Index

INDEX

Ac voltage controllers, 56 Abnormal operating conditions, 52-54 Adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS), 170-173 Adjustable-speed drives (ASDs), 2, 3 control of, 4 Air-gap flux, 26, 110 orientation, 129-134 Armature reaction, 120 Autotransformer starting, 44-45 Auxiliary resonant commutated pole (ARCP) inverter, 68-69

Back propagation algorithm, 165 Bang-bang control, 83-84 Bearing failures, 53 Bias weight, 165 Blanking time, 65 Blocked-rotor test, 192 Braking, 35-36 dc-current, 198 dynamic, 47, 48-51, 198

electric, 11, 198 flux, 198 resistor, 70-71 Cascade systems, 2 Centroid technique, 168 Chattering, 164 Closed-loop scalar speed control, 101-102 Commissioning, parameter adaptation and self-, 191-197 Common-mode voltage, 89-90 Constant power area, 99 Constant power connection, 52 Constant torque area, 99 Constant torque characteristic, 7 Constant torque connection, 52 Constant Volts/Hertz (CVH) method, 97-100, 198 Construction of induction motors, 15-17 Cooling fan/fins, 16 Comer folding, 149 Critical drives, 198 Critical slip, 30

225

226

INDEX

Current equation, 184 Current source inverters (CSIs), 66 control of, 85-88 field orientation, 134—135 Current source PWM rectifiers, 63-64 Cycloconverters, 56 Dc-current braking, 198 Dc link, 4 Dc motor, torque production and control in, 119-121 Dead time, 65, 198 Defiizzifier, 168 Developed torque, 27-31, 113-114 Direct field orientation (DFO), 124-126 Direct self-control (DSC), 148-155 Direct torque control (DTC), 140-148 Drive systems, 3-4 Duty ratio, 77-78 Dynamic braking, 47, 48-51, 198 Dynamic model equations of the induction motor, 111-114 revolving reference fi-ame, 114-117 space vectors of motor variables, 107-111 Dynamic torque, 5 Electrical braking, 11, 198 Electrical discharge machining (EDM), 89 Electric drive system, 3 Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 4, 68 conducted, 88-89 Equations of the induction motor, 111-114 Equivalent wheel, 5-6 Essential Service Override (ESO), 200 Estimators, open-loop, 126, 179 flux calculators, 179-183 speed calculators, 183-191 Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), 189-191 Faraday's law, 23 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), 191 Feedforward neural network, 164—166 Field orientation development of, 119 direct, 124-126 drives with current source inverters, 134-135, 198, 199 indu-ect, 126-129 principles of, 121-123 stator- and air-gap flux, 129-134 Field weakening mode, 99 Firing strength, 168 Flashover, 89

Flux braking, 198 Flux calculators, 179-183 Flux airgap, 26 leakage, 26 rotor, 26 stator, 26 virtual, 149 Flux-linkage vectors, 110 Flux-producing current, 103-104 Flux vectors, 110, 199 Four-pole stator, 20-21 Frequency changers, 69-71 Fuzzifier, 167 Fuzzy controllers, 166-170 Fuzzy logic, 166 Gamma (F) model of the induction motor, 94 Generating mode, 35, 36 GTOs (gate turn-off thyristors), 69, 134 Hall sensors, 124 Hard switching, 67-68 Harmonic traps, 61, 88 High-efficiency motors, 2 Hysteresis controllers, 83-84, 149, 163 IGBTs (insulated-gate bipolar transistors), 69, 198 non-punch-through, 61 Impedance starting, 45 Indirect field orientation (IFO), 126-129 Induction generators, 36-40 Induction motors construction of, 15-17 operating principles of, 1-3 variables controlled in, 159-161 Inference engine, 167-168 Input power, 31, 34 Inverse-gamma (F') model of the induction motor, 95-96 Inverter mode, 59 Inverters, 3-4, 56, 64-69 control of current source, 85-88 control of voltage source, 71-85 Kalman filters, 188-189 extended, 189-191 Kinetic energy, 4-5 Left-hand rule, 23 Life span of motors, 2-3 Linear speed controllers, 162-163

