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The Restoration of the Archaeological and Broader Landscape of Olympia By Dr. Zoe Kosmidou
ANCIENT OLYMPIA THE DAY AFTER
THE DAY AFTER aerial view
Kronios hill the Day after
Pierre de Coubertin Memorial
The Day After
overview of the site recovery Immediate response and recovery of the ancient site of Olympia and its surrounding area due to the upcoming rainfalls and the Olympic Flame ceremony. Main aim was to restore landscape after destructive fires with immediate measures and interventions to protect soil against erosion and floods.
the challenges and the media Major challenge: Restoration of forest area of Olympia characterized as “national goal” because of strict timetable imposed by Olympic Flame ceremony for 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Wildfires took place on August 26, 2007. Olympic Flame ceremony March 24th, 2008.
WORLD MEDIA FOCUSED ON OLYMPIA REUTERS
“Greek fires kill 60 but spare ancient Olympia ruins” By Vassilis Triandafyllou August 26, 2007 • Firefighters saved the temples and stadiums of ancient Olympia…three-day inferno. • “With selfsacrifice, firefighters fought ‘trench battles’ to rescue these sensitive and important sites,” • “Fire scorched the yard of the museum at Olympia, housing famous classical sculptures such as Praxiteles’ Hermes, but planes , helicopters and scores of firefighters beat it back.”
NPR
“Greek Fires Reach Ancient Olympics Site”
“Greek Wildires Threaten Ancient Olympia” August 26, 2007 • The fire was treacherous but the museum was safe. • Wildfires raged for 3 days, 57 killed. • Authorities evacuated hundreds of people, by every means (land and sea). • “At least 12 countries were sending reinforcements, and six water-dropping planes from France and Italy joined operations Sunday” • The worst affected region was Zaharo, south of Ancient Olympia.
National Geographic
Text
“Greek Wildfire Recovery Could Take Decades” October 3, 2007 • More than 670,000 acres of farmland, homes and protected forests burned- from the European Forest Fire Information System reports= 5% of the whole country said Constantinos Liarkos, conservation manager with the WWF in Athens.
By John F.L. Ross August 26, 2007 • 3 days of fires fought by firefighters to stop wildfires from burning 2,800 year old ruins. • The forests around burned but Ancient Olympia ruins saved. • “Nearly 4,000 soldiers, backed by military helicopters, were sent to reinforce firefighters over the past three days, and at least 12 countries were sending aid.”
Restoration Objectives
Re-establish the ancient oak forest based on references from Xenophon, Theophrastus and Pausanias. Introduction of long-scale broad-leave species. Local replacement of Aleppo pine forest with mixed forest for fire prevention.
RESTORATION MEASURES Soil erosion and flood mitigation measures Removal of burned plants and trees. Log erosion barriers constructed from trunk of burned Aleppo pine and cypress trees and were fixed parallel to the contours of the slopes of the hills. This particular wood considered the appropriate material for the fulfillment of archaeological, historical, aesthetic, ecological, environmental and protective requirements of area.
clearing the burned area
LOG EROSION BARRIERS
Stadium view from the top of Kronios hill, treated by single log erosion barriers (September, 2007)
Gully and small stream channel checkdams •
Previously severe erosion and landslides occurred forming a number of gully and small stream channels in the hills of the area.
Particular sites could not be protected from further deterioration by log barriers
Wood-made checkdams were selected for the same reasons concerning the log barriers.
•
Gully and small stream channel check dams
RESTORATION MEASURES con’t Post fire natural regeneration Mediterranean pine forests are well distinguished from other ecosystems: considerable hosted plant and animal biodiversity, differing climate conditions and adaptation to wildfire. After the onset of the first post-fire rainy season (November 2007), the Aleppo pine post-fire regeneration was very satisfactory.
