Hlaing Behs
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- Words: 82,119
- Pages: 321
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t x u (2)? vIdif rdom;pk\ pkaygif; r[m bkHuxdef yGJawmfjrifuGif;rsm; (xuf? 0JESifh atmuf )
34
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ausmif;ywf0ef;usif pdrf;vef; pdkajyapa&; vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrI? ausmif;ywf0ef;usif pdrf;vef;pdkajya&;aeY (14-7-2002)
t-x-u (2) vIdif
ausmif;wGif;vIyf&Sm;rI
rSwfwrf; "mwfykHrsm; 2002-2003
ausmif;usef;rma&; oDwif;ywfvIyf&Sm;rI? ausmif;cef;wGif;jyif oefY&Sif;a&; jyKvkyfjcif; (0J tay:)? uGefjyLwm tcef; oefY&Sif;a&; jyKvkyfjcif;( tay:ykH)ESifh ausmif;aqmifopf aemufbuf csKdifhudk oJajrzdkYjcif;ESifh oefY&Sif;a&; jyKvkyfjcif; (0J a tmuf )
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
35
a':omxufausi;f vdUk qdv k u kd w f meJU 'D ausmif;Bu;D udk pwifxlaxmifcJhwJh a':omxufudk owd&Mu rSm jzpfygw,f/ q&mrBuD;[m ol q&mr vkyfvdkU &wJh acR;enf;pmeJU udk,fxludk,fx pepfjzifh ZGJ?
vHUk v pdu k x f Nl y;D 'Dausmif;udk rjzpfrae xlaxmifchJ wmjzpfygw,f/ 'Dausmif;udk 1945 ckESpfrSm wnf axmifcJhNyD; “Daw Tha Htet’s Post Primary and Primary School” vdkU trnfwGifcJhygw,f/ jrefrm
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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rIrmS wm&Snrf cH&yg/ 1965 ckEpS w f iG f q&mrBu;D &JU tESpEf pS f tvv pkaqmif;xm;wJh &HyakH iGeUJ aqmuf vkyfxm;wJh ausmif;BuD;ukd jynfolydkifodrf;jcif; cHvdkuf&ygawmhw,f/ q&mrBuD;[m tysdKBuD;jzpfygw,f/ olrudk Mo*kwfv (3)&uf rdk;½GmwJhtcsdefrSmarG;wJhtwGuf olr[m rsuf&nftvGefvG,fwJh taMumif;? olr&JU arG;aeU ESppf Of usi;f ywJt h cg tNrw J rf; ajymavh&ydS g w,f/ olr&JUarG;aeUrSm ausmif;om;tm;vH;k aysm½f iT f Muygw,f/ twef;BuD;u ausmif;om; ausmif;ol rsm;eJU q&m? q&mrrsm;u arG;aeUukd *kPfjyKwJh taeeJU t*Fvyd o f cD si;f “May the good Lord bless and keep you, You will never grow old” qdkwJh oDcsif;udk pkaygif;NyD; oHNydKifqdkMuwJhtcgrSm q&mr Bu;D u t*Fvyd o f cD si;f ESpo f ufojl zpfvUkd 0rf;omNy;D rsufESmwpfckvHk; NyHK;yef;awG a0aeygawmhw,f/ q&mrBuD;[m t*Fvdyfpm toiftjy tvGef aumif;ygw,f/ olroif ay;orQuo kd m wpfoa0 rwdrf; vdkufemoif,lEdkifr,fqdk&if t*Fvdyfpmudk tawmf uRrf;usifrSm jzpfygw,f/ uRefrwkdU qdk&if oloifay;orQ tukef roif,lEdkifayr,fh uRefr wdUk tvkyXf mewGif pDru H ed ;f rsm; taumiftxnf azmfwt hJ cg? Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;ESihf t*Fvyd pf um;ajym wJt h cg b,fausmif;uxGuo f vJ? Edik if jH cm; b,fEpS f cg a&mufzl;vJvdkU tar;cH&ygw,f/ tJ'guawmh q&mrBuD;&JU t*Fvdyfpm toiftjyaumif;rI aMumifh tajccHaumif; &xm;vdkUyJ jzpfygw,f/ q&mrBuD; pdwfxm;? oabmxm;aumif;yHkeJU apwemaumif;yHu k kd ajymjycsiyf gao;w,f/ qif;&J EGr;f yg;wJo h ?l taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh ynm quf roifEdkifwJh olawGudk tcrJh ausmif;vc r,lbJ pmoifay;ygw,f/ armifErS oH;k a,muf ausmif;xm; &if wpfa,muftwGuf ausmif;vcvGwfNidrf;cGifh
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
37
jyKygw,f/ uRefr tpfudk wpfa,muf &Spfwef; a&mufwJhtcg q&mrBuD;u pm 'DavmufawmfwJh ausmif;om; q,fwef;atmifygapOD; qdkNyD; tcrJh ausmif;qufwufapygw,f/ tJ'geJU tpfudkvnf; ausmif;qufwufvdkuf&vdkU q,fwef;udk ESpfcsif; aygufatmifomG ;ygw,f/ uRerf qd&k if twef;wdik ;f rSm yxr? 'kw, d tNr&J wJo h [ l m q,fwef;a&muf awmh "mwkaA'? ocsmF ? ½lyaA' q&mawG cPcP ajymif;MuwJt h wGuf pdw"f mwfawGusNy;D pmrusuf wwfatmif jzpfoGm;vdkU tJ'DESpfrSm pmar;yGJ usyg awmhw,f/ tazu pmqufroifay;Edkifawmh ojzifh ½Hk;wpf½Hk;rSm pma&;r vkyfapw,f/ uRefru q&mrBu;D qD oGm;Ny;D ausmif;rwufEikd af wmhwhJ t aMumif;udk q&mrBuD;udk idk,dkNyD; ajymjywJhtcg bmvdUk ausmif;rwuf&rSmvJ? vmwuf? q&mrBu;D tcrJhoifay;r,fvdkU ajymygw,f/ 'geJU ausmif; qufwuf&vdkU q,fwef;atmifcJhygw,f/ vlUb0 wpfavQmufrmS q,fwef;atmifzUkd &m ta&;Bu;D qH;k jzpfvdkU uRefrudk q,fwef; atmif atmif oifay; cJw h hJ q&mrBu;D &JU aus;Zl;udk uRerf wpfouf arhr& Ekdifawmhyg/ uRerf q,fwef; atmifNy;D aemuf tpfuakd wG &JU yHhydk;rIaMumifh aumvdyf qufwufEdkifcJhygw,f/ bDtuf(pf) pD(bdkiftdk) bGJU&cJhNyD;aemuf &efukef wuúov kd f (½kua© A') XmerS o½kyjf yq&mr? bDt;D pD 'D wpfckrSm refae*sm? jrefrmhv,f,mxGufukef ypönf;a&mif0,fa&;rSm vufaxmuftaxGaxG refae*smtjzpf tNidrf;pm; ,lchJygw,f/ ,ckvdk b0rsKd ;eJU MuKH awGU&onfrmS q,fwef;atmifatmif oifay;cJhwhJ q&mrBuD; aus;Zl;aMumifh r[kwfyg avm/ q,fwef;om ratmifcv hJ Qif pma&;rb0eJU yifpif,lrSm jzpfygw,f/ q&mrBuD;udk uRefrwdkU wwfEdkifoavmuf aus;Zl;qyfaom taejzifh q&mrBuD;&JU arG;aeYwkdif;? ESpfopful;wdkif; pm;p&m wpfcck k tNrw J idk ;f oGm;ydUk ygw,f/ oGm;ydUk wdik ;f vnf; q&mrBu;D u tvGef 0rf;omygw,f/ tcsed af &muf 38
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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ajccHynmtv,fwef;pmar;yGJ rsm;ü bmompHk*kPfxl;rsm;jzifh atmifjrifcJhol(7)OD;ay:xGef;cJh ygonf/ 1975-ckESpf?wuúodkvf 0ifwef;pmar;yGJwGif rESif;ESif; wifonf jrefrmpm? t*Fvdyfpm? ocsFm? ½lyaA'? "mwkaA'? ZD0 aA' (6)bmomjzifh *kPfxl;jzifh jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk;wGiftqifh(5) &um atmifjrifcJhygonf/ 1991-ckESpf?tajccHynm txufwef;pmar;yGJwGif armif oef;xG#fatmifonf jrefrmpm? t*Fvdyfpm? ocsFm? ½lyaA'? "m wkaA'? ZD0aA' (6)bmompHk *kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhygonf/ 1992-ckESpf?tajccHynm tv,fwef;pmar;yGJwGif roD wmxGef;onf jrefrmpm? t*F vdyfpm? ocsFm? yx0D0if? ordkif;? taxG a xG od y Ü H ( 6)bmompH k *kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhygonf/ 1993-ckESpf? tajccHynm txufwef;pmar;yGJwGif armif aexGef;aZmfonf jrefrmpm? t*F vdyfpm? ocsFm? ½lyaA'? "mwk aA'? ZD0aA' (6)bmompHk*kPf xl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhygonf/ 1995-ckESpf? tajccHynm txufwef;pmar;yGJwGif roD wm0if;onf jrefrmpm? t*Fvdyf pm? ocsFm? odyÜHbmomwGJ? vlrI a&;bmomwGJ (5)bmom*kPf xl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhygonf/ 1999-ckESpf? tajccHynm txufwef;pmar;yGJwGif armif
aevif;xGe;f onf jrefrmpm? t*F vdyfpm? ocsFm? odyÜHbmomwGJ? vlrIa&;bmomwGJ(5)bmompHk *kPfxl;jzifh jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; wGif tqifh(10)&umatmifjrif cJhygonf/ 2000-jynfhESpf?tajccH ynmtxufwef;pmar;yGJwGif rqkrGefvGifonf jrefrmpm? t*F vdyfpm? ocsFm? odyÜHbmomwGJ?vl rI a &;bmomwG J (5)bmompH k *kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhygonf/ xl;cRefcJholrsm; owårwef;? t|rwef;? e0rwef ; ? 'orwef ; ausmif ; om;ausmif;olrsm;udk ESpfpOf vl &nfcRef a½G;cs,fcsD;jr§ifhcJhonfh acwf(1970 rS 1988 twGif;) rsm;wGif þausmif;rS ESpfpOfvl &nfcRerf sm; &&Scd yhJ gonf/ ,if;wdYk txJrS þausmif;wGiv f &l nfcRef (3)ESpq f ufwu kd &f &SNd y;D ?aq;wuú odkvf wGifvnf; (3)Budrfquf wdu k &f &Su d m (6)xyfurG ;f vl&nf cRefqk &&SdcJhaom armifapm0if; at;rSm txifay:qHk; jzpfcJhyg onf/ NrKd Ue,ftqif?h wdik ;f tqif?h A[dktqifh? EdkifiHwumtqifh ponfjzifh yef;csD? umwGef;? ydkp wm NydKifyGJrsm;wGif þausmif;rS uav;rsm; rMumcPqkBuD;rsm; &&SdcJhonfhteuf tdE´d,EdkifiH &S e f u myef ; csD N yd K if y G J w G i f ae½l ; a&T w H q d y f q k ? Ed k i f i H w um u av;yef;csDxl;cRefqkrsm; &&SdcJh
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aom rpd;k rd;k cdik Ef iS hf *syefEikd if H Edik f iHwum uav;yef;csDNydKifyGJwGif xl;cRefqk &&Sdojzifh udk,fwdkif*s yefodkY oGm;a&mufNyD; qk,lcJh& aom armifZw JG v Ykd nf;ay:xGucf hJ ygonf/ pmpDpmuHk;?uAsmNydKifyGJt rsKd;rsKd;wGifvnf; qkrsKd;pHk &&SdcJh olrsm;xJwiG f 1998-ckEpS ?f jrefrm trsKd;orD;rsm;aeU txufwef; qifh pmpDpmuHk;NydKifyGJ (A[dkt qifh)wGif yxr&&SdcJhaom rcdkif 0wf&nf? 2000-jynfhESpf? urÇmh ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; t xufwef;qifh pmpDpmuHk;NydKifyGJ (A[dk)wGif yxrqk &&SdcJhaom rESif;tdvIdifwdkYvnf; ay:xGufcJh ygonf/ tm;upm;avmuwG i f jrefrmhvufa½G;pif abmfvDabm orm; armifatmifoed ;f wef?0l½LS ; vufa½G;pif armifaZmfaZmfrdk;wdkY vnf; ay:xGufcJhygonf/ tEkynmavmuwGiv f nf; o½k y f a qmif r sm;tjzpf eef ; uvsmvIdif? (OD;)aZmfOD;? cdkifZif aomfwdkU &SdMuygonf/ aw;*Dw avmuwGif udkpef;csKdvif;? rsKd; BuD;(armifrsKd;rif;aX;)wdkYvnf; &SdMuygonf/
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a':jrif h j rif h o if ; ? q&mOD ; cif armifat;ESifh q&mra':wif wif E G , f ? q&mOD ; ausmf p d k ; -2 ("mwfyHk)ESifh a':pef;jrwdkY jzpfMu ygonf/ ,ckwikd t f rd af xmifrus bJ vlysKBd u;D rsm;jzpfaeolEpS Of ;D rSm q&mOD;apm0ESihf q&mOD;tmom a&mif; wdkYjzpfMuygonf/ q&mrsm;xJrSuG,fvGef cJhMuolrsm;rSm q&mBuD;OD;wif? q&mOD;vSjrif?h q&mOD;atmif0if;? q&mOD;at;aqG? q&mOD;ausmpf ;dk -2("mwfyHk)? q&mOD;atpDbuf pwD,ef wdkYjzpfMuygonf/ rdbq&mtoif; t.x.u(2)vIdifrdb q&mtoif; pwifzGJUpnf;csdefrS pí ,cktxd twGif;a&;rSL;rsm; tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhMuolrsm;rSm q&mOD;yef;BudKif? q&mOD;rif;
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62
q&m?q&mrrsm;udk(12-2-2000) jynfaxmifpkaeYwGif t.x.u (2)vIdifü pkaygif;uefawmhyGJ jyK vkyfcJh&m q&mrBuD;rsm;? q&m q&mrrsm;? ausmif;om;^olrsm; tcsif;csif; jyefvnfawGUqHkcGifh &cJhMu&m tvGefpnfum; odkuf NrdKufNyD; vGefpGm0rf;omyDwdjzpf p&m BuHKawGUcJh&ygonf/ 2001-ckESpf? arvwGif 'kwd,tBudrf tmp&d,ylaZmf uefawmhyGJudk vIdifNrdKYe,f? urm ½Gwf blwm½Hkvrf;&Sd aZ,s0wD ausmif ; wd k u f ü usif ; ycJ h M uyg onf/ 2002-ckESpf? wwd, tBudrfESifh 2003-ckESpf? pwkw¬ tBud r f w d k Y w G i f a':omxuf vufxufu q&m q&mrrsm; tm; ausmif;om;^ola[mif; rsm;rS a&Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;&Sd pGrf; tif0efBuD;Xme "r®m½HkwGif usif;
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jynfhESpf rSmvnf; 5 bmom*kPfxl; rqk&nfrGef &&Scd yhJ gw,f/ q&mrBu;D a':eef;vSat; vufxuf rSmbJ 2002 ckESpfrSm &efukefausmif;aygif;pkH atmifcsuf&mckdifEIef;rSm tqifh 10 &&SdcJhygw,f/ vIdifNrdKUe,f t.x.u (2) ausmif; uawmh Top jzpfcyhJ gw,f/ b,fv, dk OS , f OS f ,SOv f Udk r&Edik w f hJ x2 vIdifrS xuf^v,f - q&m^rrsm;u BuKd;pm; vsufyg/ yef;yefvsufyg/ tarBuD; a':trm&D&JU pum;oHrsm; em;xJ urxGufao;ygbl;/ vpOf vcxkwfwkdif; tpnf; ta0;ac:&if q&m^rrsm;tm;vk;H tpnf;a0;cef;r xJrSm pka0;Mu&ygw,f/ tarBuD;u ausmif;&JUvkd tyfcsufpnf;urf;? jznfhqnf;&rJh wm0efvkyfief; awGurdk mS Mum;ygw,f/ 'gawGrajymMum;rD tarBu;D ajymwJph um;u ]]uRerf wkUd ausmif;uq&m^r awG awmf M uygw,f / aumif ; Muygw,f / uRef r &J U q&m^r awGaumif;vkUd awmfvUdk uRerf wkUd ausmif; BuD;u emrnf&wmyg/ vl&nfcRefawG vnf;&wm yg/ uRefrawmfvkdU r[kwfygbl;? uRefr q&m^r awG awmfvkdUyg}} [k tjrJajymygw,f/ tJ'DvkdrsKd; pum;vkH;awG Mum;&awmh uRefrwkdU vufaxmuf awGykdNyD; BudK;pm;vkdpdwfawG wzGm;zGm; ay:vmyg w,f/ nDnDnGwfnGwf eJUrckdruyfbJ vkyfvmMu ygw,f/ ausmif;eJU ywfoufvm&if eJeJav;rS t ajymrcH&atmif pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd eJUaevmMuygw,f/ ab;ywf0ef;usirf mS vIid ^f 2 u t&rf;pnf;urf;Bu;D wmyJvkdU Mum;&wJhtcg tvGef yDwdjzpfrdygw,f/ tck Ek0d ifbmvxJuyJ pdeq f idk w f pfqidk u f qkid &f iS u f q&mrb,fausmif;uvJar;vkdU x^2 vIdifuvkdU ajymawmh tJ'D ausmif;u t&rf;pnf;urf;BuD;wm bJvkdU ajymw,f[k ajymjyaomtcg yDwdrsm;pGm
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77
ESpfpOfynm&nf xl;cRefqkcsD;jr§ifhyGJrsm; usif;y ay;onf/ qk&&Sdolrsm;tm; q&mrBuD; a':om xuf ud, k w f ikd f qkcs;D jri§ ahf y;onf/ ESppf Of ausmif; wGif aysmfyGJ&TifyGJrsm; usif;yay;cJhonf/ aysmfyGJ&TifyGJ wGif ajy;ckefypfNydKifyGJ? tmvl;aumufNydKifyGJ? rkefYpm; NyKd iyf ?GJ *Hek t D w d pf yG f tajy;NyKd irf sm;? usi;f yay;cJo h nf/ vl 2 a,mufudk yl;uyfNyD; tv,f ajcaxmuf (2) acsmif;udk BudK;ESifhpnf;NyD; ajcoHk;acsmif;axmuf ajy;NydKifyGJrsm; usif;yay;cJhonf/ uRerf txl; pdw0f ifpm;onfum; uAsmNyKd iyf JG yifjzpfonf/ uRefr K.G (rlBudK) wGif ynmoif pOf q&mrBuD; tefwD*sdKpDu uav;upm;p&m wa,mwpfvuf uRefrtm;ay;NyD;? t*FvdyfuAsm wpfy'k u f kd oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ uRerf onf q&mr Bu;D oifMum;ay;cJo h nfh twkid ;f ausmif;wGi;f NyKd iyf üJG uAsmudk oDqdkNyD;? wzufrSvnf; wa,mudk xdk;NyD;? [efrl&mrsdK;pHkESifh NydKifyGJ0ifcJh&onf/ xdkpOfu uRefr onf 'kwd,qk&&SdchJNyD; tdrftjyef tazu uRefr tm; xyfqifh qkcsD;jr§ifhcJhonf/ q&mrBu;D a':omxuf OD;aqmifrjI zifh uif; axmuf tzGJU (Boy Scott) udk zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ uif;axmuf tzGUJ rSm vlraI &; u,fq,fa&;vkyif ef; (y&[dw) udk aqmif&Guf&eftvdkYiSm - ausmif;ol ausmif;om;wdkYtm; q&mrBuD;u? ausmif;aepOf uav;vli,fb0uyif vlrIu,fq,fa&;wm0ef rsm; vkyaf qmifwwfajrmuf&ef tajccH bmom&yf udk A[kow k taejzifh oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ ausmif;
78
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\/ odkYaomf q&mBuD;OD;atmifcifonf uRefrwdkY ausmif;wGif wpfEpS w f mrQavmufom MumNy;D tjcm; ausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TUoGm;cJhonf/ onfaemuf q&mrBuD; a':trm&D a&muf vmonf/ q&mrBu;D um; t.x.u (2) vIid w f iG f ESpfaygif; (19)ESpf ausmfrQ wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh onf/ vkyo f uftMumqH;k ESihf 0g&ifq h &mrBu;D vnf; jzpfayonf/ pnf;urf; BuD;vSonf/ q&mrBuD; ud, k w f ikd f (9)wef;? (10)wef;wGif jrefrmpm bmom &yfukd oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ pmoifpmjy tvGef awmf ol jzpfí jrefrmpm *kPfxl;&Sif wynfhrsm;udkvnf; arG;xkwfEdkifcJhonf/ q&mrBu;D \ aqmify'k u f m; ausmif;aeaysmí f pmawmf&rnf (The Happiness of Teaching Way) jzpfonf/ q&mrBuD; a':trm&Donf ,cif a':om xuf txufwef;ausmif;b0u wifxm;cJhaom ynma&; pHcsed pf ñ H eT ;f rsm;udk xde;f odr;f Edik ½f rHk QrubJ? ausmfvGefatmif BudK;yrf; pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhayonf/ odkYaMumifhrdkY? q&mrBuD;vufxufwGif tpdk;&ppf pmar;yGJ jzpfaom tajccHtv,fwef;pmar;yGJESifh tajccH txufwef;pmar;yGJrsm;wGif ig;bmom *kPfxl;&Sif? ajcmufbmom *kPfxl;&Sif rsm;pGmudk arG;xkwfEdkifcJhonf/ vl&nfcRef? vl&nfrGefrsm;udk vnf; þausmif;awmfrS arG;xkwfEdkifonf/ 1972 - 73 tajccHynma&; txufwef; pmar;yGJwGif uRefronf wpfESpfwnf; ½lyaA' *kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf/ ½lyaA' enf;jy q&mr a':ESif;tm;vnf; uRefrrSm txl; aus;Zl; wifryd gonf/ q&mrBu;D ESihf q&mrtm;vH;k udv k nf; aus;Zl;Oyum& wifrdygaMumif; ajymvdkygonf/ uRefr tajccHtxufwef;pmar;yGJ atmifjrifNyD; wuúov kd o f Ykd rwufrD uRerf wdt Yk m; t*Fvyd pf m oif Mum;ay;aom q&mr a':oufvaS z uG,v f eG o f mG ; ygí uRefrwdkY vdIif-t.x.u (2)rS ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; vdu k yf gydaYk qmifcMhJ uonf/ q&mr aumif;&m ok*wdbHkodkY vm;ygapaMumif; qkrGef
aumif; awmif;vdkufygonf/ 1974 ckESpfwGif uRefronf &efukef 0dZÆmESifh odyÜHwuúodkvf-rEÅav;aqmifwGif ½lyaA' t"du bmomjzifh wufa&muf oifMum;cGifh &cJhonf/ uRefr ½lyaA' pwkw¬ESpfoifwef;odkY wufaepOf wGif ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; jzpfcMhJ uaom udx k eG ;f oef;? udak tmifoed ;f wdo Yk nf uRerf xHoYkd a&mufvm Ny;D t.x.u (2)vdiI w f iG f ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; a[mif;rsm; jyefvnfawGUqHyk EJG iS hf q&m? q&mrrsm; tm; ylaZmfuefawmhyJG usi;f yrnfh zdwpf m wpfapmif udk vma&muf ay;cJhonf/ uRefrvnf; rdrdtm; wpfcsdefu ynm oif Mum;ay;cJhaom q&m? q&mrrsm;tm; jyefvnfí awGUqHk&rnfudk awG;&if; 0rf;ajrmufyDwd jzpfcJh& onf/ oli,fcsif;a[mif;rsm;ESifh jyefvnf qHkawGU &rnfudkawG;&if; aysmf&TifcJh&onf/ uRefrvnf; olwdkYtm; vdktyfonfh tultnD ay;rnf jzpff aMumif; ajymcJhonf/ tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJ usif;yrnfh&ufwGif uRefr wdo Yk nf ausmif;ola[mif; rcifpef;jrif\ h tdrw f iG f pkaygif;csujf yKwf pm;aomufMuonf/ 0dik ;f 0ef; ulnD csufjyKwfay;aom rcifpef;jrifh\ rdbrsm;udkvnf; aus;Zl;wifrqH;k jzpfro d nf/ oli,fcsi;f rsm; jyefvnf qHpk nf;Ny;D pm;MuaomufMuESihf aysmpf &maumif;vS ayonf/ yxrtBurd f tmp&d,ylaZmfyu JG kd 1978 ckEpS f t.x.u (2) vdIifausmif;cef;rü usif;yEdkifcJh onf/ xdt k mp&d,ylaZmfyo JG Ykd q&mrBu;D a':trm&D trSL;jyKaom q&m? q&mrrsm; pHkpHknDnDwuf a&mufEikd cf o hJ nf/ tcrf;tem;rSL; tjzpf udpk ed rf if; u aqmif&Gufonf/ tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif q&mr Bu;D a':trm&Du rdrw d \ Ykd ausmif;onf vl&nfcRef vl&nfrGefrsm; arG;xkwf&m ae&mjzpfaMumif; tae pkwaf omfvnf; a&Txyk o f nfh jry0gyif jzpfcahJ Mumif; wuúov kd o f Ykd oGm;a&muf ynmoifMum;aomfvnf; rdcif ausmif;*kPfudk qufvufxdef;odrf;í vdr®m a&;jcm; &Sad pvdak Mumif; qH;k rMo0g' ay;cJah vonf/
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
79
xdkYaemuf qufvufí q&m? q&mrrsm; udk,fpm; q&mOD;atmif0if;(tb) u armifwdkY r,fwdkY[m wuúodkvfwGif ynmoifMum;aeaomf vnf; rdrdwdkY\ b0udk rarhMuESifh? wuúoDvm jruRe;f omonf tvTmaygif;pHrk S vlwpYkd ak 0; a&muf &S&d m a'ojzpfí taygif;toif;rrSm; apvdak Mumif;? qHk;rMo0g' pum;ajymMum;cJhavonf/ uRefronf q&mrBuD;ESifh q&mwdkY\ Mo0g' pum;udk emMum;&aomtcg q&morm;wdkY\ apwemudk ydrk kd em;vnf oabmaygufvmcJo h nf/ q&morm;wdu Yk m; wynfw h t Ykd m; rdrw d v Ykd ufrS vGwf aomfvnf; a&muf&ma'owGif qifpD;jrif;&Hwmudk jrifvdkMuonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif wuúodkvfodkY a&muf aomfvnf; wynfah [mif;rsm;tm; qH;k rMo0g' vrf; ñTefwkef;yif jzpfonf/ q&morm;wdkY\ apwem u½kPmum; BuD;rm;vSygbd? qyfí rukefEdkifyg/ q&mrBu;D ESihf q&mwdYk Mo0g'pum; ajymMum; NyD;aemuf wynfha[mif;rsm;u rdrdwdkYwwfodaom tEkynmrsm;jzifh azsmfajz ujyMuonf/ ausmif; om;a[mif;Bu;D udjk rifOh ;D u oH;k &moD oDcsi;f jzif¤h if;? ausmif;ol rcsdKcsdKvdIifu rIHa&T&nf oDcsif;jzifh¤if; oDqdkazsmfajzMuonf/ ausmif;om;a[mif;BuD; udak tmifoef;\ OD;a&T½;kd tuum; NrKd iNf rKd iq f ikd q f ikd f
80
ESifh jrefrm½dk;&m[ef trlt&m ay:vGifvSayonf/ þodjYk zifh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;\ tEk ynmjzifh q&m? q&mrrsm;tm; ylaZmf*g&0jyKMuNy;D aemuf yxrtBurd f tmp&d,ylaZmfyu JG kd atmifjrif pGm usif;yNyD;pD;cJhavonf/ uRefronf 1978 ckESpfwGif &efukef 0dZÆmESifh odyÜHwuúodkvfrS ½lyaA' t"dubmomjzifh bGJU& cJhygonf/ onfhaemuf uRefronf vdIif t.r.u wGif rlvwef;jy q&mrtjzpf 0ifa&muf wm0ef xrf;aqmifco hJ nf/ uRerf onf rlvwef;jy q&mr tjzpf wm0ef,l xrf;aqmif&onft h cg uRerf tm; wpfcsdefu ynmoifMum; ay;Muukefaom q&m q&mrrsm;\ apwemudk ydrk kd oabmaygufem;vnf vmcJo h nf/ xdaYk Mumifh aus;Zl;&Sif q&m? q&mrrsm; udk jyefvnf awGYqHkvdkpdwfrsm; jzpfay:cJhNyD; uef awmhvpkd w d rf sm; wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/ odYk aomfvnf; q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifh uRefrum; wpf a,muf wpfae&m jzpfaeMuNyD; xdkq&m? q&mr rsm;udk wpfae&mwnf;wGif pkpnf;zd&Yk ef uRerf wpf a,mufwnf;jzifh pGrf;aqmifí r&Edkifyg/ rsm;rMumvSyg? uRefr\ qkawmif;csufESifh arQmv f ifch suu f m; jynfch \ hJ / udak tmif0if;Edik ?f udjk rifh OD;? udkaZmfrif;av;? udkrsdK;oef;? udkatmifodef;?
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udkxGef;oef;wdkYonf uRefrqDodkY a&mufvmNyD; zdwfpmESifhtwl 'kwd, tBudrfajrmuf tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJudk urm&Gwfblwm½Hkvrf;? aZ,sm0wD ausmif; "r®m½Hkü usif;yrnf jzpfaMumif; ajymjyyg onf/ uRefronf xdkowif;udk Mum;&í rsm;pGm 0rf;ajrmuf yDwd jzpfcJh&onf/ þ'kw, d tBurd af jrmuf tmp&d,ylaZmfyu JG kd aZ,sm0wD ausmif;wdkuf"r®m½Hkü usif;ycJhonf/ xdktmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif q&mBuD;OD;odef;ZHu wuf a&mufvmaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; "m;ESihf "m;aoG;ausmuf Oyrmay;í qH;k rMo0g'ay; cJhonf/ q&mBuD;onf a':omxuf ausmif;om; a[mif; wpfOD;vnf; jzpfcJhovdk a':omxuf ausmif;q&m wpfOD;vnf; jzpfcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf tNidrf;pm; q&mrBuD; a':trm&D ESihf ESpt f vdu k f wm0ef xrf;aqmifcMhJ uaom q&mr BuD;wdkYu toD;oD; qHk;rMo0g' pum;ajymcJhMu onf/ tcrf;tem;rSL; tjzpf udak t;rif;u aqmif &GufcJhonf/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wif pum;udk ausmif;om;a[mif; udrk sKd ;oef; u aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;Ny;D ? tmp&d, ylaZmfyJG jzpfajrmufa&;tzGJU udk,fpm;? twGif;a&;rSL; OD;udk av;u aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;cJo h nf/ wwd, tBudrfajrmuf tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJudk trd ausmif; awmf (t.x.u 2 - vIdif) ü usif;ycJhNyD;? xdk tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJwGif q&mrBuD; tNidrf;pm; a': trm&DEiS hf ESpt f vdu k f wm0efxrf;aqmifcMhJ uaom tNird ;f pm; q&mrBu;D toD;oD;wdYk qH;k rMo0g' pum; ajymMum;cJhMuonf/ xdkYaemufvuf&Sd ausmif;tkyf q&mrBu;D a':eef;vSat;u qH;k r trSmpum; ajym Mum;onf/ tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf udkaZmfrif;olu aqmif&u G Nf y;D ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; ud, k pf m; aus;Zl;wifpum;udk ausmif;om;a[mif; jzpfol tif;pdef aq;½kHtkyf (orm;awmfBuD;) a'gufwm cspfxGef;u ajymMum;cJhonf/
uRefronf þ'kwd,tBudrfESifh wwd, tBudrfwdkYudk taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh? tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJ jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDESifhtwl vkdufyg 0dkif;0ef;ulnD aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&SdcJhbJ q&m? q&mrrsm;udkom vma&muf uefawmhEdkifcJhonf/ þuJo h aYkd om q&m? q&mrrsm;udk aus;Zl;qyfaom tcsdeftcg or,wGif uRefrtaeESifh pdwftm; udk,ftm;jzifh vdkufygaqmif&GufEdkifrI r&SdcJhonfh twGuf 0rf;enf;cJh&onf/ odkYayrJh pwkw¬tBudrf tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif uRefronf tcsdeftm; &vm ojzifh tmp&d,ylaZmfyjJG zpfajrmufa&;tzGUJ ESit hf wl vdkufygaqmif&GufcJhonf/ uRefronf rdrdwdkY\ aus;Zl;&Sif jzpfcJhaom q&mrrsm;tm; ylaZmfyGJwGif þuJhodkY vkyftm;'gejzifh udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifcJh &onfhtwGuf rsm;pGmrS *kPf,lrdygonf/ þpwkw¬tBudrf tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJtwGuf tvSLaiG aumufc&H mwGif OD;ausm0f if;? a':cifouf rm? OD;jrifh0if;? udkjrifhOD; ("r®½kH) yg0ifaom tzGJU? udkatmifodef;? udkxGef;oef;? udkMuLtifayG; yg0if aom tzGUJ ? udjk rifOh ;D (oHvrf;)? udck spOf ;D ? udrk sKd ;oef;? udkrsdK;cif? udkaZmfrif;av;wdkYtzGJU? udkatmif0if;Edkif? udjk rpD? udak t;rif;? udak Zmf0if;wdt Yk zGUJ ? udak t;ode;f ? udkMunfoef;? rpdefpdefat;? rrdk;olZm? rEGJYEGJYat;?
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81
udkva&mifwdkYtzGJU? udkwifxGef;? rapmpE´mvIdif? rrdkYrdkYoif;wdkYtzGJUwdkYonf ausmif;olausmif;om; a[mifrsm; aetdro f Ykd tvSLaiGrsm; vdu k v f aH umufcH Muonf/ þodkY tvSLaiGrsm; vdkufvH aumufcHpOf twGif;? xl;jcm;aom jzpf&yfESpfckudk uRefrwdkY BuHKawGYcJh&onf/ yxrjzpf&yfwpfcu k m; uRerf wdt Yk zGUJ tvSLaiG aumufc&H ef xGuv f mpOf? vufzuf&nfqikd f wpfck wGif vufzuf&nfaomufaeaom vlwpfa,muf onf uRefrwdkY ajymoHqdkoH Mum;&í xdkolonf o'¨gw&m; xufoefvmNy;D ? aiGwpfaomif; tvSLaiG xnfh0ifoGm;cJhonf/ olonf uRefrwdkYtzGJUtm; t.x.u (2) vIid o f nf? vIid Nf rKd Ue,fwiG f ynma&; txl;cReq f ;kH aom ausmif;jzpfNy;D ? pnf;urf;t&Sq d ;kH aom ausmif;vnf; jzpfonf[k Mum;cJhzl;aMumif;? ,ck uRefrwdk tvSLaiG aumufcHaeonfudk jrif awGU&í q&m? q&mrrsm;tm; ylaZmfuefawmh&ef od&cdS &hJ ojzifh uRerf wd\ Yk aus;Zl;odwwfru I kd *kP, f l rdum tvSLaiG xnfh0ifygaMumif; ajymMum;cJhav onf/ 'kw, d jzpfpOfum; udak tmif0if;Edik f OD;aqmif aom tzGUJ onf ausmif;om;a[mif;jzpfol udv k 0S if; (tavQmif ) td r f o d k Y tvS L aiG a umuf c H & ef 82
a&mufoGm;cJhMupOfu jzpfonf/ þuJhodkY udkvS0if; tdrfodkY uRefrwdkYtzGJU a&muf&SdcsdefwGif udkvS0if;rSm aeraumif;jzpfNyD; (tzsm; tvGefBuD;í) owd& wpfcsuf r&wpfcsuf jzpfaecsdefESifh MuHKBudKufcJh onf/ ol\ ZeD;om;r,m;u bmvkyf&rnfrod ysmysmovJ jzpfaecsdef jzpf\/ xdkodkY owd& wpf csuf r& wpfcsufwGif udkrsdK;cifu udkvS0if;tm; igwdu Yk kd odovm; ar;Munf\ h / udv k 0S if;rSm rsuaf ph ryGifhwyGifhESifh MunfhNyD; ai;aeonf/ xdkYaemuf udak tmifoed ;f ? udx k eG ;f oef;? udrk sKd ;cifwu Ykd ¤if;tm; wGJcsNyD;aemuf udkatmif0if;Edkifudk um;jzifh &efukef jynfoaYl q;½kBH u;D odYk tcsed rf D ydaYk qmifEikd cf ahJ vonf/ udv k 0S if;um; aq;½kw H iG f wpfywfMumrQaeNy;D ? jyefqif;vmaomtcg uRefrwdkY olYtdrfodkY oGm; a&mufcJhonf/ olonf uRefrwdkYtm;? bk&m;ocif onf ol a eraumif ; jzpf í owd a rh a rsmawmh rnfhtaMumif; od&í wrefawmfrsm; apvTwfum uRerf wdt Yk zGUJ tm; tcsed rf D vma&mufun l &D ef ac: ckdif;jcif; jzpfonf[k ajymjyavonf/ olonf uRefrwdkYtzGJUESifh bk&m;ociftm; rsm;pGm aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymMum;cJhavonf/ olonf aumif;rGefpGm usef;rmvmaomtcg 'k Ouú| udkatmif0if;EdkifESifh wGJzuf twGif;a&;rSL; udak tmifoed ;f tm; vma&muf awGq Y kH EIwq f ufNy;D ?