INDEX Loads common, 4—9 nonlinear, 60 Luenberger state observer, 187-188 Machine intelligence (MI) controllers, 164-173 Magnetic field, revolving, 17-23 Magnetomotive forces (MMFs), 19, 108-109 MATLAB, 34 MCTs (MOSFET-controUed thyristors), 69 Mechanical characteristic, 6-7 Membership function, 166 Membership grade, 166 Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS), 183-187 Modulation index, 78 Motoring, 35 Multilevel voltage source inverters, 66-67 Neurofazzy controllers, 170-173 Neutral-clamped inverter, 67 Newton's second law, 5 Noise, tonal, 90-91 No-load test, 192 Nonlinear loads, 60 Observers, closed-loop, 126, 179 flux calculators, 179-183 speed calculators, 183-191 Open-frame motors, 16 Open-loop scalar speed control, 97-100 Operating areas, 7 Operating quadrants, 10-11 Overload, mechanical, 53-54 Overvoltages, 89 Parameter adaptation, 191-197 Partly enclosed motors, 16 Passive filters, 60-61 Phase-lock loop (PLL), 163 Phase loss, 53 Plugging, 4 7 ^ 8 Pole changing, 3, 51-52 Position control, 173-175 Power electronic converters control of current source inverters, 85-88 control of stator voltage,^ 55-56 control of voltage source inverters, 71-85 frequency changers, 69-71 inverters, 56, 64-69 rectifiers, 56-64 side effects. 88-91 Powa^ fa€lc» (PF), 31, 34

227

Prime mover, 10 Progressive-torque characteristic, 7 Proportional-integral (PI) adaptive scheme, 188 Pull-out torque, 30 Pulse width modulation (PWM), 61 inverters, 73-80, 87 rectifiers, 61-64 Rated power, 31, 32 Rated speed, 31, 32 Rated stator voltage, 32, 33-34 Rated torque, 31, 32 Reactance, stator and rotor, 28-29 Rectifiers, 4, 56-64 Regressive-torque characteristic, 7 Resistive-capacitive (RC) filters, 89 Resonant dc link (RDCL) inverter, 68 Reversing, 51 Revolving reference frame, 114-117 Right-hand rule, 22-23 Rotor, 16 angular velocity, 39, 95 bars, cracked, 53 current vector, 110, 113 equation, 184 flux, 26, 110, 113 frequency, 94 inductance, 112 leakage factor, 133 reactance, 28 resistance, 24 voltage vector, 113 Scalar control methods, 11-12 closed-loop speed control, 101-102 open-loop speed control, 97-100 torque control, 102-105 two-inductance equivalent circuits, 93-97 Self-commissioning and parameter adaptation, 191-199 Sensorless drives, 198-199 basic issues, 177-179 commercial, 197-200 flux calculators for, 179-183 parameter adaptation and self-commissioning, 191-197 speed calculators, 183-191 Short circuits, 53 Shot-through, 65 Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs), 58-59 Six-step mode, 72-73 Sliding mode, 163 Slip, 23

228

INDEX

critical, 30 velocity, 23 Soft starting, 46-47 Soft-switching inverters, 68 Space-vector direct torque and flux control, 155-157 Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM), 77 Space vectors of motor variables, 107-111 Speed calculators, 183-191 Speed control, 161-164 Square-law torque connection, 52 Square-wave mode, 65, 72-73 Squashing function, 165 Squirrel-cage motors, 1, 2 description of, 16-17 Starting, assisted, 44 47 Starting torque, 30 State duty ratios, 77-78 Static torque, 5, 6 Stator, 2 core, 15 currents, 18 current vector, 109 equation, 184 flux, 26, 110, 113 field orientation, 129-134 inductance, 112 reactance, 28 resistance, 24 Stator voltage, 39 control of, 55-56 vector, 109 Steady-state equivalent circuit characteristics, 31-36 description of, 24-27 developed torque, 27-31 Switching frequency, 73 Switching function, 173-174 Switching intervals, 73 Switching variables, 71, 85-87 Synchronous speed, 22, 35 Synchronous velocity, 21 Thyristors, 58-59 T-model of the induction motor, 93-97 Torque angle, 138

braking, 49 driving, 40 dynamic, 5 production and control in the dc motor, 119-121 pull-out, 30 rated, 31, 32 scalar control of, 102-105 starting, 30 static, 5, 6 Torque-per-ampere ratio, 120 Torque-producing current, 103-104 Total harmonic distortion (THD), 150 Total leakage factor, 129 Totally enclosed motors, 16 Two-inductance equivalent circuits, 93-97 Two-pole stator, 20 Uncontrolled induction motors abnormal operating conditions, 52-54 assisted starting, 44—47 braking and reversing, 47-51 operation of, 43-44 pole changing, 51-52 User interface devices, 199 Variable structure control (VSC), 163 Vector control methods, 11-12 Virtual fluxes, 149 Voltage conraion-mode, 89-90 control of stator, 55-56 equation, 184 noise, 88-89 sags, 29, 44, 53 Voltage-current equation, 112-113 Voltage source inverters (VSIs), 64-65 control of, 71-85 Voltage source PWM rectifiers, 61-63 Voltage space vectors, 74—75 Water-hanuner effect, 51 Wound-rotor motors, 2 Wye-delta starting, 46 Wye-delta switch, 11 Zero-current switching (ZCS), 68 Zero-voltage switching (ZVS), 68