Interconnected Systems In Europe

1.2.1

1.2

Interconnected Systems in Europe

•

UCTE System

•

NORDEL System

•

IPS/UPS System

•

GB System

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

Synchronously operated regions in Europe UCTE NORDEL IPS / UPS GB CENTREL COMELEC BG/RO TESIS

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1.2.2

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.3

UCTE System Development of the UCTE-interconnected system (1) •1951

Foundation of the UCPTE (Union pour la Coordination de la Production et du Transport de l´Electricité) encouraged by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development); First members of UCPTE: Belgium, Germany (West), France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland

• 1955

UCPTE still subdivided in 5 asynchronous areas. Synchronous operation between Germany, Austria, Luxembourg and Belgium

• 1958

Synchronous coupling of 3 of the asynchronous areas through the “Stern von Laufenburg”; Germany, Austria, Luxembourg, Belgium plus France plus Switzerland; UCPTE-countries except Italy and Netherlands in parallel operation.

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.4

UCTE System Development of the UCTE-interconnected system (2) • 1962/63

Enlargement of the sphere of activity of the UCPTE: - foundation of the UFIPTE with the members France, Spain and Portugal - foundation of the SUDEL with Austria, Italy, Yugoslavia and Greece (1976)

• 1964

All countries of the UCPTE, the UFIPTE and the continental part of Denmark in parallel operation

• 1976

Synchronous network coupling of Yugoslavia and asynchronous coupling with Great Britain, Sweden and Norway

• 1987

Admission of Greece, Yugoslavia, Portugal and Spain as full-members of UCPTE; Parallel operation of all 12 member countries

• 1991

Following war events in ex-Yugoslavia, the UCPTE system was split in two separately operating synchronous zones

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.4 /1

UCTE System

Pmax = 13 GW

Pmax = 68 GW

Pmax = 27.5 GW

Pmax = 230 GW

Areas in synchronous operation Areas not synchronously connected

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

UCTE System Development of the UCTE-interconnected system (3) • 1995 Connection of the CENTREL countries (CZ, H, PL, SK) to the UCPTE system • 1999 Change of the name of the association into “Union pour la Coordination du Transport de l’Électricité (UCTE)” • 2003 Bulgaria, Romania and a small part of Western Ukraine connected to the UCTE system • 2004 Reconnection of the two UCTE synchronous zones to one UCTE synchronous zone

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1.2.5

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

UCTE System

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1.2.5 /1

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

UCTE System

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1.2.5 /2

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

UCTE System

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1.2.5 /3

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

UCTE System

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1.2.5 /4

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

UCTE System

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1.2.5 /5

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

NORDEL System Structure of the NORDEL transmission network

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1.2.9

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.10

NORDEL System • The NORDEL organization was founded in 1963 and is based on the voluntary cooperation of autonomous utilities within the countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden • The central coordination office is located in Oslo • The networks of Finland, Norway and Sweden are synchronously coupled. One part of Denmark (Jütland, Fünen) is operated synchronously with the UCPTE network, the other part of Denmark (Seeland) is connected synchronously with Sweden. Iceland is operated as a network island. • The unbundling of generation and transmission in Finland, Norway and Sweden and legal changes lead to a restructuring of the NORDEL. Today NORDEL has concentrated its activities to give recommendations and advises for the cooperation.

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.11

NORDEL System The peak load of the NORDEL system (without Iceland) was in 2000:

65 GW

The installed generation capacity was in 2000:

87 GW

- 29 GW

(33 %) in coal, oil or gas units

- 10 GW

(12 %) in nuclear power plants

- 48 GW

(55 %) in hydro generation units and others

The total generation of the NORDEL system (without Iceland) was in 2000: 386 TWh - 77 TWh

(20 %) in coal, oil or gas units

- 100 TWh

(26 %) in nuclear power plants

- 209 TWh

(54 %) in hydro generation units and others

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.12

NORDEL System Annual generation of NORDEL-countries in 2000

160 143 TWh 140

142

Coal, Oil, Gas Nuclear

120

Hydro and others

100 67

80 60 40

34

20

7

0 DK 24.08.2006

SF

IS

N

S

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.13

NORDEL System • Between the networks of NORDEL and UCTE there are 7 HVDC-connections as submarine cables in operation: - Sweden – Denmark

1965

285 kV

1050 A

300 MW

- Norway – Denmark

1977

250 kV

2x1000 A

2x250 MW

- Sweden - Denmark

1988

250 kV

1200 A

300 MW

- Norway - Denmark

1993

350 kV

1280 A

440 MW

- Sweden - Germany

1994

450 kV

1330 A

600 MW

- Denmark - Germany

1995

400 kV

1500 A

600 MW

- Sweden - Poland

1998

450 kV

1330 A

600 MW

• Within NORDEL a HVDC submarine cable connects Finland and Sweden with a transmission capacity of 500 MW (1989). • A HVDC back-to-back station connects the IPS/UPS system and Finland with a capacity of 900 MW (1982).