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
83
a':EGJEGJat;? a':apmpE´mvIdifwdkYuvnf; rdrdwkdY us&m wm0efudk,fpDjzifh wufnDvufnD &SdvSay onf/ OD;armifarmifESifh OD;jrpDwdkYum; rD;owf tzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh vHkNcHKa&; wm0ef ,lMuonf/ naeydik ;f wGif OD;atmif0if;Edik x f ?H OD; ausmo f l ESihf OD;wifvwfwYkd vma&mufNy;D tvSLaiG xnf0h if Mujyefonf/ pwkw¬ tBudrfajrmuf tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJudk 6-4-2003 eHeuf (9) em&DwGif usif;yEdkifcJhonf/ tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf OD;rsdK;oef;u aqmif&GufNyD;? uefawmh&ef ("r®ylZm) pmwrf;udk OD;aZmfrif;olu wdkifay;onf/ xdkaemuf q&m? q&mrrsm;udk uefawmhMuonf/ tNird ;f pm; q&mrBu;D a':trm&Du qH;k r Mo0g' pum; ajymMum;Ny;D aemuf ESpt f vdu k f wm0ef xrf; aqmifcJhMuaom tNidrf;pm; q&mrBuD;rsm;u toD;oD; tvSnfhus qHk;rMo0g'pum; ajymMum; um aemufqHk;ü wm0ef xrf;aqmifqJ q&mrBuD; a':eef;vSat; udk,fpm; q&mr wpfOD;u qHk;r Mo0g' trSmpum; ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdaYk emuf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ud, k pf m; ausmif;ola[mif;jzpfol rdcifESifh uav; apmifh a&Smufa&; tzGJUrS a'gufwm a':EG,feDtkef;u vnf;aumif;? toif;ud, k pf m; Ouú| OD;ausm0f if;u 84
vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;avonf/ pwkw¬tBudrf tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJ jzpfajrmufa&; aumfrwD\ b@ma&; &Sif;wrf;udk wGJzuf b@m a&;rSL; a':rkdUrdkYoif;rS zwfMum;NyD;aemuf tcrf; tem;rSL;rS tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJudk atmifjrifpGm ½kyf odr;f avonf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;twGuf aeUv,f pmudk OD;a½Tou kd f rdom;pku tauR;tarG;jzifh wnf cif; {nfhcHonf/ uRefrwdkU a':omxuf t.x.u (2) vIdif txufwef;ausmif;udkwnfaxmifvmcJhonfrSm ,ckESpfqdkvQif ESpfaygif; 50 ausmfyifjynfhcJhavNyD/ a½T&wkobif txdrf;trSwf r*¾Zif;xkwfa0&ef pDpOfaqmif½Gufvsuf&Sdojzifh owif;pmESifhwpfrsdK;? zdwfpmESifhwpfrsdK; pmrlrsm; zdwfac:vsuf&Sd&m ausmif;ol ausmif;om; taygif;wdkUu rdrdwdkU\ ausmif;awmf\ *kPu f kd jri§ w hf ifjcif;tvdUk iSm rdrw d Ukd pmoifcsdefESpf twGif; MuHKcJh qHkcJhonfrsm;udk jyef vnfí rSwfwrf;wifEdkif&ef yg0if ulnDMuapvdk ygonf/ vuf&Sd ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;onf vnf ; rd r d w d k Y wwf p G r f ; Ed k i f o rQ pmrl ? uAsm? aqmif;yg;rsm; ay;apvdkygonf/ uRerf wdUk r*¾Zif;aumfrwDu pmtkyf a&mif;cs í &&Sdaom tjrwftpGef;udk ausmif;twGuf vdt k yfaom y&dabm*rsm;0,f,í l vSL'gef;rnf jzpf aMumif; owif;aumif;yg;tyfygonf/ r*¾Zif;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf vdktyfaom "mwfyHk taxmuftxm;? pmrlrsm;udk &&SdEdkif&ef ukdrsdK;cif? udkcspfOD;? udkatmifodef;? udkrsdK;oef;wdkU av;OD;um; wpftdrf0if wpftdrfxGufESifh owif; tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;&onfrSm vG,fulvSonf r[kwyf g/ olwUkd um; r*¾Zif; xGu&f v dS ma&;twGuf rsm;pGm BudK;yrf;cJholrsm; jzpfovdk udkatmif0if;Edkif onf r*¾Zif; twGuf aiG (7) odef; rwnfay;ol jzpf\/ ]]vufOD;q&m rnfxdkufpG ykApÁ &d, rdEiS b hf }} qd½k ;kd pum; &So d nfEiS hf tnD
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
rdbrsm;onf i,fpOfawmifaus; vlrr,f uav; b0 t½G,u f yif EdUk csKd wu kd af uR;um ,k, oGeo f if Mu&avonf/ rdrdwdkU\ om;i,f? orD;i,frsm; pum;ajymwwf ? oG m ;wwf v monf h t csd e f w G i f ynmoifMum;&ef q&morm;rsm;xH tyfESHcJhMu avonf/ wu,fawmh rdbESifh q&m? q&mrwdkUum; teaEÅmteEÅig;yg;ü yg0ifNy;D ? cifyeG ;f Bu;D q,fyg;ü vnf; yg0ifMuonf/ avmuvlwdkU\ udk;uG,f qnf;uyf&m aus;Zl;&Sifrsm;vnf; jzpfayonf/ Ak'&¨ iS af wmfb&k m;uvnf; 38jzm r*Fvm w&m; awmfü aus;Zl;&Sifudk aus;Zl;qyfjcif;onf r*Fvm wpfyg; jzpfonf[k a[mMum;cJhayonf/ uRefrwdkU onf wcsed u f rdrw d Ukd tm; ynmoifMum; ay;cJah om q&m? q&mrrsm;tm;vnf; r*Fvmw&m;awmfESifh tnD aus;Zl;qyf&ayrnf/ xdkodkY q&morm;rsm; tm; ylaZmfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? q&morm;rsm; *kPfaus;Zl;udk jyefvnf azmfxkwf *kPfjyKjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;qyfvmcJh&m ,cktcg yOör tBurd af jrmuf tmp&d,ylaZmfyo JG Ukd wdik f a&muf&v dS m cJah vNy/D yOörtBurd f tmp&d,ylaZmfyJG twGuf ausmif; ol? ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; rdrw d &Ykd UJ apwem o'¨g w&m; wwfEdkiforQ tifwdkuf tm;wdkuf yg0if qifETJMurnf[k t"d|mefjyK&if; ESpfig;q,fajrmuf a½T&wkobif r*¾Zif;udk BudKqdk *kPfjyKMuayonf/ þodkUtm;jzifh tpOftvmaumif;&SdcJhaom t.x.u (2) vIdifonfum;yOörtBudrfajrmuf tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJrSonf aemif (25) ESpfBudrfajrmuf tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJqDodkU qufvufjzwfoef;Ekid &f ef vuf&dS ynmoifMum;ae Muukeaf om ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;uvnf; tpOftvmaumif;udk qufvuf xdef;odrf;&ayOD; rnf/ rauoDatmif
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
85
ausmif;tkyfq&mrBuD;
a':trm&DESifh awGUqHkjcif;
q&mrBuD; a':trm&D[m a':omxuf txufwef;ausmif;udk tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif; trSw(f 2)vdiI t f jzpf ajymif;vJNyD;wJah emufrmS oufwrf;&SnMf umqk;H wm0ef,t l yk cf sKyfcw hJ hJ q&mr BuD;jzpfygw,f/ q&mrBuD;[m 1966 Zefe0g&Dv 20&ufaeYuae 1984 Mo*kwv f (30)aeY txd tkycf sKyfcNhJ yD;rS oufjynfyh ifpif,o l mG ;cJyh gw,f/ ESpaf ygif; 19ESpcf efY tkycf sKyfomG ;cJw h t hJ wGuf txu(2)vdIi&f JU ausmif;tkyBf uD;rsm;xJwGif ESpt f rsm;qHk; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom ausmif;tkyf BuD;jzpfygw,f/ ,ckqkd&if q&mrBuD;[m touf(84)ESp&f SdaeNyD jzpfayr,fh use;f rma&;u aumif;rGev f Sygw,f/ q&mrBuD; wm0ef,lpOfumv wavQmufrSm t.x.u(2)vdIi&f JU *kPf owif;[m tpOfarT;ysHBudKifoif;aecJhovdk vlawmfvlaumif; ajrmufrsm;pGmvnf; ay:xGucf Jhyg w,f/ 'gaMumifh q&mrBuD;&JU qHk;rpum;eJY a&S;jzpfa[mif;atmufarGUbG,&f mrsm;udk t.x.u (2)vdIiaf usmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; zwf½IMu&atmif q&mrBuD;aexdki&f m jynfvrf; (6)rdkicf GJu aetdrrf SmoGm;a&muf awGUqHkar;jref;cJhMuygw,f/
awGYqkHar;jref;ol - rsdK;atmifxGef;OD; 86
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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rsm;rS wkdif;jynfwdk;wufNyD; BuD;yGm;csrf;omrSmaygh/ ar; [kwfuJhcsifAsm - q&mrBuD; t.x.u (2) vdiI f a&muf&NdS yD;aemufrmS xl;cRefwhJ ausmif; om;awG trsm;tjym; xGufay:cJhw,f? tJ'D twGuf b,fvBkd uKd ;pm;rIawG vkycf &hJ ygovJcifAsm;/ -ajz uRefrtrsm;BuD;BudK;pm;cJh&w,f/ paeaeY ausmif;ydw&f ufrmS uRerf uausmif;rydwb f ;l tcsed f ydkac:oifay;w,f/ tjcm;q&mawG q&mrawG vnf;ygw,f? q&mOD;rif;aZmfwv Ykd yJ gwmaygh/uRerf a&mufpu oli,fwef; &Sad o;w,f/wjznf;jznf;eJY uRerf u twef;pHu k kd ac:Edik af tmifBuKd ;pm;cJw h ,f/ tJ'DESpfawGavmufu tjyifrSm pmoifay;wJh vkyf ief;awG r&Sad o;bl;/ aemufyÍörwef;uae 'ór
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
87
wef;xd ausmif;om;awGukd uRerf pmoifay;w,f/ q&mrBuD; a':omxufwkef;u emrnfBuD;cJhwJh ausmif;qdak wmh uRerf vufxufrmS vnf; xl;cRew f hJ ausmif;om;awG xGuaf y:Edik af tmif uRerf BuKd ;pm; cJyh gw,f/ ausmif;&Sd q&m? q&mrawGtm;vH;k uvJ wufn?D vufneD YJ tm;BuKd ;rmefwufoifMum;ay;cJh ygw,f/ ulnDcJhMuw,f? olwdkYwpfawG&JU BudK;pm;rI awGaMumifh uRefrwdkYausmif;u xl;cRefwJh ausmif; om;awG xGufay:cJhygw,f/ 'DuaeYqdk a'gufwm cspfxGef;? a'gufwmwifaX;? a'gufwmausmf0if;? a'gufwmEG,ef t D ek ;f ? a'gufwm at;at;jrifh wdq Yk kd wkdif;jynfwm0efudk pGrf;pGrf;wrH xrf;aqmifae Mu
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xifjrif,lqygovJ/ ajz uav;u? pmudk tywfwukwf BuKd ;pm;& r,f?q&maumif;wpfa,muf&JUtultnDuvnf; trsm;Bu;D vdt k yfw,f/ 'DacwfrmS awmh Guide ac: rSmayghav? tJ'w D ek ;f u q&mOD;ausmpf ;kd av;uuRerf udk txl; ulnDay;w,f/ aemufNyD; uav;utm; upm;eJY jyifyA[kokwvnf; jynfhpHk&r,f/ uRefr wpfa,mufxJawmh vkyfvdkYr&ygbl;/ q&m q&mr awG tm;vH;k 0dik ;f 0ef;Ny;D tm;wufoa&meJY oifMum; ay;Mur,fq&kd if tJ'u D av;[mxl;cRex f ufjrufwhJ ausmif;om;wpfa,muf {uefrkcs jzpf&rSmyJ/ -ar; q&mrBuD; vufxufrSm q&m? q&mr tm;vH;k u aysm½f iT t f qifajypGmeJY wm0efawG xrf; aqmifcJhMuygw,f? q&mrBuD;taejzifh b,fvdk tkyfcsKyfrIawG? pDrHcefYcJGrIawG ay;cJh&ygovJ/ -ajz q&m? q&mrawGudk aysmfatmifvdkYvJ r[kwfbl;? uRefru pmoifwmBudKufw,f/ olUt csdefeJY ol? olUwm0efeJY ol vkyfcdkif;w,f? &yfuGuf uvnf; ynmudkvdkvm;w,f/ q&m?q&mrawGudk vnf; vdktyf&if vkdtyfovdk q&mrBuD;u jznfh qnf;ay;cJw h ,f/ uRerf ausmif;vm&ifjcif;Bu;D xJrmS pm;p&mawG tjynfhtpHk xnfhvmNyD; q&m? q&mr awGukd auR;w,f/ q&m? q&mrawGuuRerf qlrmS awmh aMumufw,f/ cspaf Mumuf½akd owmayghaemf/ uRefru pmudk tpHkoifw,f/ aemuf uRefraewJh 6rdik cf GJ uvnf; um;eJv Y mrS &wJah e&mjzpfaew,f/ tJ'Dawmh pmvmoifcsif&ifvnf; q&mrBuD;u oifay;w,f/ tm;wJt h csed af ygh/ ausmom;?&ifom; rcJGjcm;ygbl;? uav;wdkif;udk pmoifay;cJhw,f/ rif;wkdY oli,fcsif; ]]MuLtifayG;}} (aygifrkefY) qdk q&mrBu;D u tdrrf mS ac:xm;Ny;D pmusucf ikd ;f w,f/ pmar;yJGajz&ifvJ q&mrBuD;tdrfuyJ oGm;ajz& w,f/ tJ'Dawmh q&m? q&mawGuvJ q&mrBuD; u wu,fpmoifwmyJ/ wkdY&JU q&mrBuD;udk erlem ,lNy;D ? pmoifMur,faygh/'gaMumifq h &m?q&mrawG aysmf½TifpGmeJY pmoifMuwmayghaemf/
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
89
'DaeYtxd? teaEåm teEå ig;yg;udk vufpHkrdk;í &dScdk;ylaZmf zl;ajrmf rmefavQmh uefawmhyg\ t&Sifbk&m; qkdNyD;? tck touf(84)ESpfxd uefawmhaewkef;yJav -ajz at;? q&mrBuD;tckvdk (84ESpfxJrSmaygh av) touf&SnfNyDF; usef;rmzdkYu q&mrBuD;u opfyifpdkufw,fav/ rif;wdkYtjrifyJ? q&mrBuD;&JU jcHxJu tyifawGu q&mrBuD;pdkufxm;wmaygh/ aemufNy;D rSerf eS t f yd w f ,f?pm;w,f?bk&m;&Scd ;kd w,f/ q&mrBu;D udk oifay;cJw h hJ q&m? q&mrawGu'kd aD eY txd rarhbl;? tjrJ&Sdcdk;NyD;? aus;Zl;wifaeygw,f/ -ar; q&mrBuD;touf (84)ESpfayghaemf? u av;awGu pmoifay;ygOD;qd&k if oifay;Edik yf gOD; rvm; cifAsm;/ -ajz [m? oifay;Edik w f mayghumG ? 'gayrJh odyNf y;D vkdtyfae&ifayghaemf/ q&mrBuD;vJtoufu(84) ESpq f akd wmh pdwo f mG ;wdik ;f ud, k yf g&ifawmhtaumif; qH;k aygh/ tckoif½;kd ñTe;f wrf;awGu ajymif;xm;ayrJh q&mrBu;D jyefavhvmNy;D oifEikd yf gw,f/ ta&;Bu;D wmuawmhuse;f rma&;ayghu, G ?f use;f rma&;aumif; vdkYuawmh pmoifay;yghr,f/ q&mrBuD;uvnf; pmoif&wm 0goemygw,f? aysmw f ,fr[kwv f m;/ -ar; vuf&dS t.x.u (2) vdiI f ausmif;om; i,fawGtwGuf? ynma&;vrf;ñTefcsuf pm&dwå vrf;ñTecf sufeYJ b0 vrf;ñTecf sufav;awG ajymjy ay;yg q&mrBuD;cifAsm;/ -ajz vuf&Sd t.x.u (2) vdIifrSm ynmoif Mum;aewJh ausmif;om;i,fawGudkawmh pmBudK;pm; Muyg/ wdik ;f jynf&UJ om;aumif;&wemav;awG jzpf atmifvkyfMuyg/ q&mrdb oufBuD;½G,ftdkawGudk ½dkaomMuyg/ udk,fhq&mawGbJ qdkNyD; ayghayghqq raeMuygeJ?Y *g&0w&m;awGxm;yg/ oifq&m?Mum;
90
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91
ar; q&mrMuD;cifAsm... q&mrMuD;b,f ckESpfupjyD; ynma&;avmuxJ a&muf&SdvmcJh ygovJcifAsm/ ajz tefwDrd 1955 ckESpfupNyD; ynma&; avmuxJ a&mufcJhygw,f.a':omxuf txuf wef;ausmif;rSmpwif trIxrf;NyD; ausmif;q&mr b0udk a&mufcJhygwmyg/ ar; q&mrBuDF; vufxufu ausmif;vcay; ae&ygw,f/ aemufNyD; uif;axmufvli,f tzGJU vnf; zGJYpnf;xm;ygw,f/ q&mrBuD;rSwfrd o avmuf ajymjyay;ygvm;/ aemufMuufajceDvil ,f taMumif;av;vnf;ajymjyygaemf/ ajz q&mru uif;axmufvli,f tzGJUrSm vufaxmufq&mrtjzpfvkyfcJhygw,f/ q&mr MuD; tefwDdpdk;? a':pdk;jrifheJU wGJNyD; wpfESpf vkyfcJh ygw,f/ ausmif;vcuawmh wpfvudk 10 usyf ay;&ygw,f/ 1963 ckESpfywf0ef;usifuaygh tJ'D wkef;u vufzuf&nfwpfcGufudk 25 jym; avmuf yJ&Sdw,f/ MuufajceDvli,fawmh &Sdvdrfhr,fxif 92
w,f/ q&mru tJ'DxJrSmawmh rygbl;av/ ar; q&mrMu;D b,ftwef;awGrmS pmoifay; cJh&ygovJcifAsm/ ajz p0if 0 if j cif ; wwd , wef ; oif & w,f / aemuf pwkw¬wef;udkoif&ygw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u t*Fvdyfvdk oifay;&w,f/ jrefrmpmuvGJ&ifaygh/ a':omxufausmif;u tvGwfynmoifausmif; r[kwfvm;/ ar; uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;b0wkef;u K.G rSm 3 ESpfaecJh&w,f b,fvdkaMumifhygvJ cifAsm/ ajz K.G rSm 3 ESpfae&wmu uav;awG&JU t&nftcsif; ? OmPf&nfzGHYNzdK; wdk;wufrItwGuf Lower K.G , Middle K.G eJY Higher K.G qdjk y;D awmh xm;xm;wmyg? uav;awG u K.G rS m bJ t*Fvdyfpmudk awmfawmfav;zwfEdkifNyD; oGufoGuf vuf v uf j zpf a pwmaygh ? tcsd e f a wG t rsm;MuD ; oifcJh&awmh ydkjyD;wdk;wufvmwmaygh? uav;awG twGuf aumif;atmifvkyfay;xm;wmyg/ ar; q&mrMu;D cifAsm...tJ't D csed w f ek ;f u 6 veJY wpfwef; wifay;wm&SdcJhygw,f/ uRefawmf wdkUawmh tJ'DxJrSm rygbl;aygh/ b,fvdkowfrSwf csuf ? trS w f a y;pnf ; urf ; awG e J Y twef ; wif ay;ygovJcifAsm/ ajz q&mrMuD;a':omxufvufxufrSm 6 veJU twef;wpfwef;wifay;ygw,f / q&mr odoavmufawmhwu,fzwf? wu,fxl;cRefjyD;? wu,f ÓPfaumif;jyD; awmfw,fqdk&if 6 veJU aemuf w pf w ef ; wif a y;cJ h y gw,f / tck a q; avmurSm q&m0efMuD;a'gufwmcspfxGef; (tif; pdef? aq;&HktkyfMuD;)qdkd tJ'Dvdktwef;awGausmf wufcJh&w,f/tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u a':omxufu emrnfMu;D cJw h ,fav/ynma&;ydik ;f eJU pnf;urf;ydik ;f rSmaygh/ ar; q&mrMuD;ausmif;om;awGtay: pm oifyHkav;ajymjyay;ygOD;/ ajz q&mru 'DaeUoifvu kd w f hJ oifcef;pmudk
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93
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94
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95
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145
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1995 - ckESpf? wuúokdvf0ifwef;bmompkH *kPfxl;&Sif
147
pmpDpmukH;
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wGif t"dutm;jzifh upD"mwf? tom;"mwf? tqD"mwf? ADwmrif "mwf? owåK"mwfESifh a&wdkY t"d u yg0ifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh pm; aomufaom tpm;tpmrsm;wGi?f tm[m& rsKd;pHk yg0if&ef ta&; BuD; ygonf/ rdbrsm;uvnf; wwfEdkiforQ BudK;pm; pDpOfay;& ayrnf? xrif;bl;wGif tom; [if;ESifh xrif; (2) rsKd;wnf; xnfhay;vQif rvHkavmufEdkifyg/ [if;aumif;p&m rvdkyg/ rQwrI jzpfap&efom vdktyfygonf/ t om;? tqD? ADwmrif owåK"mwf tpHk yg0ifygonf/ tu,fí eHeufydkif; tpmwGif jynfhpHkEdkif atmif rzefw;D Edik yf gu naeydik ;f wGif zefw;D ay;oifyh gonf/ ig;yd a&ESihf wdpYk &m xdu k o f iho f avmuf pm;jcif;onf rQwaom tpm;pm; enf; jzpfygonf/ tom;csnf ; pm;aom uav;rsm; tom;vHk;0 rpm; aom uav;rsm;udk rsm;pGm awGY zl;ygonf/ tom;csn;f pm;aom uav;onf tomavsmhí t &Gut f oD; wGzJ ufpm;&ef vrf;nTef &ygrnf/ tom;vHk;0 rpm;aom uav;rsm; twGuf rl MuufO? EGm;EdkYESifh tom;tpm; jznfhpGuf tpmrsm; aygif;pyf auR;arG;&yg rnf/ rQwaom tpm;pm;wwf ap&ef usef;rma&; today;NyD; wnfhrwfay;&ygrnf? odkYrSom udk,fcE¨m BuD;xGm;&ef vdktyf aom tm[m&"mwfrsm; &&SdEdkif rnf jzpfonf/ 156
tm;aq; pm;oHk;jcif; i,f&G,fpOftcg rvdktyf bJ tm;aq; pm;aomufjcif;onf aumif;aom tavhtx r[kwf yg/ aexdkifzsm;emNyD; cgp tcsdef rsm;wGif vdt k yfaomfvnf; aeYpOf pm;oHk;&ef rvdktyfyg/ tm;aq; wGif aiGukefcHrnfh tpm;tpm jynfhpHkpGm &&Sda&;wGifom oHk;oifh ygonf/ usef;rma&; tajccH avsmhenf;olrsm; twGuf q&m 0ef nTefMum;onfrS vGJí tm; aq;vHk;0 raomufoifhyg/ oGm;&nfpmpm;oHk;jcif; oGm;&nfpm pm;oHk;jcif;udk uav;rsm;txl ; yif ES p f o uf wwfMuygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; aeNyD;a&m tvdkvdkufNyD; oGm; &nfpm rsm;rsm; auR;rdygu t"d u tpm;tpm MAIN DISH pm;oH;k rIukd taESmuft,Suf jzpf apEdik yf gonf/ eHeufpm? naepm xrif;csed Ef iS hf 3 em&D jcm;Ny;D oGm; &nfpm tenf;i,f auR;yg/ auR; vQifvnf; tenf;i,fom auR; &ygrnf/ odkYrSom t"du tpm udk ydrk pkd m;oH;k Edik rf nf jzpfygonf/
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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157
NydKifyGJ0if tenf;qHk;jzifh qkwHqdyf trsm;qHk; &&SdcJhonfh wpfcsdefu Zifrif;armif tckqdk&if 22 Budrfajrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S tm;upm;NydKifyGJBuD;uvnf; eD;uyfvmNyDjzpfvdkU 'DpmtkyfxGufwJh tcsdefqdk usif;yNyD;pD;NyD;awmif jzpfaeygNy/D tmqD,EH ikd if aH 'ocsi;f cspMf unf&if;ES;D rI &&Sd&efESifh tmqD,Ha'orSonf tm&S? tm&SrS onf urÇmhtqifhtxd xl;cRefajymif ajrmufaom tmqD,H tm;upm;orm;rsm; ay:xGufvm&ef &nf&G,fNyD;? 2 ESpf wpfBudrfvQif usif;y vmwm tck AD,uferf SEAGAME qdk&if 22 Budrf &SdNyD jzpfygw,f/ NyD;cJhwJh NydKifyGJ0if tm;upm;orm; tenf;qHk; 73 OD;eJY qkwHqdyf trsm;qHk;&&SdcJhwJh owår tBurd af jrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S uRe;f qG,f
tm;upm;NydKifyGJudk awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/ jrefrm EkdifiHrSm usif;ywJh 1961 ckESpf 'kwd,tBudrfeJU 1969 ck E S p f yOö r tBud r f w d k U u vG J v d k U jynf y SEAGAME awGrSm NydKifyGJ0if vlOD;a& tenf;qHk; vnf; jzpfw,f/ NydKifyGJ0if 77 OD;eJU a½T 28 ? aiG 24? aMu; 15 qkwHqdyfpkpkaygif; 67 ck &&SdcJhw,f/ NydKifyGJ0ifOD;a& enf;enf;eJU qkwHqdyftrsm;qHk; &&Sdwmudk MunfhNyD; wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f/ tJ'D 1973 ckESpf? 7 Budrfajrmuf pifumyl qD;*drf;rSm NydKifyGJudk 7 EdkifiH 0ifa&muf ,SOfNydKifcJhMu w,f/ tdrf&SifpifumylEdkifiHu tm;upm;orm; 319 OD;? rav;&Sm;Ekid if u H 302 OD;? ,d;k ',m;Edik if u H
a':omxufausmif; ESpfywfvnf tm;upm;NyKdifyGJ (jynfawmfom tm;upm;uGif;) 158
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NydKifyGJrSm jrefrmajy;ckefypf vufa&G;pif (22)OD;[m a½T (17)? aiG (11)? aMu; (8) &&SdNyD;? tmqD,H (7) Edik if rH mS xdyq f ;kH u Adv k pf cJG w hJ ,f/ jrefrmwdUk NyKd iyf 0JG if (22) OD; ,SONf yKd iNf y;D qkwq H yd f a½T? aiG? aMu; pkpak ygif; (36) qk &&SdwmrdkY NydKifyGJ0ifwdkif; qk&wJh yHkpH jzpf aew,f/ rDwm 5000? rDwm 10000? rDwm 3000 wm;qD;ausmf ajy;yGaJ wGrmS jrefrmEdik if rH S atmifoef; u wpfO;D wnf; a½T (3) ck &,lay;cJw h ,f/ rm&oGef
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
159
ajy;yGu J kd 1965 ckEpS f ta&SUawmif tm&S uRe;f qG,f NydKifyGJrSpwif xnfhoGif;usif;ycJh&m qufwdkuf jrefrmwdUk uyif Adv k pf JG cJw h ,f/ 1965 ckEpS u f &Siaf AG *ef;? 1973 ckESpfü udkudkwdkU a½TwHqdyf &&Sdw,f/ ,if;umvrsm;u jrefrmwdUk [m rm&oGef Adv k rf sm;[k yif ajym&avmufatmif rm&oGe&f UJ yxr? 'kwd,? a½T? aiGawGukd jrefrmawGyJ &&Scd w hJ ,f/ rDwm 1000
ajy;yGJrSm atmifoef;u a½T? udkudku aiG &&Sdw,f/ rDwm 800eJU rDwm 1500 ajy;yGJrSm jrefrmEdkifiHrS *sifrDu a½TwHqdyf& AddkvfpGJcJhw,f/ rDwm 800rSm *sirf eD UJ rav;&Sm;rS qlb&mrmeD,rf;wdUk wpfBurd pf D AdkvfpGJcJhMuNyD; tckwpfBudrf *sifrDu qlb&mudk jywfjywfom;om; tEdik , f Nl y;D a½Tq&k um pHcsed o f pf yg wifEdkifcJhw,f/ rDwm 1500 rSm awmh *sifrD[m 1969? 1971? 1973 ckESpfquf wdkuf 3 Budrfquf csefyD,H jzpfcJhw,f/ oHvHk;ypfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHrS qmavmvu a½T? wkwfaxmufckefrSm ausmfaZmu a½T? vrf;avQmuf rSm ausmfjrifhu a½TwdkU &&Sdatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJh w,f/ *sifeDzmwifav;[m oHvHk;ypf NydKifyGJrSm 1967 ckESpfupNyD; AdkvfpGJcJh&m tck pifumyl rSmvnf; 4 Burd q f ufwu kd f Adv k pf cJG w hJ ,f/ oHjym;0dik ;f ypfNydKifyGJrSmvnf; *sifeDzmwifav;uyJ pHcsdefopf wifNy;D a½T&&Sw d ,f/ trsKd ;orD; rDwm 400 ajy;yGrJ mS
wpfOD;wnf; a&TwHqdyf okH;ck& atmifoef; (rDwm 5000? rDwm wpfaomif;? rDwm 3000 wm;qD ; ausmf )
a':omxufausmif;rS vufqifhurf;tajy;NyKdifyGJ tm;upm;orm;rsm; (1964)
160
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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rDwm 800? 1500 a&TwHqdyf qk&Sif *sifrD
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txu (2) vSIdif ausmif;abmvkH;toif; (1970)
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
161
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ayonf/ (7) ]]&D}} nDtpfudkrsm;ESifh ]]xGef;}} nDtpfrrsm; a':omxufausmif;onf tpOf tvm vG e f p G m BuD ; rm;vS a om ausmif; jzpfaomaMumifh rdbrsm;u rdrdwdkY\ om;orD;rsm;udk BuD;pOf i,fvdkuf tyfESHí ynmoifapcJh ojzifh ausmif;wGif nDtpfudk twGJ vdkuf nDtpfr twGJvdkuf? armifESr twGJvdkuf &SdcJh&m? vlodrsm;cJhaom nDtpfukd rsm;rSm &D0if;? &Drif;? &Dvif;? &Da&T? &D&SdefwdkY jzpfMuNyD; ,cktcg tpf u d k tBuD ; qH k ; &D 0 if ; wpf a,mufom ouf&Sdxif&Sm; usefyg awmhonf/ nDtpfrrsm;wGif wif wif x G e f ; ? eD e D x G e f ; ? nd K nd K xG e f ; ? csKdcsKdxGef;? jzLjzLxGef; wdkYudk vlod rsm;cJMh uNy;D ? tBu;D qH;k tpfr wifwif xGef;rSm q&mr a':cifcsKd\ om; atmifcsKd&Sif;ESifh tdrf axmifusum tar&duef EdkifiHwGifaexdkif vsuf
&dí S nDrjzpfol eDex D eG ;f rSm tysKdBuD; b0wGif &SdaeqJ [k od&Sd&ygonf/ (8) ]av;} armifESrrsm; ESifh ]vIdif} armifESrrsm; ausmif;wGif xif&mS ; aom armif E S r rsm;rS m ]av;} rdom;pk0if rsm;ESifh ]vIdif} rdom;pk0ifrsm; yif jzpfayonf/ vTwfawmf a&S U aeBuD ; OD ; armif uav;\ om;orD;rsm; jzpfMuaom jrifhjrifhav;? aZmfrif;av;? ausmfrif; av;? wif w if n d K av;? eDeDav;? 0g0gav;? wif wif0if;av; ESifh oDwm av;wdYk jzpfMuonf/ ]vdiI }f armifESrrsm;rSm AdkvfrSL; pdk;vIdif\ om;orD;rsm; jzpfMuaom cifarmifvidI ?f EGJYEGJYvdIif (½kyf&Sifrif;orD;?
ynm&nfcRefqk& ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;(1972-73) q&mra':MunfESifh wynfhrsm;
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211
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,l&avh&Sd&m q&mOD;vSjrifh (q&mr a':yef\ cifyGef;? ,ckuG,fvGef) onf xdpk Ofu ajy;ckeyf pf tm;upm; xl;cReo f rl sm; jzpfMuaom nGeaYf rmif? wifarmif? tmom? *sifrD? wifaz? pHarmif? vSxeG ;f (rSwBf u;D )? vSatmif ponffh ausmif;om;rsm;udk ol\ toif;wGif yg0if&atmif tNrJ a&G; cs,fcJhonf/ (10) ypfp&moHvHk;r&Sdí ydóm av;jzifh oHvHk;ypfavhusihfol &efukefwdkif; ausmif;aygif;pHk ajy;ckefypf NydKifyGJtwGuf q&mOD;pdk; vIdif (*sL'dk) u OD;aqmifí NydKifyGJ0if cJh&m bat; (,ck q&m0ef) onf oHvHk;ypfwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&ef ta&G;cHcJh&onf/ bat;rSm avh usiphf &m oHv;kH r&S&d mS ojzifh ausmif; qif;cdsefwGif ausmif;0if;twGif;ü ydómav;rsm;jzifh avhusifhcJhay onf/ tqdkyg ausmif;om; tm;u pm; yGJawmfodkY 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&ef vla&G;yGJudk wma0;rSm rif;atmif?
q&mBuD;OD;wifESifh wynfhrsm;
212
oHvHk;ypfrSm bat;? wef;ausmfajy; rSm jrpD? trsK;d orD; tm;upm;orm; tjzpf vSvo S ef;ESihf eDvmtke;f wdu Yk kd apvTwf,SOfNydKifapcJhygonf/ (11) rsuf r S e f wyf & aomf v nf ; tjrifhckef aumif;ol t.x.u (2) vdIif\ vl&nf cRefjzpfol pdk;&ifrSm i,fpOfuav; b0 t&G,fuyif rsufrSefwyf&ol jzpf o nf / ol o nf vI d i f N rd K Ue,f ausmif;aygif;pHk ajy;ckeyf pfNyKd iyf w JG iG f tvsm;ckef? tjrifhckef NydKifyGJrsm;ü AdkvfpGJcJhol wpfOD;jzpfonf/ tvsm; ckef? tjrifhckef&mwGif rsufrSef rwyf bJ 0ifa&muf,SOf NydKifcJhonf/ (12) ½kH;cef;udk vGefyljzifh azgufí zJ0kdif;zrf;aomq&m (7) wef;ausmif;om;rsm;onf q&mrsm;u a&SUwGif pmoifaepOf aemufzufü zJ½dkufMuavh &Sdonf/ xdktcsdefu ½kyfyHkrsm; ygaom puúL uyfjym;av; rsm;wGif eHygwfrsm;
q&mrtefwDa*sKdpD? q&mra':cif&DESifh ol\wynfhrsm;
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
yg0ifojzifh xdkuyfjym;av;rsm;jzifh upm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om; awmf a wmf r sm;rsm; yg0if c J h M uNyD ; acgif;aqmifrSm tbdk;BuD; atmif oef; jzpfayonf/ q&mBuD; OD;wif u owif;&í 0ifzrf;aomfvnf; rrdcJhay/ xdkYaMumifh q&mBuD;OD;wif onf q&mrBuD; a':trm&D\ ½kH; cef; eH&Hudk taygufazmufí ,iff; taygufrS acsmif;NyD; zJ0dkif;udk zrf;cJh ygonf/ jrpD? bat;? at;jrifhwdkYudk zrf;rdNyD;? BudrfvHk;jzifh t½dkufcHcJhMu &onf/ q&mrBuD; a':trm&D\ ½k H ; cef ; tay:rS vS r f ; Munf h y gu atmufxyfwnfhwnfhwGif &Sdaom tcef;rSm (7) wef; pmoifcef;jzpfay onf/
aygufrsm; eHab;rS uyfvsuf t ay:xyfudk wufaom avSum;&Sdyg onf/ (,cktcg xdkavSum; r&Sd awmhyg/) xdkpOfu ausmif;om;rsm; onf umuDa&mif abmif;bD0wf Muí rdef;uav;rsm;u eDndKa&mif puwf? *g0efwdkYudk 0wfMuonf/ t ay:xyf pmoifcef;&Sd ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;onf xdkavSum;rS wufMu&ygonf/ tqdkyg (7)wef; jywif ; ayguf e H a b;&S d avS u m;rS wufMuaomausmif;ol rsm;onf puwf? *g0efwdkYudk vufjzifh zdNyD; wuf c J h M u&ayonf / (7) wef ; ausmif;om;rsm;\ ½Icif;tae t xm;udk aMumufcMhJ uaomaMumifh yif jzpfayownf;/
(2) vI d i f r S ausmif ; ol wifwifndK av;rSmvnf; vI d i f N rd K Ue,f tm;upm; vufa&G;piftjzpf emrnf BuD;cJhonf/ wifwifndK av;onf tajy; vuf a&G;pif jzpfcNhJ y;D aemifwiG f &efukef 0dZÆmodyÜH wuú odkvf\ tajy; vufa&G; pif txd jzpfcJhygonf/ vI d i f N rd K Ue,f w G i f rD w m 100? 200 wmwd k a jy; csef y D , H jzpf c J h o nf / ,cktcg '*Hk wuúodkvf wGif vufaxmuf uxdu tjzpf trI x rf ; vsuf &Sdonf/
(13) ½Icif;aumif;aom (7)wef; pmoifcef; 1968 0ef;usifu t.x.u (2) vIid \ f (7) wef;rSm yifraqmif\ nmbuftpGef;? atmufxyfwGif &Sd ygonf/ ,if;pmoifcef;\ jywif;
(14) *seDzgwifav; uJhodkYaom tm;upm; r,f ta&SUawmiftm&S uRef;qG,f tm;upm;NydKifyGJwGif emrnfBuD;cJh aom jrefrmvufa&G;pif tm;upm; r,f *sezD gwifav;uJo h Ykd t.x.u
(15) t&yf a umif ; í t½du k af umif;f Muolrsm; t.x.u (2) vIid f wGif t &yf (6)ay eD;yg; jrifhMuaom ausmif;om; rsm; &SdcJhMuygonf/ xdk ausmif;om;rsm;onf t &yf aumif;Muonhf tjyif t½dkufyg aumif;Muaom aMumifh aemifwGif jrefrmh vufa&G;pifESifh &efukef wdkif; vufa&G;pif abm vDabmorm; tjzpf em rnf ausmfcJhMuonf/ xdk ausmif;om;rsm;rSm qef; ñGefYarmif? cifpdef? atmif odef;wefESifh vSarmfwdkYyif jzpfMuayonf/
tEkynmuyGJwGif yg0ifcJhMuaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
213
(16) touf i ,f a omf vnf; 0gBuD; olrsm; t.x.u (2) vIid f ü xdpk Ofu ausmif;wufchJ aom nDtpfudkrsm;wGif nDjzpfolu tpfudkjzpfol xuf twef;BuD;olrsm; &SdcJh Muygonf/ xdknDtpf udkrsm;rSm 0DvsH[kwfESifh pD vsH[kwf? jrifhOD;ESifh cspfOD;? 'DxeG ;f ESihf awmxGe;f ? wif pdefESifh wif&Sdef wdkYjzpfMu onf/ (17) OD;av;ESifh wl wpf wef;xJwGif twlwl 1969 avmuf u t|rwef ; wG i f OD ; av; awmfoEl iS hf wljzpfow l rYkd mS twef;wpfwef; xJwGif twl w l ynmoif c J h M u onf OD;av;jzpforl mS cspf at;jzpfNyD; wlawmfolrSm
atmifodef;wdkYyif jzpfMu ayonf/ (18) wpfwef;wnf;? wpf cef;wnf; wGif ynmoifcJhMuaom armiffESr rsm; owårwef; ausmif;om; b0 u twef;xJwGif armifESr t&if; tjcmrsm;ESifhtwl ynmoif cJh& onf/ xdkarmifESrrsm;rSm awmuf xGef;? ausmfxGef;ESifh cifrmMunfwdkY armifESr? jraomif;? cifcifaomif; ESihf wpf0rf;uGJ tbd;k Bu;D atmifoef; wkYd jzpfonf/ t|rwef; a&muf aomtcg rsKd;vGif? odef;vGif nD tpfu?kd ,kcif? ,kueG w f Ykd nDtpfurkd mS twef;wpfwef;wnf;? wpf cef; wnf;wGif ynmoifcJh Muygonf/ (19) usm; ... usm; ... rD;,yf ESifh ig[Jh a,musfm; ... t[ifh 1960 rS 1970 twG i f ; ynmoifESpfrsm;wGif rdef;uav; ausmif;olrsm;xJwiG f a,musmf ;av;
rsm; uJhodkYajymqdk aexdkifquf qHMuolrsm;vnf; &SdcJhayonf/ xdk olrsm;xJwiG f jr&Dped f (rayguf) *sezD g prpf (jrjrrd k ; ? ,ck uG , f v G e f ) cifcifaomif;? jzLjzL0if;wdkYrSm xif &Sm;cJhonf/ xdkYtwl a,musfm;av; rsm;xJrmS vnf; rde;f u av;rsm; uJo h Ykd EGJYEGJYaESmif;aESmif;? El;El;nHhnHhESifh ajym qdkae xdkifcJhMuaom ausmif;om; rsm;vnf; &SdcJhMuayonf/ xdkolrsm; rSmum;? pHvif;? jr[ef? odef; 0if;? jrifhaqG? atmifjrifh ESifh armifarmif xGef;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ (20) tnhHqHk;ausmif; om;rsm; þr*¾Zif;wGif a':omxuf vufxufrpS í t.x.u (2) vIid f txd ynm xufjrufxl;cRefolrsm; \ emrnfrsm;udk az:jyay;cJo h uJo h Ykd t.x.u (2) vIdif\ tnHhqHk; ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm; pm&if;udk vnf; azmfjyí &Edkifygonf/ xdk tnHq h ;kH ausmif;om;rsm;rSm 1970-
q&mrBuD;BuD;qufESifh ol\wynfhrsm;
q&mrBuD; a':trm&DESifh wynfhrsm; 214
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
71 u t.x.u (2)vI d i f \ e0rwef; ausmif;om; ausmif;ol rsm;yif jzpfawmhonf/ xdkESpfu e0rwef;wGif ausmif;om; (40) ausmf us½IH;cJhaomaMumifhyif jzpf onf/ ,ck tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJ jzpf ajrmufa&;twGuf wufwuf
rwif &ufawmhyg/ cspfwdkif;nm; cJhMuolrsm;udk rSwfom;xm;rd o avmuf rSwfwrf;wif&&ifjzifh (1) OD;udkav;ESifh a':jrifhjrifh (2) OD;wif,kESifh a':jrifhjrifhav; (3) OD;wif0if;ESihf a':,d, k o kd ed ;f wef; (4) OD;wifxl;ESifh a':eDvmtkef; (5) OD;aZmfrif;av;ESihf a':csKcd sKv d iG f (6) OD;atmifcsKd&Sif;ESifh a':wifwif xGe;f (7) OD;xGe;f oef;ESihf a':0if;0if;nGeYf (8) OD;aZmf0if;odef;ESihf a':rDrDxGef; (9) OD;ausmf0if;ESifh a':cifoufrm (10) OD;jrifhOD;ESifh a':vSoGif (11) OD;ausmfxGef;ESifh a':cif0if; (12) OD;jrifh0if;ESifh a':rdk;olZm (13) OD;cspfat;ESifh a':cifpef;aX; (14) OD;xGe;f Nird ;f ESihf a':atmifarc (15) OD;0if;jrifhESifh a':0if;0if;oef; (16) OD;odef;[efESifh a':&D&Dpdef
wkdUausmif;awmfr[m wkUd ausmif;awmfr[m ckid cf idk rf mrm &yfwnfaewm jynfjrefrmwGi;f rSm/ wkUd ausmif;awmfr[m om,mvSpmG wnf&adS ewm vIid Nf rdKUe,fwiG ;f rSm/ wkUd ausmif;awmfr[m qkwq H yd af wG qGwcf ;l Ekid w f m *kP, f pl &myg/ wkUd ausmif;awmfr[m jzLpdr;f nDnm ausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;*kPaf qmifaewm/
vJh&nfOD;
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
215
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twef;ajcmufvywf pm ar;yGw J iG f Edik f yxr &av onf/ odyfawmfwJh u av;yJ [k Report Card jyefvnf tyf&aomaeU u tcef;azmf twef;ydkif q&mrawG u d k vS r f ; í ajymygonf/ q&mronf em;rS em;uyfwGJvGJav; cg&rf;aeatmif q&mr tazmfrsm;ESihf &,farmae ygonf/ q&mrwdkY pum; 0kdif;wGif Ekdifh emrnfudk vnf; wpfcsufwpfcsuf Mum;rdygonf/ 'kwd,wef; a&muf vQif twef;azmf oli,f csif;? ausmif;um;pD;azmf oli,fcsif;[lí ESpfrsdK;&Sd vm&onf/ twef;azmf oli,fcsi;f rsm; teuf Ekid f u tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif; [k a½G ; xk w f ouJ h o d k U ausmif;um; pD;azmfrsm; xJrS tcspfqHk;ol[k a½G; xkwf vdkufygonf/ t wef;azmf oli,fcsif; u awmh Ekid Ef iS hf &G,w f l xkid cf kH twlwlxkdifol jzpfaomf vnf; ausmif;um; pD;azmf oli,fcsif; uawmh Edkifh xuf av;wef;rQ ydí k Bu;D aom tpfr wpfa,muf jzpfygonf/ xdktpfrESifh ausmifum;ay:wGif xkid cf kH twlwl vdu k x f idk í f pD;Edik f zdkUta&; ausmifum;xdk; 221
pdkufvdkuf onfESifh xkdifcHk OD;&onfrSm tarm/ xdkif cHk wpfvHk;rSm ESpfa,muf wGJrdkU ESpfOD;om; pum; wajymajymESifh ausmif; um; pD;&atmif cHkOD;& jcif; jzpfygonf/ wwd,wef; a&muf vQifvnf; Ekdifhab;cHkwGif vsLwdk;vdqdkol ausmif; olEiS hf cifrifc&hJ avonf/ vsLwdk;vdrSm EkdifhtwGuf tHhMop&mrsm; jynfh ESuf aeonf/ olonf ausmif; pmul;vQif Edik u f o hJ Ukd q&m r ausmufoifykef; ay: wGif a&;aompmudk vkduf rul ; a&;bJ Ed k i f h p mtk y f xJrS Edkifa&;orQudk om vdkuful;avh &Sdygonf/ þwG i f Ek d i f owd x m; rdonfrSm olpma&;onfh tcg tvGefaES; auG;vS ygonf/ q&mr ausmuf oifykef; ESpfcgzsufaomf vnf; olUrSm yxr ausmuf oifykef;rSm a&;onfh pm om &Sdao;onf/ pmrrD orQ EdkifhpmtkyfrS ul;a&; avh &Sdygonf/ pmzwf vQif tcsdef awmfawmf Mum zwf&avonf/ pm wpfyk'f usufvQif csuf csif;r& wwfay/ tdrfrS vnf; b,faomtcgrS pmusufvmjcif; r&Sd/ ol pmr&vQif q&mr&d k u f 222
rnfudk EdkifhrSm awG;awm ylyef&av onf/ wpfcgw&H tdrfrS usuf&ef tdrfpm ay;vdkufvQifvnf; pmqdk vQif t xpfxpf aighaighESifhyif/ Ekdifu olYtm; EIwfwdkuf &GwfqkdjyrS vlvkdufí qdkNyD; &orQudk wpfcg wnf; q&mr ar;onfhtcsdefESifh tHudkuf &Gwfvkdufavonf/ wpfcg w&HwiG f ol&w G q f akd om pmudk renf; BudK;pm;a&;om; &avonf/ ol\ jzLazG; aom 0upfupf vufu av;rsm;ESihf aES;auG;pGm a&;om;aom olUvuf a&; av;rsm;udk tNrJ rSwf rd aeygawmhonf/ rkefUpm; ausmif; vTwv f Qif vsLwd;k vdukd tdrrf S ydUk ay; aom xrif;csKd irhf mS av;qifh csKd iEhf iS hf yif/ xrif;? [if; trsm;BuD; ygav onf/ Ekid rhf mS tuefEY pS u f efUyg yvwf pwpf Al;av;om jzpfygonf/ onf vdkESifh twef;wif pmar;yGJ atmif pm&if; xGufvQif EdkifhrSm olUem rnfudkvnf; &Sm&yg ao;onf/ olU emrnf atmifpm&if;rSm ygaomfvnf; ausmif;jyef zGifhvQif olausmif;jyef rwufawmhyg/ ausmif;jyefziG Nhf y;D ESpf ywfavmuf tMumrSmawmh EdkifwkdU twef;xJudk olU tpfrqkd olESifh vsLwd;k vd a&mufvmcJyh gonf/ Ekid u hf kd vnf;vm EIwfqufygonf/ olwdkU rdom;pkrmS Edik if jH cm;odUk xGucf mG oGm; awmhrnf jzpfaMumif;? xkdaMumifh ausmif ; jyef rwuf a wmh a Mumif ; uRefr odcJh&avonf/ Ekdifh oli,f csi;f u tar&durSmawmh pmawmfol wpf a,muf jzpfcsifjzpfaerSmyg[k awG;um EkdifwkdUESpfOD; vufjy EIwf qufum cGJcGmcJh Mu&ygonf/
yÍörwef; (u) rSm awmh vDvD yef;av;vdk oG,fvsvsESifh tom; t&nfjzLaom q&mra':vDvDrSm Ekdifhudk t*Fvdyfpm oifygonf/ Ekdif uvnf; q&mr\ pm;yGJwiG f tdrrf S ,lvmaom ajcmufvyef; yGifhudk zefcGufrSmxdk;um xm;ay;avh &Sd onf/ onfESpfwGif ausmif;aygif;pHk uAsm&Gwf qdkNydKifyGJ&Sdonf/ q&mr uvnf; Ekdifhtm; t*Fvdyf uAsm wpfyk'fawmh &Gwfqdk apcsifaom qE´&Sdygonf/ pifjrifh ay:wufum trlt,mvkyí f uAsm&Gwq f kd &rnf jzpf&m tawmf avhusifh&ayonf/ q&mronf Ekid t hf m; t*Fvyd f uAsm av; wpfyk'f avhusifh&ef ay;cJhyg onf/ xkduAsmav;rSm The Egg qda k om uAsmav;/ In the farmyard lay a snow white egg, Nobody knew who had laid it. First the hen found it “Chuck! Chuck! ” she said. “Look at my egg! How big it is.” EkdifhrSm wu,fwrf;usawmh
t*Fvdyf toH av,l avodrf; tawmfyif tm;enf; aeygonf/ trlt&mrSmvnf; [ef ygyg trlyykd kd vkyw f wf&rnf jzpf&m Ekid hf ud, k cf E¨m rSm awmifhawmifhBuD;ESifh aMumif trf;trf;trlt&m jzpfaeygonf/ xdkUaMumifh q&mrrSm Edkif 0ifa&muf ,SONf yKd iaf &; twGuf tm; ray;awmh yg/ odUk ESihf NyKd iyf &JG ufrmS vnf; eD;vSNyD jzpf&m? vufavQmh vdkufygawmh onf/ jrefrmuAsm &Gwfqdkolrsm;rSm aemifwpfcsdefwGif ½kyf&Sif rif;orD;
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rsm;? wDA?GD tNird rhf if;orD;rsm; jzpfvm Muíyifwnf;/ jrefrm uAsm&Gwfol Ekdifholi,fcsif;]] yvkwf jAKef;&,feJU}} tpcsDonfh uAsm&SnfBuD;udk EkdifhrSm tdyfcef;wGif; rSefa&SYwGifom wpf udk,fwnf; azsmfajzcJh&avonf/ q&mr vDvDNydKifyGJ0ifap vdkaomIt wasn't a Cock or a hen. It hasn't a Cat or a dog. It was a little yellow ducking with a piece of shell on tis head.
