Kenneth's Ch. 22 Outline Pt 2

Kenneth Li Euro Hist. 6th Period 11-1-07 Ch. 22, pg. 626-634 VII. The Eighteenth-Century Industrial Revolution A. An Event in World History 1) In second half of 18th century, industry has occurred in Europe and America -had many goods shipped from place to place. -military power grew fast with new technologies. 2) America and Europe became wealthy and powerful. 3) Africa and Latin America are dependent countries. 4) Japan imitated Europe successfully. 5) Chinese didn’t do so; became ruled by Europeans indirectly. 6) Economy grew, but soon reached plateau. 7) At considerable costs, industrialism made more goods than ever. -made new kinds of skills and demands. -made new standard of living; poverty was not so high anymore. 8) Wealth produced made political and social structures mad; many reforms started. -displaced many people; undermined many communities. B. Industrial Leadership of Great Britain 1) Had remained stable. -early start of industrialization -good roads and waterways. -taxes were heavy, but taxation was fair. -political structure stable. 2) People can rise socially with money. -many factors lead to Britain’s industrialization, not just one. -wars disrupted Continent where industry might begin. 3) People don’t call economic development “revolution.” C. New Methods of Textile Production 1) Peasants who tilled land often spun thread or wove textiles. -during domestic or putting-out system, agents of urban textiles took wood/other unfinished fiber to peasants homes using domestic system. -peasants spin it. -merchant sold the wares. 2) Industrial development took place in rural area. -peasant family lives in one-two room cottage; basic unit of production. 3) Many people wanted cotton textiles, which lead to a number of inventions. -spinners couldn’t produce enough thread for weavers to use. -James Kay used invention called flying shuttle. -Afterwards, James Hargreaves invented spinning jenny; spinning 16 spindles.

4) Arkwright invented water frame, which used water power to produce cotton. -made purely cotton fabric instead of linen fiber for durability. -lost his patent rights; many factories opened up using his invention. -cotton output increased by 800 %. D. The Steam Engine 1) Steam engine enabled growth of industrialism the most. -can be used non-stop unless you don’t have coal to burn. -was portable, and didn’t fail during winter. 2) First engine using steam power was invented by Thomas Newcomen. -was insufficient in use of energy. -English used it to pump water out of coal mines. 3) James Watt tried another invention of steam engine; needed precise metalwork. -found a partner named Matthew Boulton. 4) Use of steam engine spread slowly b/c Watt retained patent rights in 1800. -was used for making cotton; also revolutionized transportation. E. Iron Production 1) Production of metal was low; British iron makers made less than 25,000 tons yearly. 2) 3 factors held back production of iron. -charcoal rather than coke was used to smelt ore. -insufficient blasts can be made in furnace b/c of non-perfect steam engine -demand for iron was limited. 3) British started using coke. -also came the time of a better steam engine; made demand for iron higher -iron produced faster. -Henry Cort produced a purer iron. -demand for iron went high, price went low. VIII. Cities A. Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization 1) Europe had 363 cities within it; each had at least 10,000 people. -17 of these cities had over 100,000 people. -had a large population growth in Europe. B. Growth of Capitals and Ports 1) Capitals and ports were the ones with highest growth. -growth of port cities reflects expansion of European overseas trade. 2) Cities with fewer than 40,000 people declined. -mostly consisted of older landlocked trading centers and industrial cities. C. Emergence of New Cities and Growth of Small Towns 1) Large cities grew more slowly and new cities grew after 1750. 2) Several factors at work. -overall population growth. -early stages of Industrial Revolution occurred in countryside. 3) Agricultural growth helped the growth of nearby towns. IX. Urban Classes A. The Upper Classes

1) Small group of nobles took care of political and economical affairs. -constituted self-appointed oligarchy who governed city. -these rights were granted by royal charter. B. The Middle Class 1) Were prosperous, but not extremely rich people. -source of income had little or nothing to do with their land. -usually supported reform, change, and economic growth. 2) During 18th century, middle class and aristocracy always collided. -they usually liked each other. -as power and wealth grew in middle class, grip from nobles tighten. -the middle class starts to hate the nobles. 3) Middle class feared lower class as much as hate nobles. -they were thought to be violent, and used many natural resources. C. Artisans 1) They were poor lower class of people. - had their own cultures and values. -was extremely vulnerable in economic position. 2) Entire life centered on their work. -primary institutions were the guild, but lost influence in 18th century. 3) Guilds were still useful. -played conservative role. -didn’t seek growth or innovation -wanted to keep jobs for group members. X. The Jewish Population: Age of the Ghetto 1) In 1762, Catherine the Great of Russia excluded Jews from welcoming others into Russia as foreigners. Everyone but Jews can go. -she released it some years later. 2) Russia had large Jewish population. -Jews couldn’t enjoy what other people can. -were regarded as aliens. -lived in districts known as ghettos. -known as age of the ghetto 3) “Court Jews” were ones that helped fund the war. -most famous was Samuel Oppenheimer, which funded war against Turks. -didn’t have these funds paid back. 4) Other Jews that weren’t courts lived in poverty, in the worst conditions ever. 5) Jews that were converted were welcome, not always warmly. -ones that remained loyal to Jewish religion had many disadvantages. -anyone can do anything to any Jew. XI. The European Old Regime 1) Most regions of the world had population explosions also, due to better food supply. -China used clans and communities in agriculture to support population. 2) Banking was improved in both Europe and China. -only Europe experienced industrialization. 3) In Japan, ruler had remained stable and traditional.

-population grew less rapidly; economy grew slowly. 4) Africa continues supplying slaves to North and South America. 5) Latin America monopolized Spain and Portugal. -couldn’t survive expansion of British economy. 6) Expansion of European population made more change to tradition and hierarchy. -larger population meant new ways need to solve old problems. -guilds had to confront expanded labor force. 7) Monarchies, nobles, and middle class continue to conflict. -monarchies want to get rich enough to make war -nobles wanted to get their privileges back -middle class is gaining power and wealth.