Hormone Thyroid T3, T4 Target Nuclear Receptors Of: Most
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Hormone Thyroid T3, T4
Target Nuclear Receptors of:
Liver IGF-1
Regulation
Clinical/Other
TSH stims Iodine
Hypothyroidism -Children-cretinism -Adults-myxedema- fatigue, constipation, puffy face/hands, weight gain, m. weakness (accumulation of GAGs) Hyperthyroidism – Grave’s Dz goiter, ophthalmopathy, palpitations, ↓ weight, heat intolerance Hypo-low blood Ca+2 can cause tetany Hyper-hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
Bone Marrow
Sympathomimetic (↑ HR, CO, Resp., metabolism), ↑ protein synthesis ↑ O2 consumption, heat (d/t ↑ metabolism) Erythropoeisis
GI tract
↑ motility
Bone Cardiac
↑ bone turnover Alters myosin isoenzymes
Bone Kidney Intestine
↑ bone resorption (↑Ca+2) ↑ Ca+2 reabsorption, PO4-3 secretion ↑ Ca+2absorption via Vit. D
Ca+2 in blood
Bone, Heart, Lung Chondrocytes
Organomegaly,↑ Organ function ↑ linear growth
GH
Hypothalamus Liver
High blood glucose stim Glucagon-Like Peptides (GLP) stim SST inhibits
Adipose
↓ hunger ↑ glycogen storage, ↑ synth cholesterols, ↑ glycolysis ↑ TG storage, ↑ glucose uptake, ↓ lipolysis ↑ protein synthesis (aa uptake), ↑ glycogen synthesis (↑ glucose transport), ↓ aa release (m/ breakdown) ↑ aa uptake, ↑ glycogenolysis, ↑ gluconeogenesis, ↑ ketogenesis ↑ lipolysis (FFA)
Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Hypothalamus
↑ Hunger ↓ Hunger ↓ Hunger
Fasting releases
GI Tract
↑Ca+2, ↑PO4-3 absorption
PTH
Most tissues
Parathyroid PTH
Action
Pancreas
β-Cells – Insulin
Adipose Muscle
α-Cells – Glucagon
GI Tract Stomach – Ghrelin Small Intestine – CCK Sm./Lg. Intestine – PYY Kidney 1,25-OH-D Adipose Leptin
Liver
GLUT2 - β cell glucose sensor GLUT4 - activated by insulin - ↑# on cell surface to ↑ glucose uptake in skeletal, cardiac m., adipose
Stim – aa, ACh, Epi, Low blood glucose Inhibit- glucose, insulin, SST, FFA
From skin, diet - Liver→25-OH-D
Hormone
Target
Adrenal Cortex Zona GlomerulosaMineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
Zona FasciculataGlucocorticoids (Cortisol, Hydrocortisone) Gonadocorticoids (androgens)
Zona ReticularisGlucocorticoids, weak androgens (DHEA)
Adrenal Medulla Catecholamines (Norepi, Epi)
CNS CV Liver Lungs Pituitary Kidney Bone Muscle Immune CT
Action
Regulation
Clinical/Other
Maintain plasma volume via Na+ retention, K+ excretion
Renin-Angiotensin system
↓CRH, ADH; ↑appetite Maintain sensitivity to vasoconstrictors ↑ Gluconeogenesis (which ↑ lipolysis) Fetal lung devo ↓ ACTH ↑ GFR ↑ Resorption, ↓ Formation Catabolic (↑aa), ↓ insulin sensitivity Suppresses (↓ inflammation) ↓ Collagen synthesis See above DHEA precursor for T (negligible in males)
CRF-ACTH system
CRF-ACTH system
CAH- ↓ response to ACTH→ ↑ androgens – female pseudohermaphroditism - Adrenal Androgen HyperS – hirsutism, oligomenorrhea, acne, virilization of females
Fight-or-flight response (↑HR, CO, BP, Resp. rate, bronchiole dilation, vasoconstrict skin/gut, vasodilate heart, skeletal m.)