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t&rf;ysif;onf/ tdrfacgif;&if;jcHrS tpfr wpfa,mufu wuúov kd w f iG f a&ul; csefyD,H jzpfygonf/ olu a&ul; oifay;cJhonf/ olESifhvdkuf í a&ul;onf/ wuúodkvf a&ul; uef? trsKd ;om;a&ul;uef? tif;,m; bkwf a&ul;uvyfwdkUrSm tpfravh usifhonfh ae&mtpHk a&vdkuful; onf / tpf r uawmh wuú o d k v f ausmif;olqdkawmh tvSysuf rcH? tom;ta& rnf;rnfudk umuG,f onf/ Edik u f awmh ajcovH;k rSm uRe;f wdkifvkd ñdkvHk;NyD;? ajymifaeonf/ tom;rSm rnf;wl;aeonf/ xdEk pS f owårwef; ajzNyD;awmh atmifpm &if;udk &ifwxdwfxdwfESifh apmifh& onf/ aemifEpS &f pS w f ef;udk atcef;rS &ygrvm;[k &ifxdwf&onf/ ocsFm vnf; trSm;awGEiS ?hf odyu HÜ vnf; r wifrus?orkid ;f rSmaum ckEpS o f uú&mZf rSef&JUvm;/ atmifpm&if; xGufvm awmh tpfudkU oli,fcsif;u Munfh vmNyD ; atmif o nf [ k vmajym onf/ tqifh (Position) rSmvnf; atcef ; rS m ae&rnf h tqif h r sd K ; jzpfonf/ 0rf;omvdkufonfh jzpf jcif;/ aemifESpfus&ifawmh onfvdk &ifwxdwfxdwfESifh ae&onfh aEG ausmif;ydwf&ufrsdK; rjzpf&atmif pmudk tjywf BudK;pm;vdkufrnf[k BuHK;0g;vdkufonf/ t|rwef;ESprf mS pdwt f 0ifpm; qHk;u ausmif;rSm eH&H uyfpmapmif xkwrf nf qdak om owif;yif/ Edik w f Ukd oli,fcsif;awG tm;vHk; pdwf0ifpm; Muonf/ onfyGJrSmawmh 'dkU wawG 0ifa&mufqifEGJ Murnf[k oli,f
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223
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226
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cJhonf/ xdkt&mum; pdwful; pdwfoef; jzpf\/ ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; oli,fu av;? oli,fruav; wdkUonf olwUkd udk cspaf om? todw&m;ESihf jynfhpHkaom vlBuD;wdkUxHrS vuf aqmifrsm; &&SdMuayrnf/ xdk vufaqmifwdkUonf olwdkU ,ck t&G,fxd odorQ todw&m;udk wyfvSefUum Edk;Mum;aprnf[k uRefawmf arQmfvifhonf/ xdkodkU aom vufaqmif xdo k Ukd aom t awGUtBuKH qdo k nfrmS tukef t us r&Sad y? bmrQvnf;r[kwaf y/ ,if;u b0wpfckudk ajymif;vJ ap\/ ,if;u q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm wnfNrJEkdifaom b0\ tm;rmef udk jznfhqnf;\/ ausmfvif;aqG rl & if ; The Present by James A. Michener, Reader's Digest, January, 1968.
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
MunfvifNy;D MunfE;l jcif; t&omudk cHpm; ESpo f uf aeMuayonf/ qkawmif;onfh tcgwGiv f nf; tem a&m*g uif;&Si;f &ygvd\ k ? ab;&ef cyford ;f tEÅ&m,f taygif; Nidrf;at;&ygvdk\? pD;yGm; Opöm wdk;wuf aumif;rGef &ygvdk\? pdwf\ csrf;omjcif;? udk,f\ csrf;omjcif;ESifh jynfhpHk&ygvdk\ ponfjzifh vdkvm; tyf awmifhwtyfaom qktrsdK;rsdK;udk awmif;Mu avonf/
qDrD; a&csrf;? qGr;f awmfyef; vSL'ge;f yefq, k l Ak'¨bmomtEG,f0if jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkUonf eHeuf apmapm tdy, f mrSxí ajcvufrsuEf mS ud, k t f *Fg oeYfpifNyD;onfESifh rdrdwkdY,HkMunfouf0if udk;uG,f qnf;uyf&mjzpfaom Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ qif;wkawmf a&SUarSmuf 'l;axmufum 0yfwGm;&Sdckd;jcif;trIudk jyKMuavonf/ xdkodkY &Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif; rjyKrDwGif jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; yef;a&csr;f qDr;D opfo;D ponfwYkd udk vSL'gef;qufuyfMuonf/ tcsdKUrSm tdyf,m0if tdyf,mx ESpfcsdefpvHk;yif bk&m;&Sdcdk;jcif;ESifhtwl yef;? qDr;D ? aomufawmfa&csr;f ? tarT;wdik ?f za,mif; wkdifwkdYjzifh xGef;nd§ylaZmfMu\/ þtjyKtrl tavh txonf Ak'¨bmomwdkY\ rdbbdk;bGm; bdk;ab; bDbif vufxufrSpí tpOftquf ukodkvf,l jyKusichf ahJ om rd½;kd zvm xH;k wrf;pOfvmjzpfayawmh onf/ xdkodkY tdyf,m0if tdyf,mxwdkif; jrwfpGm bk&m;tm; tarT;eHo Y mwdik ?f qDr;D wkid ?f za,mif;wdik ?f yef;a&csrf; opfoD;qGrf;rsm; vSL'gef;ylaZmfum rdrd vdk&mqkudk awmif;,lMujcif;jzifh pdwfESvHk; csrf;ajrh
t&Sifwdó jrefrmEdkifiH
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jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; tarT;eYo H mwdik jf zifh xGe;f nd§ ylaZmfonf&Sdaomf aemifwrvGefb0ü rdrd\ cE¨m ud, k rf S acR;eH?Y raumif;aom teHt Y oufrsm; rxGuf bJ arT;ysUH oif;BuKd iaf om teHtoufrsm; xGu&f adS p \/ a&arT;eHYom qGwfvdrf;yufzsef;p&m rvdkbJ cE¨mudk,frS MumndK&eHYoif;aom trsdK;orD;rsm; (y'kr®eDrdef;rrsdK;) wdkY Ak'¨pmaywGif &SdcJhayonf/ qD;rD;wdik f za,mif;wkid f wdjYk zifh xGe;f ndy§ al Zmfonf&dS aomf rdrd\ udk,fa&mifudk,f0g xGef;viff;awmufy apjcif;? rdrd\ b0onfvnf; tarSmifxk us a&mufjcif; tcuftcJrS vGwfuif;apEdkifjcif;? touft&G,fBuD;&ifhaomtcg? rsufpdrIefjcif;? rsufpd tm;enf;jcif; ponfwdkYrS uif;a0;apEdkif\/ yy0wDrif;orD;onf 7 aqmifwu kd cf ef; rD;rxGe;f bJ vif;&jcif;rSm bk&m;&Siftm; qDrD;uyfvSLcJhaom
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aumif;rI ukodkvfaMumifhjzpfonf/ aomufawmf a&csrf; uyfvSLjcif;jzifh rdrd\ b0vrf;onf at; csrf; pdkajyayvdrfhrnf/ yef;uyfvSLvQif rdrd\ ½kyf tqif;onf yef;vdkvSyNyD; arT;ysHUoif;BudKifaprnf jzpf&m a&S;vlBu;D olrrsm;u qkay;onft h cg ]]a&vdk at;í yef;vdak rT;ygap}} [lí vli,fwynfh om;ajr; wdkYudk qkay;wwfMuavonf/ bmoma&; ½Ia'gifhrS MunfhvQif a&tusdK; q,fyg;? qGr;f tusK;d ig;yg; &So d nfukd Ak'b ¨ mom0if wdYk od&NdS y;D jzpfMuonf/ qGr;f csuo f nft h cg a&onf r&Sdrjzpf yg0ifaeí qGrf;vSLonfhtcg a&tusdK; q,fyg;vnf; yg0ifNyD; qGrf;tusdK; wpfq,fhig;yg; yg &&Sdonf[k qdkEkdif\/ þtcsufudk pma&;q&m 'g½du k w f m OD;okcrS ½kyjf rifZmwfvrf;wGif wifjycJzh ;l ayonf/ qGrf;uyfvSL&jcif; tusdK; ig;rsdK;um; owå0gwdkYrnfonf tm[m&udk rSDNyD; touf&Sif Mu&\/ tqif;vnf; vSMu\/ csrf;omjcif;vnf; &&SdMu\/ cGeftm;AvESifhvnf; jynfhpHk&\/ ÓPf ynmvnf; Bu;D rm;&\/ xdaYk Mumifh qGr;f uyfvLS aom olonf xdt k usKd ;w&m;wdu Yk kd &&S\ d / ,ckb'´urÇmrS aemufjyefa&wGufonf &Sdaomf (94) urÇmwGif trsdK;om;wpfa,mufonf ]] od'¨w¬}} rnfaom bk&m;&Sif\ a&TuJhodkY 0g0if;aom ½kyftqif;udk MunfndKNyD; qGrf;uyfvSL'gef;cJh&m vlYpnf;pdrf ewf pnf;pdrw f u Ykd kd wpfvn S phf D cHpm;&if; tyg,frvm;bJ a*gwrbk&m;&Sif yGiahf wmfral omtcg &[EÅmb0udk cHpm;&&Sd\[k Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlcJh\/ a&csrf;uyfvSL&jcif;\ tusdK;q,fyg;rSm ]a&\touf wpfreuf} qdkonfESifh tnD a& raomuf&bJ iwfrGwfonf&Sdaomf toufqHk;yg; wwfonfjzpf&m a&aomufo;kH &rS touf&n S rf nf jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh aomufawmfa&csr;f vSL'gef;onf &Sad omf touf&n S \ f ? tqif;vS\? csr;f omwwf\? cGe;f tm;Av jynhpf \ kH ? ÓPfynm Bu;D \? ausmaf pm xif&Sm;\? oefY&Sif;pifMu,f\? tjcHt&HESifh jynfhpHk \? a&riwfyJ aeEdkif\? vsifjrefpGm oGm;vm ajy;vTm;Edik \ f / a&uyfvLS &aom tusKd ;rSm y'krw k &å bk&m; y&dedAÁmefpH0ifcJhNyD;aemuf trsdK;om; wpf 244
a,mufonf bk&m;&Siftm; &nfrSef;í y&dabm* apwDjzpfaom aAm"danmifyiftm; tarT;eHo Y ma& wdjYk zifh yufzse;f ylaZmf\/ xdak umif;rI ukov kd af Mumifh vlYpnf;pdrf? ewfpnf;pdrfwdkYudk wpfvSnfhpD pHpm;&if; tyg,frvm;bJ a*gwrbk&m;vufxufoYkd a&muf aomtcg ] *aE´m'ud,} rax&frnfaom &[EÅm tjzpfodkY &&SdcJhavonf/ qDrD; uyfvSL&jcif;tusdK;um; xdky'krkwå& bk&m;&Sif vufxufrSmyif trsdK;om;wpfa,muf onf aAm"dyiftm; qDr;D ig;wdik jf zifh vSL'gef; ylaZmfchJ aom aumif;rIukodkvfaMumifh vlYjynf? ewfjynf wpfvSnfhpD pnf;pdrf pHpm;&if; jzpf&mb0wdkif;wGif tuG,t f um&Sad om t&mwdu Yk kd xGi;f azmufjrifEikd f í ,lZem wpf&m tuGmta0;udk xif&Sm;yDopGm jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdum a*gwrbk&m;&SifvufxufwGif ]]yOö'yD u d m}} trnfjzifh xif&mS ;aom &[EÅmwpfyg; jzpfvm\/ qGr;f awmfuyfvLS enf;udk pmzwfy&dowf tm; ñTefjyay;vdkygonf/ bk&m;qGrf;uyfonfhtcg oHCmawmf wpfyg;pm qGr;f wpfy*k jH ym; tjynfh pm;yGJ ESifh wifí uyfyg/ odkYr[kwf vifyef;wGif qGrf;yk*H jym; wifí uyfyg/ oHCmwpfyg; qGrf;bkef;ay;NyD; avmufonfhtcsdefrSm pGefYNyD; xdkae&mudk &Sif;vif; okwfoifí rdrdpm;yg/ odkYr[kwf uav;rsm;udk auR;yg/ qGrf;awmfwifudk uav;rsm;auR;ygu oli,fem aysmufap\? taemf&xmrif;u rEl[m rif;udk qGr;f awmfwifNy;D auR;ojzifh bke;f edrchf jhJ cif;rSm qGrf;awmfwifaMumifhr[kwf qGrf;awmfpGefYypfonfh oifyw k af y:&Sd tnpftaMu;aMumihf jzpfonf/ yef; uyfvLS onft h cg bk&m;pifwiG f yef;rsm; EGr;f ajcmuf atmif rxm;&/ xm;vQif
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
yef;awmh? yef;warmh? yef;&GJ? yef;yGwf ponfh ynm&yfrsm;jzifh pD&ifjc,freI ;f aom yef;oP²mefrsm; udk bk&m; rwif&yg/ arSmifonhftcg tvif;a&mif&&Sdap&ef qDrD;? za,mif;wkid w f u Ykd kd xGe;f n§yd al Zmf&\/ tvif;a&mif &Sdaeonfh eHeuf? aeYvnf? naetcgrsm;wGif rylaZmf&yg/ qDrD;udk ylaZmfxGef;nd§NyD;onfESifh Ni§drf;owfxm;&\/ rNi§drf;owfbJ xm;cJhvQif av wdkufí vnf;aumif;? tjcm;wpfpHkwpf&maMumifh vnfaumif; teD;&Sd avmifpmrsm;udk rD;pGaJ vmifjcif;
jzifh tdrfudk rD;avmifwwf\/ odjYk zpfav&m qDr;D ? a&csr;f ? yef;? qGr;f uyfvLS ylaZmfenf;rsm;rSm pepfwus&SdNyD; rdrd\ ,HkMunfrI tavQmuf apwemtavQmuf tusdK;xl;rsm;udk ay;wwfav&m Ak'b ¨ mom olawmfpiftaygif;onf bk&m;ylaZmfjcif;trIukd rd½;kd zvm tpOftvm wpfck [k rrSwf,lbJ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ *kPfawmf? wefcdk; awmf? aus;Zl;awmfrsm;udk av;av;eufeuf ,HMk unf ouf0ifNy;D rSeu f efaom apwemjzifh vSL'gef;ylaZmf EdkifMuygapownf;/ t&Sifwdó(vIdif)
*kPfjyKqk vlawmfav;rsm;arG;zGm&m? x-ESp?f vIid af jrom/ oGuv f ufñeT pf mG ? p&d,m oifumjyKpkvm/ qifjh rifyh nm? pOfNrJom? atmify&JG cJw h m/ yef;csDynm? qk,v l m tm&Se,fajrrSm/ pOfqufcgom? BudK;pm;yg *kPjf yKMuap&m/
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
245
ajy;vrf;ay:wGif av,mOfbD; vSdrfhpjyKNyD/ av,mOf jywif;aygufrSwpfqifh vufjy EIwq f uf aeolawGukd vSr;f jrifae&onf/ rnfou l rnfolYudk vufjyaeonfrod? tm;vHk;onf rIef0g; 0g;/ av,mOftwGif;&Sd toHcsJUpuftdrfrsm;rS wpfqifh av,mOfarmif\ toHudk Mum;&onf/ ]]rsm;rMumrDtwGif;rSm c&D;onfrsm; vdkufyg pD;eif;vmwJh av,mOf[m...}} avaMumif;c&D;jzifh rMumcP oGm;vmcJhzl; ojzifh "mwfjym;a[mif;Bu;D wpfcsyf em;axmif&ovdk jzpfaeonf/ xGufcGmrnfhNrdKU? ysHoef;rnfhtjrifhay? c&D;pOfMumjrifrh nft h csed ?f xdik cf ckH g;ywfawG ywfxm; zdkU? cHkawG wnfhrwfxm;zdkY? aq;vdyfraomufzdkY? jrefrmvdk aMunmNyD;vQif t*Fvdyfpum;jzifh xyfrH ajymqdkOD;rnf/ NyD;vQif av,mOfr,fwpfOD;onf av,mOfOD;cef;xdyfrSm &yfum toufu,f tdwf toH;k jyKy?kH touf½LS ud&, d m wyfqify?kH toH;k jyKyw kH Ykd udk o½kyfjyrnf/ awGYaeus jrifuGif;? Mum;aeus toHawGyJ jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh pdwfyg0ifpm;rI r&SdvS/ odkYESifh rsuv f ;kH pHrk w dS u f m o&P*Ho k ;kH yg;udk tm½kjH yK aevdu k f onf/ pdwt f qdk pum;vH;k jzifh bk&m;&Si\ f *kPaf wmf rsm;udk &Gwq f kd yGm;rsm;aerdonf/ av,mOfarmif\ toHvnf; uG,af ysmufomG ;Ny?D av,mOfr,fav;\ o½kyfjyrIvnf; NyD;qHk;oGm;NyD? av,mOfonfvnf; ajy;vrf;&SnfBuD;ay:wGif t&Sdef,laeayNyD/ ydkrdkus,favmifqlnHaom av,mOftif*sif oHBuD;onf em;pnfajr§;udk t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGm ½dkufcwfvmonf/ em;awGtlvmonf/ av,mOf Bu;D onf t&Sed jf refoxuf jrefvm&if;rS aumif;uif xufodkY OD;armhxdk;wufvdkufonf/ NidrfhceJ? av ,mOfbD;awG ½kyfodrf;oGm;onfudk vSrf;awGYae& onf/ avxkxJ a&mufaomtcg av,mOfBuD; onf ajrjyifay:rSm t&Sdef,l ajy;vTm;&wkef;uvdk toH rqlnHawmh/ &efukefav,mOfuGif;onf atmufrSm usefcJh NyD? &efukefNrdKU e,fedrdwftwGif; wdkufwm? tdrfajc? 246
vrf;rrsm;udk iHMYk unfah e&ayNy/D eHeufcif; jrLawGu yg;yg;uav; a0h0JaeqJ? ta&SUqDrS aea&mifjcnf onf jrLrIefjrLrGm;rsm;udk r&t& xdk;cGJaeovdkyif/ azsmah wmhawmh a&mifjcnftvif;onf rMumrD xdef awmuf vmOD;rnf/
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qGrf;cHxGuf&\/ onfvdkESifhom vnfywfae aom uRefawmfb0wGif;odkY ]ol} 0ifa&mufvmaom wpfaeYum;... qGr;f pm;csed t f Ny;D olBu;D ESifh vl wpfpk ausmif;ay:odw Yk wfum q&m awmfxH tzl;ajrmfvmMuonf/ q&m awmf cdkif;apcsuft& rkefYyJoGm;&nf pmrsm; usufoa&cef;xJu ,lum wnfcif;{nfhcH&\/ xdktcsdef wGif vltkyftpGef;ü xdkifaeaom ]ol} udk awYG&av onf/ ]ol} onf uREfkyf rsufpdxJü tvGefvS\/ rdk;jyma&mif tyGifh tpuf tcufrsm;ygaom 0rf;quf 0wfxm;onf/ vnfyif;wGifvnf; tjzLa&mif y0gyg;uav;udk ywf xm;ao;\/ qHauomxHk;zGJYqif ,ifykH rsKd ;udak wmh uREykf w f &Ykd mG rSm wpf cgrS rjrifzl;acs? a&mifpHkuvpf u av;rsm;vnf; xd;k xm;ao;\/ xdik f aeyHkuvnf; uEGJYuvS? NrdKUolrdkY xifyg\/ rIeef o YH m a&mifprkH sm; jc,f oxm;\/ t&yftarmif; udk,fvkH; ukd,fxnfum; omrefrdef;uav; rsm;xuf jrifhrm;zGHUxGm;onf/ uREfkyfwkYd&GmrS at;omwdkYum; olr&Sdíom uGrf;awmifudkif bGJY& xm;jcif; jzpfayrnf/ tvScsif;um; tjywftowf/ þodkYþES,f olYudk rsufvHk;ESifh tuJcwfaewkef; olESifh tMunfhcsif;qHkoGm;\/ olu rsuf vH;k &GBJ u;D rsm;udk uysmu,m ½kyo f rd ;f vkdufavonf/ odkYaomfrsm; rMum rDyif oljyefMunfhjyef\/ þodkY rsuf vHk;csif; qHkonfrSm tBudrfBudrf jzpf vmaomtcg olu tjyHK;av;rsm; 256
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ae\/ odkYayr,fh jrefjref oGm;EdkifrS oif h a wmf r nf jzpf í cyf j ref j ref avQmuftxGuf ajcoHawG pum; ajymoHawG eD;vmojzifh tem;u ykwfBuD;xJodkY 0ifvdkuf& jyefonf/ ]]bk&m;a& 0g*Grf;ykwfBuD; yg vm;}} acsmif;qdk;csifpdwfudk renf; atmifx h m;&if;/ ]]a[h ... awGYMuvm;a[h}} ]] rawGYbl;AsKdU }} ]] ypön;f taysmuf t&S &Sv d m;}} ]] r&Sdbl;AsdKU}} ]] [kwfw,f r&Sdbl;}} ]]'gqdk ajy;NyeD YJ wlw,fu?G rcd;k vdkuf&wmjzpfr,f? jyefwufMua[h? owdeJYawmh tdyfMu/}} twefi,fMumrS uREykf f ykyfxJ u xGufvmonf/ ap;uyfaom opfap;rsm;aMumifh udk,fwGif *Grf; awG wpfaxG;BuD; uyfygvmonf/ xdktcg vlrSmarsmufjzL ½kyfqdk;BuD; yHk aygufaerSm taotcsmyif/ ol tajzay;wkef;u rdrdudk,fudk ½kyfu tjywfom;em; acsmarmaevdkY jzpf rS m [l í awG ; xif c J h w mav;awG aysmuf c sif ; rvS aysmuf u k e f N yD ? ausmif;xJ jyeft0ifvrf;wGif acG; rsm;u vkdufqGJao;onf/ renf; vGwf atmifajy;vm&onf/ ausmif; xJu rdrd xrif; auR;aeMu acG; awmif a[mif v k d u f ao;onf / toH ay;vkdufrS wdwfoGm;av\/ aMomf .. b0.. b0.. b0/
258
(4) olav;ESihf uREykf f cspo f jl zpfMu NyDqdkawmh tqifhcsif;vJrwl? *kPf csif;vJuGm aeavawmh olESifhtwl ae&zdkY wpfvrf;om &Sd\/ cdk;ajy;&ef om jzpf\/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyfü aiG r&Sday/ tb,fodkY vkyf& rnfenf;/ uREfkyf\ q&mudkndKBuD;u tMuH ay;jyef\/ þonfum; q&mawmf bk & m; usufoa& cef;twGif;rS ypönf;rsm; cdk;a&mif;&ef jzpfonf/ uREfkyfum; pdwftarSmifzHk;avNyD/ r vkyo f if[ h k rawG;awmhyJ npOf q&m awmfh usuo f a&cef;rS ypön;f ypö, rsm;ck;d ía&mif;\/ usuo f a&cef;udk udik &f olrYkd vG,u f o l nft h jyif q&m awmf udk,fwdkifuvnf; 0ifppf avh r&Sday/ þodYk pkrad qmif;rd &Sad omtcg oluav;ESihf xGuaf jy;&ef csed ;f onf/ a&pufcsyGJ rwdkifcif cdk;ajy;Murnf/ uREykf u f m; tacsmif rde;f r&OD;rnfyg vm;/ &onfh rdef;ruvnf; NrdKUol tacsmtvS? tdt k oifavmu uREykf f onf om,mrIaygif;? uHaumif;jcif; vufaqmifrsm; ay; oem;wwfaom oifhudk aus;Zl;wifyg\/ csdef;xm;aom nodkY a&muf ayNyD/ uREfkyfum; vGefpGmrS wuf
uREykf u f m; olY txkyu f kd qGu J m aysmf aysmfBuD; vufwGJí xGufcJhonf/ ]]armifBu;D [db k uf&mG u tod wpfa,mufudk vSnf; pDpOf cdkif;xm; w,f odvm;? tJh'DurS NrdKUay: oGm; Mur,faemf}} (5) ta&SU t&yfwGif a&miferD sm; oef;vmNyD? &GmOD;ausmif;rS udk&if av;u wHk;armif;udk acgufvkduf onf/ vlom;rsm; wpfenf;qdkaomf &GmrS awmifolv,form;rsm; vkyf ief;cGif0if&ef jyifqifMuNyD/ xdkpOf vlwpfpkum; &GmOD;ausmif; qDodkY tjref vSrf; vmaeMuonf/ ]]q&mawmfb&k m;? q&mawmf bk&m;}} ]][Jh udk&ifav;? ausmif; atmufu b,foal wGvJ oGm;Munfh prf;? uyd, Ü av;a&m b,fa&muf ae vJ/ rxao;bl;vm;}} ]]olBuD;wdkY vlpkyg bk&m;/ ]]udkif; wumwdkY apmvS csnf vm; uG J U ? taMumif ; xl ; rsm; &S d ovm;}} ]] &Sdygaumvm; bk&m;? ajym awmif raumif;awmhygbl;}} ]]a[ ... bmvdkY raumif; wmvJuJGY }} ]]'Dvdkyg q&mawmfh uydÜ, av;eJY wynfhawmf&JU wlr? tJav wlwdkY cdk;ajy;MuvkdYyg bk&m;/ olu rdef;uav; pdwfaygufaewmyg/ 'g udk uyd, Ü av;u rde;f uav; tppf xifNy;D cd;k oGm;wmaerSm bk&m;? [du k vnf; olYudk,fol rdef;rvdkY cH,lxm; txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
awmh cufukefNyD bk&m;}} ]] q&mawmf? 'DrSm uydÜ, td y f , may:rS m pmwpf a pmif & yg w,f bk&m;}} ]]tif; ... xifawmh xifom; tckwavm 'Daumif rl odyfrrSefbl; vdkY }} 'DvdkygyJav owå0g awGrSm t0dZÆm? wPSmzHk;NyD qdkrSjzifh xif&m vkyfMuawmhwmyJ/ 'gaMumifv h J 'ku© oHo&mxJu rxGuEf ikd w f mud;k ? w&m; usp&m aumif;w,f 'umwdkYa&/}}
om;armifZmeD ( aq;-2 ) 'orwef; ( 2000 )
259
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BuD;vmvQif v,f,mukdif;uRef; vkyfukdifap rnf/ tu,fíom ol&JUom;uav;u usrf;pmtkyf ukd ukdifí aqmhupm;vQif BuD;jyif;vmygu omoemh 0efxrf; b0okdU oGwfoGif;rnf/ 'gayrJh olU&JU om;uav;u a&T'*Fg;ukdrS a&G;cs,faqmh upm;vQif aiGaMu;"e ckHrifESpfoufol jzpfEdkifacs &Sdí BuD;jyif; vmvQif? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifjzpfatmif ykHoGif;rnf paom tBuHtpnfrsm;jzifh ,if;ypönf; okH;rsKd;ukd tcef ; vG w f w pf c k w G i f xm;NyD ; om;av; tm; aqmhupm;apygonf/ tcef;jyifbufrS wpfaphwapmif; om;av;&JU aqmhupm;rIukdMunfhaerdygonf/ pOf;pm;awG;awm wmawGtm;vkH; wvGJwacsmf jzpfukefNyD/ olU&JU
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jzpf vmatmif a&;pGr;f Ekid w f hJ uavmif&iS f trnfudk odví dk pmcscef; tjyifbufrS wpfaphwapmif;Munfh vku d rf yd gonf/ q&mawmfBu;D rnfoUdk rnfyHk tHt h m; oifhoGm;onfukd cHpm;íom Munfhygawmh/ ]]q&m awmfBuD;&JU uavmiftrnfu 0w¬KZmwfvrf; pm tkyf rsufESmzkH;ay:rSmwJh/ [- Imagine his surprise, when he saw his pen name on the cover of the storybook] An Absent-minded Sayadaw. n
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bmrS rajymif;vJbl;? uJjyygOD;? igh armif&UJ vuf&mawG? bmawG vkyf jzpfao;vJ }} udkwifarmif aysmfoGm;w,f? olYvuf&mawGudk Munfhr,fhol vm NyDav?]] rr... 'D[m uRefawmf qGJxm;wJh yefcsDum;? aq;eJY qGJxm; wm r[kwfbl; csnfeJYxdk;xm;wm MunfhygOD;.. bmvdkvJvdkY }} udw k ifarmifu oH;k ay av;ay yefcsDum;BuD; wpfcsyfudk jyvdkuf w,f/ a':abbDu yefcsDum;udk wpfvSnfh? udkwifarmifudk wpfvSnfh wtHhwMoeJY Munfhaew,f/ NyD;rS ]][Jh wifarmif 'g aemuf p&m r[kwfbl;aemf? tpfrvkyfwJh vlu rawGUwmMumvdYk vmw,f? oluvm aemufaew,f }} ]] raemufygbl; rr&UJ? b,frmS aemufvdkYvJ }} 'DrSm...ig'DavmufrwHk;bl; aemf? 'DyefcsDum; eifqGJw,f qdkwm rjzpf E d k i f b l ; qd k w mavmuf a wmh odw,f/ udkwifarmif tHhMooGm;w,f? 'DaeY bmawG jzpfaeygvdrfhaygh/ ]]rr uRefawmf rvdrfygbl; rr&JU? vm ... aemufwpfck jytHk; r,f }} tdrfa&SUrSm csxm;wJh t*Faw yef;yk½yk u f av;awGqu D k d ac: oGm;Ny;D jyvdu k w f ,f/ yef;yk½kyfuav;awGu touf0ifvGef;vdkY aumif;uifudk ysHwufawmhr,fh twdkif;yJ? aumif; uif w ref ½k y f u av;awG y g? t awmifyHuav; awGjzefYvdkY? tJ'gudk jyawmhrS ydkqdk;oGm;awmhw,f/
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
(1) ]]uRef a wmf w d k U rnf r Qa0; uGmaeMuOD;rnfenf;}} xd k a r;cG e f ; ud k uRef a wmf tygt0if uRefawmfhrdwfaqG t awmfrsm;rsm; ajzqdkEdkifjcif;r½Sdyg/ tvGeaf usmMf um;aomaA'ifq&m Bu;D wpfO;D uvnf;olrajzEdik af Mumif; 0efcHcJhygonf/ xd k a r;cG e f ; onf t qif h j rif h ocsmF wpfy'k v f t kd ajzxkw&f ifcuf cJygovm;/ xd k a r;cG e f ; ud k a jzqd k E d k i f & ef twG u f tcsd e f r nf r Q,l M urnf enf;/ t½l;wpfa,mufudkawGU í ar;Munf h a omtcg xd k t ½l ; u ]]acwå pOf;pm;cGifh jyKyg}} [kqdkyg onf/ xdkUaemuf uRefawmfhudk aphaphMunfNh y;D ]]cifAsm;[mt½l;wpf a,mufyJ}} [kqdkum xGufoGm;yg awmhonf/ (2)
uRef a wmf h w G i f " gwf y H k w pf yHk½Sdygonf/xdk"gwfyHkrSmyifv,fxJ üvltrsm;vIdif; pD;aeMuyHkjzpfyg onf/ vIdif;pD;&if;wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,mufa0;oGm;wwfygonf/ a0;&mrSvnf; eD;oGm;wwfygjyefyg onf/ eD;jcif;a0;jcif;udkzefwD;Edkif pGrf;½Sdonfh vIdif;wdkUonf wpfcg w&H aMumufrufz, G af umif;aom toHwdkUudk xkwfvTwfwwfjyefyg onf/ xdktoHwdkUudkuAsmwpfyk'f tjzpfcHpm;Edkifygrnfvm;/ uRef a wmf o nf u Asmq&m r[kwfyg/ odkU&mwGif uAsmwdkUudk uRef awmfcspfcifjrwfEkd;ygonf/ txl; ojzifh cspfolESifh a0;aeaMumif;zGJU qdx k m;onfu h Asmrsm;udpk w d 0f ifpm; ygonf/ odkU&mwGif cspfolESifha0; aevQief ;D atmifb,fvv kd yk &f rvJ [kar;vmvQifrlum; uRefawmfr ajzwwf y g/ tb,f h a Mumif h q d k aomfuReaf wmf ud, k w f ikd cf spo f El iS hf a0;aeaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/ cspfjcif;arwåmonf eD;jcif; a0;jcif;ESifhoufqdkifygovm;/ eD ; jcif ; a0;jcif ; onf v nf ; cspjf cif;arwåmoufqikd yf govm;/ ]eD;vsufESifha0;} [laom p um;udka&m rnfodkUcHpm;Murnf enf;/
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf a0;uGmae&jcif;onfwq H yd af cgif;zd;k tvGefukefonf[koli,fcsif;wpf a,mufuajymchzJ ;l ygonf??xdpk um; onfrw S o f m;xdu k yf g\??a':ar½Sif \]]aus;apwref}}onfxdkukefus cJah omwHqyd af cgif;zkrd sm;udzk max; Edkifygrnfvm;[k uRefawmfrpOf; (3) pm;rdyg/ uRefawmfpOf;pm;rdonf t½l;onf wHqdyfacgif; rSm ]pmydkUorm;}jzpfchJzl;aomcdkiSuf k v l mNy;D uReaf wmfu h akd y;yg av;wdkUtaMumif; jzpfygonf/ rsm;ud, txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
269
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yd k í a0;uG m oG m ;jcif ; yifr[kwfygavm/ cspf o l & &ef Mud K ; pm;aeaomyef;csDq&mu eD;jcif;a0;jcif;rsm;udk &Sif; jycJhpOfu uRefawmfpdwf r0ifpm;cJhyg/ uRefawmf pdw0f ifpm;cJo h nfrmS ol\ {nfhcef;xJwGiftvSxm; &Sad om ]t½ky}f uav;rsm; jzpf y gonf / xd k t ½k y f uav;rsm;onf wpf½kyf ESifh wpf½kyf cyfuGmuGm &S d a eMuygonf / uRef awmfu tb,fhaMumifh eD;eD;uyfuyf rxm;ovJ [kar;aomtcgü yef;csD q&mu eD;jcif; a0;jcif; oabmw&m;rsm;udk &Sif; jyjyefygonf/ &Sif;jycsuf rsm;u em;vnf&vG,fyg onf/ odUk aomf uReaf wmf em;rvnfonfrSm ola&; qGJxm;aom teD;ta0; ESifhoufqdkifaomyef;csD um;rsm; jzpfygonf/ (4) ]uRef a wmf w d k U rnf r QMumMum a0;uG m aeMuOD;rnfenf;/} wH q d y f a cgif ; pk aqmif;olrsm;onf a0; uGmjcif;udk ESpfoufMuol rsm;[kqdkvmygu jiif;ckef rI r sm;ay:ayguf v mEd k i f
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
ygonf / wpf c k a ocsm onfrSm ]pmydkUvkvif}t rnf&Sd &kyf&SifZmwfum; rsm;rS m urÇ m rausmf c J h jcif;yifjzpfonf/ urÇm ausmfcJhonfrSm rdrd t wGuf toufay;í a0; urÇ m od k U a&muf & S d o G m ; onfh cspfolwpfa,muf taMumif; &dkuful;xm; onfh ]wdkufwJef;epf} t rnf& &kyf&Sifum;MuD;yif jzpfygonf/ a0;uGm;jcif; onf urÇ m ausmf w wf aMumif; xif&mS ;onfh om "uwpfck jzpfygonf/ (5) vrf;rrsm; ay: wGif rsuf E S m aygif ; rsm;pG m &SdaeMuygonf/ xdkrsuf ESmrsm;xJwGif oiftvdk &Sdaom rsufESmwpfck (0g) wpfcx k ufyakd om rsuEf mS rsm;yg0ifaumif;yg0ifEdkif ygvd r f h r nf / uRef a wmf h twGufrl xdkrsufESmrsm; onf tcsnf;ESD;omjzpfyg onf / t&l ; u ]t*F & k y f } rsm; taMumif;udk ajymjy aeygonf / uRef a wmf pdwrf 0ifpm;yg/ uReaf wmf u a0;uG m jcif ; rsm;t aMumif;aqG;aEG;&ef p um;vrf ; aMumif ; aom tcgü t½l ; ujyH K ;aeyg onf/
