, and base, term~ of nr! employed by the Al':SI standard, are examples of the faclors which Ta~c pholOgr~ph "

' IJ.

,II,,,

* 1.1.2.1 (,iei, ,,,il, a'HI b,ok

I<~,).

§ 5.1.3.2

(IlIn~'). ~

5.1.3.1 (p, n. 0,11«

n"'~<)_

'II!. ~ l .l.l.2 ("d, ",ii, ",Id b. ,. 1<;;,). ~ l. I.J.) m"t mp\ ,u"g~ ""d oth
"" .'''J

wou ld f""Iu"mLy nOl be; C0J\5io.ktnl i>y 3 gcnemLu p:n whell " ..mn·

il1;"8 a

r~LL .

(6) tx.;,minc _h" b<Jdo:r or staffo1<.l ill minu!.<: detail as seon .. fl.:r .he ~~cillcnl as po>.linll or tCSlilljl; .akes pl nec. (1)

rhotoSrdpll~

(8) Loca le any r,IlCIl!!i"n" ad diti on.' . modific;otioi1S. Il1in c~plat1Jtio,, !.

~tC .•

;III d ob·

(9) Storc the h, dder or r.calTold in n ~eC\ll e place. COVCIC .... to rcla ro rusting ~nd oth er do:lc ,ioral;Ol\..

(10) ldentify the man u!hCt UICr. Someti mes. thi.! jus. invo!>'cl r.~d, 'ng Ihe L1bo;I On a I3dtlcr. AI Olht ! Ij D~ det~'fmi n;"s Ihe id.:111ity of til e nmnufnCIW'cr can be the mo~t difficult part of Ih e C.1~. \Vrite or ~j!-it a '-lore all d ro:quc)::11 a cal;,iog ;lnd 5al'" inoo: hUTC 01' lI,e nlOxl.;l prod uct in CjtleSli oll. If ,he s.;riaJ IlluII\'lo:-r of Ihe product is 1."0""" , :lSk .ltt nt:ln.. r:lCt\l r~r ...·hell it w:t~ nu,uufacmr.,<J. A prdext enH i~ usu;ol l)· thc cusi~s t Illclh· ad. Do nOi lu:silalc to t peak ",ill. Ihe m:l.lll,faciurcr 10 !\d a~ 'nuch ,nfo rmario" about thc prod uci ns (1
TI'e OWDcr of Ihe L-.dd.,.. or sca.ffoltl ~hou!d bI: in.crviewW and a ilat Ctllent oiJ taim:tl if possibl~. The oWllcr nlay iI""c Il1 ll
the produc t him~ Lf for .0111C purpose. TIoo: '>'lId ill~oi"" ~nd the narll~'i of the rct ~ik:r nlld any " rc\'j(, us (,""II"" ~houlll be oblained. ( 12) '11oc r"'niler "hc rn lions.

n

S6.S5-S6.9H

m~y

be ill tervi.; ...·.,<J if thLTC

i~ 3.n~·

qU <"ition of

Rcsc n~

".",,,

"