Lab Work 1 EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY Table 1. Variations in Fruits SCIENTIFIC NAME
Vigna sesquipedalis (Yard long bean) Psidium guajava (Guava) Fragaria vesca ( Strawberry ) Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) Citrus microcarpa (Kalamansi) Mangifera indica (Mango) Pyrus malus (Apple) Ricinus communis (Castor bean) Tithonia diversifolia ( Mexican sunflower) Oryza sativa (Rice) Cocos nucifera (Coconut) Dolichos lablab ( Hyacinth bean) Anona squamosa (Atis) Ananas comosus (Pineapple) Cucurbita moschata (Squash) Citrus grandis
DEHISCENT/ INDEHISCENT
DRY/FLESHY
SPECIFIC TYPE OF FRUITS
TYPE OF PLACENTATION
EDIBLE PART
Dehiscent
Dry
Legume
Marginal
Whole fruit
-------
Fleshy
Berry
Axile
Whole fruit
-------
Fleshy
Berry
Basal
Whole fruit
-------
Fleshy
Pepo
Parietal
-------
Fleshy
Hesperidium
Superficial
-------
Fleshy
Drupe
Basal
Mesocarp
-------
Fleshy
Berry
Axile
All parts except seeds
Dehiscent
Dry
Capsule
Basal
None
Indehiscent
Dry
Achene
Basal
Seeds
Indehiscent
Dry
Grain
Basal
Seeds
-------
Fleshy
Drupe
Basal
Endocarp
Dehiscent
Dry
Legume
Marginal
All parts
-------
Fleshy
Aggregate
Basal
-------
Fleshy
Multiple
Axile
-------
Fleshy
Pepo
Parietal
Mesocarp
-------
Fleshy
Hesperidium
Axile
Endocarp
All parts except the exocarp All parts except the exocarp
Mesocarp and endocarp All parts except exocarp
(Pomelo) Spondias purpurea (Sinigwelas) Hibiscus esculentus (Okra ) Bixa orellana ( Achiote) Cosmos Zea mays(Corn) Lycopersicon escullentum (Tomato)
-------
Fleshy
Berry
Basal
All parts except the seed
Dehiscent
Dry
Capsule
Axile
Whole fruit
Dehiscent
Dry
Multiple
Free-basal
Seeds
Dehiscent
Dry
Achene
Basal
None
Indehiscent
Dry
Caryopsis
Basal
Kernels
-------
Fleshy
Berry
Axile
Whole fruit
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1. In some of the fruits, the fruits are persistent even up to maturity. Identify these parts. Consider Psidium guajava and Oryza sativa. What are the structures attached at the upper part of the two fruits? The parts that are persistent even up to maturity are the pericarp which can become hard or fleshy and may completely or incompletely contain distinguishable or fused exocarp , mesocarp or endocarp and a mature fruit also contains a persistent seed. In guava fruit, it contains a crown –like structure which is considered as the remains of the persistent sepals (calyx lobe) . For the Oryza sativa, there is a visible spikelet. (Fruits, n.d.). 2. Is there an advantage of dry fruits over fleshy fruits? Give reasons. According to Fruits (n.d.), a fleshy fruit has a soft and pulpy pericarp at maturity and its endocarp hardens during this period whereas a dry fruit contains a hard and dry pericarp. Fleshy fruits are mostly adapted to animal dispersal which makes a dry fruit more advantageous since it has more ways of dispersal such as expulsion, wind and some gets attached to fur or feather of animals.
3. Are there differences in morphology between monocot and dicot fruits? Tabulate these differences (if any).
Monocots Generally, have large, fleshy seeds.
Fruits or seedpods are generally comprised of three parts.
Dicots Possesses variety when it comes to size and shape of fruits / seedpods /seeds
They have greater number of seeds per seedpod as compared to monocots.
Monocot vs. Dicot. (n.d.)
4. Are there differences in monocot and dicot seeds? Tabulate the differences (if any). Monocots Monocots generally have large, fleshy seeds. Fruits or seedpods are generally comprised of three parts. Monocots have only one seed leaf inside the seed coat in the form of a thin leaf, because the endosperm to feed the new plant is not inside the seed leaf.
Dicots Dicots posses’ variety when it comes to size and shape of fruits , seedpods or seeds. Generally they have greater number of seeds per seedpod as compared to monocots. Dicots have two seed leaves inside the seed coat which are usually rounded and fat, because they contain the endosperm to feed the embryo plant. Monocot vs. Dicot. (n.d.)
REFERENCES Fruits. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2019, from http://www.britannica.com/science/fruit-plant reproductive-body Monocot vs. Dicot. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2019, from http://theseedsite.co.uk/monocots2.html