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Choices of cases or prepositions/postpositions for several locative meanings: a typological study Case in and across languages, 27‐29, AUG. 2009 29, AUG. 2009
Masahiko Nose Reitaku University, Chiba, Japan Reitaku University, Chiba, Japan
R Reitaku University
Simple grammar of Tok Pisin • Preposition: long • To: Mi go long Tokyo. • From: Mi kam long Tokyo. : Mi kam long Tokyo. • In, On, At: Mi stap long Finland. : Mi stap long Finland. • With: Mi paitim long stik. : Mi paitim long stik. • For, Because, etc. • Many functions to one form, or…
R Reitaku University
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Rich case system in Hungarian • Locative functions in Hungarian – Inessive: autó‐ban (in a car) – Superessive: autó‐n (on a car) – Adessive: autó‐nél (by a car) – Sublative: autó‐ra (onto a car) – Delative: autó‐ról (from a car on) – Illative: autó‐ba (into a car) – Elative: autó‐ból (from car in) – Allative: autó‐hez (toward a car) – Ablative: autó‐tól (from a car by)
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090827 Nose Helsinki Long in Tok Tok Pisin
3/25
Some questions of this study • Some languages do not have a case‐marking Some languages do not have a case – Other languages have many cases
• Languages have some forms expressing locative functions: prepositions, postpositions, prepositions, postpositions, cases, and others (clitics, adverbials, verbs) (clitics, adverbials, verbs) • Is it necessary to use several forms for locative functions (long in Tok Pisin carries some in Tok Pisin carries some locative functions) • Is there a boundary between cases and other forms in locative functions?
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Outline of this study and a typological sampling • Research objectives • Sampling • No case‐marking and rich case system marking and rich case system • Research method • Results and Discussion • Conclusion
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090827 Nose Helsinki
5/25
Research objectives • Locative functions, cross‐linguistically Locative functions, cross • Choices of cases or prepositions/postpositions • Five locative meanings for the 20 languages, and summarize the functional choices of cases or prepositions/postpositions. – FROM, TO, ON, OVER, THROUGH
•
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Sampling: Languages of rich case system and no case marking • Genealogically balanced: – IE, Uralic, and others
• Geographically balanced: – Not only Eurasia and Africa, but also Pacific and America
• Availability of reference grammars • 20 languages
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Sampling • No case marking: – Amele, Chinese, Hausa, Hixkaryana, Lakhota, Nguna, Spanish, Swahili, Tok Pisin, Wari’
• More than 10 cases: – Basque, Chukchi, Epena Pedee, Finnish, Gooniyandi, Hungarian, Hunzib, Japanese, Nez Perce, Pitjantjatjara
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Sample 20 languages
Generated by WALS Language Viewer
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090827 Nose Helsinki
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10 languages with no case‐ marking
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Generated by WALS Language Viewer 090827 Nose Helsinki
10/25
10 languages with more than 10 cases
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Generated by WALS Language Viewer 090827 Nose Helsinki
11/25
Locative expressions: Selecting 5 Locative expressions: Selecting 5 functions 1. FROM: basic, origin 2. TO: basic, destination, ( , destination, (not dative) 3. ON: basic, on top of 4. OVER: complex, rather adverbial (cf. above) , rather adverbial (cf. above) 5. THROUGH: complex, rather adverbial (cf. , rather adverbial (cf. along) • Possible Types – Preposition, Postposition, Case, and other forms
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Functional descriptions of each language Language name (number of cases, word order) From To On Over Through
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1: Amele (0, SOV) From
N dec
Postposition
To
N na
Postp Na: at, in, on, with, of
On
N na
Over
N sec
Postp: sec (way)
Through
N gemo
Gemo: locational noun
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090827 Nose Helsinki
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Field reserch: Amele and Siroi • Amele
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• Nguna
090810 Nose Nijmegen
15/25
17: Japanese (11, SOV) From
N kara
Postposition
To
N e, made
Postp Made: Terminative
On
N de, no ue de
Postp, No ue de (ue: upper) : Periphrastic form
Over
N wo koete
Accusative wo + verbal Koete: across, past, over
Through
N wo toutte
Accusative wo + verbal Toutte: passing, going by
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Research summary (selected 6 languages) English
FROM
TO
ON
OVER
THROUGH
Amele
N dec
N na
N na
N sec
N gemo
Swahili
Kutoka N Kwa N
N‐ni
Kupitia
Kupitia
Tok Pisin
Long N
Long N
Long N
Antap long N
Brukim N
Hungarian
N‐ból N‐ról N‐tól
N‐ba N‐ra N‐hez
N‐on
N‐n át N‐n keresztül (case‐marekd)
N‐n át N‐n keresztül (case‐marked)
Japanese
N kara Ablative
N e Direction
N de Location
N wo koete N wo toutte
Nez Perce
Ablative N‐pkni’x
Allative N‐’ayn
Locative N‐pe
Locative N‐pe
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Locative N‐pe
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Observations #1: no case‐marking marking From
To
On
Over
Postposition Preposition Preposition
Inside verb
Preposition
Adverbial
Amele
Verb
Adverbial
Chinese
Genitive preposition
Preposition
Hausa
Suffix
Hixkaryana
Postposition Postposition Preposition
Verbal preposition
No data (no form?)