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

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1.2.13 /1

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.14

IPS/UPS System GDR

Poland

Lituania

CSFR

Belorussija

Hungary

Ukraine/ Moldavia

Latvia

Estonia NorthWest

Middle Center

Rumania

Bulgaria

Volga

Urals

Kasakstan

Siberia

North Caucasus TransCaucasus

IPS

UPS IPS/UPS System (Situation 1990) 24.08.2006

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.15

IPS/UPS System • IPS or Integrated Power System was the name of the power system formed by the countries: GDR Poland CSFR

and

Ukraine / Moldavia

Hungary Rumania Bulgaria • Development of IPS: 1961

Ring connection between the power system of GDR, Poland, CSFR and Hungary

1962

Foundation of the Central Dispatching Office (CDO) in Prague

1963

Joining of Rumania

1967

Joining of Bulgaria

1978 – 1987

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Construction of 750 kV lines between Ukraine and Hungary, Poland, Rumania and Bulgaria

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

IPS/UPS System

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1.2.15 /1

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.16

IPS/UPS System UPS or Unified Power System with an extension of 7000 km in East-West direction and 3000 km in North-South direction was the most extended synchronously operated power system world wide. UPS comprised 6 subsystems (SS) of Russia and 7 power systems of Ex-USSR countries: SS Center

Ukraine/Moldavia

SS Middle Volga

Belorussija

SS North West

Lithuania

SS North Caucasus

Latvia

SS Urals

Estonia

SS Siberia

Kasakhstan Trans-Caucasus

Russia

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Ex-USSR

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.17

IPS/UPS

3000

0 50 SS x of Middle Volga 2 PG = 16800 PL = 17200

PS of Kazakhstan PG = 8000 PL = 9400

V

3000

330 kV 2000

SS of North Caucasus PG = 10000 PL = 10400

1500 1000

33 0

50 0

kV

kV

PS of TransCaucasus PG = 7360 PL = 7800

kV 500

500 kV

2000

2x

PG: Generation PL: Load

4 x 500 kV

kV

33 0k

kV

75 50 0 kV 0k V

330

PS PS 3 x 750 kV of Ukraine/ of East Europe Moldavia PG = 63300 PG = 46750 PL = 67000 4 x 400 kV PL = 42000 5000

SS of Center PG = 45600 PL = 46400

500

kV

2x

1000

3500

500

33 0k V

2500

SS of Urals PG = 38700 PL = 37300 kV

3x

3x

75 0k V

6x

System

SS of North-West PG = 27900 PL = 25600

SS of Siberja PG = 28600 PL = 28900

Structure of the IPS/UPS System; Peak load situation Dec. 1990; Limits of transmission capacity

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.18

IPS/UPS System • Because of the idea of extreme job sharing within the socialistic economic system, the power generation developed not in a self- sufficient way for each country. As a result for decades there was a high dependency of East-European countries on power imports from Ukraine and Russia. Breaking intersections were installed to avoid the spreading of large disturbances in the case of generation deficits: - Lemberg breaking intersection in the North between Ukraine and GDR, Poland, CSFR, Hungary - Moldau breaking intersection in the South between Ukraine and Rumania, Bulgaria A breaking intersection means the automatic disconnection or transmission lines at exceed of a given power flow limit (E. g. 3400 MW for Lemberg breaking intersection)

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.18 /1

IPS/UPS System

GDR

USSR 3800 1900 4900 11300 6800 4200

Imported energy per year in GWh

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.18 /2

IPS/UPS System

Lemberg breaking intersections Criteria for seperations from UPS

, ,

Number of seperations

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.18 /3

IPS/UPS System Frequency histograms of UCTE and IPS/UPS system

Number of seperations IPS/UPS 1978-82 IPS/UPS 1989 UCTE 1989

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.19

IPS/UPS System UCTE UCTE UCTE

Poland

Lituania

Estonia

Belorussija

SK

CZ

Latvia

NorthWest

Hungary Ukraine/

Middle Center

Moldavia

Volga

North BiH

JIEL

Rumania

GR

Bulgaria

Caucasus TransCaucasus

IPS/UPS System (Situation 2000) 24.08.2006

Urals

Kasakstan

Siberia

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.20

GB System • In 1990 the electricity supply industry in England and Wales was reorganized (privatization) • The vertically integrated Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) was separated in the following companies: - National Power (fossil and hydro generation) - Power Gen (fossil and hydro generation) - Nuclear Electric (nuclear generation) - National Grid Co. - 12 Regional Electricity Companies (REC’s) • The transmission network of the National Grid Co. and the distribution networks of the 12 REC’s are considered as natural monopolies • Transmission and distribution fees are regulated by the regulating authority OFFER

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.21

GB System • The installed generation capacity was in 2000: - 61 GW

(77 %) in coal, oil or gas units

- 13 GW

(16 %) in nuclear power plants

-

(6 %)

5 GW

79 GW

in hydro generation units and others

• The total generation was in 2000 - 272 TWh

(73 %) in coal, oil or gas units

- 85 TWh

(23 %) in nuclear power plants

- 15 TWh

( 4 %) in hydro generation units and others

372 TWh

• The 275 kV and 400 kV transmission network of the National Grid Company is operated by the main dispatch center near Birmingham as well as by 7 regional dispatch centers.

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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

1.2.22

GB System The GB Electricity Supply System in 2000

Moyle Interconnectors (Nothern Ireland) Capacity 500 MW Length 55 km

Interconnectors

French Interconnector Capacity 2,000 MW Length 70 km

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