wpf a e&mwG i f rsuf E S m zH k ; rsm;udka&mif;csaeygonf/rsufESm zHk;rsm;rSm yHko@eftrsdK;rsdK; jzpfí txl;ojzifh uav;rsm;utvk t,uf0,f,laeMuygonf/ xdk rsuEf mS zH;k rsm;udpk yG v f u kd v f Qirf rd \ d rlv&kyf (0g) rlvrsufESmaysmuf uG , f o G m ;ygonf / uav;wpf a,mufonf rsufESmzHk;wpfckudk aumufpyG v f u kd yf gonf??csujf cif;yif xdkuav;onfvlpifppfrSarsmuf wpfaumifjzpfomG ;ygonf??t½l;u rlv&kyfaysmufuG,foGm;jcif;onf a0;uG m jcif ; wpf r sd K ;jzpf o nf [ k ajymjyD;olvnf; rsufESmzHk;wpfck& vdkaMumif; uRefawmfhudkylqmyg onf/ uReaf wmfu]a0;uGmjcif;udk ESpfoufvdkUvm;} [kar;rS t½l; onfolrSm;aMumif;0efcHygawmh onf / vl M uD ; wpf a ,muf o nf rsuEf mS zH;k wpfcu k kd 0,faeygonf/ xdkaemufrsufESmzHk;udk wyfMunfh vdkufygonf/ xdkvlMuD;rSmvlpif ppfrS bDvl;wpfaumifjzpfoGm;yg awmhonf/ uRef a wmf o nf xd k b D v l ; BuD;ESifha0;&modkUxGufcJhygonf/ t½l;vnf;ygvmygonf/ vrf;ü teD;ta0; oabmw&m;rsm;udk &Si;f jycJah om yef;csq D &mESiahf wGUyg onf/ olu cspfol&&efaocsmae jyjD zpfaMumif;ajymygonf/ t½l;u xdkyef;csDq&mtm; ] wHqdyfacgif; tvHt k avmuf&&dS UJ vm;}[kaumuf umiifumar;vdkufygonf/yef;csD q&mcrsmtlaMumifaMumifjzpfomG ;
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
&Smygonf/ jyD;rS t½l;udkMunhfí ]rif;[mt½l;yJ}[kajymvdu k yf gonf/ xdktcgt½l;u[uf[ufyufyuf &,fvdkufjyD; ]wu,f½l;wmolyJ} [kqu kd muReaf wmfu h kd vufñ;dI xd;k jyygonf/ (6) ,ck tcsdefwGif uRefawmf wpfa,mufwnf;om &Sdygawmh onf/ uRefawmfonf ajcOD;wnfh &mavQmufvmcJhygonf/ þuJ h o d k U avQmuf v m&if ; uRefawmfhar;cGef;udk uRefawmf pOf;pm;aerdygonf/ ]]uRef a wmf w d k Y rnf r QMum Muma0;uGmaeMuOD;rnfenf;}} av;at;at;wd k U u uRef awmfhudk yGwfoyfusDp,foGm;Muyg onf/ yif v ,f urf ; pyf e m;od k U a&mufvmjyD jzpfaMumif;odvu kd &f \/ vI d i f ; wk d U onf w0k e f ; 0k e f ; atmf[pfum qlnHjrL;xl;aeMuyg onf/ wpfckaomvIdif;xdyfwGifrl cdik u S u f av;wpfaumifujkd rifawGU vdkuf&ygonf/ aEGaZmfOD; (rEÅav;) 271
272
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aq;½kHta&;ay:tcef;xJu xGuf vmaom aEG;azaz rsufESmudk jrif vdkuf&awmh? uRefawmf em;vnf vdkufrdygNyD? cspfaom aEG;uav;\ a&m*g tqHk;tpGefodkY a&muf&SdaeNyD jzpfonfudk/ uRefawmftouf&Ií r0 awmhyg/ &ifxJrSm tvGef rGef;Muyf vdkY vmygonf/ aEG;\ azazudk? b,fu ae? b,fvdk p ar;&rSef; rodbJ? rsu&f nfawG &pf0v J Ykd wufvmaom rsu0f ef;rsm;jzifh uReaf wmf Munfah erd vdkufygonf/ aEG ; azazu uRef a wmf ykcHk;ay: olYvufudk tomwifNyD; ... ]]armifrif;ol? orD;uav; uawmh tqkwfwpfjcrf; jzwfudk jzwfypf&awmhr,f? OD;orD;av; uH qd;k vGe;f ygw,fumG .. rif; ... rif; 0ifMunfhvdkufygtkef;}} uRefawmf r&GHUr&J &SdvS aom ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh aEG;&Sd&modkY vSrf;cJhygonf/ tpuvJ tqkwfem &Sd aom aEG;wpfa,muf? xyfqifhí tqkwf tat;ywf cHvdkuf&ojzifh aEG; tzsm;aoG;awG wpftm;wufNy;D owdvufvw G f jzpfc&hJ onf/ ckawmh aEG; aq;½kaH y:a&mufaeavNyaD ygh/ tpOftjrJ aoG;a&mif uif;
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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awmfu acgif;&rf;jyNyD; .. olyg; pyfukd uReaf wmfv h ufjzifh tomydwf xm;vdu k o f nf/ ]]aEG; .. 'gawG bmwpfck rS rpOf;pm;eJ?Y aEG;jrefjref aeaumif; atmifom vkyfyg? aEG; bmBuD;yJ jzpfaeae... b,haf vmufq;kd 0g;wJh a&m*gyJ jzpfaeae ... aEG;udyk pfNy;D armifb,furkd S roGm;bl; ... armif wpfaeYwpfjcm; aEG;udk wdk;wdk;NyD; cspfaerSmyg aEG;&,f ... }} apmapmu pdwfysuftm; avsmah eaom aEG;\ rsuEf mS ay:wGif tjyHK;&dyfrsm; oef;vmygonf/ at;pufpuf Ekdifaeaom ol Y v uf u av;rsm;u uRef a wmf vufudk wif;MuyfpGm qkyfudkifxm; aeygawmhonf/ aEG ; wpf a ,muf tzsm; awGaysmufNy;D xlxl axmifaxmifEiS hf aq;½kHu qif;csdefa&mufcJhygonf/ emvefxp aEG;udk uRef awmf tpGr;f ukef jyKp, k , k rIawG ay; chJygonf/ aEG; usef;rmvmonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf aEG;azazonf? aEG;udk Edik if jH cm;ydí Yk a&m*gqufvuf uko ay;&ef pdkif;jyif;ygawmhonf/ uRefawmfrygaom c&D;udk oGm;&rnfrYkd aEG;idck o hJ nfrmS tcgcg/ aEG;udk uRefawmf tpGrf; ukef acsmah rmhEpS o f rd chf &hJ ygonf/ aEG; c&D; pwifxGufonfhaeYu qdkvQif aEG; uReaf wmfu h kd zufíido k vd?k uRef awmfuvnf; aEG;udzk ufí idv k u kd rf d ygonf/ onfae&mwGif uRefawmfh 274
pdwfudk uRefawmf rxdef;EdkifcJhyg/ cspfaom aEG; vdkufygoGm; aom av,mOfBuD; r*Fvm'Hk av ,mOfuGif;rS yHswufoGm;onfh tcg wGif uRefawmf rsuf0ef;ESpfzufrS rsuf & nf r sm;onf tquf r jywf &GmoGef;vmaom rdk;uJhodkY usvm Muygawmhonf/ ]]jyefMupdkY om;}} uRefawmfh araru uRef awmfh vufudk qGJí ac:cJhonf/ uReaf wmfonf arar ac: &m aemufoYkd ajcvSr;f aeaomfvnf; uRefawmfhpdwfawGu aEG; aemufodkY vkdufygoGm;aeygonf/ wpfae&mwGif vJawmhrvdk jzpf o G m ;awmh r S ... ]] [J h o m; owdxm;av ....}} uReaf wmf ud, k phf w d u f kd Edik f atmif xde;f vdu k Nf y;D avSum;xpfrsm; udk qif;vdkufonf/ ]] om; ... om; aEG;av; udk b,favmuf cspfw,fqdkwm arar odygw,f? arar om;udk udk,fcsif;pmrdw,f? aEG;av;udkvJ odyf oem;w,f? 'gayr,fh om;&,f? om;&JU b0a&SUa&;twGuf aEG;av; [m vufwzJG Ykd a&G;oifw h hJ rde;f uav; vm; qdkwm? om;&JU tonf;ESvHk;eJY rqH;k jzwfbJ OD;aESmufeYJ qH;k jzwfMunfh vdkufprf;yg om; ....}} ]] cifAsm}} ararh pum;aMumifh ... &ifxJ 'def;ueJ ckefoGm;NyD; arar rsuEf mS udk uReaf wmf qwfueJ Munfh vdkufrdygonf/ om;pOf;pm;av ... aEG;
av;[m a&m*go,f ? tqkwfwpfjcrf;eJY b0udk a&SUquf&r,fh vl? tdrf axmif om;arG; tvkyf awGudk aEG;av; vkyfEdkif yghrvm; ... 'DMum;xJ wpfckck jzpfoGm;&ifaum? ...araruawmh awG; awG;NyD; odyf pdwfylw,f om; ...}} wpfv;kH csi;f 0if vm wJh ararhpum;awG[m uReaf wmfu h kd acgif;em;yef; BuD;vmapygw,f/ arar ajymovd k uRefawmfwkdY ESpfa,muf tdraf xmifusNy;D om;awG om;orD;awG &NyD;umrS aEG;wpfa,muf wdrf;yg; oGm;rnfqdkvQif onf vl rr,f cav;awGeYJ? uRef awmf rnf o d k Y v k y f & rnf enf;/ ]] tif; arar ajymwmvnf; [kww f myJ aEG ; av;[m omref v l aumif; wpfa,mufeJY pm &if aowGi;f eJY tawmf eD; aewJh olyJ ... aEG; ... aEG;... armifhtcspfaEG; av;&,f ...}} r½SLEdkif ru,f Edkif jzpfae&olu uRef awmfyg/ onfMum;xJ? aEG; azazu uRef a wmf h x H zkef;qufvmygonf/ aEG; udk oHa,mZOf jzwfzdkY t
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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uJo h Ykd xm;avolrYkd Nird ;f udk uReaf wmf cspfjrwfEdk;í ,lcJhonf r[kwfaomf vnf; vGefpGm av;pm;rdygonf/ Nidrf;ESifh uRefawmf tay; t,l rQwonfrdkY uRefawmfwdkY tdrf axmifa&; om,majzmifhjzL;vSyg onf/ om;av;xGef;xGef;udk arG; zGm;NyD;onfh aemufwGifawmh uRef awmfwdkY tdrfaxmifonf ydkrdkí om ,m pdkajyvmcJhygonf/ wpfom;arG; wpfaoG;vSí usef;rm oefpGrf;aeaom Nidrf;udk MunfhNyD;? om;aumif; rdppfyDowJh Nidrf; b,favmuftxdrsm; arG;zGm; ay;avrvJ[k pOf;pm;Munfh&if;? &ifrSm MunfEl;pGmjzifh aeY&ufrsm;udk jzwfoef;vmcJhygonf/ onfaeY tvkyfu tjyef wGif om;xGe;f xGe;f ESihf ZeD;onf Nird ;f wdBYk uKd uaf om? &Sprf ikd u f &Sr;f acgufqJG aMumfudk0,fNyD;? uRefawmftdrfjyef vmcJhonf/ um;udk uReaf wmf*½kpu kd í f armif;ESif;vm,if; uRefawmf t onf;ESv;kH udk ydik pf ;kd aom aEG;uav; udk owd&rdvmonf/ atmf ... aEG ; ... aEG;av; .. ckavmufqdk&if tcsdef awGajymif; ESpfawGa[mif;vdkY .. armifu h kd arhaeavNyv D m; ... 'grS r[kwf tMuifemrJhpGm aEG;udk ypfcGm oGm;vdYk emusn;f cHjyif; pdwaf wG aEG; &ifrSm xefaeqJyJvm;/ aEG;av;&,f .. rif;rod vY d k y g? ES p f a wG ? vawG ? b,f v d k ajymif; ajymiff; aEG;av;udkcspfwJh
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
tcspu f awmh armifh ... &ifxrJ mS &Sifoef EkysdKaeqJyguGm ... armif[m armifZh eD;Nird ;f udk opömrazgufygbl; ... ZeD;onf tay:rSm vifh0wå&m; ausyGefwJh tdrfaxmifOD;pD; wpfa,mufrdkY aEG; .... aEG;udk armifcspo f vdk tcspf awG Nird ;f udk armif yHrk ay;Edik af yr,f?h Muifem,k,rIYawGudk vifom; wpf a,muf t aeeJ Y armif a y;aerd y g w,faEG;&,f/ aEG;xHodkY ysHvGifhoGm;aom uReaf wmfph w d t f m½ku H kd jyeford ;f qnf; vdu k cf sed w f iG f rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f t&yfrS vrf;vGí J vmaom um;Bu;D wpfp;D \ OD;acgif;udk uRefawmf bGm;ceJ jrif vdkuf&ygonf/ k f wqufwnf;rSmyJ ... wdu cdkufoHBuD;udk Mum;vdkuf&onf/ xdkYaemufwGifawmh ... uRefawmfhtwGuf wpfavmuvHk; onf tarSmifxkBuD; vTrfjcHK oGm;yg awmhonf/ tcsdefawG rnfrQMumoGm; onfrod .... uRefawmf owd wpfcsuf jyefvnfvmcsed w f iG f uReaf wmf ud, k f udk vIyfír&awmhyg/ touf & S L &mrS m vG e f p G m rG e f ; Muyf N yD ; ? tonf ; cd k u f a tmif emusifaom a0'emudk uRefawmf cHpm;&if;u? ... uReaf wmf cHpm;ae aom a0'em\ twdrfteufudk oabmaygufrv d monf/ a0;&awmhrnf? uRefawmf cspfaom aEG;? uRefawmf\ Nidrf;csrf; om,maom tdrfaxmifESifh ... 275
uHMur®m\ tvSnfhtajymif; u vnf; qef;Mu,fvSonf/ aMumuf cref;vdvdvnf; &SdvSonf/ tqkwf wpfjcrf;ESifh t ouf &Sifaeaom aEG; .... b0vSvS ESifh .... ao ab;rS a0;aecsed w f iG f ... oefoef pGrf;pGrf; vlvHk;vSvS &SdvSaom uRef awmfonf aorif;i,f cHwGif;0odkY puúefYydkif;twGif;? a&muf&Sdaeyg avNyD/ aEG;av;&,f armifu aEG; av;udk vufxyfvkduf&if wpfaeY aeYrmS armifwpfa,mufxJ use&f pfchJ rSmudk ...pd;k &draf MumufvefrY cd w hJ ,f? ckawmh aorif;u aEG;xuf t&if armifhudk ac:aeNyDav? uHMur®m&JU vSnfhuGufudk armifxdxdrdrd cHpm; vkduf&ygNyD aEG; ... cspfwJhaEG;eYJ armif cifwG,fwJh tdrfaxmifudk pGefYNyD; ... armifrodwJh ae&m wpfckqDudk armif oGm;&rJhtcsdef eD;vmNyD ... aEG;av;udk armif EIwf qufcJhygw,f? jzpfcJh&wJh taMumif; t&mawG tm;vHk;twGuf w&m;cH jzpfwJh armifhudk aEG;cGifhrvTwfygeJY ... armifuawmh aemufq;kH xGuf ouftxd? armifh&ifxJrSm armifh OD; aESmufxJrSm? aEG;av;udk cspfwJh pdwf[m &SifoefaerSmyg aEG; ... av;&,f/ uRefawmfh acgif;xJ rdkuf ceJ jzpfoGm;NyD; ... uRefawmf bmudkrQ rodawmhyg/ jrjrpdrf; &Tifvef;csrf;ajrhygap (cs,f&Dr*¾Zif;? 1992? Mo*kwfv) 276
þ0w¬Kjzifh ausmif;tkyf q&mrBuD;? q&mrBuD; a':omxuf ESifh uRefrtm; ynmtarG ay;cJah om q&m? q&mrrsm; jzpfMuonhf tefwDrdk;? BuD;BuD;quf? tefwDrd? q&mOD;vSjrifh q&mr a':Nidrf;Nidrf;? q&m OD;jrifhodef;ESifh q&mBuD; OD;wifwdkYtm; &dak oav;jrwfpmG uefawmhvdkufygonf/
wynffh cifpef;&D pma&;q&mr jrjrpdrf; (c) cdkifrDrDZif
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
277
'DaeY uRefawmf pwif touf&SdwJh aeYygyJ/ ]]uReaf wmf b,fov l }J } odyf aumif;wJh ar;cGe;f av;ygyJ 'gayr,fh cifAsm; ar;Munfhygvm;]] uRefawmf u bmvJ/}} [kwfuJh? uRefawmfu ]]plyg uGefjyLwm}} yg/ t&rf; t&rf;udk awmfwJh uGefjyLwmyg/ uGefjyLwm awG tm;vHk;xJu yxrqHk; topf plyguGefjyLwmav;yg/ uRefawmf&JU tpfudkawmf uGefjyLwmawG[m t aMumif;t&m trsm;BuD; jyKvkyfEdkif Muw,f/ tcsdeftrsm;BuD;rvdkbJ oef ; aygif ; rsm;pG m *Pef ; awG u d k wGufcsufay;Edkifw,f/ upm;enf; awG trsm;BuD; upm;Edkifw,f/ NyD; awmh um;vnf; armif;Edik Mf uw,f/ 'gayr,fh uReaf wmfu ydak wmfw,f/ olwdkYeJY rwlwmawG uRefawmf vkyf Edkifw,f/ ydkNyD; ta&;BuD;wmawG ayghAsm/ uRefawmfudk MunfhygAsm/ vl wpfa,mufeJY wlw,fvdkY rxifbl;/ uRefawmfhrSm vufESpfacsmif;&,f? ajcaxmufEpS af csmif;&,f? acgif;wpf vHk;&,fayghAsm/ NyD;awmh uRefawmf acgif;rSmav rsupf ?d em;? ESm acgif;eJY yg;pyfvnf;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh acgif; xJrSm &Sdwmuawmh plyguGefjyLwm aygh/ uRefawmfu t&rf;todÓPf &SdwJh plyguGefjyLwmaygh/ uRefawmf av t&mtm;vHk;udk odcsifw,f/ pmoif&wmudv k J BuKd uw f ,f/ 'gay r,fh ausmif;rSmawmh uRefawmf pm roifbl;/ pmtkyfoHk;oef;xJu t aMumif;t&mawG tm;vHk;udkvJ od w,f/ uRefawmfuawmh tm;vHk;udk 278
xyfocd siaf wmhwmygyJ/ uReaf wmfu t&rf;udk jynfph w kH o hJ l jzpfcsiw f ,fAs/ 'DurÇm ay:u udpötm;vHk;udk xyf odcsiaf wmhwmygyJ/ uReaf wmfu t &rf;udk jynfhpHkwJhol jzpfcsifw,fAs/ 'DurÇmay:u udpötm;vHk;udkvnf; uReaf wmf em;vnfw,f/ ocsmF qdv k J vG,frSvG,f? "mwkaA'eJY ½lyaA' qd k w m uRef a wmh twG u f a wmh jyóem vHk;0r&Sdygbl;whJ/ 'gawG tm;vHk;udk em;vnfayrJh uRefawmf em;rvnfwm wpfck&Sdao;w,f/ bmvJ odcsifvm; tJ'gu cifAsm; av vlqdkwJh t&mayghAsm/ wd&dpämef tm;vHk;u ½kd;½kd;av; ygyJ olwdkYodwm pm;r,f? aomuf r,f? tdyfr,f? uav;arG;r,f? vl awG tm;vHk;vJ twlwlygyJ? 'gay r,fh vlawGu ydNk y;D wwfEikd w f hJ t&m awG trsm;BuD;&Sdao;w,f? wcsdKU udpöawGudk uRefawmhjzifh em;udk rvnfEdkifatmifygbJ/ uRefawmf ADG'D,dk Munfh&wm t&rf;udk pdwf0if pm;w,f? MunfhvJMunfhcsifw,f/ t&rf; csr;f omwJo h l ESpaf ,muf ta&mif;t0,f vkyfMuw,f? wpf a,mufu ½k&Sm;wifhum; 25pD;? w½k w f j ynf u av,mOf y sH 4pD ; ? t*Fvdyf av,mOfypf wihfum; 10 pD;a&mif;w,f? wpfa,mufu ydkuf qHawG trsm;Bu;D ay;0,fw,f/ 'Dvkd yJ a&mif;vdu k f 0,fvu kd f vkyMf uOD;rSm vm;/ uRefawmf'Dudpöudk em;rvnf bl;Asm/ uReaf wmfu uGejf yLwmav? ud, k u hf u kd , kd f pm&dwaå umif; wJo h v l Ykd xifw,f/ qdk;0g;wJh t&mawG uRef
awmfvkyfEdkifw,f/ 'gay r,fh uRefawmfrvkyfbl;/ bm jzpf v d k Y v J od v m;? tJ'gawGu qdk;vdkYaygh/ aumif;wJh t&mawG &Sdo vdk qdk;wJh t&mawGvJ &Sdw,f/ vlawGa&m uGejfyL wmawGyg qdk;wJh tusifh &Sdovdk aumif;wJh tusifh &Sdw,f/ 'DppfwyfoHk;wJh vuf e uf a wG u qd k ; wJ h t&mawG y J / ol w d k Y ES p f a,mufu bmjzpfvdkY t a&mif;t0,f vkyfMuwm vJ jzpfEdkifwmu olwdkYrSm aumif;wJh tusihf r&Sv d yYkd J aerSm/ 'gayr,fh vltm; vHk;rSm aumif;wJh tusifh &Sdygw,f/ uRefawmfuyJ rSm;aeovm;? vlawGuyJ rSm;aeovm;/ NyD;awmh aemuf ADG'D ,dx k rJ mS aumifrav; ESpf a,muf? Bu;D wJh wpfa,muf u i,fwJh wpfa,muf&JU qHyifuq kd NJG y;D ti,fav; &JU zdeyftopfudk awmif; w,f/ q&mrudkvJ wdkif rajym&bl;vdkY tEdkifusifh w,f / tEd k i f u sif h w J h aumifrav;u vSvnf; rvSb;l / &efaxmifNy;D npf ywfw,f/ urÇmay:rSm tJ'Dvdk vlrsdK;awG oef; aygif;rsm;pGm &SdEdkifw,f/ tJ'g bmaMumifhvJ? pOf; pm;MunfhAsm/ uRefawmf
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Super Computer Man written by Jeremy Taylor
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ausmif; Mum;rSm vGwfaewJh uGuf vyf wpfck &Sdygonf/ tvdk t avsmuf ausmif;upm;uGif; jzpf aeygw,f / uG u f v yf tv,f avmufrmS ta&SUbufukd xGuo f nhf vrf;Mum;av; wpfcku &efukef? tif ; pd e f v rf ; ud k ayguf y gw,f / w&m;0ifvrf; r[kwfygbl;? jcHpnf; ½d k ; umvd k u f zsuf N yD ; 0if v d k u f E S i f h aemufawmhvTwf xm;vdkufyHk &yg w,f/ tJ'Dvrf;u b,folrS rrSnfh bJEiS hf uRu J ek ;f vrf; trnfwiG o f mG ;yg w,f/ b,fvdku b,fvdk pjzpfoGm; onf rodyg/ nae ausmif;qif;csed f wGif upm;yGJrsm; tpm; ]]ppfa&;jy}} yGJrsm; jzpfvmygw,f/ uRefawmfu ,cifxJu 'gawG oifzl;NyD; jzpfae vdkY rcufyg/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;p wdkif;jynfu tajctaeudk &dyfpm; rdEikd yf gw,f/ (awmcdo k mG ;aom tzGYJ tpnf;rsm;vnf; &Sad eygNy/D ) b,fol awG u bmawG o if w ,f qd k w m awmh rrSwfrdawmhyg/ 1949 ck ZEé0g &Dv 31 &uf aeY eHeuf (7;00) em&D ausmfausmf avmufrSm usdKuúvm; ocØsKif;ESifh c0JjcH wpf0dkufrSm cdkaeNyDjzpfwJh au tif't D akd wGEiS hf nu ordik ;f vrf;qHk w0dkufrSm vmcsvdkufwJh ppfwyfwYdk wku d yf JG pwifyg awmhw,f/ tJonf vdkESifh tJ'Daeu pNyD; ausmif;ydwf vdkuf&ygawmhw,f/ ausmif; pa&mufawmh uRef awmf wuf&wJh (5) wef;u ausmif; ajrmufbuftzDrmS yg/ twef; ydik u f q&mr a':om&S i f h jzpf y gw,f /
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&NyD; oli,fcsif; topfawG jzpfvm ygw,f/ ,ck twef;wGif twef;ydik f q&mtjzpf ocsmF q&mr a':pdepf ed f u udkifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh twef; i,fawG wkef;uvdk odyf owfowf rSwfrSwf rxm;awmhyg/ 'Dtwef; wGiv f nf; uReaf wmf BuKd ;pm;ygw,f/ t&Sdefu &vmNyDudk;/ touf u vnf ; (18)ES p f x J a&muf v mNyD ; twef;uvnf; ckew f ufcNhJ y/D tusKd ; quf u ausmif ; rS m q&ma&m ausmif;om;yg todtrSwf jyKvm Muwmyg/ rESpfxJu q&mrav;u ordkif;uvmwJh cyfpGmpGm vlwGif us,f vkyfcsifwJh aumifav;qdkNyD; ]Adkvfrdkif;}vdkY pac:cJhwm ,ckESpf 'Demrnfu emrnf&if; udkawmif ausmfwufvmygw,f/ rSwfrdorQ qdkvQif urm&Gwf aps;a&SU uGufvyfrSm trsdK;om; atmifyGJaeY a[majymyGJ usif;yyg w,f/ uRefawmhfudk txufwef; ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,f a&G;NyD; ajymcdkif;ygw,f/ q&mu a&;ay;yg w,f/ 'gayr,fh *syefacwf wpfcsed f vH;k pmpHzk wfNy;D jzpfaewJ?h jrefrmEdik if H vli,frsm; tpnf;t½kH;cGJ (ordkif;
294
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'DvdkESifh 1952 ck rwfvrSm uRefawmf&JU a':omxuf ausmif; om; oufwrf;ukefqHk; oGm;&yg awmhw,f/ uRefawmfausmif;u xGufNyD; aemuf 1952 ck E S p f wuú o d k v f 0 if wef;atmifNyD;awmh b,f bmom ,l & rS m vJ pOf ; pm;&ygNyD / xd k p Of umvu wuúodkvfrSm udk,fBudKuf wm ,lí &ygw,f/ bmomawG vnf; udk;,dk;um;,m;wGJvdk &yg w,f/ tJ'DESpf 1952 ckusrS rEkó aA' (Anthropology) poif awmh ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwm xifatmif udk,fwdkifoifrnf[k od&ygw,f/ uRefawmfu 0dZÆmoefw,f? tdrfu tif*sifeD,m jzpfapcsifw,f? 'gESifh q&mp`E´qD tqHk;tjzwf oGm;,lNyD; Pure Science ( Physics, kd &f w,f/ Chemistry, Maths) ,lvu
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(3) &ufaeYrSm arG;ygw,f/ bDat bGYJ &ygw,f/ NrKd Urausmif;rSm q&mr vkyyf gw,f? tvkyw f pfbufEiS hf Dip : Ed. atmifw,fwJh/ 'DbGJYudkawmh oH o , &S d y gw,f ? Diploma in Teaching. D.T. rsm;vm; aocsm wm uawmh q&mrBuD;rSm B.A. tjyif bGJYvGefwpfck&Sdwmyg/ udk,f a&; &ufpGJ tcsdKU &xm;aomfvnf; cdkifvHkrI oHo,&SdvdkY ra&;csifawmh yg/ ausmif; taMumif;vnf; ajymbdYk oifhygNyD/ 1959 rSm vuf&dS ausmif; opfBu;D aqmufNy;D ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh ausmif;a[mif;rSmvJ pmoifwek ;f vdYk od&ygw,f/ a':omxuf ausmif; om;a[mif;rsm; toif;zGJYpnf; jzpf aMumif;vnf; od&ygw,f/ 1960 ckEpS rf mS Ouú|u uReaf wmfEiS hf wuú odkvf0ifwef; wlwlatmifwJh OD;wif atmif y g/ (ol u tar&d u ef Purdue University u tif*sifeD ,mbGJY &NyD; &efukef rsLeDpy,frSm vkyfygw,f/ AE¨Kv yef;jcHrSm olY vuf&mawG trsm;BuD; &Sdygw,f/) uRefawmh vkyfief; uawmh &efukefESifh reD;pyfygbl;/ 'gaMumifh &efukefa&mufwdkif; q&mrBuD; 0if awGYjzpf ygw,f/ awGY&wJh tcg vnf;&S?d rawGUvdu k &f wJt h cgvnf; &Sd aygh/ 1965 ckESpfrSm ausmif;awG jynfolydkifvkyfawmh a': omxuf txufwef;ausmif;vnf; ygwmaygh/ wpfjynfvHk; twdkif;twmudk;/ tJ'D aemuf rMumbl;? q&mrBu;D use;f rm a&; raumif;bl;wJh Mum;&wmyJ/
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301
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311
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touf
ae&yfvdyfpm
1 a':wd;k cif
88
2 3 4 5 6
91 85 76 78 65
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
trnf
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77 75 73 75 77 76 66 65 70 72 85 85 65 66 80 63 67
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
325
t-x-u (2) vIdif (a':omxuftxufwef;ausmif;) pwkw¬(2003) ausmif;om;^ola[mif;rsm;\ tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif
ylaZmfcJhaomq&m? q&mrBuD;rsm;pm&if; pOf
trnf
touf
1 a':BuKdif 2 a':cifcsKd (1) 3 a':wifrd
90 85 76
4 a':&D&D 5 a':yef (c) a':MunfMunfcif 6 a':cifwD
74 65
7 a':cif&Sdef 8 a':cifcsKd (2) 9 OD;yef;BuKdif
76 59 60
77
10 a':trm&D
77
11 a':av;ar 12 a':cifwifh
63 66
13 a':tESi;f 14 a':wif&Sdef
69 65
15 a':MuLMuL
61
16 17 18 19
64 60 57 59
a':jrav; a':vSMuL a':wifa&T OD;pdk;vdIif
20 OD;rif;aZmf
326
57
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t-x-u (2) vIdif (a':omxuftxufwef;ausmif;) pwkw¬(2003) ausmif;om;^ola[mif;rsm;\ tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif
ylaZmfcJhaomq&m? q&mrBuD;rsm;pm&if; pOf
trnf
touf
21 a':nKdnKd
65
22 a':cifMunf
63
23 a':cifcsKdpdefY
72
24 a':nGefYar
64
25 a':jrifhjrifh 26 OD;0if;NrKdif
63 63
27 a':jrjr 28 a':arpdefwif 29 a':nGefY0if;jrifh
57 73 63
30 OD;apma0 31 OD;ausmaf Zm
59 69
32 a':pdeaf xG; 33 a':Munfoef;
62 59
34 a':odef;&if
67
35 a':pdefpdefar
65
36 a':apm&D 37 a':jrjraqG 38 OD;ausmaf qG
22 56 55
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
327
t-x-u (2) vIdif (a':omxuftxufwef;ausmif;) pwkw¬(2003) ausmif;om;^ola[mif;rsm;\ tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif
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39 a':p0fa&To;D
67
40 a':jraxG;
72
41 a':&ifarvS 42 OD;tmoma&mif; 43 a':wifjrifh (1)
57 58 66
44 a':vSpdef
61
45 46 47 48 49 50
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61 63 57 57 66 54
51 a':at;ydu k f 52 a':wifjrifh (2)
62 61
53 a':at;at;jrifh
56
54 a':,OfEk 55 a':eef;vSat;
63 63
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1953 - 1965
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1984 - 1987
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1991 - 1997
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uGefjyLwmtajccHynmESifh oifMum;rI? oif,lrIaxmufuljyKcef;r ypönf;rsm; tokH;jyK oifMum;a&; (NrKdUe,f qifhyGm;oifwef;) (xuf? atmufESifh 0J ykH)
ausmif;tyfESHa&;tcrf;tem; (atmufykH)
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
31
a&Twd*kH&ifjyifawmfay:rS txu (2) vIdif Ak'¨bmomtoif; ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;
ynma&;&nfrSef;csuf urÁnf;ausmufpmwdkif pdkufxljcif; tcrf;tem;
txu (2) vIdif ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;\ tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJ 32
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
rl;,pfaq;0g; wm;qD;a&;qdkif&m NrKdUe,ftqifh pmpDpmukH;NyKdifyGJrS yxrqk& rrDrDatmif (e0rwef; at) qk,laepOf
rdbq&mtoif; ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;ESifh qkESif; obif tcrf;tem; (31-8-2003)
rl;,pfaq;0g; tvGJokH;rIESifh w&m;r0ifa&mif;0,frI wdkufzsufa&;aeY txdr;f trSwaf [majymyGJ tcrf;tem;wGif q&mr a':nKd n Kd c if a[majymaepOf
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
33
t-x-u (2) vIdif
ausmif;wGif;vIyf&Sm;rI
rSwfwrf; "mwfykHrsm; 2002-2003
t x u (2)? vIdif rdom;pk\ pkaygif; r[m bkHuxdef yGJawmfjrifuGif;rsm; (xuf? 0JESifh atmuf )
34
tjynf j ynf q d k i f & m rl;,pfaq;0g; tvGJokH;rIESifh w&m;r0ifa&mif;0,frI wdkufzsufa&;aeY txd r f ; trS w f pmpDpmukH;NyKdifyGJ þNyKdifyGJwGif txuf w ef ; qif h pmpDpmukH; yxr&ol r S m efxwdk f r*¾Zif; txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wkarmif txdrc;f GtrS jzpf y gonf /
ausmif;ywf0ef;usif pdrf;vef; pdkajyapa&; vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrI? ausmif;ywf0ef;usif pdrf;vef;pdkajya&;aeY (14-7-2002)
t-x-u (2) vIdif
ausmif;wGif;vIyf&Sm;rI
rSwfwrf; "mwfykHrsm; 2002-2003
ausmif;usef;rma&; oDwif;ywfvIyf&Sm;rI? ausmif;cef;wGif;jyif oefY&Sif;a&; jyKvkyfjcif; (0J tay:)? uGefjyLwm tcef; oefY&Sif;a&; jyKvkyfjcif;( tay:ykH)ESifh ausmif;aqmifopf aemufbuf csKdifhudk oJajrzdkYjcif;ESifh oefY&Sif;a&; jyKvkyfjcif; (0J a tmuf )
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
35
a':omxufausi;f vdUk qdv k u kd w f meJU 'D ausmif;Bu;D udk pwifxlaxmifcJhwJh a':omxufudk owd&Mu rSm jzpfygw,f/ q&mrBuD;[m ol q&mr vkyfvdkU &wJh acR;enf;pmeJU udk,fxludk,fx pepfjzifh ZGJ?