Preposition
Through
Adverbial preposition
Postposition Lakhota
Preposition
Inside verb? Nguna
Complex preposition Complex
Spanish
verbal
Verbal preposition
Swahili
Preposition long
Complex prep: antap long antap
Adverbial preposition? brukim
Tok Pisin
Inside verb [motion]
Locational noun
Inside verb [past]
Wari’
Preposition
Verbal preposition
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suffix
090827 Nose Helsinki
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Observations #1: no case‐marking marking From
To
On
Over
Through
Preposition long
Complex prep: antap long antap
Adverbial preposition? brukim
Preposition
Complex preposition Complex
Spanish
Preposition
Verb
Adverbial
Chinese Hausa
Tok Pisin
Preposition
Inside verb
Preposition
Genitive preposition
Preposition
Preposition
Verbal preposition
No data (no form?)
Preposition
Inside verb? Nguna
Preposition
Verbal preposition
suffix
verbal
Verbal preposition
Swahili
Postposition
Suffix
Hixkaryana
Postposition
Adverbial
Amele
Postposition
Adverbial preposition
Postposition Lakhota
Inside verb [motion]
Locational noun
Inside verb [past]
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Wari’
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Observations #2: rich case system From
Over
Through
Case
No data
Case
Basque
Case
No data (adverbial “above”)
No data (perlative case “along”)
Chukchi
Case
No data (adverial adverial “above”?)
No data (case “down”? )
Epena Pedee
Case
Postposition with genitive with
Postposition with genitive
Finnish
Case
Adverbial
Case
Gooniyandi
Case
Postposition with superessive
Postposition with superessive
Hungarian
Complex cases
To
Case
Case
On
Postposition Postposition Hunzib with dative Verbal gerund
Verbal gerund
Case Case
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Japanese Nez Perce
Adverbial
Case
Pitjantjatjara
20/25
Observations #2: rich case system From
To
On
Over
Through
Case
Nez Perce
Case
Adverbial
Case
Pitjantjatjara
Case
Adverbial
Case
Gooniyandi
Case
Postposition with superessive
Postposition with superessive
Hungarian
Case
Postposition with genitive with
Postposition with genitive
Finnish
Case
No data
Case
Basque
Case
No data (adverbial “above”)
No data (perlative case “along”)
Chukchi
Case
No data (adverial adverial “above”?)
No data (case “down”? )
Epena Pedee
Complex cases
Case
Case
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Postposition Postposition Hunzib with dative Verbal gerund
Verbal gerund
Japanese
21/25
Summarizing the results • No case‐marking: – Preposition/Postposition – “Through” has some prepositions – “Over” has adverbial, verbal, etc. – Wari’: completely different, inside verb
• More than 10 cases: – Nez Perce uses cases for 5 functions – “Over” and “Through” do not have cases • Adverbial, postpositions, Verbal gerund, or no data
– Some languages have case forms for “Through”
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Conclusion • Basic locative functions (FROM, TO, ON) are grammaticalized in one form (pre/post grammaticalized in one form (pre/post‐ position, or case) • Complex locative functions (OVER, THROUGH) – “Through” has prepositions, postpositions, or cases in some languages – “Over” is expressed by several forms • Verbal, Adverbial, locational noun, etc.
