In The Name Of Almighty Allah

In the name of Almighty ALLAH

Nouns & Pronouns

Noun is the name of a person, place, a thing or etc. Or  A word which denotes to a person, place, thing, or etc is called a noun. 

Kinds of Nouns  Gender of Nouns  Cases of Nouns  Number of Nouns  Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns 

1. 2. 3.

4.

5. 6.

Proper Nouns: particular Common Nouns: common/general Collective Nouns: singular in form, plural in meaning Compound Nouns: N+N, G+N, N+G, N+P+N Material Nouns: Abstract Nouns:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Masculine Feminine Common Neuter

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Subjective/Nominative Objective/ Accusative Dative/ Object of Preposition Possessive Vocative

2.

Count Nouns: Count Nouns refer to such nouns which can be counted. Cont Nouns are preceded by a/an, the, one, two, three & etc.

2. Noncount Nouns: Noncount Nouns usually refer to a whole group of things that is made up of many individual parts. For example, some common Noncount Nouns are furniture, mail, money, fruit, and jewelry. Note: Noncount Nouns are not preceded by a/an, one, two, three, etc and they don’t have plural forms.

1. 2.

Singular Plural

1.

To make most nouns plural, add –s. Singular one bird one street one rose

Plural two birds two streets two roses

2. Add –es to nouns in –sh, -ch, -ss & -x. Singular one dish one match one class one box

Plural two dishes two matches two classes two boxes

3. If a noun ends in a consonant +-y, change the “y” to “i” and add –es. Singular Plural one baby two babies one city two cities If –y is preceded by a vowel, add only –s: boys, days, keys

4. The plural form of nouns that end in –o is sometimes –oes and sometimes –os Singular one tomato one zoo one zero

Plural two tomatoes two zoos two zeroes/zeros

-oes: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, echoes, mosquitoes -os: zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos, sopranos, photos, autos -oes/-os: zeroes/zeros, volcanoes/ volcanos, tornadoes/ tornados

5. If a noun ends in –f/-fe, change ending to – ves. Singular one knife one life one shelf

Plural two knives two lives two shelves

Exceptions: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs.

6. Some nouns have irregular plural forms. Singular Plural one foot two feet one goose two geese one man two men one mouse two mice one tooth two teeth one woman two women s.

7. The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form. Singular Plural one deer two deer one fish two fish one sheep two sheep one offspring two offspring one species two species one police two police

8. Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals. Singular one bacterium one cactus one crisis one phenomenon

Plural two bacteria two cacti two crises two phenomena

What is a pronoun? A pronoun refers to a noun. It is used in place of a noun.

Subject Pronouns: First Person Singular: First Person Plural: Second Person Singular: Second Person Plural: Third Person Singular: Third Person Plural:

I we you you he, she, it they

Object Pronouns: First Person Singular: First Person Plural: Second Person Singular: Second Person Plural: Third Person Singular: Third Person Plural:

me us you you him, her, it them



Possessive Adjectives ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

My Our Your (singular) Your (plural) His, her, its Their



Possessive Pronouns ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

Mine Ours Yours (singular) Yours (plural) His, hers, its theirs

A friend of + possessive nous/pronoun is a special idiomatic expression. It is used to identify another person as one friend among many friends.  

Do you know Ali? He is a friend of mine. We ate dinner with a friend of Ahmad’s.

myself ourselves yourself/yourselves himself herself itself themselves

Another: Another means one more out of a group of similar items. Example: There is a large bowl of apples on the table. Paul is going to eat one apple. If he is still hungry, he will eat another apple. There are many apples to choose from. another+ singular noun (adjective) another+ one (adjective) another+ Ø (pronoun)

The Other: The other means the last one in a specific group, the only one that remains. Example: There are two apples on the table. Paul is going to eat one of them. Sara is going to eat the other apple. the other+ singular noun (adjective) the other + one (adjective) the other + Ø (pronoun)

Other(s): Other(s) means several more out of a group of similar items. Example: There are many apples in Paul’s kitchen. Paul is holding apples. There are other apples in a bowl. other+ plural noun (adjective) other+ ones (adjective) others+ Ø (pronoun)

The Other(s): The other(s) means the last ones in a specific group, the remains from a given number of similar items. Example: There are four apples on the table. Paul is going to take one of them. Sara is going to take the other ones. the other+ plural noun (adjective) the other + ones (adjective) the others + Ø (pronoun)

ADJECTIVE

PRONOUN

SINGULAR PLURAL

another other

another others

SINGULAR PLURAL

the other the other

the other the others