Victoria’s Bushfires February 2009
Lessons Learned Disaster Preparedness Rapid Response Sustainable Recovery Robyn Riddett Managing Director Anthemion Consultancies
[email protected]
Secretary‐General ICOMOS ISC on Risk Preparedness Secretary‐General ICOMOS Scientific Council
Victoria’s Bushfires • WARNING! • This presentation contains material which may shock some viewers. • Activate your personal response plan now. • Stay and listen or leave early!
Black Saturday – 7th February 2009 • The south‐east corner of Australia is one of the most fire‐prone regions in the world • “One of the darkest days in Australia’s peacetime history” • “The fiercest fires the emergency services personnel have ever seen” • “Unimaginable horror”
Fire Conditions • 11 year drought, tinder dry bush • Three days of over 40°C in previous week • 46.7°C on the day • Hot, dry gale force winds from the north • Less than 4% humidity • Fire index over 300 – usually under 100
Known Causes • Lightning – 3 • Fallen power lines – 1 • Arson – at least 2, more suspected • Sparks from a grinder on a day of Total Fire Ban ‐ 1
Damage Overview • 183 fires in Victoria and South Australia • Fire temperatures estimated in excess of 3,000°C • 400,000 hectares burnt • Fire front over 1,000km • 210 dead plus missing • Over 7,500 homeless
Damage Overview • 1,500+ houses, schools, businesses, public buildings lost • Four towns destroyed • Some others lost over 1/3 of their population – tight communities in the bush • Attachment to the land
Damage Overview • Millions of native animals and birds dead • Species endangered • Extensive loss of stock – cattle, sheep, bloodstock (racehorses) • Loss of pets – ponies, dogs, cats, poultry etc.
Fire Behaviour • Over 120 km per hour • Fire storm and ember attack leapt 40 km • Fire raced across treetops and left big trees as burnt matchsticks • Temperatures in excess of 3,000° C
Fire Behaviour • Dense smoke – visibility less than 2 metres • Incredible roar like a jet engine • Fire created its own weather • Houses simply exploded – air, heat, gas bottles
Eyewitness Accounts • “I heard the noise and had 20 seconds, I was in the pool and didn’t think Kinglake was under threat.” • “We were in the pool and suddenly saw it coming. We hid under a wet blanket and called the neighbours to come. As they ran the fire raced through and they were incinerated in their tracks.”
How Prepared Were We?
Adequacy of Personal Fire Plans • Some people well‐ prepared • Poor or no personal preparation – “I never thought it would happen” • Personal fire plans not compulsory, not prepared properly, evaluated or rehearsed
Adequacy of Personal Fire Plans • Many left it too late to evacuate, panicked, under‐estimated the fire, not mentally prepared • Compare with cyclone preparedness plans
Adequacy of Emergency Response • General warnings in days before the fires • Everyone knows about annual bushfires • No warnings on CFA, DSE Websites or ABC 774 at the beginning • Types of warnings changed as the events unfolded
The Warnings STAY AND DEFEND OR LEAVE EARLY You must activate your fire plan now. If you evacuate you must report to the Emergency Relief Centre at Whittlesea. •They must be specific ‐ the detail is critical!
The Warnings If you see smoke it is too late to leave. Residents in XX Street you are being threatened by a fire which is increasing in size. Communities in Taggerty remain on alert. Communities in Snobs Creek you must remain vigilant. The road between XX and XX is closed.
The Warnings • People claimed that they did not receive a warning or what does early mean, the message changed Residents of Healesville you must remain on alert as there may not be enough time for a warning. If you see smoke get out now – don’t wait until you see flames. If you are seeing flames it is too late to leave and you must stay and defend your property as best you can. Urgent Threat Message: For residents in the Beechworth area the fire has significantly increased in size and is spotting ahead. The fire is increasing in size.
The Response • ABC Radio 774 – official emergency radio • Integrated response: police, • County Fire Authority – 5,000 voluntary firefighters • Department of Sustainability and Environment, Parks Vic.
The Response • Relief centres • Red Cross, Salvation Army • Community support and volunteers • Emergency accommodation – private, community centres, Army barracks and tents
The Response • Vicroads – road closures, re‐ establishment of personal ID ‐ driver’s licences etc. • Loss of identification and possessions • Department of Human Services
The Response • Centrelink – relief payments, medical treatment etc. • Banks, insurance claims • Telstra supplied free mobile phones • Supply of generators, food and water to those who stayed
The Response • Over A$2,000,000 raised in Red Cross Bushfire Relief Appeal • Crime scene – areas barricaded and dangerous • Appointment of a Royal Commission of Enquiry and Task Force
The Response • Contamination on site – asbestos, lead paint etc. • Looting • Locating the dead and missing persons • Identification of the bodies • Treating injured people and animals
The Response • Burnt power lines – power outages • Threat to Melbourne’s water supply – rain and ash • Another day of extreme fire danger a week later but it dissipated • People tired and stressed
Adequacy of Emergency Response • The professional emergency response plans are well‐ rehearsed and worked exceedingly well • There was an evolving response as issues emerged.
Adequacy of Emergency Response “No‐one in government expected their Ministries or departments would ever have to cope with a fire of this magnitude”. Bruce Esplund, Victorian Emergency Services Commissioner
Everyone is shell‐shocked
Future Issues • Human stories – shock, guilt, anger, long‐term recovery • BLAME – the Green Debate • Lack of cleared vegetation in bush (burn‐offs) and around houses in bush setting • Council regulations
Future Issues • Rebuilding communities • Rebuilding houses in bushfire‐prone areas • Changes to building regulations • Recovery of the landscape • Recovery of fauna
Lessons from Hurricane Katrina • Make all the information regarding causes and consequences known before rebuilding begins. • Involve communities early in the rebuilding process. • Establish realistic recovery timelines – not just for anniversaries or political convenience. It takes time to build a community in the first place and it takes time to rebuild them after a disaster.
Lessons from Hurricane Katrina • Separate disaster response from recovery and rebuilding – this is not emergency services task. It involves physical, psychological, social and economic resurrection of communities and the state. • Future proof – don’t repeat the mistake. Build safer and smarter to withstand foreseeable hazards and climate change. Dr Edward J Blakeley, executive director, Recovery and Development Administration, New Orleans
There is a long way to go!