vHUk v pdu k x f Nl y;D 'Dausmif;udk rjzpfrae xlaxmifchJ wmjzpfygw,f/ 'Dausmif;udk 1945 ckESpfrSm wnf axmifcJhNyD; “Daw Tha Htet’s Post Primary and Primary School” vdkU trnfwGifcJhygw,f/ jrefrm
a':jrifhjrifhoG,f
q&mrBuD;&JU apwem
ausmif;\ ykHrSef usif;yNrJ *DwESifhuyGJrwdkifrD q&mrBuD;a':omxuf trSmpum; ajymMum;pOf 36
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
qif;&J EGrf;yg;wJhol? taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh ynm quf roifEdkifwJh olawGudk tcrJh ausmif;vc r,lbJ pmoifay;ygw,f/ vdu k awmh a':omxuf rlvwef;ESihf rlvwef;vGef ausmif;vdUk t"dymÜ ,f&ygw,f/ ausmif;&JU wnfae &muawmh q&mrBu;D tdref UJ reD;ra0;rSm &Sw d hJ olr \ trsdK; wdkuftdrfrSm pwifygw,f/ pm toif tjy aumif;jcif;? pnf;urf;aumif;jcif;? apwem xufoefjcif;wdUk aMumifh ausmif;om;rdbrsm;u tm; ay;vmMuojzifh ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm wjznf;jznf; rsm;jym;vmygawmhw,f/ aemuf tJ'D wdkuftdrfeJU rqHw h t hJ cg wdu k t f rd af b;rSm tzDEpS cf k cs&wJh tjyif wJtdrf wpfvHk;NyD; wpfvHk;? oHk;vHk;txd wdk;csJU aqmufygawmhw,f/ q&mrBu;D [m olr\ ausmif; om;awGudk tJ'Dvdk EHkcsmwJh taetxm;rsdK;eJU pm oif ay;&wmudk rMunf&h ufvUkd ESpx f yfausmif;Bu;D aqmufzdkU pdwfxJrSm &nfoefxm;wJh taMumif; ausmif;om;rsm;udk cPcP ajymjyygw,f/ 'g aMumifrh Ukd vnf; ausmif;aqmufvyk zf Ukd &HyakH iG &&Sad &; twGuf trsdK;rsdK; &SmazG MuHqcJhygw,f/ ausmif;aqmufvyk zf Ukd &HyakH iG &&Sad &; twGuf Concert ya'omuyGJrsm; ESpfpOf usif;ycJhygw,f/ uyGJvufrSwfrsm; oGm;a&mif;wJhtcgrSm uRefrwdkU vdkufygNyD; ulnDa&mif;csay;&ygw,f/ olEiS hf oduRr;f wJh ukrP Ü o D al X;awG? ausmif;u xGuo f mG ;Ny;D csr;f omoGm;wJh wynfah wGqrD mS tvSL aiGaumufcyH gw,f/ ,if;odUk &&Sw d ahJ iGeUJ ausmif;u jrwfwJhaiGudk tESpfESpftvv pkaqmif;NyD; q&mr BuD;&JU aemufbuf&Sd ajruGufrSm ESpfxyfausmif; aqmufvyk yf gw,f/ 1962 ckEpS rf mS ausmif;aqmuf vkyf NyD;pD;ojzifh q&mrBuD;&JU pdwful;,Of tdyfruf Bu;D taumiftxnf ay:vmygawmhw,f/ ausmif; om;OD;a& rsm;jym;vmonfEiS t hf rQ twef;awGvnf; wk;d csUJ vdUk vmygw,f/ q&mrBu;D b,favmuftxd auseyf0rf;ajrmufaeonfudk rnfolrQ cefUrSef;Edkif rnf r[kwyf g/ odUk &mwGif q&mrBu;D &JU 0rf;ajrmuf
rIrmS wm&Snrf cH&yg/ 1965 ckEpS w f iG f q&mrBu;D &JU tESpEf pS f tvv pkaqmif;xm;wJh &HyakH iGeUJ aqmuf vkyfxm;wJh ausmif;BuD;ukd jynfolydkifodrf;jcif; cHvdkuf&ygawmhw,f/ q&mrBuD;[m tysdKBuD;jzpfygw,f/ olrudk Mo*kwfv (3)&uf rdk;½GmwJhtcsdefrSmarG;wJhtwGuf olr[m rsuf&nftvGefvG,fwJh taMumif;? olr&JU arG;aeU ESppf Of usi;f ywJt h cg tNrw J rf; ajymavh&ydS g w,f/ olr&JUarG;aeUrSm ausmif;om;tm;vH;k aysm½f iT f Muygw,f/ twef;BuD;u ausmif;om; ausmif;ol rsm;eJU q&m? q&mrrsm;u arG;aeUukd *kPfjyKwJh taeeJU t*Fvyd o f cD si;f “May the good Lord bless and keep you, You will never grow old” qdkwJh oDcsif;udk pkaygif;NyD; oHNydKifqdkMuwJhtcgrSm q&mr Bu;D u t*Fvyd o f cD si;f ESpo f ufojl zpfvUkd 0rf;omNy;D rsufESmwpfckvHk; NyHK;yef;awG a0aeygawmhw,f/ q&mrBuD;[m t*Fvdyfpm toiftjy tvGef aumif;ygw,f/ olroif ay;orQuo kd m wpfoa0 rwdrf; vdkufemoif,lEdkifr,fqdk&if t*Fvdyfpmudk tawmf uRrf;usifrSm jzpfygw,f/ uRefrwkdU qdk&if oloifay;orQ tukef roif,lEdkifayr,fh uRefr wdUk tvkyXf mewGif pDru H ed ;f rsm; taumiftxnf azmfwt hJ cg? Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;ESihf t*Fvyd pf um;ajym wJt h cg b,fausmif;uxGuo f vJ? Edik if jH cm; b,fEpS f cg a&mufzl;vJvdkU tar;cH&ygw,f/ tJ'guawmh q&mrBuD;&JU t*Fvdyfpm toiftjyaumif;rI aMumifh tajccHaumif; &xm;vdkUyJ jzpfygw,f/ q&mrBuD; pdwfxm;? oabmxm;aumif;yHkeJU apwemaumif;yHu k kd ajymjycsiyf gao;w,f/ qif;&J EGr;f yg;wJo h ?l taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh ynm quf roifEdkifwJh olawGudk tcrJh ausmif;vc r,lbJ pmoifay;ygw,f/ armifErS oH;k a,muf ausmif;xm; &if wpfa,muftwGuf ausmif;vcvGwfNidrf;cGifh
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
37
jyKygw,f/ uRefr tpfudk wpfa,muf &Spfwef; a&mufwJhtcg q&mrBuD;u pm 'DavmufawmfwJh ausmif;om; q,fwef;atmifygapOD; qdkNyD; tcrJh ausmif;qufwufapygw,f/ tJ'geJU tpfudkvnf; ausmif;qufwufvdkuf&vdkU q,fwef;udk ESpfcsif; aygufatmifomG ;ygw,f/ uRerf qd&k if twef;wdik ;f rSm yxr? 'kw, d tNr&J wJo h [ l m q,fwef;a&muf awmh "mwkaA'? ocsmF ? ½lyaA' q&mawG cPcP ajymif;MuwJt h wGuf pdw"f mwfawGusNy;D pmrusuf wwfatmif jzpfoGm;vdkU tJ'DESpfrSm pmar;yGJ usyg awmhw,f/ tazu pmqufroifay;Edkifawmh ojzifh ½Hk;wpf½Hk;rSm pma&;r vkyfapw,f/ uRefru q&mrBu;D qD oGm;Ny;D ausmif;rwufEikd af wmhwhJ t aMumif;udk q&mrBuD;udk idk,dkNyD; ajymjywJhtcg bmvdUk ausmif;rwuf&rSmvJ? vmwuf? q&mrBu;D tcrJhoifay;r,fvdkU ajymygw,f/ 'geJU ausmif; qufwuf&vdkU q,fwef;atmifcJhygw,f/ vlUb0 wpfavQmufrmS q,fwef;atmifzUkd &m ta&;Bu;D qH;k jzpfvdkU uRefrudk q,fwef; atmif atmif oifay; cJw h hJ q&mrBu;D &JU aus;Zl;udk uRerf wpfouf arhr& Ekdifawmhyg/ uRerf q,fwef; atmifNy;D aemuf tpfuakd wG &JU yHhydk;rIaMumifh aumvdyf qufwufEdkifcJhygw,f/ bDtuf(pf) pD(bdkiftdk) bGJU&cJhNyD;aemuf &efukef wuúov kd f (½kua© A') XmerS o½kyjf yq&mr? bDt;D pD 'D wpfckrSm refae*sm? jrefrmhv,f,mxGufukef ypönf;a&mif0,fa&;rSm vufaxmuftaxGaxG refae*smtjzpf tNidrf;pm; ,lchJygw,f/ ,ckvdk b0rsKd ;eJU MuKH awGU&onfrmS q,fwef;atmifatmif oifay;cJhwhJ q&mrBuD; aus;Zl;aMumifh r[kwfyg avm/ q,fwef;om ratmifcv hJ Qif pma&;rb0eJU yifpif,lrSm jzpfygw,f/ q&mrBuD;udk uRefrwdkU wwfEdkifoavmuf aus;Zl;qyfaom taejzifh q&mrBuD;&JU arG;aeYwkdif;? ESpfopful;wdkif; pm;p&m wpfcck k tNrw J idk ;f oGm;ydUk ygw,f/ oGm;ydUk wdik ;f vnf; q&mrBu;D u tvGef 0rf;omygw,f/ tcsed af &muf 38
vdYk vmrydUk ao;&ifvnf; arQmaf ewwfaMumif; olr \ wlr ajymjyí od&ygw,f/ ,if;vkyf&yfudk q&mrBu;D &JU aemufq;kH aeYwikd af tmif vkyaf qmifEikd f cJhygw,f/ þrQeJY q&mrBuD;&JU aus;Zl;um;qyfí rukefEdkifao;ygwum;/ uRerf wdUk uJo h Ukd q&mrBu;D tcrJo h ifay;cJh Mu ojzifh jzpfajrmufoGm;aomolrsm; rnfrQ&dSrnfudk rSef;qí r&Edkifyg/ q&mrBuD;[m tvGef oem; Muifemwwfol jzpfygw,f/ rdbESpfyg; uG,fvGef oGm;wJh wl? wlrrsm;udk auR;arG;apmifah &Smufxm;Ny;D ynmwwfajrmufwJhtxd oifay;ygw,f/ ynm oifí rwwfEdkifwJh aqGrsdK;om;csif;rsm;udk oifh awmf&m tvkyaf y;Ny;D vnf; auR;arG; apmifah &Smuf xm;ygw,f/ olrtdrrf mS qd&k if auR;arG;apmifah &Smuf xm;olaygif; q,fOD;xufrenf; &Sdygw,f/ q&mrBuD;[m tysdKBuD;om jzpfaomfvnf; rdcifpdwf"mwf tjynfht0&SdoljzpfvdkU ]]urm½Gwf rdcifESifhuav; apmifha&Smufa&;toif;}} jzpfay: vma&;twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wrH pwifaqmif½GufcJhol jzpfonf/ olr\ pGrf;aqmifcsufESifh &yfuGufjynf olwdkU\ yHhydk;rIaMumifh urm½GwfrdcifESifhuav; apmifah &Smufa&;toif;&,fvUkd urm½Gwf okcvrf; rSm ay:xGe;f vmygw,f/ ,if;toif;eJU taqmuf tODav;[m ,aeUwdik f wnfNraJ eNy;D ,cktcsed rf mS awmh qif;&JErG ;f yg;wJo h rl sm;\ om;zGm;&m ae&mESihf uav;oli,frsm;udk umuG,af q;xk;d ay;&m ae&m tjzpf acwfrDwdk;wufvdkU aeygawmhw,f/ okc vrf;udk jzwfavQmufoGm;vdkY 'Dtoif;&JU qdkif;bkwf udk jrifwidk ;f q&mrBu;D a':omxuf ouf&x dS if&mS ; &SdaeOD;r,fqdk&if b,favmuf aumif;vdrfhrvJvdkU atmufarh owd&rdygw,f/ q&mrBuD; a':omxuf\ arwåmw&m;ESifh apwem wu,fyifBu;D rm;vSyu kH kd þaqmifyg;jzifh azmfñTef;*kPfjyKtyfygownf;/ a':jrifhjrifhoG,f
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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uRerf onf a':omxufausmif;xGuf ppfppfjzpfyg onf / ol i ,f w ef ; rS p í wuú o d k v f 0 if w ef ; (,cifu 9wef;aygh ) txdynmoif&if EdkYaomuf cJ h & wJ h ausmif ; ol y g/ ,ck a wmh uRef r onf vkyfouf 35ESpf? touf 61 ESpf (Extension) ESpw f ;kd wpfEpS w f w d d wdik ;f jynftwGuf vkyt f m;ay;Ny?D aq;0g;uRrf ; usif r I wuú o d k v f (rEÅ a v;) \ ygarmu©csKy sKyf taejzifh tNidrf;pm; ,lvdkufygNyD/ uRerf udak rG;xkwaf y;cJw h hJ ausmif;Bu;D udk owd r&bJ raeEdkifyg/ ausmif;wnf&Sd&m ae&mav;udk jzwfoGm;rdwdkif; ½kH;cef; taqmuftOD wpfckom xD;xD;BuD; usef&Sdaeao;wmudk MunfhNyD; &iffarm & ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh ]]'g igwdkYausmif;uJGY}} vdkY vuf ñSKd ; ñTejf yEdik pf &m &Sad o;vdYk auseyfEikd yf gao;w,f/ ausmif;BuD;udk jrif&NyD; 'Dausmif;udk wnf axmifcJhaom q&mrBuD; a':omxufudkyg vGrf; qGwfrdygw,f/ ausmif;tkyfBuD; taejzifh ausmif; ol? ausmif;om;rsm;tay: apwem &SdyHkawGyg jrif a,mifryd gw,f/ ausmif;vcudk tenf;qH;k ,lxm; NyD; wpfrdom;pkxJrS armifESr 3OD;wufvQif wpfOD; udk tcrJh ynmoifMum;cGihf ay;xm;ygw,f/ tcrJh ynmoifcGifh ay;xm;ayr,fh tcGifhta&; wpfckrS awmif;qdkcJhjcif; r&SdcJhygbl;/ tr&yl&NrdKU r[m*E¨m½kHausmif; q&mawmf BuD; &SifZeubd0Ho\ vrf;pOftwkdif; bkef;BuD; ausmif;rSm 0denf;awmfukd vdu k ef m&rSm yxrvdYk qdk qHk;r ouJhodkY a':omxuf ausmif;rSmvnf; pnf;urf; &SdzdkYu ta&;tBuD;qkH;qdkNyD; ausmif;ol?
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
39
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ajccHynmtv,fwef;pmar;yGJ rsm;ü bmompHk*kPfxl;rsm;jzifh atmifjrifcJhol(7)OD;ay:xGef;cJh ygonf/ 1975-ckESpf?wuúodkvf 0ifwef;pmar;yGJwGif rESif;ESif; wifonf jrefrmpm? t*Fvdyfpm? ocsFm? ½lyaA'? "mwkaA'? ZD0 aA' (6)bmomjzifh *kPfxl;jzifh jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk;wGiftqifh(5) &um atmifjrifcJhygonf/ 1991-ckESpf?tajccHynm txufwef;pmar;yGJwGif armif oef;xG#fatmifonf jrefrmpm? t*Fvdyfpm? ocsFm? ½lyaA'? "m wkaA'? ZD0aA' (6)bmompHk *kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhygonf/ 1992-ckESpf?tajccHynm tv,fwef;pmar;yGJwGif roD wmxGef;onf jrefrmpm? t*F vdyfpm? ocsFm? yx0D0if? ordkif;? taxG a xG od y Ü H ( 6)bmompH k *kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhygonf/ 1993-ckESpf? tajccHynm txufwef;pmar;yGJwGif armif aexGef;aZmfonf jrefrmpm? t*F vdyfpm? ocsFm? ½lyaA'? "mwk aA'? ZD0aA' (6)bmompHk*kPf xl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhygonf/ 1995-ckESpf? tajccHynm txufwef;pmar;yGJwGif roD wm0if;onf jrefrmpm? t*Fvdyf pm? ocsFm? odyÜHbmomwGJ? vlrI a&;bmomwGJ (5)bmom*kPf xl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhygonf/ 1999-ckESpf? tajccHynm txufwef;pmar;yGJwGif armif
aevif;xGe;f onf jrefrmpm? t*F vdyfpm? ocsFm? odyÜHbmomwGJ? vlrIa&;bmomwGJ(5)bmompHk *kPfxl;jzifh jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; wGif tqifh(10)&umatmifjrif cJhygonf/ 2000-jynfhESpf?tajccH ynmtxufwef;pmar;yGJwGif rqkrGefvGifonf jrefrmpm? t*F vdyfpm? ocsFm? odyÜHbmomwGJ?vl rI a &;bmomwG J (5)bmompH k *kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhygonf/ xl;cRefcJholrsm; owårwef;? t|rwef;? e0rwef ; ? 'orwef ; ausmif ; om;ausmif;olrsm;udk ESpfpOf vl &nfcRef a½G;cs,fcsD;jr§ifhcJhonfh acwf(1970 rS 1988 twGif;) rsm;wGif þausmif;rS ESpfpOfvl &nfcRerf sm; &&Scd yhJ gonf/ ,if;wdYk txJrS þausmif;wGiv f &l nfcRef (3)ESpq f ufwu kd &f &SNd y;D ?aq;wuú odkvf wGifvnf; (3)Budrfquf wdu k &f &Su d m (6)xyfurG ;f vl&nf cRefqk &&SdcJhaom armifapm0if; at;rSm txifay:qHk; jzpfcJhyg onf/ NrKd Ue,ftqif?h wdik ;f tqif?h A[dktqifh? EdkifiHwumtqifh ponfjzifh yef;csD? umwGef;? ydkp wm NydKifyGJrsm;wGif þausmif;rS uav;rsm; rMumcPqkBuD;rsm; &&SdcJhonfhteuf tdE´d,EdkifiH &S e f u myef ; csD N yd K if y G J w G i f ae½l ; a&T w H q d y f q k ? Ed k i f i H w um u av;yef;csDxl;cRefqkrsm; &&SdcJh
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aom rpd;k rd;k cdik Ef iS hf *syefEikd if H Edik f iHwum uav;yef;csDNydKifyGJwGif xl;cRefqk &&Sdojzifh udk,fwdkif*s yefodkY oGm;a&mufNyD; qk,lcJh& aom armifZw JG v Ykd nf;ay:xGucf hJ ygonf/ pmpDpmuHk;?uAsmNydKifyGJt rsKd;rsKd;wGifvnf; qkrsKd;pHk &&SdcJh olrsm;xJwiG f 1998-ckEpS ?f jrefrm trsKd;orD;rsm;aeU txufwef; qifh pmpDpmuHk;NydKifyGJ (A[dkt qifh)wGif yxr&&SdcJhaom rcdkif 0wf&nf? 2000-jynfhESpf? urÇmh ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; t xufwef;qifh pmpDpmuHk;NydKifyGJ (A[dk)wGif yxrqk &&SdcJhaom rESif;tdvIdifwdkYvnf; ay:xGufcJh ygonf/ tm;upm;avmuwG i f jrefrmhvufa½G;pif abmfvDabm orm; armifatmifoed ;f wef?0l½LS ; vufa½G;pif armifaZmfaZmfrdk;wdkY vnf; ay:xGufcJhygonf/ tEkynmavmuwGiv f nf; o½k y f a qmif r sm;tjzpf eef ; uvsmvIdif? (OD;)aZmfOD;? cdkifZif aomfwdkU &SdMuygonf/ aw;*Dw avmuwGif udkpef;csKdvif;? rsKd; BuD;(armifrsKd;rif;aX;)wdkYvnf; &SdMuygonf/
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a':jrif h j rif h o if ; ? q&mOD ; cif armifat;ESifh q&mra':wif wif E G , f ? q&mOD ; ausmf p d k ; -2 ("mwfyHk)ESifh a':pef;jrwdkY jzpfMu ygonf/ ,ckwikd t f rd af xmifrus bJ vlysKBd u;D rsm;jzpfaeolEpS Of ;D rSm q&mOD;apm0ESihf q&mOD;tmom a&mif; wdkYjzpfMuygonf/ q&mrsm;xJrSuG,fvGef cJhMuolrsm;rSm q&mBuD;OD;wif? q&mOD;vSjrif?h q&mOD;atmif0if;? q&mOD;at;aqG? q&mOD;ausmpf ;dk -2("mwfyHk)? q&mOD;atpDbuf pwD,ef wdkYjzpfMuygonf/ rdbq&mtoif; t.x.u(2)vIdifrdb q&mtoif; pwifzGJUpnf;csdefrS pí ,cktxd twGif;a&;rSL;rsm; tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhMuolrsm;rSm q&mOD;yef;BudKif? q&mOD;rif;
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62
q&m?q&mrrsm;udk(12-2-2000) jynfaxmifpkaeYwGif t.x.u (2)vIdifü pkaygif;uefawmhyGJ jyK vkyfcJh&m q&mrBuD;rsm;? q&m q&mrrsm;? ausmif;om;^olrsm; tcsif;csif; jyefvnfawGUqHkcGifh &cJhMu&m tvGefpnfum; odkuf NrdKufNyD; vGefpGm0rf;omyDwdjzpf p&m BuHKawGUcJh&ygonf/ 2001-ckESpf? arvwGif 'kwd,tBudrf tmp&d,ylaZmf uefawmhyGJudk vIdifNrdKYe,f? urm ½Gwf blwm½Hkvrf;&Sd aZ,s0wD ausmif ; wd k u f ü usif ; ycJ h M uyg onf/ 2002-ckESpf? wwd, tBudrfESifh 2003-ckESpf? pwkw¬ tBud r f w d k Y w G i f a':omxuf vufxufu q&m q&mrrsm; tm; ausmif;om;^ola[mif; rsm;rS a&Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;&Sd pGrf; tif0efBuD;Xme "r®m½HkwGif usif;
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jynfhESpf rSmvnf; 5 bmom*kPfxl; rqk&nfrGef &&Scd yhJ gw,f/ q&mrBu;D a':eef;vSat; vufxuf rSmbJ 2002 ckESpfrSm &efukefausmif;aygif;pkH atmifcsuf&mckdifEIef;rSm tqifh 10 &&SdcJhygw,f/ vIdifNrdKUe,f t.x.u (2) ausmif; uawmh Top jzpfcyhJ gw,f/ b,fv, dk OS , f OS f ,SOv f Udk r&Edik w f hJ x2 vIdifrS xuf^v,f - q&m^rrsm;u BuKd;pm; vsufyg/ yef;yefvsufyg/ tarBuD; a':trm&D&JU pum;oHrsm; em;xJ urxGufao;ygbl;/ vpOf vcxkwfwkdif; tpnf; ta0;ac:&if q&m^rrsm;tm;vk;H tpnf;a0;cef;r xJrSm pka0;Mu&ygw,f/ tarBuD;u ausmif;&JUvkd tyfcsufpnf;urf;? jznfhqnf;&rJh wm0efvkyfief; awGurdk mS Mum;ygw,f/ 'gawGrajymMum;rD tarBu;D ajymwJph um;u ]]uRerf wkUd ausmif;uq&m^r awG awmf M uygw,f / aumif ; Muygw,f / uRef r &J U q&m^r awGaumif;vkUd awmfvUdk uRerf wkUd ausmif; BuD;u emrnf&wmyg/ vl&nfcRefawG vnf;&wm yg/ uRefrawmfvkdU r[kwfygbl;? uRefr q&m^r awG awmfvkdUyg}} [k tjrJajymygw,f/ tJ'DvkdrsKd; pum;vkH;awG Mum;&awmh uRefrwkdU vufaxmuf awGykdNyD; BudK;pm;vkdpdwfawG wzGm;zGm; ay:vmyg w,f/ nDnDnGwfnGwf eJUrckdruyfbJ vkyfvmMu ygw,f/ ausmif;eJU ywfoufvm&if eJeJav;rS t ajymrcH&atmif pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd eJUaevmMuygw,f/ ab;ywf0ef;usirf mS vIid ^f 2 u t&rf;pnf;urf;Bu;D wmyJvkdU Mum;&wJhtcg tvGef yDwdjzpfrdygw,f/ tck Ek0d ifbmvxJuyJ pdeq f idk w f pfqidk u f qkid &f iS u f q&mrb,fausmif;uvJar;vkdU x^2 vIdifuvkdU ajymawmh tJ'D ausmif;u t&rf;pnf;urf;BuD;wm bJvkdU ajymw,f[k ajymjyaomtcg yDwdrsm;pGm
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77
ESpfpOfynm&nf xl;cRefqkcsD;jr§ifhyGJrsm; usif;y ay;onf/ qk&&Sdolrsm;tm; q&mrBuD; a':om xuf ud, k w f ikd f qkcs;D jri§ ahf y;onf/ ESppf Of ausmif; wGif aysmfyGJ&TifyGJrsm; usif;yay;cJhonf/ aysmfyGJ&TifyGJ wGif ajy;ckefypfNydKifyGJ? tmvl;aumufNydKifyGJ? rkefYpm; NyKd iyf ?GJ *Hek t D w d pf yG f tajy;NyKd irf sm;? usi;f yay;cJo h nf/ vl 2 a,mufudk yl;uyfNyD; tv,f ajcaxmuf (2) acsmif;udk BudK;ESifhpnf;NyD; ajcoHk;acsmif;axmuf ajy;NydKifyGJrsm; usif;yay;cJhonf/ uRerf txl; pdw0f ifpm;onfum; uAsmNyKd iyf JG yifjzpfonf/ uRefr K.G (rlBudK) wGif ynmoif pOf q&mrBuD; tefwD*sdKpDu uav;upm;p&m wa,mwpfvuf uRefrtm;ay;NyD;? t*FvdyfuAsm wpfy'k u f kd oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ uRerf onf q&mr Bu;D oifMum;ay;cJo h nfh twkid ;f ausmif;wGi;f NyKd iyf üJG uAsmudk oDqdkNyD;? wzufrSvnf; wa,mudk xdk;NyD;? [efrl&mrsdK;pHkESifh NydKifyGJ0ifcJh&onf/ xdkpOfu uRefr onf 'kwd,qk&&SdchJNyD; tdrftjyef tazu uRefr tm; xyfqifh qkcsD;jr§ifhcJhonf/ q&mrBu;D a':omxuf OD;aqmifrjI zifh uif; axmuf tzGJU (Boy Scott) udk zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ uif;axmuf tzGUJ rSm vlraI &; u,fq,fa&;vkyif ef; (y&[dw) udk aqmif&Guf&eftvdkYiSm - ausmif;ol ausmif;om;wdkYtm; q&mrBuD;u? ausmif;aepOf uav;vli,fb0uyif vlrIu,fq,fa&;wm0ef rsm; vkyaf qmifwwfajrmuf&ef tajccH bmom&yf udk A[kow k taejzifh oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ ausmif;
78
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\/ odkYaomf q&mBuD;OD;atmifcifonf uRefrwdkY ausmif;wGif wpfEpS w f mrQavmufom MumNy;D tjcm; ausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TUoGm;cJhonf/ onfaemuf q&mrBuD; a':trm&D a&muf vmonf/ q&mrBu;D um; t.x.u (2) vIid w f iG f ESpfaygif; (19)ESpf ausmfrQ wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh onf/ vkyo f uftMumqH;k ESihf 0g&ifq h &mrBu;D vnf; jzpfayonf/ pnf;urf; BuD;vSonf/ q&mrBuD; ud, k w f ikd f (9)wef;? (10)wef;wGif jrefrmpm bmom &yfukd oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ pmoifpmjy tvGef awmf ol jzpfí jrefrmpm *kPfxl;&Sif wynfhrsm;udkvnf; arG;xkwfEdkifcJhonf/ q&mrBu;D \ aqmify'k u f m; ausmif;aeaysmí f pmawmf&rnf (The Happiness of Teaching Way) jzpfonf/ q&mrBuD; a':trm&Donf ,cif a':om xuf txufwef;ausmif;b0u wifxm;cJhaom ynma&; pHcsed pf ñ H eT ;f rsm;udk xde;f odr;f Edik ½f rHk QrubJ? ausmfvGefatmif BudK;yrf; pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhayonf/ odkYaMumifhrdkY? q&mrBuD;vufxufwGif tpdk;&ppf pmar;yGJ jzpfaom tajccHtv,fwef;pmar;yGJESifh tajccH txufwef;pmar;yGJrsm;wGif ig;bmom *kPfxl;&Sif? ajcmufbmom *kPfxl;&Sif rsm;pGmudk arG;xkwfEdkifcJhonf/ vl&nfcRef? vl&nfrGefrsm;udk vnf; þausmif;awmfrS arG;xkwfEdkifonf/ 1972 - 73 tajccHynma&; txufwef; pmar;yGJwGif uRefronf wpfESpfwnf; ½lyaA' *kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf/ ½lyaA' enf;jy q&mr a':ESif;tm;vnf; uRefrrSm txl; aus;Zl; wifryd gonf/ q&mrBu;D ESihf q&mrtm;vH;k udv k nf; aus;Zl;Oyum& wifrdygaMumif; ajymvdkygonf/ uRefr tajccHtxufwef;pmar;yGJ atmifjrifNyD; wuúov kd o f Ykd rwufrD uRerf wdt Yk m; t*Fvyd pf m oif Mum;ay;aom q&mr a':oufvaS z uG,v f eG o f mG ; ygí uRefrwdkY vdIif-t.x.u (2)rS ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; vdu k yf gydaYk qmifcMhJ uonf/ q&mr aumif;&m ok*wdbHkodkY vm;ygapaMumif; qkrGef
aumif; awmif;vdkufygonf/ 1974 ckESpfwGif uRefronf &efukef 0dZÆmESifh odyÜHwuúodkvf-rEÅav;aqmifwGif ½lyaA' t"du bmomjzifh wufa&muf oifMum;cGifh &cJhonf/ uRefr ½lyaA' pwkw¬ESpfoifwef;odkY wufaepOf wGif ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; jzpfcMhJ uaom udx k eG ;f oef;? udak tmifoed ;f wdo Yk nf uRerf xHoYkd a&mufvm Ny;D t.x.u (2)vdiI w f iG f ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; a[mif;rsm; jyefvnfawGUqHyk EJG iS hf q&m? q&mrrsm; tm; ylaZmfuefawmhyJG usi;f yrnfh zdwpf m wpfapmif udk vma&muf ay;cJhonf/ uRefrvnf; rdrdtm; wpfcsdefu ynm oif Mum;ay;cJhaom q&m? q&mrrsm;tm; jyefvnfí awGUqHk&rnfudk awG;&if; 0rf;ajrmufyDwd jzpfcJh& onf/ oli,fcsif;a[mif;rsm;ESifh jyefvnf qHkawGU &rnfudkawG;&if; aysmf&TifcJh&onf/ uRefrvnf; olwdkYtm; vdktyfonfh tultnD ay;rnf jzpff aMumif; ajymcJhonf/ tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJ usif;yrnfh&ufwGif uRefr wdo Yk nf ausmif;ola[mif; rcifpef;jrif\ h tdrw f iG f pkaygif;csujf yKwf pm;aomufMuonf/ 0dik ;f 0ef; ulnD csufjyKwfay;aom rcifpef;jrifh\ rdbrsm;udkvnf; aus;Zl;wifrqH;k jzpfro d nf/ oli,fcsi;f rsm; jyefvnf qHpk nf;Ny;D pm;MuaomufMuESihf aysmpf &maumif;vS ayonf/ yxrtBurd f tmp&d,ylaZmfyu JG kd 1978 ckEpS f t.x.u (2) vdIifausmif;cef;rü usif;yEdkifcJh onf/ xdt k mp&d,ylaZmfyo JG Ykd q&mrBu;D a':trm&D trSL;jyKaom q&m? q&mrrsm; pHkpHknDnDwuf a&mufEikd cf o hJ nf/ tcrf;tem;rSL; tjzpf udpk ed rf if; u aqmif&Gufonf/ tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif q&mr Bu;D a':trm&Du rdrw d \ Ykd ausmif;onf vl&nfcRef vl&nfrGefrsm; arG;xkwf&m ae&mjzpfaMumif; tae pkwaf omfvnf; a&Txyk o f nfh jry0gyif jzpfcahJ Mumif; wuúov kd o f Ykd oGm;a&muf ynmoifMum;aomfvnf; rdcif ausmif;*kPfudk qufvufxdef;odrf;í vdr®m a&;jcm; &Sad pvdak Mumif; qH;k rMo0g' ay;cJah vonf/
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
79
xdkYaemuf qufvufí q&m? q&mrrsm; udk,fpm; q&mOD;atmif0if;(tb) u armifwdkY r,fwdkY[m wuúodkvfwGif ynmoifMum;aeaomf vnf; rdrdwdkY\ b0udk rarhMuESifh? wuúoDvm jruRe;f omonf tvTmaygif;pHrk S vlwpYkd ak 0; a&muf &S&d m a'ojzpfí taygif;toif;rrSm; apvdak Mumif;? qHk;rMo0g' pum;ajymMum;cJhavonf/ uRefronf q&mrBuD;ESifh q&mwdkY\ Mo0g' pum;udk emMum;&aomtcg q&morm;wdkY\ apwemudk ydrk kd em;vnf oabmaygufvmcJo h nf/ q&morm;wdu Yk m; wynfw h t Ykd m; rdrw d v Ykd ufrS vGwf aomfvnf; a&muf&ma'owGif qifpD;jrif;&Hwmudk jrifvdkMuonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif wuúodkvfodkY a&muf aomfvnf; wynfah [mif;rsm;tm; qH;k rMo0g' vrf; ñTefwkef;yif jzpfonf/ q&morm;wdkY\ apwem u½kPmum; BuD;rm;vSygbd? qyfí rukefEdkifyg/ q&mrBu;D ESihf q&mwdYk Mo0g'pum; ajymMum; NyD;aemuf wynfha[mif;rsm;u rdrdwdkYwwfodaom tEkynmrsm;jzifh azsmfajz ujyMuonf/ ausmif; om;a[mif;Bu;D udjk rifOh ;D u oH;k &moD oDcsi;f jzif¤h if;? ausmif;ol rcsdKcsdKvdIifu rIHa&T&nf oDcsif;jzifh¤if; oDqdkazsmfajzMuonf/ ausmif;om;a[mif;BuD; udak tmifoef;\ OD;a&T½;kd tuum; NrKd iNf rKd iq f ikd q f ikd f
80
ESifh jrefrm½dk;&m[ef trlt&m ay:vGifvSayonf/ þodjYk zifh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;\ tEk ynmjzifh q&m? q&mrrsm;tm; ylaZmf*g&0jyKMuNy;D aemuf yxrtBurd f tmp&d,ylaZmfyu JG kd atmifjrif pGm usif;yNyD;pD;cJhavonf/ uRefronf 1978 ckESpfwGif &efukef 0dZÆmESifh odyÜHwuúodkvfrS ½lyaA' t"dubmomjzifh bGJU& cJhygonf/ onfhaemuf uRefronf vdIif t.r.u wGif rlvwef;jy q&mrtjzpf 0ifa&muf wm0ef xrf;aqmifco hJ nf/ uRerf onf rlvwef;jy q&mr tjzpf wm0ef,l xrf;aqmif&onft h cg uRerf tm; wpfcsdefu ynmoifMum; ay;Muukefaom q&m q&mrrsm;\ apwemudk ydrk kd oabmaygufem;vnf vmcJo h nf/ xdaYk Mumifh aus;Zl;&Sif q&m? q&mrrsm; udk jyefvnf awGYqHkvdkpdwfrsm; jzpfay:cJhNyD; uef awmhvpkd w d rf sm; wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/ odYk aomfvnf; q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifh uRefrum; wpf a,muf wpfae&m jzpfaeMuNyD; xdkq&m? q&mr rsm;udk wpfae&mwnf;wGif pkpnf;zd&Yk ef uRerf wpf a,mufwnf;jzifh pGrf;aqmifí r&Edkifyg/ rsm;rMumvSyg? uRefr\ qkawmif;csufESifh arQmv f ifch suu f m; jynfch \ hJ / udak tmif0if;Edik ?f udjk rifh OD;? udkaZmfrif;av;? udkrsdK;oef;? udkatmifodef;?
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udkxGef;oef;wdkYonf uRefrqDodkY a&mufvmNyD; zdwfpmESifhtwl 'kwd, tBudrfajrmuf tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJudk urm&Gwfblwm½Hkvrf;? aZ,sm0wD ausmif; "r®m½Hkü usif;yrnf jzpfaMumif; ajymjyyg onf/ uRefronf xdkowif;udk Mum;&í rsm;pGm 0rf;ajrmuf yDwd jzpfcJh&onf/ þ'kw, d tBurd af jrmuf tmp&d,ylaZmfyu JG kd aZ,sm0wD ausmif;wdkuf"r®m½Hkü usif;ycJhonf/ xdktmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif q&mBuD;OD;odef;ZHu wuf a&mufvmaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; "m;ESihf "m;aoG;ausmuf Oyrmay;í qH;k rMo0g'ay; cJhonf/ q&mBuD;onf a':omxuf ausmif;om; a[mif; wpfOD;vnf; jzpfcJhovdk a':omxuf ausmif;q&m wpfOD;vnf; jzpfcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf tNidrf;pm; q&mrBuD; a':trm&D ESihf ESpt f vdu k f wm0ef xrf;aqmifcMhJ uaom q&mr BuD;wdkYu toD;oD; qHk;rMo0g' pum;ajymcJhMu onf/ tcrf;tem;rSL; tjzpf udak t;rif;u aqmif &GufcJhonf/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wif pum;udk ausmif;om;a[mif; udrk sKd ;oef; u aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;Ny;D ? tmp&d, ylaZmfyJG jzpfajrmufa&;tzGJU udk,fpm;? twGif;a&;rSL; OD;udk av;u aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;cJo h nf/ wwd, tBudrfajrmuf tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJudk trd ausmif; awmf (t.x.u 2 - vIdif) ü usif;ycJhNyD;? xdk tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJwGif q&mrBuD; tNidrf;pm; a': trm&DEiS hf ESpt f vdu k f wm0efxrf;aqmifcMhJ uaom tNird ;f pm; q&mrBu;D toD;oD;wdYk qH;k rMo0g' pum; ajymMum;cJhMuonf/ xdkYaemufvuf&Sd ausmif;tkyf q&mrBu;D a':eef;vSat;u qH;k r trSmpum; ajym Mum;onf/ tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf udkaZmfrif;olu aqmif&u G Nf y;D ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; ud, k pf m; aus;Zl;wifpum;udk ausmif;om;a[mif; jzpfol tif;pdef aq;½kHtkyf (orm;awmfBuD;) a'gufwm cspfxGef;u ajymMum;cJhonf/
uRefronf þ'kwd,tBudrfESifh wwd, tBudrfwdkYudk taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh? tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJ jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDESifhtwl vkdufyg 0dkif;0ef;ulnD aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&SdcJhbJ q&m? q&mrrsm;udkom vma&muf uefawmhEdkifcJhonf/ þuJo h aYkd om q&m? q&mrrsm;udk aus;Zl;qyfaom tcsdeftcg or,wGif uRefrtaeESifh pdwftm; udk,ftm;jzifh vdkufygaqmif&GufEdkifrI r&SdcJhonfh twGuf 0rf;enf;cJh&onf/ odkYayrJh pwkw¬tBudrf tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif uRefronf tcsdeftm; &vm ojzifh tmp&d,ylaZmfyjJG zpfajrmufa&;tzGUJ ESit hf wl vdkufygaqmif&GufcJhonf/ uRefronf rdrdwdkY\ aus;Zl;&Sif jzpfcJhaom q&mrrsm;tm; ylaZmfyGJwGif þuJhodkY vkyftm;'gejzifh udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifcJh &onfhtwGuf rsm;pGmrS *kPf,lrdygonf/ þpwkw¬tBudrf tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJtwGuf tvSLaiG aumufc&H mwGif OD;ausm0f if;? a':cifouf rm? OD;jrifh0if;? udkjrifhOD; ("r®½kH) yg0ifaom tzGJU? udkatmifodef;? udkxGef;oef;? udkMuLtifayG; yg0if aom tzGUJ ? udjk rifOh ;D (oHvrf;)? udck spOf ;D ? udrk sKd ;oef;? udkrsdK;cif? udkaZmfrif;av;wdkYtzGJU? udkatmif0if;Edkif? udjk rpD? udak t;rif;? udak Zmf0if;wdt Yk zGUJ ? udak t;ode;f ? udkMunfoef;? rpdefpdefat;? rrdk;olZm? rEGJYEGJYat;?
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81
udkva&mifwdkYtzGJU? udkwifxGef;? rapmpE´mvIdif? rrdkYrdkYoif;wdkYtzGJUwdkYonf ausmif;olausmif;om; a[mifrsm; aetdro f Ykd tvSLaiGrsm; vdu k v f aH umufcH Muonf/ þodkY tvSLaiGrsm; vdkufvH aumufcHpOf twGif;? xl;jcm;aom jzpf&yfESpfckudk uRefrwdkY BuHKawGYcJh&onf/ yxrjzpf&yfwpfcu k m; uRerf wdt Yk zGUJ tvSLaiG aumufc&H ef xGuv f mpOf? vufzuf&nfqikd f wpfck wGif vufzuf&nfaomufaeaom vlwpfa,muf onf uRefrwdkY ajymoHqdkoH Mum;&í xdkolonf o'¨gw&m; xufoefvmNy;D ? aiGwpfaomif; tvSLaiG xnfh0ifoGm;cJhonf/ olonf uRefrwdkYtzGJUtm; t.x.u (2) vIid o f nf? vIid Nf rKd Ue,fwiG f ynma&; txl;cReq f ;kH aom ausmif;jzpfNy;D ? pnf;urf;t&Sq d ;kH aom ausmif;vnf; jzpfonf[k Mum;cJhzl;aMumif;? ,ck uRefrwdk tvSLaiG aumufcHaeonfudk jrif awGU&í q&m? q&mrrsm;tm; ylaZmfuefawmh&ef od&cdS &hJ ojzifh uRerf wd\ Yk aus;Zl;odwwfru I kd *kP, f l rdum tvSLaiG xnfh0ifygaMumif; ajymMum;cJhav onf/ 'kw, d jzpfpOfum; udak tmif0if;Edik f OD;aqmif aom tzGUJ onf ausmif;om;a[mif;jzpfol udv k 0S if; (tavQmif ) td r f o d k Y tvS L aiG a umuf c H & ef 82
a&mufoGm;cJhMupOfu jzpfonf/ þuJhodkY udkvS0if; tdrfodkY uRefrwdkYtzGJU a&muf&SdcsdefwGif udkvS0if;rSm aeraumif;jzpfNyD; (tzsm; tvGefBuD;í) owd& wpfcsuf r&wpfcsuf jzpfaecsdefESifh MuHKBudKufcJh onf/ ol\ ZeD;om;r,m;u bmvkyf&rnfrod ysmysmovJ jzpfaecsdef jzpf\/ xdkodkY owd& wpf csuf r& wpfcsufwGif udkrsdK;cifu udkvS0if;tm; igwdu Yk kd odovm; ar;Munf\ h / udv k 0S if;rSm rsuaf ph ryGifhwyGifhESifh MunfhNyD; ai;aeonf/ xdkYaemuf udak tmifoed ;f ? udx k eG ;f oef;? udrk sKd ;cifwu Ykd ¤if;tm; wGJcsNyD;aemuf udkatmif0if;Edkifudk um;jzifh &efukef jynfoaYl q;½kBH u;D odYk tcsed rf D ydaYk qmifEikd cf ahJ vonf/ udv k 0S if;um; aq;½kw H iG f wpfywfMumrQaeNy;D ? jyefqif;vmaomtcg uRefrwdkY olYtdrfodkY oGm; a&mufcJhonf/ olonf uRefrwdkYtm;? bk&m;ocif onf ol a eraumif ; jzpf í owd a rh a rsmawmh rnfhtaMumif; od&í wrefawmfrsm; apvTwfum uRerf wdt Yk zGUJ tm; tcsed rf D vma&mufun l &D ef ac: ckdif;jcif; jzpfonf[k ajymjyavonf/ olonf uRefrwdkYtzGJUESifh bk&m;ociftm; rsm;pGm aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymMum;cJhavonf/ olonf aumif;rGefpGm usef;rmvmaomtcg 'k Ouú| udkatmif0if;EdkifESifh wGJzuf twGif;a&;rSL; udak tmifoed ;f tm; vma&muf awGq Y kH EIwq f ufNy;D ?