ACh ↑ exocytosis of secretory granules
Tumor (pheochromocytoma) may cause sudden onset HTN, headache, sweating, palpitations, tachycardia
Hyper-1°/2° Aldosteronism-HTN d/t hypernatremia & ECF expansion; m. weakness, fatigue d/t hyperkalemia Hypo of aldosterone-1° Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Dz)-dehydration, HTN, hyponatremia (Na+ wasting), hyperkalemia (K+ retention) Helps relieve stress (Stress activates CRH release) ↑ release in morning (so wake with normal blood glucose), peak ~1 hr post. wake Hyper-Cushings Dz-truncal obesity, moon facies, HTN, gonadal dysfxn Hypo of cortisol-1° Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Dz)- fatigue, hyperpigmentation, GI abnormalities
Hormone
Target
Sex Organs Testosterone
Testes
Estrogen
Ovary
Progesterone
Uterus Cervix Oviduct Mucosa Vagina Mucosa Ovary Uterus Cervix Oviduct Mucosa Vagina Mucosa
Placenta hCG hCS Estrogens
Estriol
Corpus Luteum
Action
Regulation
Maintain spermatogenesis, male duct morphology, accessory sex glands, 2° sex characteristics ↑ FSH, LH receptors on follicle and theca cells –primes follicular tissue for progesterone ∆ SM cell length Mucus watery, abundant - + for sperm Promotes ciliogenesis and mitosis Epithelium thick, cornified, filled w/ glycogen Local levels modulate ovulation Quiet SM cx (w/ relaxin) Mucus thick, sparse - – for sperm Stim secretory activity and SM cx Epithelium thin, sloughed cells nucleated
FSH stims Leydig cells – Activin and Inhibin from testes regulates FSH
Clinical/Other
Maintains corpus luteum until placenta takes over making progesterone and estrogen GH-like - stim gluconeogenesis in maternal liver Lots of aromatase in placenta→convert almost all androgens Made from DHEA sulfate from fetal adrenal
Marker of fetal health/brain devo – made from DHEA sulfate
Target Nuclear Receptors of:
Liver IGF-1
Regulation
Clinical/Other
TSH stims Iodine
Hypothyroidism -Children-cretinism -Adults-myxedema- fatigue, constipation, puffy face/hands, weight gain, m. weakness (accumulation of GAGs) Hyperthyroidism – Grave’s Dz goiter, ophthalmopathy, palpitations, ↓ weight, heat intolerance Hypo-low blood Ca+2 can cause tetany Hyper-hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
Bone Marrow
Sympathomimetic (↑ HR, CO, Resp., metabolism), ↑ protein synthesis ↑ O2 consumption, heat (d/t ↑ metabolism) Erythropoeisis
GI tract
↑ motility
Bone Cardiac
↑ bone turnover Alters myosin isoenzymes
Bone Kidney Intestine
↑ bone resorption (↑Ca+2) ↑ Ca+2 reabsorption, PO4-3 secretion ↑ Ca+2absorption via Vit. D
Ca+2 in blood
Bone, Heart, Lung Chondrocytes
Organomegaly,↑ Organ function ↑ linear growth
GH
Hypothalamus Liver
High blood glucose stim Glucagon-Like Peptides (GLP) stim SST inhibits
Adipose
↓ hunger ↑ glycogen storage, ↑ synth cholesterols, ↑ glycolysis ↑ TG storage, ↑ glucose uptake, ↓ lipolysis ↑ protein synthesis (aa uptake), ↑ glycogen synthesis (↑ glucose transport), ↓ aa release (m/ breakdown) ↑ aa uptake, ↑ glycogenolysis, ↑ gluconeogenesis, ↑ ketogenesis ↑ lipolysis (FFA)
Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Hypothalamus
↑ Hunger ↓ Hunger ↓ Hunger
Fasting releases
GI Tract
↑Ca+2, ↑PO4-3 absorption
PTH
Most tissues
Parathyroid PTH
Action
Pancreas
β-Cells – Insulin
Adipose Muscle
α-Cells – Glucagon