Alepo pine post-fire naturally regenerated seedlings (February 2009)
Revegetation by hydroseeding Direct aesthetic result Complimentary to other soil erosion prevention measures. Where slope was particularly steep, a geotextile jute, was used to cover soil before application of hydroseeding. Jute used made 100% from plant materials and is biodegradable in 4 years time. Double role: retains and protects surface of soil and provides favorable microenvironment for plants
Jute and first vegetation
Jute placement on Kronos Hill
Jute placement in the Western slope of Kronos Hill
PLANTING BIG TREES
PLANTING BIG TREES
“National Goal”
Before and After
Monitoring and Maintenance Network of plots installed to monitor and investigate: - meteorological conditions (rainfall and temperature) - effectiveness of specific design of log erosion barriers - post-fire regeneration of Aleppo pine - estimation of plant establishment (survival and growth).
•Additional planting is provided for autumn 2009. •Management flammable biomass has been removed to prevent new fires.
Conclusions and Recommendations •
Applied treatments effectiveness rated from “excellent” to “poor”: contour-felled logs rated “excellent” or “good” in 70% of the measurements, hydroseeding rated 60% “excellent” jute technique rated 60% “good” or “fair” (due to application on particularly steep slopes) According to the measurements none of the treatments was considered “poor.”
Conclusions and Recommendations cont’ Two months after the fire the area was filled with wild flowers and the natural regeneration of Aleppo pine.
• Natural regeneration of evergreen broadleave trees was highly satisfactory.
• Projected success rate of regeneration project is over 95%.
Conclusions and Recommendations con’t Further objective should minimize any damage caused by potential fires, which are a natural occurrence in Mediterranean climates. Future general management should: •
•
•
- strive to be continuous and moderate, without irreversible changes to the natural and cultural environment. - maintain landscape complexity and diversity by conserving the abundance of ecological and cultural landscape units. - respect local styles in constructing new structures, taking into consideration natural and anthropogenic environment surrounding archaeological site and historical references.
Pierre de Coubertin Memorial
•
After the planting
The Olympia Museum area after the revegetation
Olympic flame ceremony 2008
Spring 2008
ANCIENT OLYMPIA THE DAY AFTER
THE DAY AFTER aerial view
Kronios hill the Day after
Pierre de Coubertin Memorial
The Day After
overview of the site recovery Immediate response and recovery of the ancient site of Olympia and its surrounding area due to the upcoming rainfalls and the Olympic Flame ceremony. Main aim was to restore landscape after destructive fires with immediate measures and interventions to protect soil against erosion and floods.
the challenges and the media Major challenge: Restoration of forest area of Olympia characterized as “national goal” because of strict timetable imposed by Olympic Flame ceremony for 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Wildfires took place on August 26, 2007. Olympic Flame ceremony March 24th, 2008.
WORLD MEDIA FOCUSED ON OLYMPIA REUTERS
“Greek fires kill 60 but spare ancient Olympia ruins” By Vassilis Triandafyllou August 26, 2007 • Firefighters saved the temples and stadiums of ancient Olympia…three-day inferno. • “With selfsacrifice, firefighters fought ‘trench battles’ to rescue these sensitive and important sites,” • “Fire scorched the yard of the museum at Olympia, housing famous classical sculptures such as Praxiteles’ Hermes, but planes , helicopters and scores of firefighters beat it back.”
NPR
“Greek Fires Reach Ancient Olympics Site”
“Greek Wildires Threaten Ancient Olympia” August 26, 2007 • The fire was treacherous but the museum was safe. • Wildfires raged for 3 days, 57 killed. • Authorities evacuated hundreds of people, by every means (land and sea). • “At least 12 countries were sending reinforcements, and six water-dropping planes from France and Italy joined operations Sunday” • The worst affected region was Zaharo, south of Ancient Olympia.
National Geographic
Text
“Greek Wildfire Recovery Could Take Decades” October 3, 2007 • More than 670,000 acres of farmland, homes and protected forests burned- from the European Forest Fire Information System reports= 5% of the whole country said Constantinos Liarkos, conservation manager with the WWF in Athens.