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
83
a':EGJEGJat;? a':apmpE´mvIdifwdkYuvnf; rdrdwkdY us&m wm0efudk,fpDjzifh wufnDvufnD &SdvSay onf/ OD;armifarmifESifh OD;jrpDwdkYum; rD;owf tzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh vHkNcHKa&; wm0ef ,lMuonf/ naeydik ;f wGif OD;atmif0if;Edik x f ?H OD; ausmo f l ESihf OD;wifvwfwYkd vma&mufNy;D tvSLaiG xnf0h if Mujyefonf/ pwkw¬ tBudrfajrmuf tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJudk 6-4-2003 eHeuf (9) em&DwGif usif;yEdkifcJhonf/ tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf OD;rsdK;oef;u aqmif&GufNyD;? uefawmh&ef ("r®ylZm) pmwrf;udk OD;aZmfrif;olu wdkifay;onf/ xdkaemuf q&m? q&mrrsm;udk uefawmhMuonf/ tNird ;f pm; q&mrBu;D a':trm&Du qH;k r Mo0g' pum; ajymMum;Ny;D aemuf ESpt f vdu k f wm0ef xrf; aqmifcJhMuaom tNidrf;pm; q&mrBuD;rsm;u toD;oD; tvSnfhus qHk;rMo0g'pum; ajymMum; um aemufqHk;ü wm0ef xrf;aqmifqJ q&mrBuD; a':eef;vSat; udk,fpm; q&mr wpfOD;u qHk;r Mo0g' trSmpum; ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdaYk emuf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ud, k pf m; ausmif;ola[mif;jzpfol rdcifESifh uav; apmifh a&Smufa&; tzGJUrS a'gufwm a':EG,feDtkef;u vnf;aumif;? toif;ud, k pf m; Ouú| OD;ausm0f if;u 84
vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;avonf/ pwkw¬tBudrf tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJ jzpfajrmufa&; aumfrwD\ b@ma&; &Sif;wrf;udk wGJzuf b@m a&;rSL; a':rkdUrdkYoif;rS zwfMum;NyD;aemuf tcrf; tem;rSL;rS tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJudk atmifjrifpGm ½kyf odr;f avonf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;twGuf aeUv,f pmudk OD;a½Tou kd f rdom;pku tauR;tarG;jzifh wnf cif; {nfhcHonf/ uRefrwdkU a':omxuf t.x.u (2) vIdif txufwef;ausmif;udkwnfaxmifvmcJhonfrSm ,ckESpfqdkvQif ESpfaygif; 50 ausmfyifjynfhcJhavNyD/ a½T&wkobif txdrf;trSwf r*¾Zif;xkwfa0&ef pDpOfaqmif½Gufvsuf&Sdojzifh owif;pmESifhwpfrsdK;? zdwfpmESifhwpfrsdK; pmrlrsm; zdwfac:vsuf&Sd&m ausmif;ol ausmif;om; taygif;wdkUu rdrdwdkU\ ausmif;awmf\ *kPu f kd jri§ w hf ifjcif;tvdUk iSm rdrw d Ukd pmoifcsdefESpf twGif; MuHKcJh qHkcJhonfrsm;udk jyef vnfí rSwfwrf;wifEdkif&ef yg0if ulnDMuapvdk ygonf/ vuf&Sd ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;onf vnf ; rd r d w d k Y wwf p G r f ; Ed k i f o rQ pmrl ? uAsm? aqmif;yg;rsm; ay;apvdkygonf/ uRerf wdUk r*¾Zif;aumfrwDu pmtkyf a&mif;cs í &&Sdaom tjrwftpGef;udk ausmif;twGuf vdt k yfaom y&dabm*rsm;0,f,í l vSL'gef;rnf jzpf aMumif; owif;aumif;yg;tyfygonf/ r*¾Zif;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf vdktyfaom "mwfyHk taxmuftxm;? pmrlrsm;udk &&SdEdkif&ef ukdrsdK;cif? udkcspfOD;? udkatmifodef;? udkrsdK;oef;wdkU av;OD;um; wpftdrf0if wpftdrfxGufESifh owif; tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;&onfrSm vG,fulvSonf r[kwyf g/ olwUkd um; r*¾Zif; xGu&f v dS ma&;twGuf rsm;pGm BudK;yrf;cJholrsm; jzpfovdk udkatmif0if;Edkif onf r*¾Zif; twGuf aiG (7) odef; rwnfay;ol jzpf\/ ]]vufOD;q&m rnfxdkufpG ykApÁ &d, rdEiS b hf }} qd½k ;kd pum; &So d nfEiS hf tnD
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
rdbrsm;onf i,fpOfawmifaus; vlrr,f uav; b0 t½G,u f yif EdUk csKd wu kd af uR;um ,k, oGeo f if Mu&avonf/ rdrdwdkU\ om;i,f? orD;i,frsm; pum;ajymwwf ? oG m ;wwf v monf h t csd e f w G i f ynmoifMum;&ef q&morm;rsm;xH tyfESHcJhMu avonf/ wu,fawmh rdbESifh q&m? q&mrwdkUum; teaEÅmteEÅig;yg;ü yg0ifNy;D ? cifyeG ;f Bu;D q,fyg;ü vnf; yg0ifMuonf/ avmuvlwdkU\ udk;uG,f qnf;uyf&m aus;Zl;&Sifrsm;vnf; jzpfayonf/ Ak'&¨ iS af wmfb&k m;uvnf; 38jzm r*Fvm w&m; awmfü aus;Zl;&Sifudk aus;Zl;qyfjcif;onf r*Fvm wpfyg; jzpfonf[k a[mMum;cJhayonf/ uRefrwdkU onf wcsed u f rdrw d Ukd tm; ynmoifMum; ay;cJah om q&m? q&mrrsm;tm;vnf; r*Fvmw&m;awmfESifh tnD aus;Zl;qyf&ayrnf/ xdkodkY q&morm;rsm; tm; ylaZmfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? q&morm;rsm; *kPfaus;Zl;udk jyefvnf azmfxkwf *kPfjyKjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;qyfvmcJh&m ,cktcg yOör tBurd af jrmuf tmp&d,ylaZmfyo JG Ukd wdik f a&muf&v dS m cJah vNy/D yOörtBurd f tmp&d,ylaZmfyJG twGuf ausmif; ol? ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; rdrw d &Ykd UJ apwem o'¨g w&m; wwfEdkiforQ tifwdkuf tm;wdkuf yg0if qifETJMurnf[k t"d|mefjyK&if; ESpfig;q,fajrmuf a½T&wkobif r*¾Zif;udk BudKqdk *kPfjyKMuayonf/ þodkUtm;jzifh tpOftvmaumif;&SdcJhaom t.x.u (2) vIdifonfum;yOörtBudrfajrmuf tmp&d, ylaZmfyGJrSonf aemif (25) ESpfBudrfajrmuf tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJqDodkU qufvufjzwfoef;Ekid &f ef vuf&dS ynmoifMum;ae Muukeaf om ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;uvnf; tpOftvmaumif;udk qufvuf xdef;odrf;&ayOD; rnf/ rauoDatmif
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
85
ausmif;tkyfq&mrBuD;
a':trm&DESifh awGUqHkjcif;
q&mrBuD; a':trm&D[m a':omxuf txufwef;ausmif;udk tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif; trSw(f 2)vdiI t f jzpf ajymif;vJNyD;wJah emufrmS oufwrf;&SnMf umqk;H wm0ef,t l yk cf sKyfcw hJ hJ q&mr BuD;jzpfygw,f/ q&mrBuD;[m 1966 Zefe0g&Dv 20&ufaeYuae 1984 Mo*kwv f (30)aeY txd tkycf sKyfcNhJ yD;rS oufjynfyh ifpif,o l mG ;cJyh gw,f/ ESpaf ygif; 19ESpcf efY tkycf sKyfomG ;cJw h t hJ wGuf txu(2)vdIi&f JU ausmif;tkyBf uD;rsm;xJwGif ESpt f rsm;qHk; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom ausmif;tkyf BuD;jzpfygw,f/ ,ckqkd&if q&mrBuD;[m touf(84)ESp&f SdaeNyD jzpfayr,fh use;f rma&;u aumif;rGev f Sygw,f/ q&mrBuD; wm0ef,lpOfumv wavQmufrSm t.x.u(2)vdIi&f JU *kPf owif;[m tpOfarT;ysHBudKifoif;aecJhovdk vlawmfvlaumif; ajrmufrsm;pGmvnf; ay:xGucf Jhyg w,f/ 'gaMumifh q&mrBuD;&JU qHk;rpum;eJY a&S;jzpfa[mif;atmufarGUbG,&f mrsm;udk t.x.u (2)vdIiaf usmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; zwf½IMu&atmif q&mrBuD;aexdki&f m jynfvrf; (6)rdkicf GJu aetdrrf SmoGm;a&muf awGUqHkar;jref;cJhMuygw,f/
awGYqkHar;jref;ol - rsdK;atmifxGef;OD; 86
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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rsm;rS wkdif;jynfwdk;wufNyD; BuD;yGm;csrf;omrSmaygh/ ar; [kwfuJhcsifAsm - q&mrBuD; t.x.u (2) vdiI f a&muf&NdS yD;aemufrmS xl;cRefwhJ ausmif; om;awG trsm;tjym; xGufay:cJhw,f? tJ'D twGuf b,fvBkd uKd ;pm;rIawG vkycf &hJ ygovJcifAsm;/ -ajz uRefrtrsm;BuD;BudK;pm;cJh&w,f/ paeaeY ausmif;ydw&f ufrmS uRerf uausmif;rydwb f ;l tcsed f ydkac:oifay;w,f/ tjcm;q&mawG q&mrawG vnf;ygw,f? q&mOD;rif;aZmfwv Ykd yJ gwmaygh/uRerf a&mufpu oli,fwef; &Sad o;w,f/wjznf;jznf;eJY uRerf u twef;pHu k kd ac:Edik af tmifBuKd ;pm;cJw h ,f/ tJ'DESpfawGavmufu tjyifrSm pmoifay;wJh vkyf ief;awG r&Sad o;bl;/ aemufyÍörwef;uae 'ór
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
87
wef;xd ausmif;om;awGukd uRerf pmoifay;w,f/ q&mrBuD; a':omxufwkef;u emrnfBuD;cJhwJh ausmif;qdak wmh uRerf vufxufrmS vnf; xl;cRew f hJ ausmif;om;awG xGuaf y:Edik af tmif uRerf BuKd ;pm; cJyh gw,f/ ausmif;&Sd q&m? q&mrawGtm;vH;k uvJ wufn?D vufneD YJ tm;BuKd ;rmefwufoifMum;ay;cJh ygw,f/ ulnDcJhMuw,f? olwdkYwpfawG&JU BudK;pm;rI awGaMumifh uRefrwdkYausmif;u xl;cRefwJh ausmif; om;awG xGufay:cJhygw,f/ 'DuaeYqdk a'gufwm cspfxGef;? a'gufwmwifaX;? a'gufwmausmf0if;? a'gufwmEG,ef t D ek ;f ? a'gufwm at;at;jrifh wdq Yk kd wkdif;jynfwm0efudk pGrf;pGrf;wrH xrf;aqmifae Mu
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xifjrif,lqygovJ/ ajz uav;u? pmudk tywfwukwf BuKd ;pm;& r,f?q&maumif;wpfa,muf&JUtultnDuvnf; trsm;Bu;D vdt k yfw,f/ 'DacwfrmS awmh Guide ac: rSmayghav? tJ'w D ek ;f u q&mOD;ausmpf ;kd av;uuRerf udk txl; ulnDay;w,f/ aemufNyD; uav;utm; upm;eJY jyifyA[kokwvnf; jynfhpHk&r,f/ uRefr wpfa,mufxJawmh vkyfvdkYr&ygbl;/ q&m q&mr awG tm;vH;k 0dik ;f 0ef;Ny;D tm;wufoa&meJY oifMum; ay;Mur,fq&kd if tJ'u D av;[mxl;cRex f ufjrufwhJ ausmif;om;wpfa,muf {uefrkcs jzpf&rSmyJ/ -ar; q&mrBuD; vufxufrSm q&m? q&mr tm;vH;k u aysm½f iT t f qifajypGmeJY wm0efawG xrf; aqmifcJhMuygw,f? q&mrBuD;taejzifh b,fvdk tkyfcsKyfrIawG? pDrHcefYcJGrIawG ay;cJh&ygovJ/ -ajz q&m? q&mrawGudk aysmfatmifvdkYvJ r[kwfbl;? uRefru pmoifwmBudKufw,f/ olUt csdefeJY ol? olUwm0efeJY ol vkyfcdkif;w,f? &yfuGuf uvnf; ynmudkvdkvm;w,f/ q&m?q&mrawGudk vnf; vdktyf&if vkdtyfovdk q&mrBuD;u jznfh qnf;ay;cJw h ,f/ uRerf ausmif;vm&ifjcif;Bu;D xJrmS pm;p&mawG tjynfhtpHk xnfhvmNyD; q&m? q&mr awGukd auR;w,f/ q&m? q&mrawGuuRerf qlrmS awmh aMumufw,f/ cspaf Mumuf½akd owmayghaemf/ uRefru pmudk tpHkoifw,f/ aemuf uRefraewJh 6rdik cf GJ uvnf; um;eJv Y mrS &wJah e&mjzpfaew,f/ tJ'Dawmh pmvmoifcsif&ifvnf; q&mrBuD;u oifay;w,f/ tm;wJt h csed af ygh/ ausmom;?&ifom; rcJGjcm;ygbl;? uav;wdkif;udk pmoifay;cJhw,f/ rif;wkdY oli,fcsif; ]]MuLtifayG;}} (aygifrkefY) qdk q&mrBu;D u tdrrf mS ac:xm;Ny;D pmusucf ikd ;f w,f/ pmar;yJGajz&ifvJ q&mrBuD;tdrfuyJ oGm;ajz& w,f/ tJ'Dawmh q&m? q&mawGuvJ q&mrBuD; u wu,fpmoifwmyJ/ wkdY&JU q&mrBuD;udk erlem ,lNy;D ? pmoifMur,faygh/'gaMumifq h &m?q&mrawG aysmf½TifpGmeJY pmoifMuwmayghaemf/
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
89
'DaeYtxd? teaEåm teEå ig;yg;udk vufpHkrdk;í &dScdk;ylaZmf zl;ajrmf rmefavQmh uefawmhyg\ t&Sifbk&m; qkdNyD;? tck touf(84)ESpfxd uefawmhaewkef;yJav -ajz at;? q&mrBuD;tckvdk (84ESpfxJrSmaygh av) touf&SnfNyDF; usef;rmzdkYu q&mrBuD;u opfyifpdkufw,fav/ rif;wdkYtjrifyJ? q&mrBuD;&JU jcHxJu tyifawGu q&mrBuD;pdkufxm;wmaygh/ aemufNy;D rSerf eS t f yd w f ,f?pm;w,f?bk&m;&Scd ;kd w,f/ q&mrBu;D udk oifay;cJw h hJ q&m? q&mrawGu'kd aD eY txd rarhbl;? tjrJ&Sdcdk;NyD;? aus;Zl;wifaeygw,f/ -ar; q&mrBuD;touf (84)ESpfayghaemf? u av;awGu pmoifay;ygOD;qd&k if oifay;Edik yf gOD; rvm; cifAsm;/ -ajz [m? oifay;Edik w f mayghumG ? 'gayrJh odyNf y;D vkdtyfae&ifayghaemf/ q&mrBuD;vJtoufu(84) ESpq f akd wmh pdwo f mG ;wdik ;f ud, k yf g&ifawmhtaumif; qH;k aygh/ tckoif½;kd ñTe;f wrf;awGu ajymif;xm;ayrJh q&mrBu;D jyefavhvmNy;D oifEikd yf gw,f/ ta&;Bu;D wmuawmhuse;f rma&;ayghu, G ?f use;f rma&;aumif; vdkYuawmh pmoifay;yghr,f/ q&mrBuD;uvnf; pmoif&wm 0goemygw,f? aysmw f ,fr[kwv f m;/ -ar; vuf&dS t.x.u (2) vdiI f ausmif;om; i,fawGtwGuf? ynma&;vrf;ñTefcsuf pm&dwå vrf;ñTecf sufeYJ b0 vrf;ñTecf sufav;awG ajymjy ay;yg q&mrBuD;cifAsm;/ -ajz vuf&Sd t.x.u (2) vdIifrSm ynmoif Mum;aewJh ausmif;om;i,fawGudkawmh pmBudK;pm; Muyg/ wdik ;f jynf&UJ om;aumif;&wemav;awG jzpf atmifvkyfMuyg/ q&mrdb oufBuD;½G,ftdkawGudk ½dkaomMuyg/ udk,fhq&mawGbJ qdkNyD; ayghayghqq raeMuygeJ?Y *g&0w&m;awGxm;yg/ oifq&m?Mum;
90
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91
ar; q&mrMuD;cifAsm... q&mrMuD;b,f ckESpfupjyD; ynma&;avmuxJ a&muf&SdvmcJh ygovJcifAsm/ ajz tefwDrd 1955 ckESpfupNyD; ynma&; avmuxJ a&mufcJhygw,f.a':omxuf txuf wef;ausmif;rSmpwif trIxrf;NyD; ausmif;q&mr b0udk a&mufcJhygwmyg/ ar; q&mrBuDF; vufxufu ausmif;vcay; ae&ygw,f/ aemufNyD; uif;axmufvli,f tzGJU vnf; zGJYpnf;xm;ygw,f/ q&mrBuD;rSwfrd o avmuf ajymjyay;ygvm;/ aemufMuufajceDvil ,f taMumif;av;vnf;ajymjyygaemf/ ajz q&mru uif;axmufvli,f tzGJUrSm vufaxmufq&mrtjzpfvkyfcJhygw,f/ q&mr MuD; tefwDdpdk;? a':pdk;jrifheJU wGJNyD; wpfESpf vkyfcJh ygw,f/ ausmif;vcuawmh wpfvudk 10 usyf ay;&ygw,f/ 1963 ckESpfywf0ef;usifuaygh tJ'D wkef;u vufzuf&nfwpfcGufudk 25 jym; avmuf yJ&Sdw,f/ MuufajceDvli,fawmh &Sdvdrfhr,fxif 92
w,f/ q&mru tJ'DxJrSmawmh rygbl;av/ ar; q&mrMu;D b,ftwef;awGrmS pmoifay; cJh&ygovJcifAsm/ ajz p0if 0 if j cif ; wwd , wef ; oif & w,f / aemuf pwkw¬wef;udkoif&ygw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u t*Fvdyfvdk oifay;&w,f/ jrefrmpmuvGJ&ifaygh/ a':omxufausmif;u tvGwfynmoifausmif; r[kwfvm;/ ar; uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;b0wkef;u K.G rSm 3 ESpfaecJh&w,f b,fvdkaMumifhygvJ cifAsm/ ajz K.G rSm 3 ESpfae&wmu uav;awG&JU t&nftcsif; ? OmPf&nfzGHYNzdK; wdk;wufrItwGuf Lower K.G , Middle K.G eJY Higher K.G qdjk y;D awmh xm;xm;wmyg? uav;awG u K.G rS m bJ t*Fvdyfpmudk awmfawmfav;zwfEdkifNyD; oGufoGuf vuf v uf j zpf a pwmaygh ? tcsd e f a wG t rsm;MuD ; oifcJh&awmh ydkjyD;wdk;wufvmwmaygh? uav;awG twGuf aumif;atmifvkyfay;xm;wmyg/ ar; q&mrMu;D cifAsm...tJ't D csed w f ek ;f u 6 veJY wpfwef; wifay;wm&SdcJhygw,f/ uRefawmf wdkUawmh tJ'DxJrSm rygbl;aygh/ b,fvdkowfrSwf csuf ? trS w f a y;pnf ; urf ; awG e J Y twef ; wif ay;ygovJcifAsm/ ajz q&mrMuD;a':omxufvufxufrSm 6 veJU twef;wpfwef;wifay;ygw,f / q&mr odoavmufawmhwu,fzwf? wu,fxl;cRefjyD;? wu,f ÓPfaumif;jyD; awmfw,fqdk&if 6 veJU aemuf w pf w ef ; wif a y;cJ h y gw,f / tck a q; avmurSm q&m0efMuD;a'gufwmcspfxGef; (tif; pdef? aq;&HktkyfMuD;)qdkd tJ'Dvdktwef;awGausmf wufcJh&w,f/tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u a':omxufu emrnfMu;D cJw h ,fav/ynma&;ydik ;f eJU pnf;urf;ydik ;f rSmaygh/ ar; q&mrMuD;ausmif;om;awGtay: pm oifyHkav;ajymjyay;ygOD;/ ajz q&mru 'DaeUoifvu kd w f hJ oifcef;pmudk
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93
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94
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95
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145
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1995 - ckESpf? wuúokdvf0ifwef;bmompkH *kPfxl;&Sif
147
pmpDpmukH;
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wGif t"dutm;jzifh upD"mwf? tom;"mwf? tqD"mwf? ADwmrif "mwf? owåK"mwfESifh a&wdkY t"d u yg0ifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh pm; aomufaom tpm;tpmrsm;wGi?f tm[m& rsKd;pHk yg0if&ef ta&; BuD; ygonf/ rdbrsm;uvnf; wwfEdkiforQ BudK;pm; pDpOfay;& ayrnf? xrif;bl;wGif tom; [if;ESifh xrif; (2) rsKd;wnf; xnfhay;vQif rvHkavmufEdkifyg/ [if;aumif;p&m rvdkyg/ rQwrI jzpfap&efom vdktyfygonf/ t om;? tqD? ADwmrif owåK"mwf tpHk yg0ifygonf/ tu,fí eHeufydkif; tpmwGif jynfhpHkEdkif atmif rzefw;D Edik yf gu naeydik ;f wGif zefw;D ay;oifyh gonf/ ig;yd a&ESihf wdpYk &m xdu k o f iho f avmuf pm;jcif;onf rQwaom tpm;pm; enf; jzpfygonf/ tom;csnf ; pm;aom uav;rsm; tom;vHk;0 rpm; aom uav;rsm;udk rsm;pGm awGY zl;ygonf/ tom;csn;f pm;aom uav;onf tomavsmhí t &Gut f oD; wGzJ ufpm;&ef vrf;nTef &ygrnf/ tom;vHk;0 rpm;aom uav;rsm; twGuf rl MuufO? EGm;EdkYESifh tom;tpm; jznfhpGuf tpmrsm; aygif;pyf auR;arG;&yg rnf/ rQwaom tpm;pm;wwf ap&ef usef;rma&; today;NyD; wnfhrwfay;&ygrnf? odkYrSom udk,fcE¨m BuD;xGm;&ef vdktyf aom tm[m&"mwfrsm; &&SdEdkif rnf jzpfonf/ 156
tm;aq; pm;oHk;jcif; i,f&G,fpOftcg rvdktyf bJ tm;aq; pm;aomufjcif;onf aumif;aom tavhtx r[kwf yg/ aexdkifzsm;emNyD; cgp tcsdef rsm;wGif vdt k yfaomfvnf; aeYpOf pm;oHk;&ef rvdktyfyg/ tm;aq; wGif aiGukefcHrnfh tpm;tpm jynfhpHkpGm &&Sda&;wGifom oHk;oifh ygonf/ usef;rma&; tajccH avsmhenf;olrsm; twGuf q&m 0ef nTefMum;onfrS vGJí tm; aq;vHk;0 raomufoifhyg/ oGm;&nfpmpm;oHk;jcif; oGm;&nfpm pm;oHk;jcif;udk uav;rsm;txl ; yif ES p f o uf wwfMuygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; aeNyD;a&m tvdkvdkufNyD; oGm; &nfpm rsm;rsm; auR;rdygu t"d u tpm;tpm MAIN DISH pm;oH;k rIukd taESmuft,Suf jzpf apEdik yf gonf/ eHeufpm? naepm xrif;csed Ef iS hf 3 em&D jcm;Ny;D oGm; &nfpm tenf;i,f auR;yg/ auR; vQifvnf; tenf;i,fom auR; &ygrnf/ odkYrSom t"du tpm udk ydrk pkd m;oH;k Edik rf nf jzpfygonf/
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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157
NydKifyGJ0if tenf;qHk;jzifh qkwHqdyf trsm;qHk; &&SdcJhonfh wpfcsdefu Zifrif;armif tckqdk&if 22 Budrfajrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S tm;upm;NydKifyGJBuD;uvnf; eD;uyfvmNyDjzpfvdkU 'DpmtkyfxGufwJh tcsdefqdk usif;yNyD;pD;NyD;awmif jzpfaeygNy/D tmqD,EH ikd if aH 'ocsi;f cspMf unf&if;ES;D rI &&Sd&efESifh tmqD,Ha'orSonf tm&S? tm&SrS onf urÇmhtqifhtxd xl;cRefajymif ajrmufaom tmqD,H tm;upm;orm;rsm; ay:xGufvm&ef &nf&G,fNyD;? 2 ESpf wpfBudrfvQif usif;y vmwm tck AD,uferf SEAGAME qdk&if 22 Budrf &SdNyD jzpfygw,f/ NyD;cJhwJh NydKifyGJ0if tm;upm;orm; tenf;qHk; 73 OD;eJY qkwHqdyf trsm;qHk;&&SdcJhwJh owår tBurd af jrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S uRe;f qG,f
tm;upm;NydKifyGJudk awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/ jrefrm EkdifiHrSm usif;ywJh 1961 ckESpf 'kwd,tBudrfeJU 1969 ck E S p f yOö r tBud r f w d k U u vG J v d k U jynf y SEAGAME awGrSm NydKifyGJ0if vlOD;a& tenf;qHk; vnf; jzpfw,f/ NydKifyGJ0if 77 OD;eJU a½T 28 ? aiG 24? aMu; 15 qkwHqdyfpkpkaygif; 67 ck &&SdcJhw,f/ NydKifyGJ0ifOD;a& enf;enf;eJU qkwHqdyftrsm;qHk; &&Sdwmudk MunfhNyD; wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f/ tJ'D 1973 ckESpf? 7 Budrfajrmuf pifumyl qD;*drf;rSm NydKifyGJudk 7 EdkifiH 0ifa&muf ,SOfNydKifcJhMu w,f/ tdrf&SifpifumylEdkifiHu tm;upm;orm; 319 OD;? rav;&Sm;Ekid if u H 302 OD;? ,d;k ',m;Edik if u H
a':omxufausmif; ESpfywfvnf tm;upm;NyKdifyGJ (jynfawmfom tm;upm;uGif;) 158
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NydKifyGJrSm jrefrmajy;ckefypf vufa&G;pif (22)OD;[m a½T (17)? aiG (11)? aMu; (8) &&SdNyD;? tmqD,H (7) Edik if rH mS xdyq f ;kH u Adv k pf cJG w hJ ,f/ jrefrmwdUk NyKd iyf 0JG if (22) OD; ,SONf yKd iNf y;D qkwq H yd f a½T? aiG? aMu; pkpak ygif; (36) qk &&SdwmrdkY NydKifyGJ0ifwdkif; qk&wJh yHkpH jzpf aew,f/ rDwm 5000? rDwm 10000? rDwm 3000 wm;qD;ausmf ajy;yGaJ wGrmS jrefrmEdik if rH S atmifoef; u wpfO;D wnf; a½T (3) ck &,lay;cJw h ,f/ rm&oGef
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
159
ajy;yGu J kd 1965 ckEpS f ta&SUawmif tm&S uRe;f qG,f NydKifyGJrSpwif xnfhoGif;usif;ycJh&m qufwdkuf jrefrmwdUk uyif Adv k pf JG cJw h ,f/ 1965 ckEpS u f &Siaf AG *ef;? 1973 ckESpfü udkudkwdkU a½TwHqdyf &&Sdw,f/ ,if;umvrsm;u jrefrmwdUk [m rm&oGef Adv k rf sm;[k yif ajym&avmufatmif rm&oGe&f UJ yxr? 'kwd,? a½T? aiGawGukd jrefrmawGyJ &&Scd w hJ ,f/ rDwm 1000
ajy;yGJrSm atmifoef;u a½T? udkudku aiG &&Sdw,f/ rDwm 800eJU rDwm 1500 ajy;yGJrSm jrefrmEdkifiHrS *sifrDu a½TwHqdyf& AddkvfpGJcJhw,f/ rDwm 800rSm *sirf eD UJ rav;&Sm;rS qlb&mrmeD,rf;wdUk wpfBurd pf D AdkvfpGJcJhMuNyD; tckwpfBudrf *sifrDu qlb&mudk jywfjywfom;om; tEdik , f Nl y;D a½Tq&k um pHcsed o f pf yg wifEdkifcJhw,f/ rDwm 1500 rSm awmh *sifrD[m 1969? 1971? 1973 ckESpfquf wdkuf 3 Budrfquf csefyD,H jzpfcJhw,f/ oHvHk;ypfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHrS qmavmvu a½T? wkwfaxmufckefrSm ausmfaZmu a½T? vrf;avQmuf rSm ausmfjrifhu a½TwdkU &&Sdatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJh w,f/ *sifeDzmwifav;[m oHvHk;ypf NydKifyGJrSm 1967 ckESpfupNyD; AdkvfpGJcJh&m tck pifumyl rSmvnf; 4 Burd q f ufwu kd f Adv k pf cJG w hJ ,f/ oHjym;0dik ;f ypfNydKifyGJrSmvnf; *sifeDzmwifav;uyJ pHcsdefopf wifNy;D a½T&&Sw d ,f/ trsKd ;orD; rDwm 400 ajy;yGrJ mS
wpfOD;wnf; a&TwHqdyf okH;ck& atmifoef; (rDwm 5000? rDwm wpfaomif;? rDwm 3000 wm;qD ; ausmf )
a':omxufausmif;rS vufqifhurf;tajy;NyKdifyGJ tm;upm;orm;rsm; (1964)
160
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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rDwm 800? 1500 a&TwHqdyf qk&Sif *sifrD
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txu (2) vSIdif ausmif;abmvkH;toif; (1970)
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
161
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ayonf/ (7) ]]&D}} nDtpfudkrsm;ESifh ]]xGef;}} nDtpfrrsm; a':omxufausmif;onf tpOf tvm vG e f p G m BuD ; rm;vS a om ausmif; jzpfaomaMumifh rdbrsm;u rdrdwdkY\ om;orD;rsm;udk BuD;pOf i,fvdkuf tyfESHí ynmoifapcJh ojzifh ausmif;wGif nDtpfudk twGJ vdkuf nDtpfr twGJvdkuf? armifESr twGJvdkuf &SdcJh&m? vlodrsm;cJhaom nDtpfukd rsm;rSm &D0if;? &Drif;? &Dvif;? &Da&T? &D&SdefwdkY jzpfMuNyD; ,cktcg tpf u d k tBuD ; qH k ; &D 0 if ; wpf a,mufom ouf&Sdxif&Sm; usefyg awmhonf/ nDtpfrrsm;wGif wif wif x G e f ; ? eD e D x G e f ; ? nd K nd K xG e f ; ? csKdcsKdxGef;? jzLjzLxGef; wdkYudk vlod rsm;cJMh uNy;D ? tBu;D qH;k tpfr wifwif xGef;rSm q&mr a':cifcsKd\ om; atmifcsKd&Sif;ESifh tdrf axmifusum tar&duef EdkifiHwGifaexdkif vsuf
&dí S nDrjzpfol eDex D eG ;f rSm tysKdBuD; b0wGif &SdaeqJ [k od&Sd&ygonf/ (8) ]av;} armifESrrsm; ESifh ]vIdif} armifESrrsm; ausmif;wGif xif&mS ; aom armif E S r rsm;rS m ]av;} rdom;pk0if rsm;ESifh ]vIdif} rdom;pk0ifrsm; yif jzpfayonf/ vTwfawmf a&S U aeBuD ; OD ; armif uav;\ om;orD;rsm; jzpfMuaom jrifhjrifhav;? aZmfrif;av;? ausmfrif; av;? wif w if n d K av;? eDeDav;? 0g0gav;? wif wif0if;av; ESifh oDwm av;wdYk jzpfMuonf/ ]vdiI }f armifESrrsm;rSm AdkvfrSL; pdk;vIdif\ om;orD;rsm; jzpfMuaom cifarmifvidI ?f EGJYEGJYvdIif (½kyf&Sifrif;orD;?
ynm&nfcRefqk& ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;(1972-73) q&mra':MunfESifh wynfhrsm;
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211
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,l&avh&Sd&m q&mOD;vSjrifh (q&mr a':yef\ cifyGef;? ,ckuG,fvGef) onf xdpk Ofu ajy;ckeyf pf tm;upm; xl;cReo f rl sm; jzpfMuaom nGeaYf rmif? wifarmif? tmom? *sifrD? wifaz? pHarmif? vSxeG ;f (rSwBf u;D )? vSatmif ponffh ausmif;om;rsm;udk ol\ toif;wGif yg0if&atmif tNrJ a&G; cs,fcJhonf/ (10) ypfp&moHvHk;r&Sdí ydóm av;jzifh oHvHk;ypfavhusihfol &efukefwdkif; ausmif;aygif;pHk ajy;ckefypf NydKifyGJtwGuf q&mOD;pdk; vIdif (*sL'dk) u OD;aqmifí NydKifyGJ0if cJh&m bat; (,ck q&m0ef) onf oHvHk;ypfwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&ef ta&G;cHcJh&onf/ bat;rSm avh usiphf &m oHv;kH r&S&d mS ojzifh ausmif; qif;cdsefwGif ausmif;0if;twGif;ü ydómav;rsm;jzifh avhusifhcJhay onf/ tqdkyg ausmif;om; tm;u pm; yGJawmfodkY 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&ef vla&G;yGJudk wma0;rSm rif;atmif?