GI Tract Stomach – Ghrelin Small Intestine – CCK Sm./Lg. Intestine – PYY Kidney 1,25-OH-D Adipose Leptin
Liver
GLUT2 - β cell glucose sensor GLUT4 - activated by insulin - ↑# on cell surface to ↑ glucose uptake in skeletal, cardiac m., adipose
Stim – aa, ACh, Epi, Low blood glucose Inhibit- glucose, insulin, SST, FFA
From skin, diet - Liver→25-OH-D
Hormone
Target
Adrenal Cortex Zona GlomerulosaMineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
Zona FasciculataGlucocorticoids (Cortisol, Hydrocortisone) Gonadocorticoids (androgens)
Zona ReticularisGlucocorticoids, weak androgens (DHEA)
Adrenal Medulla Catecholamines (Norepi, Epi)
CNS CV Liver Lungs Pituitary Kidney Bone Muscle Immune CT
Action
Regulation
Clinical/Other
Maintain plasma volume via Na+ retention, K+ excretion
Renin-Angiotensin system
↓CRH, ADH; ↑appetite Maintain sensitivity to vasoconstrictors ↑ Gluconeogenesis (which ↑ lipolysis) Fetal lung devo ↓ ACTH ↑ GFR ↑ Resorption, ↓ Formation Catabolic (↑aa), ↓ insulin sensitivity Suppresses (↓ inflammation) ↓ Collagen synthesis See above DHEA precursor for T (negligible in males)
CRF-ACTH system
CRF-ACTH system
CAH- ↓ response to ACTH→ ↑ androgens – female pseudohermaphroditism - Adrenal Androgen HyperS – hirsutism, oligomenorrhea, acne, virilization of females
Fight-or-flight response (↑HR, CO, BP, Resp. rate, bronchiole dilation, vasoconstrict skin/gut, vasodilate heart, skeletal m.)
ACh ↑ exocytosis of secretory granules
Tumor (pheochromocytoma) may cause sudden onset HTN, headache, sweating, palpitations, tachycardia
Hyper-1°/2° Aldosteronism-HTN d/t hypernatremia & ECF expansion; m. weakness, fatigue d/t hyperkalemia Hypo of aldosterone-1° Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Dz)-dehydration, HTN, hyponatremia (Na+ wasting), hyperkalemia (K+ retention) Helps relieve stress (Stress activates CRH release) ↑ release in morning (so wake with normal blood glucose), peak ~1 hr post. wake Hyper-Cushings Dz-truncal obesity, moon facies, HTN, gonadal dysfxn Hypo of cortisol-1° Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Dz)- fatigue, hyperpigmentation, GI abnormalities
Hormone
Target
Sex Organs Testosterone
Testes
Estrogen
Ovary
Progesterone
Uterus Cervix Oviduct Mucosa Vagina Mucosa Ovary Uterus Cervix Oviduct Mucosa Vagina Mucosa
Placenta hCG hCS Estrogens
Estriol
Corpus Luteum
Action
Regulation
Maintain spermatogenesis, male duct morphology, accessory sex glands, 2° sex characteristics ↑ FSH, LH receptors on follicle and theca cells –primes follicular tissue for progesterone ∆ SM cell length Mucus watery, abundant - + for sperm Promotes ciliogenesis and mitosis Epithelium thick, cornified, filled w/ glycogen Local levels modulate ovulation Quiet SM cx (w/ relaxin) Mucus thick, sparse - – for sperm Stim secretory activity and SM cx Epithelium thin, sloughed cells nucleated
FSH stims Leydig cells – Activin and Inhibin from testes regulates FSH
Clinical/Other
Maintains corpus luteum until placenta takes over making progesterone and estrogen GH-like - stim gluconeogenesis in maternal liver Lots of aromatase in placenta→convert almost all androgens Made from DHEA sulfate from fetal adrenal
Marker of fetal health/brain devo – made from DHEA sulfate
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