By John F.L. Ross August 26, 2007 • 3 days of fires fought by firefighters to stop wildfires from burning 2,800 year old ruins. • The forests around burned but Ancient Olympia ruins saved. • “Nearly 4,000 soldiers, backed by military helicopters, were sent to reinforce firefighters over the past three days, and at least 12 countries were sending aid.”
Restoration Objectives
Re-establish the ancient oak forest based on references from Xenophon, Theophrastus and Pausanias. Introduction of long-scale broad-leave species. Local replacement of Aleppo pine forest with mixed forest for fire prevention.
RESTORATION MEASURES Soil erosion and flood mitigation measures Removal of burned plants and trees. Log erosion barriers constructed from trunk of burned Aleppo pine and cypress trees and were fixed parallel to the contours of the slopes of the hills. This particular wood considered the appropriate material for the fulfillment of archaeological, historical, aesthetic, ecological, environmental and protective requirements of area.
clearing the burned area
LOG EROSION BARRIERS
Stadium view from the top of Kronios hill, treated by single log erosion barriers (September, 2007)
Gully and small stream channel checkdams •
Previously severe erosion and landslides occurred forming a number of gully and small stream channels in the hills of the area.
Particular sites could not be protected from further deterioration by log barriers
Wood-made checkdams were selected for the same reasons concerning the log barriers.
•
Gully and small stream channel check dams
RESTORATION MEASURES con’t Post fire natural regeneration Mediterranean pine forests are well distinguished from other ecosystems: considerable hosted plant and animal biodiversity, differing climate conditions and adaptation to wildfire. After the onset of the first post-fire rainy season (November 2007), the Aleppo pine post-fire regeneration was very satisfactory.
Alepo pine post-fire naturally regenerated seedlings (February 2009)
Revegetation by hydroseeding Direct aesthetic result Complimentary to other soil erosion prevention measures. Where slope was particularly steep, a geotextile jute, was used to cover soil before application of hydroseeding. Jute used made 100% from plant materials and is biodegradable in 4 years time. Double role: retains and protects surface of soil and provides favorable microenvironment for plants
Jute and first vegetation
Jute placement on Kronos Hill
Jute placement in the Western slope of Kronos Hill
PLANTING BIG TREES
PLANTING BIG TREES
“National Goal”
Before and After
Monitoring and Maintenance Network of plots installed to monitor and investigate: - meteorological conditions (rainfall and temperature) - effectiveness of specific design of log erosion barriers - post-fire regeneration of Aleppo pine - estimation of plant establishment (survival and growth).
•Additional planting is provided for autumn 2009. •Management flammable biomass has been removed to prevent new fires.
Conclusions and Recommendations •
Applied treatments effectiveness rated from “excellent” to “poor”: contour-felled logs rated “excellent” or “good” in 70% of the measurements, hydroseeding rated 60% “excellent” jute technique rated 60% “good” or “fair” (due to application on particularly steep slopes) According to the measurements none of the treatments was considered “poor.”
Conclusions and Recommendations cont’ Two months after the fire the area was filled with wild flowers and the natural regeneration of Aleppo pine.
• Natural regeneration of evergreen broadleave trees was highly satisfactory.
• Projected success rate of regeneration project is over 95%.
Conclusions and Recommendations con’t Further objective should minimize any damage caused by potential fires, which are a natural occurrence in Mediterranean climates. Future general management should: •
•
•
- strive to be continuous and moderate, without irreversible changes to the natural and cultural environment. - maintain landscape complexity and diversity by conserving the abundance of ecological and cultural landscape units. - respect local styles in constructing new structures, taking into consideration natural and anthropogenic environment surrounding archaeological site and historical references.
Pierre de Coubertin Memorial
•
After the planting
The Olympia Museum area after the revegetation
Olympic flame ceremony 2008
Spring 2008
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