q&mBuD;OD;wifESifh wynfhrsm;
212
oHvHk;ypfrSm bat;? wef;ausmfajy; rSm jrpD? trsK;d orD; tm;upm;orm; tjzpf vSvo S ef;ESihf eDvmtke;f wdu Yk kd apvTwf,SOfNydKifapcJhygonf/ (11) rsuf r S e f wyf & aomf v nf ; tjrifhckef aumif;ol t.x.u (2) vdIif\ vl&nf cRefjzpfol pdk;&ifrSm i,fpOfuav; b0 t&G,fuyif rsufrSefwyf&ol jzpf o nf / ol o nf vI d i f N rd K Ue,f ausmif;aygif;pHk ajy;ckeyf pfNyKd iyf w JG iG f tvsm;ckef? tjrifhckef NydKifyGJrsm;ü AdkvfpGJcJhol wpfOD;jzpfonf/ tvsm; ckef? tjrifhckef&mwGif rsufrSef rwyf bJ 0ifa&muf,SOf NydKifcJhonf/ (12) ½kH;cef;udk vGefyljzifh azgufí zJ0kdif;zrf;aomq&m (7) wef;ausmif;om;rsm;onf q&mrsm;u a&SUwGif pmoifaepOf aemufzufü zJ½dkufMuavh &Sdonf/ xdktcsdefu ½kyfyHkrsm; ygaom puúL uyfjym;av; rsm;wGif eHygwfrsm;
q&mrtefwDa*sKdpD? q&mra':cif&DESifh ol\wynfhrsm;
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
yg0ifojzifh xdkuyfjym;av;rsm;jzifh upm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om; awmf a wmf r sm;rsm; yg0if c J h M uNyD ; acgif;aqmifrSm tbdk;BuD; atmif oef; jzpfayonf/ q&mBuD; OD;wif u owif;&í 0ifzrf;aomfvnf; rrdcJhay/ xdkYaMumifh q&mBuD;OD;wif onf q&mrBuD; a':trm&D\ ½kH; cef; eH&Hudk taygufazmufí ,iff; taygufrS acsmif;NyD; zJ0dkif;udk zrf;cJh ygonf/ jrpD? bat;? at;jrifhwdkYudk zrf;rdNyD;? BudrfvHk;jzifh t½dkufcHcJhMu &onf/ q&mrBuD; a':trm&D\ ½k H ; cef ; tay:rS vS r f ; Munf h y gu atmufxyfwnfhwnfhwGif &Sdaom tcef;rSm (7) wef; pmoifcef;jzpfay onf/
aygufrsm; eHab;rS uyfvsuf t ay:xyfudk wufaom avSum;&Sdyg onf/ (,cktcg xdkavSum; r&Sd awmhyg/) xdkpOfu ausmif;om;rsm; onf umuDa&mif abmif;bD0wf Muí rdef;uav;rsm;u eDndKa&mif puwf? *g0efwdkYudk 0wfMuonf/ t ay:xyf pmoifcef;&Sd ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;onf xdkavSum;rS wufMu&ygonf/ tqdkyg (7)wef; jywif ; ayguf e H a b;&S d avS u m;rS wufMuaomausmif;ol rsm;onf puwf? *g0efwdkYudk vufjzifh zdNyD; wuf c J h M u&ayonf / (7) wef ; ausmif;om;rsm;\ ½Icif;tae t xm;udk aMumufcMhJ uaomaMumifh yif jzpfayownf;/
(2) vI d i f r S ausmif ; ol wifwifndK av;rSmvnf; vI d i f N rd K Ue,f tm;upm; vufa&G;piftjzpf emrnf BuD;cJhonf/ wifwifndK av;onf tajy; vuf a&G;pif jzpfcNhJ y;D aemifwiG f &efukef 0dZÆmodyÜH wuú odkvf\ tajy; vufa&G; pif txd jzpfcJhygonf/ vI d i f N rd K Ue,f w G i f rD w m 100? 200 wmwd k a jy; csef y D , H jzpf c J h o nf / ,cktcg '*Hk wuúodkvf wGif vufaxmuf uxdu tjzpf trI x rf ; vsuf &Sdonf/
(13) ½Icif;aumif;aom (7)wef; pmoifcef; 1968 0ef;usifu t.x.u (2) vIid \ f (7) wef;rSm yifraqmif\ nmbuftpGef;? atmufxyfwGif &Sd ygonf/ ,if;pmoifcef;\ jywif;
(14) *seDzgwifav; uJhodkYaom tm;upm; r,f ta&SUawmiftm&S uRef;qG,f tm;upm;NydKifyGJwGif emrnfBuD;cJh aom jrefrmvufa&G;pif tm;upm; r,f *sezD gwifav;uJo h Ykd t.x.u
(15) t&yf a umif ; í t½du k af umif;f Muolrsm; t.x.u (2) vIid f wGif t &yf (6)ay eD;yg; jrifhMuaom ausmif;om; rsm; &SdcJhMuygonf/ xdk ausmif;om;rsm;onf t &yf aumif;Muonhf tjyif t½dkufyg aumif;Muaom aMumifh aemifwGif jrefrmh vufa&G;pifESifh &efukef wdkif; vufa&G;pif abm vDabmorm; tjzpf em rnf ausmfcJhMuonf/ xdk ausmif;om;rsm;rSm qef; ñGefYarmif? cifpdef? atmif odef;wefESifh vSarmfwdkYyif jzpfMuayonf/
tEkynmuyGJwGif yg0ifcJhMuaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
213
(16) touf i ,f a omf vnf; 0gBuD; olrsm; t.x.u (2) vIid f ü xdpk Ofu ausmif;wufchJ aom nDtpfudkrsm;wGif nDjzpfolu tpfudkjzpfol xuf twef;BuD;olrsm; &SdcJh Muygonf/ xdknDtpf udkrsm;rSm 0DvsH[kwfESifh pD vsH[kwf? jrifhOD;ESifh cspfOD;? 'DxeG ;f ESihf awmxGe;f ? wif pdefESifh wif&Sdef wdkYjzpfMu onf/ (17) OD;av;ESifh wl wpf wef;xJwGif twlwl 1969 avmuf u t|rwef ; wG i f OD ; av; awmfoEl iS hf wljzpfow l rYkd mS twef;wpfwef; xJwGif twl w l ynmoif c J h M u onf OD;av;jzpforl mS cspf at;jzpfNyD; wlawmfolrSm
atmifodef;wdkYyif jzpfMu ayonf/ (18) wpfwef;wnf;? wpf cef;wnf; wGif ynmoifcJhMuaom armiffESr rsm; owårwef; ausmif;om; b0 u twef;xJwGif armifESr t&if; tjcmrsm;ESifhtwl ynmoif cJh& onf/ xdkarmifESrrsm;rSm awmuf xGef;? ausmfxGef;ESifh cifrmMunfwdkY armifESr? jraomif;? cifcifaomif; ESihf wpf0rf;uGJ tbd;k Bu;D atmifoef; wkYd jzpfonf/ t|rwef; a&muf aomtcg rsKd;vGif? odef;vGif nD tpfu?kd ,kcif? ,kueG w f Ykd nDtpfurkd mS twef;wpfwef;wnf;? wpf cef; wnf;wGif ynmoifcJh Muygonf/ (19) usm; ... usm; ... rD;,yf ESifh ig[Jh a,musfm; ... t[ifh 1960 rS 1970 twG i f ; ynmoifESpfrsm;wGif rdef;uav; ausmif;olrsm;xJwiG f a,musmf ;av;
rsm; uJhodkYajymqdk aexdkifquf qHMuolrsm;vnf; &SdcJhayonf/ xdk olrsm;xJwiG f jr&Dped f (rayguf) *sezD g prpf (jrjrrd k ; ? ,ck uG , f v G e f ) cifcifaomif;? jzLjzL0if;wdkYrSm xif &Sm;cJhonf/ xdkYtwl a,musfm;av; rsm;xJrmS vnf; rde;f u av;rsm; uJo h Ykd EGJYEGJYaESmif;aESmif;? El;El;nHhnHhESifh ajym qdkae xdkifcJhMuaom ausmif;om; rsm;vnf; &SdcJhMuayonf/ xdkolrsm; rSmum;? pHvif;? jr[ef? odef; 0if;? jrifhaqG? atmifjrifh ESifh armifarmif xGef;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ (20) tnhHqHk;ausmif; om;rsm; þr*¾Zif;wGif a':omxuf vufxufrpS í t.x.u (2) vIid f txd ynm xufjrufxl;cRefolrsm; \ emrnfrsm;udk az:jyay;cJo h uJo h Ykd t.x.u (2) vIdif\ tnHhqHk; ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm; pm&if;udk vnf; azmfjyí &Edkifygonf/ xdk tnHq h ;kH ausmif;om;rsm;rSm 1970-
q&mrBuD;BuD;qufESifh ol\wynfhrsm;
q&mrBuD; a':trm&DESifh wynfhrsm; 214
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
71 u t.x.u (2)vI d i f \ e0rwef; ausmif;om; ausmif;ol rsm;yif jzpfawmhonf/ xdkESpfu e0rwef;wGif ausmif;om; (40) ausmf us½IH;cJhaomaMumifhyif jzpf onf/ ,ck tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJ jzpf ajrmufa&;twGuf wufwuf
rwif &ufawmhyg/ cspfwdkif;nm; cJhMuolrsm;udk rSwfom;xm;rd o avmuf rSwfwrf;wif&&ifjzifh (1) OD;udkav;ESifh a':jrifhjrifh (2) OD;wif,kESifh a':jrifhjrifhav; (3) OD;wif0if;ESihf a':,d, k o kd ed ;f wef; (4) OD;wifxl;ESifh a':eDvmtkef; (5) OD;aZmfrif;av;ESihf a':csKcd sKv d iG f (6) OD;atmifcsKd&Sif;ESifh a':wifwif xGe;f (7) OD;xGe;f oef;ESihf a':0if;0if;nGeYf (8) OD;aZmf0if;odef;ESihf a':rDrDxGef; (9) OD;ausmf0if;ESifh a':cifoufrm (10) OD;jrifhOD;ESifh a':vSoGif (11) OD;ausmfxGef;ESifh a':cif0if; (12) OD;jrifh0if;ESifh a':rdk;olZm (13) OD;cspfat;ESifh a':cifpef;aX; (14) OD;xGe;f Nird ;f ESihf a':atmifarc (15) OD;0if;jrifhESifh a':0if;0if;oef; (16) OD;odef;[efESifh a':&D&Dpdef
wkdUausmif;awmfr[m wkUd ausmif;awmfr[m ckid cf idk rf mrm &yfwnfaewm jynfjrefrmwGi;f rSm/ wkUd ausmif;awmfr[m om,mvSpmG wnf&adS ewm vIid Nf rdKUe,fwiG ;f rSm/ wkUd ausmif;awmfr[m qkwq H yd af wG qGwcf ;l Ekid w f m *kP, f pl &myg/ wkUd ausmif;awmfr[m jzLpdr;f nDnm ausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;*kPaf qmifaewm/
vJh&nfOD;
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
215
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twef;ajcmufvywf pm ar;yGw J iG f Edik f yxr &av onf/ odyfawmfwJh u av;yJ [k Report Card jyefvnf tyf&aomaeU u tcef;azmf twef;ydkif q&mrawG u d k vS r f ; í ajymygonf/ q&mronf em;rS em;uyfwGJvGJav; cg&rf;aeatmif q&mr tazmfrsm;ESihf &,farmae ygonf/ q&mrwdkY pum; 0kdif;wGif Ekdifh emrnfudk vnf; wpfcsufwpfcsuf Mum;rdygonf/ 'kwd,wef; a&muf vQif twef;azmf oli,f csif;? ausmif;um;pD;azmf oli,fcsif;[lí ESpfrsdK;&Sd vm&onf/ twef;azmf oli,fcsi;f rsm; teuf Ekid f u tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif; [k a½G ; xk w f ouJ h o d k U ausmif;um; pD;azmfrsm; xJrS tcspfqHk;ol[k a½G; xkwf vdkufygonf/ t wef;azmf oli,fcsif; u awmh Ekid Ef iS hf &G,w f l xkid cf kH twlwlxkdifol jzpfaomf vnf; ausmif;um; pD;azmf oli,fcsif; uawmh Edkifh xuf av;wef;rQ ydí k Bu;D aom tpfr wpfa,muf jzpfygonf/ xdktpfrESifh ausmifum;ay:wGif xkid cf kH twlwl vdu k x f idk í f pD;Edik f zdkUta&; ausmifum;xdk; 221
pdkufvdkuf onfESifh xkdifcHk OD;&onfrSm tarm/ xdkif cHk wpfvHk;rSm ESpfa,muf wGJrdkU ESpfOD;om; pum; wajymajymESifh ausmif; um; pD;&atmif cHkOD;& jcif; jzpfygonf/ wwd,wef; a&muf vQifvnf; Ekdifhab;cHkwGif vsLwdk;vdqdkol ausmif; olEiS hf cifrifc&hJ avonf/ vsLwdk;vdrSm EkdifhtwGuf tHhMop&mrsm; jynfh ESuf aeonf/ olonf ausmif; pmul;vQif Edik u f o hJ Ukd q&m r ausmufoifykef; ay: wGif a&;aompmudk vkduf rul ; a&;bJ Ed k i f h p mtk y f xJrS Edkifa&;orQudk om vdkuful;avh &Sdygonf/ þwG i f Ek d i f owd x m; rdonfrSm olpma&;onfh tcg tvGefaES; auG;vS ygonf/ q&mr ausmuf oifykef; ESpfcgzsufaomf vnf; olUrSm yxr ausmuf oifykef;rSm a&;onfh pm om &Sdao;onf/ pmrrD orQ EdkifhpmtkyfrS ul;a&; avh &Sdygonf/ pmzwf vQif tcsdef awmfawmf Mum zwf&avonf/ pm wpfyk'f usufvQif csuf csif;r& wwfay/ tdrfrS vnf; b,faomtcgrS pmusufvmjcif; r&Sd/ ol pmr&vQif q&mr&d k u f 222
rnfudk EdkifhrSm awG;awm ylyef&av onf/ wpfcgw&H tdrfrS usuf&ef tdrfpm ay;vdkufvQifvnf; pmqdk vQif t xpfxpf aighaighESifhyif/ Ekdifu olYtm; EIwfwdkuf &GwfqkdjyrS vlvkdufí qdkNyD; &orQudk wpfcg wnf; q&mr ar;onfhtcsdefESifh tHudkuf &Gwfvkdufavonf/ wpfcg w&HwiG f ol&w G q f akd om pmudk renf; BudK;pm;a&;om; &avonf/ ol\ jzLazG; aom 0upfupf vufu av;rsm;ESihf aES;auG;pGm a&;om;aom olUvuf a&; av;rsm;udk tNrJ rSwf rd aeygawmhonf/ rkefUpm; ausmif; vTwv f Qif vsLwd;k vdukd tdrrf S ydUk ay; aom xrif;csKd irhf mS av;qifh csKd iEhf iS hf yif/ xrif;? [if; trsm;BuD; ygav onf/ Ekid rhf mS tuefEY pS u f efUyg yvwf pwpf Al;av;om jzpfygonf/ onf vdkESifh twef;wif pmar;yGJ atmif pm&if; xGufvQif EdkifhrSm olUem rnfudkvnf; &Sm&yg ao;onf/ olU emrnf atmifpm&if;rSm ygaomfvnf; ausmif;jyef zGifhvQif olausmif;jyef rwufawmhyg/ ausmif;jyefziG Nhf y;D ESpf ywfavmuf tMumrSmawmh EdkifwkdU twef;xJudk olU tpfrqkd olESifh vsLwd;k vd a&mufvmcJyh gonf/ Ekid u hf kd vnf;vm EIwfqufygonf/ olwdkU rdom;pkrmS Edik if jH cm;odUk xGucf mG oGm; awmhrnf jzpfaMumif;? xkdaMumifh ausmif ; jyef rwuf a wmh a Mumif ; uRefr odcJh&avonf/ Ekdifh oli,f csi;f u tar&durSmawmh pmawmfol wpf a,muf jzpfcsifjzpfaerSmyg[k awG;um EkdifwkdUESpfOD; vufjy EIwf qufum cGJcGmcJh Mu&ygonf/
yÍörwef; (u) rSm awmh vDvD yef;av;vdk oG,fvsvsESifh tom; t&nfjzLaom q&mra':vDvDrSm Ekdifhudk t*Fvdyfpm oifygonf/ Ekdif uvnf; q&mr\ pm;yGJwiG f tdrrf S ,lvmaom ajcmufvyef; yGifhudk zefcGufrSmxdk;um xm;ay;avh &Sd onf/ onfESpfwGif ausmif;aygif;pHk uAsm&Gwf qdkNydKifyGJ&Sdonf/ q&mr uvnf; Ekdifhtm; t*Fvdyf uAsm wpfyk'fawmh &Gwfqdk apcsifaom qE´&Sdygonf/ pifjrifh ay:wufum trlt,mvkyí f uAsm&Gwq f kd &rnf jzpf&m tawmf avhusifh&ayonf/ q&mronf Ekid t hf m; t*Fvyd f uAsm av; wpfyk'f avhusifh&ef ay;cJhyg onf/ xkduAsmav;rSm The Egg qda k om uAsmav;/ In the farmyard lay a snow white egg, Nobody knew who had laid it. First the hen found it “Chuck! Chuck! ” she said. “Look at my egg! How big it is.” EkdifhrSm wu,fwrf;usawmh
t*Fvdyf toH av,l avodrf; tawmfyif tm;enf; aeygonf/ trlt&mrSmvnf; [ef ygyg trlyykd kd vkyw f wf&rnf jzpf&m Ekid hf ud, k cf E¨m rSm awmifhawmifhBuD;ESifh aMumif trf;trf;trlt&m jzpfaeygonf/ xdkUaMumifh q&mrrSm Edkif 0ifa&muf ,SONf yKd iaf &; twGuf tm; ray;awmh yg/ odUk ESihf NyKd iyf &JG ufrmS vnf; eD;vSNyD jzpf&m? vufavQmh vdkufygawmh onf/ jrefrmuAsm &Gwfqdkolrsm;rSm aemifwpfcsdefwGif ½kyf&Sif rif;orD;
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rsm;? wDA?GD tNird rhf if;orD;rsm; jzpfvm Muíyifwnf;/ jrefrm uAsm&Gwfol Ekdifholi,fcsif;]] yvkwf jAKef;&,feJU}} tpcsDonfh uAsm&SnfBuD;udk EkdifhrSm tdyfcef;wGif; rSefa&SYwGifom wpf udk,fwnf; azsmfajzcJh&avonf/ q&mr vDvDNydKifyGJ0ifap vdkaomIt wasn't a Cock or a hen. It hasn't a Cat or a dog. It was a little yellow ducking with a piece of shell on tis head.
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t&rf;ysif;onf/ tdrfacgif;&if;jcHrS tpfr wpfa,mufu wuúov kd w f iG f a&ul; csefyD,H jzpfygonf/ olu a&ul; oifay;cJhonf/ olESifhvdkuf í a&ul;onf/ wuúodkvf a&ul; uef? trsKd ;om;a&ul;uef? tif;,m; bkwf a&ul;uvyfwdkUrSm tpfravh usifhonfh ae&mtpHk a&vdkuful; onf / tpf r uawmh wuú o d k v f ausmif;olqdkawmh tvSysuf rcH? tom;ta& rnf;rnfudk umuG,f onf/ Edik u f awmh ajcovH;k rSm uRe;f wdkifvkd ñdkvHk;NyD;? ajymifaeonf/ tom;rSm rnf;wl;aeonf/ xdEk pS f owårwef; ajzNyD;awmh atmifpm &if;udk &ifwxdwfxdwfESifh apmifh& onf/ aemifEpS &f pS w f ef;udk atcef;rS &ygrvm;[k &ifxdwf&onf/ ocsFm vnf; trSm;awGEiS ?hf odyu HÜ vnf; r wifrus?orkid ;f rSmaum ckEpS o f uú&mZf rSef&JUvm;/ atmifpm&if; xGufvm awmh tpfudkU oli,fcsif;u Munfh vmNyD ; atmif o nf [ k vmajym onf/ tqifh (Position) rSmvnf; atcef ; rS m ae&rnf h tqif h r sd K ; jzpfonf/ 0rf;omvdkufonfh jzpf jcif;/ aemifESpfus&ifawmh onfvdk &ifwxdwfxdwfESifh ae&onfh aEG ausmif;ydwf&ufrsdK; rjzpf&atmif pmudk tjywf BudK;pm;vdkufrnf[k BuHK;0g;vdkufonf/ t|rwef;ESprf mS pdwt f 0ifpm; qHk;u ausmif;rSm eH&H uyfpmapmif xkwrf nf qdak om owif;yif/ Edik w f Ukd oli,fcsif;awG tm;vHk; pdwf0ifpm; Muonf/ onfyGJrSmawmh 'dkU wawG 0ifa&mufqifEGJ Murnf[k oli,f
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223
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226
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cJhonf/ xdkt&mum; pdwful; pdwfoef; jzpf\/ ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; oli,fu av;? oli,fruav; wdkUonf olwUkd udk cspaf om? todw&m;ESihf jynfhpHkaom vlBuD;wdkUxHrS vuf aqmifrsm; &&SdMuayrnf/ xdk vufaqmifwdkUonf olwdkU ,ck t&G,fxd odorQ todw&m;udk wyfvSefUum Edk;Mum;aprnf[k uRefawmf arQmfvifhonf/ xdkodkU aom vufaqmif xdo k Ukd aom t awGUtBuKH qdo k nfrmS tukef t us r&Sad y? bmrQvnf;r[kwaf y/ ,if;u b0wpfckudk ajymif;vJ ap\/ ,if;u q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm wnfNrJEkdifaom b0\ tm;rmef udk jznfhqnf;\/ ausmfvif;aqG rl & if ; The Present by James A. Michener, Reader's Digest, January, 1968.
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
MunfvifNy;D MunfE;l jcif; t&omudk cHpm; ESpo f uf aeMuayonf/ qkawmif;onfh tcgwGiv f nf; tem a&m*g uif;&Si;f &ygvd\ k ? ab;&ef cyford ;f tEÅ&m,f taygif; Nidrf;at;&ygvdk\? pD;yGm; Opöm wdk;wuf aumif;rGef &ygvdk\? pdwf\ csrf;omjcif;? udk,f\ csrf;omjcif;ESifh jynfhpHk&ygvdk\ ponfjzifh vdkvm; tyf awmifhwtyfaom qktrsdK;rsdK;udk awmif;Mu avonf/
qDrD; a&csrf;? qGr;f awmfyef; vSL'ge;f yefq, k l Ak'¨bmomtEG,f0if jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkUonf eHeuf apmapm tdy, f mrSxí ajcvufrsuEf mS ud, k t f *Fg oeYfpifNyD;onfESifh rdrdwkdY,HkMunfouf0if udk;uG,f qnf;uyf&mjzpfaom Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ qif;wkawmf a&SUarSmuf 'l;axmufum 0yfwGm;&Sdckd;jcif;trIudk jyKMuavonf/ xdkodkY &Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif; rjyKrDwGif jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; yef;a&csr;f qDr;D opfo;D ponfwYkd udk vSL'gef;qufuyfMuonf/ tcsdKUrSm tdyf,m0if tdyf,mx ESpfcsdefpvHk;yif bk&m;&Sdcdk;jcif;ESifhtwl yef;? qDr;D ? aomufawmfa&csr;f ? tarT;wdik ?f za,mif; wkdifwkdYjzifh xGef;nd§ylaZmfMu\/ þtjyKtrl tavh txonf Ak'¨bmomwdkY\ rdbbdk;bGm; bdk;ab; bDbif vufxufrSpí tpOftquf ukodkvf,l jyKusichf ahJ om rd½;kd zvm xH;k wrf;pOfvmjzpfayawmh onf/ xdkodkY tdyf,m0if tdyf,mxwdkif; jrwfpGm bk&m;tm; tarT;eHo Y mwdik ?f qDr;D wkid ?f za,mif;wdik ?f yef;a&csrf; opfoD;qGrf;rsm; vSL'gef;ylaZmfum rdrd vdk&mqkudk awmif;,lMujcif;jzifh pdwfESvHk; csrf;ajrh
t&Sifwdó jrefrmEdkifiH
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jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; tarT;eYo H mwdik jf zifh xGe;f nd§ ylaZmfonf&Sdaomf aemifwrvGefb0ü rdrd\ cE¨m ud, k rf S acR;eH?Y raumif;aom teHt Y oufrsm; rxGuf bJ arT;ysUH oif;BuKd iaf om teHtoufrsm; xGu&f adS p \/ a&arT;eHYom qGwfvdrf;yufzsef;p&m rvdkbJ cE¨mudk,frS MumndK&eHYoif;aom trsdK;orD;rsm; (y'kr®eDrdef;rrsdK;) wdkY Ak'¨pmaywGif &SdcJhayonf/ qD;rD;wdik f za,mif;wkid f wdjYk zifh xGe;f ndy§ al Zmfonf&dS aomf rdrd\ udk,fa&mifudk,f0g xGef;viff;awmufy apjcif;? rdrd\ b0onfvnf; tarSmifxk us a&mufjcif; tcuftcJrS vGwfuif;apEdkifjcif;? touft&G,fBuD;&ifhaomtcg? rsufpdrIefjcif;? rsufpd tm;enf;jcif; ponfwdkYrS uif;a0;apEdkif\/ yy0wDrif;orD;onf 7 aqmifwu kd cf ef; rD;rxGe;f bJ vif;&jcif;rSm bk&m;&Siftm; qDrD;uyfvSLcJhaom
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aumif;rI ukodkvfaMumifhjzpfonf/ aomufawmf a&csrf; uyfvSLjcif;jzifh rdrd\ b0vrf;onf at; csrf; pdkajyayvdrfhrnf/ yef;uyfvSLvQif rdrd\ ½kyf tqif;onf yef;vdkvSyNyD; arT;ysHUoif;BudKifaprnf jzpf&m a&S;vlBu;D olrrsm;u qkay;onft h cg ]]a&vdk at;í yef;vdak rT;ygap}} [lí vli,fwynfh om;ajr; wdkYudk qkay;wwfMuavonf/ bmoma&; ½Ia'gifhrS MunfhvQif a&tusdK; q,fyg;? qGr;f tusK;d ig;yg; &So d nfukd Ak'b ¨ mom0if wdYk od&NdS y;D jzpfMuonf/ qGr;f csuo f nft h cg a&onf r&Sdrjzpf yg0ifaeí qGrf;vSLonfhtcg a&tusdK; q,fyg;vnf; yg0ifNyD; qGrf;tusdK; wpfq,fhig;yg; yg &&Sdonf[k qdkEkdif\/ þtcsufudk pma&;q&m 'g½du k w f m OD;okcrS ½kyjf rifZmwfvrf;wGif wifjycJzh ;l ayonf/ qGrf;uyfvSL&jcif; tusdK; ig;rsdK;um; owå0gwdkYrnfonf tm[m&udk rSDNyD; touf&Sif Mu&\/ tqif;vnf; vSMu\/ csrf;omjcif;vnf; &&SdMu\/ cGeftm;AvESifhvnf; jynfhpHk&\/ ÓPf ynmvnf; Bu;D rm;&\/ xdaYk Mumifh qGr;f uyfvLS aom olonf xdt k usKd ;w&m;wdu Yk kd &&S\ d / ,ckb'´urÇmrS aemufjyefa&wGufonf &Sdaomf (94) urÇmwGif trsdK;om;wpfa,mufonf ]] od'¨w¬}} rnfaom bk&m;&Sif\ a&TuJhodkY 0g0if;aom ½kyftqif;udk MunfndKNyD; qGrf;uyfvSL'gef;cJh&m vlYpnf;pdrf ewf pnf;pdrw f u Ykd kd wpfvn S phf D cHpm;&if; tyg,frvm;bJ a*gwrbk&m;&Sif yGiahf wmfral omtcg &[EÅmb0udk cHpm;&&Sd\[k Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlcJh\/ a&csrf;uyfvSL&jcif;\ tusdK;q,fyg;rSm ]a&\touf wpfreuf} qdkonfESifh tnD a& raomuf&bJ iwfrGwfonf&Sdaomf toufqHk;yg; wwfonfjzpf&m a&aomufo;kH &rS touf&n S rf nf jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh aomufawmfa&csr;f vSL'gef;onf &Sad omf touf&n S \ f ? tqif;vS\? csr;f omwwf\? cGe;f tm;Av jynhpf \ kH ? ÓPfynm Bu;D \? ausmaf pm xif&Sm;\? oefY&Sif;pifMu,f\? tjcHt&HESifh jynfhpHk \? a&riwfyJ aeEdkif\? vsifjrefpGm oGm;vm ajy;vTm;Edik \ f / a&uyfvLS &aom tusKd ;rSm y'krw k &å bk&m; y&dedAÁmefpH0ifcJhNyD;aemuf trsdK;om; wpf 244
a,mufonf bk&m;&Siftm; &nfrSef;í y&dabm* apwDjzpfaom aAm"danmifyiftm; tarT;eHo Y ma& wdjYk zifh yufzse;f ylaZmf\/ xdak umif;rI ukov kd af Mumifh vlYpnf;pdrf? ewfpnf;pdrfwdkYudk wpfvSnfhpD pHpm;&if; tyg,frvm;bJ a*gwrbk&m;vufxufoYkd a&muf aomtcg ] *aE´m'ud,} rax&frnfaom &[EÅm tjzpfodkY &&SdcJhavonf/ qDrD; uyfvSL&jcif;tusdK;um; xdky'krkwå& bk&m;&Sif vufxufrSmyif trsdK;om;wpfa,muf onf aAm"dyiftm; qDr;D ig;wdik jf zifh vSL'gef; ylaZmfchJ aom aumif;rIukodkvfaMumifh vlYjynf? ewfjynf wpfvSnfhpD pnf;pdrf pHpm;&if; jzpf&mb0wdkif;wGif tuG,t f um&Sad om t&mwdu Yk kd xGi;f azmufjrifEikd f í ,lZem wpf&m tuGmta0;udk xif&Sm;yDopGm jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdum a*gwrbk&m;&SifvufxufwGif ]]yOö'yD u d m}} trnfjzifh xif&mS ;aom &[EÅmwpfyg; jzpfvm\/ qGr;f awmfuyfvLS enf;udk pmzwfy&dowf tm; ñTefjyay;vdkygonf/ bk&m;qGrf;uyfonfhtcg oHCmawmf wpfyg;pm qGr;f wpfy*k jH ym; tjynfh pm;yGJ ESifh wifí uyfyg/ odkYr[kwf vifyef;wGif qGrf;yk*H jym; wifí uyfyg/ oHCmwpfyg; qGrf;bkef;ay;NyD; avmufonfhtcsdefrSm pGefYNyD; xdkae&mudk &Sif;vif; okwfoifí rdrdpm;yg/ odkYr[kwf uav;rsm;udk auR;yg/ qGrf;awmfwifudk uav;rsm;auR;ygu oli,fem aysmufap\? taemf&xmrif;u rEl[m rif;udk qGr;f awmfwifNy;D auR;ojzifh bke;f edrchf jhJ cif;rSm qGrf;awmfwifaMumifhr[kwf qGrf;awmfpGefYypfonfh oifyw k af y:&Sd tnpftaMu;aMumihf jzpfonf/ yef; uyfvLS onft h cg bk&m;pifwiG f yef;rsm; EGr;f ajcmuf atmif rxm;&/ xm;vQif
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
yef;awmh? yef;warmh? yef;&GJ? yef;yGwf ponfh ynm&yfrsm;jzifh pD&ifjc,freI ;f aom yef;oP²mefrsm; udk bk&m; rwif&yg/ arSmifonhftcg tvif;a&mif&&Sdap&ef qDrD;? za,mif;wkid w f u Ykd kd xGe;f n§yd al Zmf&\/ tvif;a&mif &Sdaeonfh eHeuf? aeYvnf? naetcgrsm;wGif rylaZmf&yg/ qDrD;udk ylaZmfxGef;nd§NyD;onfESifh Ni§drf;owfxm;&\/ rNi§drf;owfbJ xm;cJhvQif av wdkufí vnf;aumif;? tjcm;wpfpHkwpf&maMumifh vnfaumif; teD;&Sd avmifpmrsm;udk rD;pGaJ vmifjcif;
jzifh tdrfudk rD;avmifwwf\/ odjYk zpfav&m qDr;D ? a&csr;f ? yef;? qGr;f uyfvLS ylaZmfenf;rsm;rSm pepfwus&SdNyD; rdrd\ ,HkMunfrI tavQmuf apwemtavQmuf tusdK;xl;rsm;udk ay;wwfav&m Ak'b ¨ mom olawmfpiftaygif;onf bk&m;ylaZmfjcif;trIukd rd½;kd zvm tpOftvm wpfck [k rrSwf,lbJ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ *kPfawmf? wefcdk; awmf? aus;Zl;awmfrsm;udk av;av;eufeuf ,HMk unf ouf0ifNy;D rSeu f efaom apwemjzifh vSL'gef;ylaZmf EdkifMuygapownf;/ t&Sifwdó(vIdif)
*kPfjyKqk vlawmfav;rsm;arG;zGm&m? x-ESp?f vIid af jrom/ oGuv f ufñeT pf mG ? p&d,m oifumjyKpkvm/ qifjh rifyh nm? pOfNrJom? atmify&JG cJw h m/ yef;csDynm? qk,v l m tm&Se,fajrrSm/ pOfqufcgom? BudK;pm;yg *kPjf yKMuap&m/
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
245
ajy;vrf;ay:wGif av,mOfbD; vSdrfhpjyKNyD/ av,mOf jywif;aygufrSwpfqifh vufjy EIwq f uf aeolawGukd vSr;f jrifae&onf/ rnfou l rnfolYudk vufjyaeonfrod? tm;vHk;onf rIef0g; 0g;/ av,mOftwGif;&Sd toHcsJUpuftdrfrsm;rS wpfqifh av,mOfarmif\ toHudk Mum;&onf/ ]]rsm;rMumrDtwGif;rSm c&D;onfrsm; vdkufyg pD;eif;vmwJh av,mOf[m...}} avaMumif;c&D;jzifh rMumcP oGm;vmcJhzl; ojzifh "mwfjym;a[mif;Bu;D wpfcsyf em;axmif&ovdk jzpfaeonf/ xGufcGmrnfhNrdKU? ysHoef;rnfhtjrifhay? c&D;pOfMumjrifrh nft h csed ?f xdik cf ckH g;ywfawG ywfxm; zdkU? cHkawG wnfhrwfxm;zdkY? aq;vdyfraomufzdkY? jrefrmvdk aMunmNyD;vQif t*Fvdyfpum;jzifh xyfrH ajymqdkOD;rnf/ NyD;vQif av,mOfr,fwpfOD;onf av,mOfOD;cef;xdyfrSm &yfum toufu,f tdwf toH;k jyKy?kH touf½LS ud&, d m wyfqify?kH toH;k jyKyw kH Ykd udk o½kyfjyrnf/ awGYaeus jrifuGif;? Mum;aeus toHawGyJ jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh pdwfyg0ifpm;rI r&SdvS/ odkYESifh rsuv f ;kH pHrk w dS u f m o&P*Ho k ;kH yg;udk tm½kjH yK aevdu k f onf/ pdwt f qdk pum;vH;k jzifh bk&m;&Si\ f *kPaf wmf rsm;udk &Gwq f kd yGm;rsm;aerdonf/ av,mOfarmif\ toHvnf; uG,af ysmufomG ;Ny?D av,mOfr,fav;\ o½kyfjyrIvnf; NyD;qHk;oGm;NyD? av,mOfonfvnf; ajy;vrf;&SnfBuD;ay:wGif t&Sdef,laeayNyD/ ydkrdkus,favmifqlnHaom av,mOftif*sif oHBuD;onf em;pnfajr§;udk t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGm ½dkufcwfvmonf/ em;awGtlvmonf/ av,mOf Bu;D onf t&Sed jf refoxuf jrefvm&if;rS aumif;uif xufodkY OD;armhxdk;wufvdkufonf/ NidrfhceJ? av ,mOfbD;awG ½kyfodrf;oGm;onfudk vSrf;awGYae& onf/ avxkxJ a&mufaomtcg av,mOfBuD; onf ajrjyifay:rSm t&Sdef,l ajy;vTm;&wkef;uvdk toH rqlnHawmh/ &efukefav,mOfuGif;onf atmufrSm usefcJh NyD? &efukefNrdKU e,fedrdwftwGif; wdkufwm? tdrfajc? 246
vrf;rrsm;udk iHMYk unfah e&ayNy/D eHeufcif; jrLawGu yg;yg;uav; a0h0JaeqJ? ta&SUqDrS aea&mifjcnf onf jrLrIefjrLrGm;rsm;udk r&t& xdk;cGJaeovdkyif/ azsmah wmhawmh a&mifjcnftvif;onf rMumrD xdef awmuf vmOD;rnf/
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qGrf;cHxGuf&\/ onfvdkESifhom vnfywfae aom uRefawmfb0wGif;odkY ]ol} 0ifa&mufvmaom wpfaeYum;... qGr;f pm;csed t f Ny;D olBu;D ESifh vl wpfpk ausmif;ay:odw Yk wfum q&m awmfxH tzl;ajrmfvmMuonf/ q&m awmf cdkif;apcsuft& rkefYyJoGm;&nf pmrsm; usufoa&cef;xJu ,lum wnfcif;{nfhcH&\/ xdktcsdef wGif vltkyftpGef;ü xdkifaeaom ]ol} udk awYG&av onf/ ]ol} onf uREfkyf rsufpdxJü tvGefvS\/ rdk;jyma&mif tyGifh tpuf tcufrsm;ygaom 0rf;quf 0wfxm;onf/ vnfyif;wGifvnf; tjzLa&mif y0gyg;uav;udk ywf xm;ao;\/ qHauomxHk;zGJYqif ,ifykH rsKd ;udak wmh uREykf w f &Ykd mG rSm wpf cgrS rjrifzl;acs? a&mifpHkuvpf u av;rsm;vnf; xd;k xm;ao;\/ xdik f aeyHkuvnf; uEGJYuvS? NrdKUolrdkY xifyg\/ rIeef o YH m a&mifprkH sm; jc,f oxm;\/ t&yftarmif; udk,fvkH; ukd,fxnfum; omrefrdef;uav; rsm;xuf jrifhrm;zGHUxGm;onf/ uREfkyfwkYd&GmrS at;omwdkYum; olr&Sdíom uGrf;awmifudkif bGJY& xm;jcif; jzpfayrnf/ tvScsif;um; tjywftowf/ þodkYþES,f olYudk rsufvHk;ESifh tuJcwfaewkef; olESifh tMunfhcsif;qHkoGm;\/ olu rsuf vH;k &GBJ u;D rsm;udk uysmu,m ½kyo f rd ;f vkdufavonf/ odkYaomfrsm; rMum rDyif oljyefMunfhjyef\/ þodkY rsuf vHk;csif; qHkonfrSm tBudrfBudrf jzpf vmaomtcg olu tjyHK;av;rsm; 256
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ae\/ odkYayr,fh jrefjref oGm;EdkifrS oif h a wmf r nf jzpf í cyf j ref j ref avQmuftxGuf ajcoHawG pum; ajymoHawG eD;vmojzifh tem;u ykwfBuD;xJodkY 0ifvdkuf& jyefonf/ ]]bk&m;a& 0g*Grf;ykwfBuD; yg vm;}} acsmif;qdk;csifpdwfudk renf; atmifx h m;&if;/ ]]a[h ... awGYMuvm;a[h}} ]] rawGYbl;AsKdU }} ]] ypön;f taysmuf t&S &Sv d m;}} ]] r&Sdbl;AsdKU}} ]] [kwfw,f r&Sdbl;}} ]]'gqdk ajy;NyeD YJ wlw,fu?G rcd;k vdkuf&wmjzpfr,f? jyefwufMua[h? owdeJYawmh tdyfMu/}} twefi,fMumrS uREykf f ykyfxJ u xGufvmonf/ ap;uyfaom opfap;rsm;aMumifh udk,fwGif *Grf; awG wpfaxG;BuD; uyfygvmonf/ xdktcg vlrSmarsmufjzL ½kyfqdk;BuD; yHk aygufaerSm taotcsmyif/ ol tajzay;wkef;u rdrdudk,fudk ½kyfu tjywfom;em; acsmarmaevdkY jzpf rS m [l í awG ; xif c J h w mav;awG aysmuf c sif ; rvS aysmuf u k e f N yD ? ausmif;xJ jyeft0ifvrf;wGif acG; rsm;u vkdufqGJao;onf/ renf; vGwf atmifajy;vm&onf/ ausmif; xJu rdrd xrif; auR;aeMu acG; awmif a[mif v k d u f ao;onf / toH ay;vkdufrS wdwfoGm;av\/ aMomf .. b0.. b0.. b0/
258
(4) olav;ESihf uREykf f cspo f jl zpfMu NyDqdkawmh tqifhcsif;vJrwl? *kPf csif;vJuGm aeavawmh olESifhtwl ae&zdkY wpfvrf;om &Sd\/ cdk;ajy;&ef om jzpf\/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyfü aiG r&Sday/ tb,fodkY vkyf& rnfenf;/ uREfkyf\ q&mudkndKBuD;u tMuH ay;jyef\/ þonfum; q&mawmf bk & m; usufoa& cef;twGif;rS ypönf;rsm; cdk;a&mif;&ef jzpfonf/ uREfkyfum; pdwftarSmifzHk;avNyD/ r vkyo f if[ h k rawG;awmhyJ npOf q&m awmfh usuo f a&cef;rS ypön;f ypö, rsm;ck;d ía&mif;\/ usuo f a&cef;udk udik &f olrYkd vG,u f o l nft h jyif q&m awmf udk,fwdkifuvnf; 0ifppf avh r&Sday/ þodYk pkrad qmif;rd &Sad omtcg oluav;ESihf xGuaf jy;&ef csed ;f onf/ a&pufcsyGJ rwdkifcif cdk;ajy;Murnf/ uREykf u f m; tacsmif rde;f r&OD;rnfyg vm;/ &onfh rdef;ruvnf; NrdKUol tacsmtvS? tdt k oifavmu uREykf f onf om,mrIaygif;? uHaumif;jcif; vufaqmifrsm; ay; oem;wwfaom oifhudk aus;Zl;wifyg\/ csdef;xm;aom nodkY a&muf ayNyD/ uREfkyfum; vGefpGmrS wuf
uREykf u f m; olY txkyu f kd qGu J m aysmf aysmfBuD; vufwGJí xGufcJhonf/ ]]armifBu;D [db k uf&mG u tod wpfa,mufudk vSnf; pDpOf cdkif;xm; w,f odvm;? tJh'DurS NrdKUay: oGm; Mur,faemf}} (5) ta&SU t&yfwGif a&miferD sm; oef;vmNyD? &GmOD;ausmif;rS udk&if av;u wHk;armif;udk acgufvkduf onf/ vlom;rsm; wpfenf;qdkaomf &GmrS awmifolv,form;rsm; vkyf ief;cGif0if&ef jyifqifMuNyD/ xdkpOf vlwpfpkum; &GmOD;ausmif; qDodkY tjref vSrf; vmaeMuonf/ ]]q&mawmfb&k m;? q&mawmf bk&m;}} ]][Jh udk&ifav;? ausmif; atmufu b,foal wGvJ oGm;Munfh prf;? uyd, Ü av;a&m b,fa&muf ae vJ/ rxao;bl;vm;}} ]]olBuD;wdkY vlpkyg bk&m;/ ]]udkif; wumwdkY apmvS csnf vm; uG J U ? taMumif ; xl ; rsm; &S d ovm;}} ]] &Sdygaumvm; bk&m;? ajym awmif raumif;awmhygbl;}} ]]a[ ... bmvdkY raumif; wmvJuJGY }} ]]'Dvdkyg q&mawmfh uydÜ, av;eJY wynfhawmf&JU wlr? tJav wlwdkY cdk;ajy;MuvkdYyg bk&m;/ olu rdef;uav; pdwfaygufaewmyg/ 'g udk uyd, Ü av;u rde;f uav; tppf xifNy;D cd;k oGm;wmaerSm bk&m;? [du k vnf; olYudk,fol rdef;rvdkY cH,lxm; txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
awmh cufukefNyD bk&m;}} ]] q&mawmf? 'DrSm uydÜ, td y f , may:rS m pmwpf a pmif & yg w,f bk&m;}} ]]tif; ... xifawmh xifom; tckwavm 'Daumif rl odyfrrSefbl; vdkY }} 'DvdkygyJav owå0g awGrSm t0dZÆm? wPSmzHk;NyD qdkrSjzifh xif&m vkyfMuawmhwmyJ/ 'gaMumifv h J 'ku© oHo&mxJu rxGuEf ikd w f mud;k ? w&m; usp&m aumif;w,f 'umwdkYa&/}}
om;armifZmeD ( aq;-2 ) 'orwef; ( 2000 )
259
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BuD;vmvQif v,f,mukdif;uRef; vkyfukdifap rnf/ tu,fíom ol&JUom;uav;u usrf;pmtkyf ukd ukdifí aqmhupm;vQif BuD;jyif;vmygu omoemh 0efxrf; b0okdU oGwfoGif;rnf/ 'gayrJh olU&JU om;uav;u a&T'*Fg;ukdrS a&G;cs,faqmh upm;vQif aiGaMu;"e ckHrifESpfoufol jzpfEdkifacs &Sdí BuD;jyif; vmvQif? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifjzpfatmif ykHoGif;rnf paom tBuHtpnfrsm;jzifh ,if;ypönf; okH;rsKd;ukd tcef ; vG w f w pf c k w G i f xm;NyD ; om;av; tm; aqmhupm;apygonf/ tcef;jyifbufrS wpfaphwapmif; om;av;&JU aqmhupm;rIukdMunfhaerdygonf/ pOf;pm;awG;awm wmawGtm;vkH; wvGJwacsmf jzpfukefNyD/ olU&JU
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jzpf vmatmif a&;pGr;f Ekid w f hJ uavmif&iS f trnfudk odví dk pmcscef; tjyifbufrS wpfaphwapmif;Munfh vku d rf yd gonf/ q&mawmfBu;D rnfoUdk rnfyHk tHt h m; oifhoGm;onfukd cHpm;íom Munfhygawmh/ ]]q&m awmfBuD;&JU uavmiftrnfu 0w¬KZmwfvrf; pm tkyf rsufESmzkH;ay:rSmwJh/ [- Imagine his surprise, when he saw his pen name on the cover of the storybook] An Absent-minded Sayadaw. n
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bmrS rajymif;vJbl;? uJjyygOD;? igh armif&UJ vuf&mawG? bmawG vkyf jzpfao;vJ }} udkwifarmif aysmfoGm;w,f? olYvuf&mawGudk Munfhr,fhol vm NyDav?]] rr... 'D[m uRefawmf qGJxm;wJh yefcsDum;? aq;eJY qGJxm; wm r[kwfbl; csnfeJYxdk;xm;wm MunfhygOD;.. bmvdkvJvdkY }} udw k ifarmifu oH;k ay av;ay yefcsDum;BuD; wpfcsyfudk jyvdkuf w,f/ a':abbDu yefcsDum;udk wpfvSnfh? udkwifarmifudk wpfvSnfh wtHhwMoeJY Munfhaew,f/ NyD;rS ]][Jh wifarmif 'g aemuf p&m r[kwfbl;aemf? tpfrvkyfwJh vlu rawGUwmMumvdYk vmw,f? oluvm aemufaew,f }} ]] raemufygbl; rr&UJ? b,frmS aemufvdkYvJ }} 'DrSm...ig'DavmufrwHk;bl; aemf? 'DyefcsDum; eifqGJw,f qdkwm rjzpf E d k i f b l ; qd k w mavmuf a wmh odw,f/ udkwifarmif tHhMooGm;w,f? 'DaeY bmawG jzpfaeygvdrfhaygh/ ]]rr uRefawmf rvdrfygbl; rr&JU? vm ... aemufwpfck jytHk; r,f }} tdrfa&SUrSm csxm;wJh t*Faw yef;yk½yk u f av;awGqu D k d ac: oGm;Ny;D jyvdu k w f ,f/ yef;yk½kyfuav;awGu touf0ifvGef;vdkY aumif;uifudk ysHwufawmhr,fh twdkif;yJ? aumif; uif w ref ½k y f u av;awG y g? t awmifyHuav; awGjzefYvdkY? tJ'gudk jyawmhrS ydkqdk;oGm;awmhw,f/
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
(1) ]]uRef a wmf w d k U rnf r Qa0; uGmaeMuOD;rnfenf;}} xd k a r;cG e f ; ud k uRef a wmf tygt0if uRefawmfhrdwfaqG t awmfrsm;rsm; ajzqdkEdkifjcif;r½Sdyg/ tvGeaf usmMf um;aomaA'ifq&m Bu;D wpfO;D uvnf;olrajzEdik af Mumif; 0efcHcJhygonf/ xd k a r;cG e f ; onf t qif h j rif h ocsmF wpfy'k v f t kd ajzxkw&f ifcuf cJygovm;/ xd k a r;cG e f ; ud k a jzqd k E d k i f & ef twG u f tcsd e f r nf r Q,l M urnf enf;/ t½l;wpfa,mufudkawGU í ar;Munf h a omtcg xd k t ½l ; u ]]acwå pOf;pm;cGifh jyKyg}} [kqdkyg onf/ xdkUaemuf uRefawmfhudk aphaphMunfNh y;D ]]cifAsm;[mt½l;wpf a,mufyJ}} [kqdkum xGufoGm;yg awmhonf/ (2)
uRef a wmf h w G i f " gwf y H k w pf yHk½Sdygonf/xdk"gwfyHkrSmyifv,fxJ üvltrsm;vIdif; pD;aeMuyHkjzpfyg onf/ vIdif;pD;&if;wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,mufa0;oGm;wwfygonf/ a0;&mrSvnf; eD;oGm;wwfygjyefyg onf/ eD;jcif;a0;jcif;udkzefwD;Edkif pGrf;½Sdonfh vIdif;wdkUonf wpfcg w&H aMumufrufz, G af umif;aom toHwdkUudk xkwfvTwfwwfjyefyg onf/ xdktoHwdkUudkuAsmwpfyk'f tjzpfcHpm;Edkifygrnfvm;/ uRef a wmf o nf u Asmq&m r[kwfyg/ odkU&mwGif uAsmwdkUudk uRef awmfcspfcifjrwfEkd;ygonf/ txl; ojzifh cspfolESifh a0;aeaMumif;zGJU qdx k m;onfu h Asmrsm;udpk w d 0f ifpm; ygonf/ odkU&mwGif cspfolESifha0; aevQief ;D atmifb,fvv kd yk &f rvJ [kar;vmvQifrlum; uRefawmfr ajzwwf y g/ tb,f h a Mumif h q d k aomfuReaf wmf ud, k w f ikd cf spo f El iS hf a0;aeaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/ cspfjcif;arwåmonf eD;jcif; a0;jcif;ESifhoufqdkifygovm;/ eD ; jcif ; a0;jcif ; onf v nf ; cspjf cif;arwåmoufqikd yf govm;/ ]eD;vsufESifha0;} [laom p um;udka&m rnfodkUcHpm;Murnf enf;/
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf a0;uGmae&jcif;onfwq H yd af cgif;zd;k tvGefukefonf[koli,fcsif;wpf a,mufuajymchzJ ;l ygonf??xdpk um; onfrw S o f m;xdu k yf g\??a':ar½Sif \]]aus;apwref}}onfxdkukefus cJah omwHqyd af cgif;zkrd sm;udzk max; Edkifygrnfvm;[k uRefawmfrpOf; (3) pm;rdyg/ uRefawmfpOf;pm;rdonf t½l;onf wHqdyfacgif; rSm ]pmydkUorm;}jzpfchJzl;aomcdkiSuf k v l mNy;D uReaf wmfu h akd y;yg av;wdkUtaMumif; jzpfygonf/ rsm;ud, txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
269
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yd k í a0;uG m oG m ;jcif ; yifr[kwfygavm/ cspf o l & &ef Mud K ; pm;aeaomyef;csDq&mu eD;jcif;a0;jcif;rsm;udk &Sif; jycJhpOfu uRefawmfpdwf r0ifpm;cJhyg/ uRefawmf pdw0f ifpm;cJo h nfrmS ol\ {nfhcef;xJwGiftvSxm; &Sad om ]t½ky}f uav;rsm; jzpf y gonf / xd k t ½k y f uav;rsm;onf wpf½kyf ESifh wpf½kyf cyfuGmuGm &S d a eMuygonf / uRef awmfu tb,fhaMumifh eD;eD;uyfuyf rxm;ovJ [kar;aomtcgü yef;csD q&mu eD;jcif; a0;jcif; oabmw&m;rsm;udk &Sif; jyjyefygonf/ &Sif;jycsuf rsm;u em;vnf&vG,fyg onf/ odUk aomf uReaf wmf em;rvnfonfrSm ola&; qGJxm;aom teD;ta0; ESifhoufqdkifaomyef;csD um;rsm; jzpfygonf/ (4) ]uRef a wmf w d k U rnf r QMumMum a0;uG m aeMuOD;rnfenf;/} wH q d y f a cgif ; pk aqmif;olrsm;onf a0; uGmjcif;udk ESpfoufMuol rsm;[kqdkvmygu jiif;ckef rI r sm;ay:ayguf v mEd k i f
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
ygonf / wpf c k a ocsm onfrSm ]pmydkUvkvif}t rnf&Sd &kyf&SifZmwfum; rsm;rS m urÇ m rausmf c J h jcif;yifjzpfonf/ urÇm ausmfcJhonfrSm rdrd t wGuf toufay;í a0; urÇ m od k U a&muf & S d o G m ; onfh cspfolwpfa,muf taMumif; &dkuful;xm; onfh ]wdkufwJef;epf} t rnf& &kyf&Sifum;MuD;yif jzpfygonf/ a0;uGm;jcif; onf urÇ m ausmf w wf aMumif; xif&mS ;onfh om "uwpfck jzpfygonf/ (5) vrf;rrsm; ay: wGif rsuf E S m aygif ; rsm;pG m &SdaeMuygonf/ xdkrsuf ESmrsm;xJwGif oiftvdk &Sdaom rsufESmwpfck (0g) wpfcx k ufyakd om rsuEf mS rsm;yg0ifaumif;yg0ifEdkif ygvd r f h r nf / uRef a wmf h twGufrl xdkrsufESmrsm; onf tcsnf;ESD;omjzpfyg onf / t&l ; u ]t*F & k y f } rsm; taMumif;udk ajymjy aeygonf / uRef a wmf pdwrf 0ifpm;yg/ uReaf wmf u a0;uG m jcif ; rsm;t aMumif;aqG;aEG;&ef p um;vrf ; aMumif ; aom tcgü t½l ; ujyH K ;aeyg onf/
wpf a e&mwG i f rsuf E S m zH k ; rsm;udka&mif;csaeygonf/rsufESm zHk;rsm;rSm yHko@eftrsdK;rsdK; jzpfí txl;ojzifh uav;rsm;utvk t,uf0,f,laeMuygonf/ xdk rsuEf mS zH;k rsm;udpk yG v f u kd v f Qirf rd \ d rlv&kyf (0g) rlvrsufESmaysmuf uG , f o G m ;ygonf / uav;wpf a,mufonf rsufESmzHk;wpfckudk aumufpyG v f u kd yf gonf??csujf cif;yif xdkuav;onfvlpifppfrSarsmuf wpfaumifjzpfomG ;ygonf??t½l;u rlv&kyfaysmufuG,foGm;jcif;onf a0;uG m jcif ; wpf r sd K ;jzpf o nf [ k ajymjyD;olvnf; rsufESmzHk;wpfck& vdkaMumif; uRefawmfhudkylqmyg onf/ uReaf wmfu]a0;uGmjcif;udk ESpfoufvdkUvm;} [kar;rS t½l; onfolrSm;aMumif;0efcHygawmh onf / vl M uD ; wpf a ,muf o nf rsuEf mS zH;k wpfcu k kd 0,faeygonf/ xdkaemufrsufESmzHk;udk wyfMunfh vdkufygonf/ xdkvlMuD;rSmvlpif ppfrS bDvl;wpfaumifjzpfoGm;yg awmhonf/ uRef a wmf o nf xd k b D v l ; BuD;ESifha0;&modkUxGufcJhygonf/ t½l;vnf;ygvmygonf/ vrf;ü teD;ta0; oabmw&m;rsm;udk &Si;f jycJah om yef;csq D &mESiahf wGUyg onf/ olu cspfol&&efaocsmae jyjD zpfaMumif;ajymygonf/ t½l;u xdkyef;csDq&mtm; ] wHqdyfacgif; tvHt k avmuf&&dS UJ vm;}[kaumuf umiifumar;vdkufygonf/yef;csD q&mcrsmtlaMumifaMumifjzpfomG ;
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
&Smygonf/ jyD;rS t½l;udkMunhfí ]rif;[mt½l;yJ}[kajymvdu k yf gonf/ xdktcgt½l;u[uf[ufyufyuf &,fvdkufjyD; ]wu,f½l;wmolyJ} [kqu kd muReaf wmfu h kd vufñ;dI xd;k jyygonf/ (6) ,ck tcsdefwGif uRefawmf wpfa,mufwnf;om &Sdygawmh onf/ uRefawmfonf ajcOD;wnfh &mavQmufvmcJhygonf/ þuJ h o d k U avQmuf v m&if ; uRefawmfhar;cGef;udk uRefawmf pOf;pm;aerdygonf/ ]]uRef a wmf w d k Y rnf r QMum Muma0;uGmaeMuOD;rnfenf;}} av;at;at;wd k U u uRef awmfhudk yGwfoyfusDp,foGm;Muyg onf/ yif v ,f urf ; pyf e m;od k U a&mufvmjyD jzpfaMumif;odvu kd &f \/ vI d i f ; wk d U onf w0k e f ; 0k e f ; atmf[pfum qlnHjrL;xl;aeMuyg onf/ wpfckaomvIdif;xdyfwGifrl cdik u S u f av;wpfaumifujkd rifawGU vdkuf&ygonf/ aEGaZmfOD; (rEÅav;) 271
272
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aq;½kHta&;ay:tcef;xJu xGuf vmaom aEG;azaz rsufESmudk jrif vdkuf&awmh? uRefawmf em;vnf vdkufrdygNyD? cspfaom aEG;uav;\ a&m*g tqHk;tpGefodkY a&muf&SdaeNyD jzpfonfudk/ uRefawmftouf&Ií r0 awmhyg/ &ifxJrSm tvGef rGef;Muyf vdkY vmygonf/ aEG;\ azazudk? b,fu ae? b,fvdk p ar;&rSef; rodbJ? rsu&f nfawG &pf0v J Ykd wufvmaom rsu0f ef;rsm;jzifh uReaf wmf Munfah erd vdkufygonf/ aEG ; azazu uRef a wmf ykcHk;ay: olYvufudk tomwifNyD; ... ]]armifrif;ol? orD;uav; uawmh tqkwfwpfjcrf; jzwfudk jzwfypf&awmhr,f? OD;orD;av; uH qd;k vGe;f ygw,fumG .. rif; ... rif; 0ifMunfhvdkufygtkef;}} uRefawmf r&GHUr&J &SdvS aom ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh aEG;&Sd&modkY vSrf;cJhygonf/ tpuvJ tqkwfem &Sd aom aEG;wpfa,muf? xyfqifhí tqkwf tat;ywf cHvdkuf&ojzifh aEG; tzsm;aoG;awG wpftm;wufNy;D owdvufvw G f jzpfc&hJ onf/ ckawmh aEG; aq;½kaH y:a&mufaeavNyaD ygh/ tpOftjrJ aoG;a&mif uif;
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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awmfu acgif;&rf;jyNyD; .. olyg; pyfukd uReaf wmfv h ufjzifh tomydwf xm;vdu k o f nf/ ]]aEG; .. 'gawG bmwpfck rS rpOf;pm;eJ?Y aEG;jrefjref aeaumif; atmifom vkyfyg? aEG; bmBuD;yJ jzpfaeae... b,haf vmufq;kd 0g;wJh a&m*gyJ jzpfaeae ... aEG;udyk pfNy;D armifb,furkd S roGm;bl; ... armif wpfaeYwpfjcm; aEG;udk wdk;wdk;NyD; cspfaerSmyg aEG;&,f ... }} apmapmu pdwfysuftm; avsmah eaom aEG;\ rsuEf mS ay:wGif tjyHK;&dyfrsm; oef;vmygonf/ at;pufpuf Ekdifaeaom ol Y v uf u av;rsm;u uRef a wmf vufudk wif;MuyfpGm qkyfudkifxm; aeygawmhonf/ aEG ; wpf a ,muf tzsm; awGaysmufNy;D xlxl axmifaxmifEiS hf aq;½kHu qif;csdefa&mufcJhygonf/ emvefxp aEG;udk uRef awmf tpGr;f ukef jyKp, k , k rIawG ay; chJygonf/ aEG; usef;rmvmonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf aEG;azazonf? aEG;udk Edik if jH cm;ydí Yk a&m*gqufvuf uko ay;&ef pdkif;jyif;ygawmhonf/ uRefawmfrygaom c&D;udk oGm;&rnfrYkd aEG;idck o hJ nfrmS tcgcg/ aEG;udk uRefawmf tpGrf; ukef acsmah rmhEpS o f rd chf &hJ ygonf/ aEG; c&D; pwifxGufonfhaeYu qdkvQif aEG; uReaf wmfu h kd zufíido k vd?k uRef awmfuvnf; aEG;udzk ufí idv k u kd rf d ygonf/ onfae&mwGif uRefawmfh 274
pdwfudk uRefawmf rxdef;EdkifcJhyg/ cspfaom aEG; vdkufygoGm; aom av,mOfBuD; r*Fvm'Hk av ,mOfuGif;rS yHswufoGm;onfh tcg wGif uRefawmf rsuf0ef;ESpfzufrS rsuf & nf r sm;onf tquf r jywf &GmoGef;vmaom rdk;uJhodkY usvm Muygawmhonf/ ]]jyefMupdkY om;}} uRefawmfh araru uRef awmfh vufudk qGJí ac:cJhonf/ uReaf wmfonf arar ac: &m aemufoYkd ajcvSr;f aeaomfvnf; uRefawmfhpdwfawGu aEG; aemufodkY vkdufygoGm;aeygonf/ wpfae&mwGif vJawmhrvdk jzpf o G m ;awmh r S ... ]] [J h o m; owdxm;av ....}} uReaf wmf ud, k phf w d u f kd Edik f atmif xde;f vdu k Nf y;D avSum;xpfrsm; udk qif;vdkufonf/ ]] om; ... om; aEG;av; udk b,favmuf cspfw,fqdkwm arar odygw,f? arar om;udk udk,fcsif;pmrdw,f? aEG;av;udkvJ odyf oem;w,f? 'gayr,fh om;&,f? om;&JU b0a&SUa&;twGuf aEG;av; [m vufwzJG Ykd a&G;oifw h hJ rde;f uav; vm; qdkwm? om;&JU tonf;ESvHk;eJY rqH;k jzwfbJ OD;aESmufeYJ qH;k jzwfMunfh vdkufprf;yg om; ....}} ]] cifAsm}} ararh pum;aMumifh ... &ifxJ 'def;ueJ ckefoGm;NyD; arar rsuEf mS udk uReaf wmf qwfueJ Munfh vdkufrdygonf/ om;pOf;pm;av ... aEG;
av;[m a&m*go,f ? tqkwfwpfjcrf;eJY b0udk a&SUquf&r,fh vl? tdrf axmif om;arG; tvkyf awGudk aEG;av; vkyfEdkif yghrvm; ... 'DMum;xJ wpfckck jzpfoGm;&ifaum? ...araruawmh awG; awG;NyD; odyf pdwfylw,f om; ...}} wpfv;kH csi;f 0if vm wJh ararhpum;awG[m uReaf wmfu h kd acgif;em;yef; BuD;vmapygw,f/ arar ajymovd k uRefawmfwkdY ESpfa,muf tdraf xmifusNy;D om;awG om;orD;awG &NyD;umrS aEG;wpfa,muf wdrf;yg; oGm;rnfqdkvQif onf vl rr,f cav;awGeYJ? uRef awmf rnf o d k Y v k y f & rnf enf;/ ]] tif; arar ajymwmvnf; [kww f myJ aEG ; av;[m omref v l aumif; wpfa,mufeJY pm &if aowGi;f eJY tawmf eD; aewJh olyJ ... aEG; ... aEG;... armifhtcspfaEG; av;&,f ...}} r½SLEdkif ru,f Edkif jzpfae&olu uRef awmfyg/ onfMum;xJ? aEG; azazu uRef a wmf h x H zkef;qufvmygonf/ aEG; udk oHa,mZOf jzwfzdkY t
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
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uJo h Ykd xm;avolrYkd Nird ;f udk uReaf wmf cspfjrwfEdk;í ,lcJhonf r[kwfaomf vnf; vGefpGm av;pm;rdygonf/ Nidrf;ESifh uRefawmf tay; t,l rQwonfrdkY uRefawmfwdkY tdrf axmifa&; om,majzmifhjzL;vSyg onf/ om;av;xGef;xGef;udk arG; zGm;NyD;onfh aemufwGifawmh uRef awmfwdkY tdrfaxmifonf ydkrdkí om ,m pdkajyvmcJhygonf/ wpfom;arG; wpfaoG;vSí usef;rm oefpGrf;aeaom Nidrf;udk MunfhNyD;? om;aumif; rdppfyDowJh Nidrf; b,favmuftxdrsm; arG;zGm; ay;avrvJ[k pOf;pm;Munfh&if;? &ifrSm MunfEl;pGmjzifh aeY&ufrsm;udk jzwfoef;vmcJhygonf/ onfaeY tvkyfu tjyef wGif om;xGe;f xGe;f ESihf ZeD;onf Nird ;f wdBYk uKd uaf om? &Sprf ikd u f &Sr;f acgufqJG aMumfudk0,fNyD;? uRefawmftdrfjyef vmcJhonf/ um;udk uReaf wmf*½kpu kd í f armif;ESif;vm,if; uRefawmf t onf;ESv;kH udk ydik pf ;kd aom aEG;uav; udk owd&rdvmonf/ atmf ... aEG ; ... aEG;av; .. ckavmufqdk&if tcsdef awGajymif; ESpfawGa[mif;vdkY .. armifu h kd arhaeavNyv D m; ... 'grS r[kwf tMuifemrJhpGm aEG;udk ypfcGm oGm;vdYk emusn;f cHjyif; pdwaf wG aEG; &ifrSm xefaeqJyJvm;/ aEG;av;&,f .. rif;rod vY d k y g? ES p f a wG ? vawG ? b,f v d k ajymif; ajymiff; aEG;av;udkcspfwJh
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
tcspu f awmh armifh ... &ifxrJ mS &Sifoef EkysdKaeqJyguGm ... armif[m armifZh eD;Nird ;f udk opömrazgufygbl; ... ZeD;onf tay:rSm vifh0wå&m; ausyGefwJh tdrfaxmifOD;pD; wpfa,mufrdkY aEG; .... aEG;udk armifcspo f vdk tcspf awG Nird ;f udk armif yHrk ay;Edik af yr,f?h Muifem,k,rIYawGudk vifom; wpf a,muf t aeeJ Y armif a y;aerd y g w,faEG;&,f/ aEG;xHodkY ysHvGifhoGm;aom uReaf wmfph w d t f m½ku H kd jyeford ;f qnf; vdu k cf sed w f iG f rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f t&yfrS vrf;vGí J vmaom um;Bu;D wpfp;D \ OD;acgif;udk uRefawmf bGm;ceJ jrif vdkuf&ygonf/ k f wqufwnf;rSmyJ ... wdu cdkufoHBuD;udk Mum;vdkuf&onf/ xdkYaemufwGifawmh ... uRefawmfhtwGuf wpfavmuvHk; onf tarSmifxkBuD; vTrfjcHK oGm;yg awmhonf/ tcsdefawG rnfrQMumoGm; onfrod .... uRefawmf owd wpfcsuf jyefvnfvmcsed w f iG f uReaf wmf ud, k f udk vIyfír&awmhyg/ touf & S L &mrS m vG e f p G m rG e f ; Muyf N yD ; ? tonf ; cd k u f a tmif emusifaom a0'emudk uRefawmf cHpm;&if;u? ... uReaf wmf cHpm;ae aom a0'em\ twdrfteufudk oabmaygufrv d monf/ a0;&awmhrnf? uRefawmf cspfaom aEG;? uRefawmf\ Nidrf;csrf; om,maom tdrfaxmifESifh ... 275
uHMur®m\ tvSnfhtajymif; u vnf; qef;Mu,fvSonf/ aMumuf cref;vdvdvnf; &SdvSonf/ tqkwf wpfjcrf;ESifh t ouf &Sifaeaom aEG; .... b0vSvS ESifh .... ao ab;rS a0;aecsed w f iG f ... oefoef pGrf;pGrf; vlvHk;vSvS &SdvSaom uRef awmfonf aorif;i,f cHwGif;0odkY puúefYydkif;twGif;? a&muf&Sdaeyg avNyD/ aEG;av;&,f armifu aEG; av;udk vufxyfvkduf&if wpfaeY aeYrmS armifwpfa,mufxJ use&f pfchJ rSmudk ...pd;k &draf MumufvefrY cd w hJ ,f? ckawmh aorif;u aEG;xuf t&if armifhudk ac:aeNyDav? uHMur®m&JU vSnfhuGufudk armifxdxdrdrd cHpm; vkduf&ygNyD aEG; ... cspfwJhaEG;eYJ armif cifwG,fwJh tdrfaxmifudk pGefYNyD; ... armifrodwJh ae&m wpfckqDudk armif oGm;&rJhtcsdef eD;vmNyD ... aEG;av;udk armif EIwf qufcJhygw,f? jzpfcJh&wJh taMumif; t&mawG tm;vHk;twGuf w&m;cH jzpfwJh armifhudk aEG;cGifhrvTwfygeJY ... armifuawmh aemufq;kH xGuf ouftxd? armifh&ifxJrSm armifh OD; aESmufxJrSm? aEG;av;udk cspfwJh pdwf[m &SifoefaerSmyg aEG; ... av;&,f/ uRefawmfh acgif;xJ rdkuf ceJ jzpfoGm;NyD; ... uRefawmf bmudkrQ rodawmhyg/ jrjrpdrf; &Tifvef;csrf;ajrhygap (cs,f&Dr*¾Zif;? 1992? Mo*kwfv) 276
þ0w¬Kjzifh ausmif;tkyf q&mrBuD;? q&mrBuD; a':omxuf ESifh uRefrtm; ynmtarG ay;cJah om q&m? q&mrrsm; jzpfMuonhf tefwDrdk;? BuD;BuD;quf? tefwDrd? q&mOD;vSjrifh q&mr a':Nidrf;Nidrf;? q&m OD;jrifhodef;ESifh q&mBuD; OD;wifwdkYtm; &dak oav;jrwfpmG uefawmhvdkufygonf/
wynffh cifpef;&D pma&;q&mr jrjrpdrf; (c) cdkifrDrDZif
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
277
'DaeY uRefawmf pwif touf&SdwJh aeYygyJ/ ]]uReaf wmf b,fov l }J } odyf aumif;wJh ar;cGe;f av;ygyJ 'gayr,fh cifAsm; ar;Munfhygvm;]] uRefawmf u bmvJ/}} [kwfuJh? uRefawmfu ]]plyg uGefjyLwm}} yg/ t&rf; t&rf;udk awmfwJh uGefjyLwmyg/ uGefjyLwm awG tm;vHk;xJu yxrqHk; topf plyguGefjyLwmav;yg/ uRefawmf&JU tpfudkawmf uGefjyLwmawG[m t aMumif;t&m trsm;BuD; jyKvkyfEdkif Muw,f/ tcsdeftrsm;BuD;rvdkbJ oef ; aygif ; rsm;pG m *Pef ; awG u d k wGufcsufay;Edkifw,f/ upm;enf; awG trsm;BuD; upm;Edkifw,f/ NyD; awmh um;vnf; armif;Edik Mf uw,f/ 'gayr,fh uReaf wmfu ydak wmfw,f/ olwdkYeJY rwlwmawG uRefawmf vkyf Edkifw,f/ ydkNyD; ta&;BuD;wmawG ayghAsm/ uRefawmfudk MunfhygAsm/ vl wpfa,mufeJY wlw,fvdkY rxifbl;/ uRefawmfhrSm vufESpfacsmif;&,f? ajcaxmufEpS af csmif;&,f? acgif;wpf vHk;&,fayghAsm/ NyD;awmh uRefawmf acgif;rSmav rsupf ?d em;? ESm acgif;eJY yg;pyfvnf;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh acgif; xJrSm &Sdwmuawmh plyguGefjyLwm aygh/ uRefawmfu t&rf;todÓPf &SdwJh plyguGefjyLwmaygh/ uRefawmf av t&mtm;vHk;udk odcsifw,f/ pmoif&wmudv k J BuKd uw f ,f/ 'gay r,fh ausmif;rSmawmh uRefawmf pm roifbl;/ pmtkyfoHk;oef;xJu t aMumif;t&mawG tm;vHk;udkvJ od w,f/ uRefawmfuawmh tm;vHk;udk 278
xyfocd siaf wmhwmygyJ/ uReaf wmfu t&rf;udk jynfph w kH o hJ l jzpfcsiw f ,fAs/ 'DurÇm ay:u udpötm;vHk;udk xyf odcsiaf wmhwmygyJ/ uReaf wmfu t &rf;udk jynfhpHkwJhol jzpfcsifw,fAs/ 'DurÇmay:u udpötm;vHk;udkvnf; uReaf wmf em;vnfw,f/ ocsmF qdv k J vG,frSvG,f? "mwkaA'eJY ½lyaA' qd k w m uRef a wmh twG u f a wmh jyóem vHk;0r&Sdygbl;whJ/ 'gawG tm;vHk;udk em;vnfayrJh uRefawmf em;rvnfwm wpfck&Sdao;w,f/ bmvJ odcsifvm; tJ'gu cifAsm; av vlqdkwJh t&mayghAsm/ wd&dpämef tm;vHk;u ½kd;½kd;av; ygyJ olwdkYodwm pm;r,f? aomuf r,f? tdyfr,f? uav;arG;r,f? vl awG tm;vHk;vJ twlwlygyJ? 'gay r,fh vlawGu ydNk y;D wwfEikd w f hJ t&m awG trsm;BuD;&Sdao;w,f? wcsdKU udpöawGudk uRefawmhjzifh em;udk rvnfEdkifatmifygbJ/ uRefawmf ADG'D,dk Munfh&wm t&rf;udk pdwf0if pm;w,f? MunfhvJMunfhcsifw,f/ t&rf; csr;f omwJo h l ESpaf ,muf ta&mif;t0,f vkyfMuw,f? wpf a,mufu ½k&Sm;wifhum; 25pD;? w½k w f j ynf u av,mOf y sH 4pD ; ? t*Fvdyf av,mOfypf wihfum; 10 pD;a&mif;w,f? wpfa,mufu ydkuf qHawG trsm;Bu;D ay;0,fw,f/ 'Dvkd yJ a&mif;vdu k f 0,fvu kd f vkyMf uOD;rSm vm;/ uRefawmf'Dudpöudk em;rvnf bl;Asm/ uReaf wmfu uGejf yLwmav? ud, k u hf u kd , kd f pm&dwaå umif; wJo h v l Ykd xifw,f/ qdk;0g;wJh t&mawG uRef
awmfvkyfEdkifw,f/ 'gay r,fh uRefawmfrvkyfbl;/ bm jzpf v d k Y v J od v m;? tJ'gawGu qdk;vdkYaygh/ aumif;wJh t&mawG &Sdo vdk qdk;wJh t&mawGvJ &Sdw,f/ vlawGa&m uGejfyL wmawGyg qdk;wJh tusifh &Sdovdk aumif;wJh tusifh &Sdw,f/ 'DppfwyfoHk;wJh vuf e uf a wG u qd k ; wJ h t&mawG y J / ol w d k Y ES p f a,mufu bmjzpfvdkY t a&mif;t0,f vkyfMuwm vJ jzpfEdkifwmu olwdkYrSm aumif;wJh tusihf r&Sv d yYkd J aerSm/ 'gayr,fh vltm; vHk;rSm aumif;wJh tusifh &Sdygw,f/ uRefawmfuyJ rSm;aeovm;? vlawGuyJ rSm;aeovm;/ NyD;awmh aemuf ADG'D ,dx k rJ mS aumifrav; ESpf a,muf? Bu;D wJh wpfa,muf u i,fwJh wpfa,muf&JU qHyifuq kd NJG y;D ti,fav; &JU zdeyftopfudk awmif; w,f/ q&mrudkvJ wdkif rajym&bl;vdkY tEdkifusifh w,f / tEd k i f u sif h w J h aumifrav;u vSvnf; rvSb;l / &efaxmifNy;D npf ywfw,f/ urÇmay:rSm tJ'Dvdk vlrsdK;awG oef; aygif;rsm;pGm &SdEdkifw,f/ tJ'g bmaMumifhvJ? pOf; pm;MunfhAsm/ uRefawmf
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Super Computer Man written by Jeremy Taylor
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ausmif; Mum;rSm vGwfaewJh uGuf vyf wpfck &Sdygonf/ tvdk t avsmuf ausmif;upm;uGif; jzpf aeygw,f / uG u f v yf tv,f avmufrmS ta&SUbufukd xGuo f nhf vrf;Mum;av; wpfcku &efukef? tif ; pd e f v rf ; ud k ayguf y gw,f / w&m;0ifvrf; r[kwfygbl;? jcHpnf; ½d k ; umvd k u f zsuf N yD ; 0if v d k u f E S i f h aemufawmhvTwf xm;vdkufyHk &yg w,f/ tJ'Dvrf;u b,folrS rrSnfh bJEiS hf uRu J ek ;f vrf; trnfwiG o f mG ;yg w,f/ b,fvdku b,fvdk pjzpfoGm; onf rodyg/ nae ausmif;qif;csed f wGif upm;yGJrsm; tpm; ]]ppfa&;jy}} yGJrsm; jzpfvmygw,f/ uRefawmfu ,cifxJu 'gawG oifzl;NyD; jzpfae vdkY rcufyg/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;p wdkif;jynfu tajctaeudk &dyfpm; rdEikd yf gw,f/ (awmcdo k mG ;aom tzGYJ tpnf;rsm;vnf; &Sad eygNy/D ) b,fol awG u bmawG o if w ,f qd k w m awmh rrSwfrdawmhyg/ 1949 ck ZEé0g &Dv 31 &uf aeY eHeuf (7;00) em&D ausmfausmf avmufrSm usdKuúvm; ocØsKif;ESifh c0JjcH wpf0dkufrSm cdkaeNyDjzpfwJh au tif't D akd wGEiS hf nu ordik ;f vrf;qHk w0dkufrSm vmcsvdkufwJh ppfwyfwYdk wku d yf JG pwifyg awmhw,f/ tJonf vdkESifh tJ'Daeu pNyD; ausmif;ydwf vdkuf&ygawmhw,f/ ausmif; pa&mufawmh uRef awmf wuf&wJh (5) wef;u ausmif; ajrmufbuftzDrmS yg/ twef; ydik u f q&mr a':om&S i f h jzpf y gw,f /
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&NyD; oli,fcsif; topfawG jzpfvm ygw,f/ ,ck twef;wGif twef;ydik f q&mtjzpf ocsmF q&mr a':pdepf ed f u udkifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh twef; i,fawG wkef;uvdk odyf owfowf rSwfrSwf rxm;awmhyg/ 'Dtwef; wGiv f nf; uReaf wmf BuKd ;pm;ygw,f/ t&Sdefu &vmNyDudk;/ touf u vnf ; (18)ES p f x J a&muf v mNyD ; twef;uvnf; ckew f ufcNhJ y/D tusKd ; quf u ausmif ; rS m q&ma&m ausmif;om;yg todtrSwf jyKvm Muwmyg/ rESpfxJu q&mrav;u ordkif;uvmwJh cyfpGmpGm vlwGif us,f vkyfcsifwJh aumifav;qdkNyD; ]Adkvfrdkif;}vdkY pac:cJhwm ,ckESpf 'Demrnfu emrnf&if; udkawmif ausmfwufvmygw,f/ rSwfrdorQ qdkvQif urm&Gwf aps;a&SU uGufvyfrSm trsdK;om; atmifyGJaeY a[majymyGJ usif;yyg w,f/ uRefawmhfudk txufwef; ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,f a&G;NyD; ajymcdkif;ygw,f/ q&mu a&;ay;yg w,f/ 'gayr,fh *syefacwf wpfcsed f vH;k pmpHzk wfNy;D jzpfaewJ?h jrefrmEdik if H vli,frsm; tpnf;t½kH;cGJ (ordkif;
294
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'DvdkESifh 1952 ck rwfvrSm uRefawmf&JU a':omxuf ausmif; om; oufwrf;ukefqHk; oGm;&yg awmhw,f/ uRefawmfausmif;u xGufNyD; aemuf 1952 ck E S p f wuú o d k v f 0 if wef;atmifNyD;awmh b,f bmom ,l & rS m vJ pOf ; pm;&ygNyD / xd k p Of umvu wuúodkvfrSm udk,fBudKuf wm ,lí &ygw,f/ bmomawG vnf; udk;,dk;um;,m;wGJvdk &yg w,f/ tJ'DESpf 1952 ckusrS rEkó aA' (Anthropology) poif awmh ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwm xifatmif udk,fwdkifoifrnf[k od&ygw,f/ uRefawmfu 0dZÆmoefw,f? tdrfu tif*sifeD,m jzpfapcsifw,f? 'gESifh q&mp`E´qD tqHk;tjzwf oGm;,lNyD; Pure Science ( Physics, kd &f w,f/ Chemistry, Maths) ,lvu
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(3) &ufaeYrSm arG;ygw,f/ bDat bGYJ &ygw,f/ NrKd Urausmif;rSm q&mr vkyyf gw,f? tvkyw f pfbufEiS hf Dip : Ed. atmifw,fwJh/ 'DbGJYudkawmh oH o , &S d y gw,f ? Diploma in Teaching. D.T. rsm;vm; aocsm wm uawmh q&mrBuD;rSm B.A. tjyif bGJYvGefwpfck&Sdwmyg/ udk,f a&; &ufpGJ tcsdKU &xm;aomfvnf; cdkifvHkrI oHo,&SdvdkY ra&;csifawmh yg/ ausmif; taMumif;vnf; ajymbdYk oifhygNyD/ 1959 rSm vuf&dS ausmif; opfBu;D aqmufNy;D ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh ausmif;a[mif;rSmvJ pmoifwek ;f vdYk od&ygw,f/ a':omxuf ausmif; om;a[mif;rsm; toif;zGJYpnf; jzpf aMumif;vnf; od&ygw,f/ 1960 ckEpS rf mS Ouú|u uReaf wmfEiS hf wuú odkvf0ifwef; wlwlatmifwJh OD;wif atmif y g/ (ol u tar&d u ef Purdue University u tif*sifeD ,mbGJY &NyD; &efukef rsLeDpy,frSm vkyfygw,f/ AE¨Kv yef;jcHrSm olY vuf&mawG trsm;BuD; &Sdygw,f/) uRefawmh vkyfief; uawmh &efukefESifh reD;pyfygbl;/ 'gaMumifh &efukefa&mufwdkif; q&mrBuD; 0if awGYjzpf ygw,f/ awGY&wJh tcg vnf;&S?d rawGUvdu k &f wJt h cgvnf; &Sd aygh/ 1965 ckESpfrSm ausmif;awG jynfolydkifvkyfawmh a': omxuf txufwef;ausmif;vnf; ygwmaygh/ wpfjynfvHk; twdkif;twmudk;/ tJ'D aemuf rMumbl;? q&mrBu;D use;f rm a&; raumif;bl;wJh Mum;&wmyJ/
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301
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311
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touf
ae&yfvdyfpm
1 a':wd;k cif
88
2 3 4 5 6
91 85 76 78 65
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
trnf
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77 75 73 75 77 76 66 65 70 72 85 85 65 66 80 63 67
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
325
t-x-u (2) vIdif (a':omxuftxufwef;ausmif;) pwkw¬(2003) ausmif;om;^ola[mif;rsm;\ tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif
ylaZmfcJhaomq&m? q&mrBuD;rsm;pm&if; pOf
trnf
touf
1 a':BuKdif 2 a':cifcsKd (1) 3 a':wifrd
90 85 76
4 a':&D&D 5 a':yef (c) a':MunfMunfcif 6 a':cifwD
74 65
7 a':cif&Sdef 8 a':cifcsKd (2) 9 OD;yef;BuKdif
76 59 60
77
10 a':trm&D
77
11 a':av;ar 12 a':cifwifh
63 66
13 a':tESi;f 14 a':wif&Sdef
69 65
15 a':MuLMuL
61
16 17 18 19
64 60 57 59
a':jrav; a':vSMuL a':wifa&T OD;pdk;vdIif
20 OD;rif;aZmf
326
57
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t-x-u (2) vIdif (a':omxuftxufwef;ausmif;) pwkw¬(2003) ausmif;om;^ola[mif;rsm;\ tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif
ylaZmfcJhaomq&m? q&mrBuD;rsm;pm&if; pOf
trnf
touf
21 a':nKdnKd
65
22 a':cifMunf
63
23 a':cifcsKdpdefY
72
24 a':nGefYar
64
25 a':jrifhjrifh 26 OD;0if;NrKdif
63 63
27 a':jrjr 28 a':arpdefwif 29 a':nGefY0if;jrifh
57 73 63
30 OD;apma0 31 OD;ausmaf Zm
59 69
32 a':pdeaf xG; 33 a':Munfoef;
62 59
34 a':odef;&if
67
35 a':pdefpdefar
65
36 a':apm&D 37 a':jrjraqG 38 OD;ausmaf qG
22 56 55
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txu(2)vdiI f (a':omxufausmif;) a&T&wktxdr;f trSwf r*¾Zif;
327
t-x-u (2) vIdif (a':omxuftxufwef;ausmif;) pwkw¬(2003) ausmif;om;^ola[mif;rsm;\ tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif
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39 a':p0fa&To;D
67
40 a':jraxG;
72
41 a':&ifarvS 42 OD;tmoma&mif; 43 a':wifjrifh (1)
57 58 66
44 a':vSpdef
61
45 46 47 48 49 50
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61 63 57 57 66 54
51 a':at;ydu k f 52 a':wifjrifh (2)
62 61
53 a':at;at;jrifh
56
54 a':,OfEk 55 a':eef;vSat;
63 63
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