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Formal streams among various locative functions
Preposition Adverbial, clitic
Postposition
Case R Reitaku University
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Verb serialization 24/25
References (selected) Haspelmath Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie (eds.). 2005. The World Haspelmath Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie (eds.). 2005. Atlas of Language Structures. Oxford: OUP. Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005a. Number of cases. In: Haspelmath In: Haspelmath et al. (eds.): feature 49 in WALS: 202‐ 205. Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005b. Case‐Asymmetry: a world Asymmetry: a world‐wide study on lexeme‐class‐dependent deviations in morphological case inventories. Munchen: Lincom Europa. Kahr, Joan Casper. 1975. Adpositions and locationals: typology and diachronicc development. Working Papers on Language Universals 19: 21‐54. Stanford University. 19: 21 Kurzon, Dennis & Silvia Adler(eds.). 2008. Adpositions: pragmatic, semantic and syntactic perspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. . Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Kurzon, Dennis. 2008. “Ago” and its grammatical status in English and other languages. In: Kurzon & Adler(eds.): 209‐227. Mihalic, Francis. 1986. The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin. Milton: The The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin Jacaranda Press/Web Books Nose, Masahiko. 2006. Diversity of Cases: Using The World Atlas of Language Structures. Nose, Masahiko. 2006. Diversity of Cases: Using The World Atlas of Language Structures. Gengo Kenkyuu 130: 109‐123. Rude, Noel E. 1985. Studies in Nez Perce Grammar and Discourse: promotion, genitives, antipassive, objects, ergative, Indians, northwest. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oregon. Roberts, John R. 1987. Amele. London: Croom Helm. . London: Croom Helm. Siegel, Jeff. 2008. The emergence of Pidgin & Creole languages. Oxford: OUP. The emergence of Pidgin & Creole languages Svorou, Soteria. 1993. The grammar of space. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. . Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Tyler, Andrea. & Vyvyan Evans. 2003. The Semantics of English Prepositions. The Semantics of English Prepositions. Cambridge: CUP.
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Thank you for your attention
Acknowledgments: •GrantinAid for Young Scientists(Startup), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science up), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science •Research project fund (2009), Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University Research project fund (2009), Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University •Amele, Tok Pisin: Villagers of Sein, Papua New Guinea Amele, Tok Pisin: Villagers of Sein, Papua New Guinea •Nguna: Villagers of Nguna island, Vanuatu •Chinese: Chen Yanyun (Tohoku University, Japan) Chinese: Chen Yanyun (Tohoku University, Japan) •Swahili: Mariko Fujimoto (University of Kyoto, Japan) Swahili: Mariko Fujimoto (University of Kyoto, Japan)
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Locative expressions: Selecting 5 Locative expressions: Selecting 5 functions 1. FROM: Ablative 2. TO: Allative 3. ON: Superessive 4. OVER: Subessive? (above) 5. THROUGH: Perlative?? (along)
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Language name (number of cases, word order) From To On Over Through
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1: Amele (0, SOV) From
N dec
To
N na
On
N na
Over
N sec
Through
N gemo
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2: Chinese (0, SVO) From
Cong （人人） ） N
To
Dao （到）N
On
Zai （在）N
Over
Verb （越）
Through
Adv. Guo （過） ）
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3: Hausa (0, SVO) From
Da’ga’ N
To
Zuwa’ N
On
A’ N (in, on at) )
Over
Saman N (genitive prep)
Through
Ta N
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4: Hixkariyana (0, OVS) From
N haye
To
N hona
On
N ho (at, on)
Over
N ohoye
Through
N‐rye, N horye
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Postp (relator)
Rye (suffix)
32/25
5: Lakhota (0, SOV) From
N ong
To
N ekta
On
N akan
Over
itakasangpa
Through
N opta
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postp
Adverbial preposition
33/25
6: Nguna (0, SVO) From
Pae N
prep
To
Paki N
Verbal preposition (go‐to)
On
No data
No form?
Over
Tap’au N
Through
Paki‐liina (come‐through) (come
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Verbal preposition?
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7: Spanish (0, SVO) From
Desde N
To
A N
On
Sobre N
Over
Encima de N
Through
A traves de N
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8: Swahili (0, SVO) From
Kutoka N
Verbal infinitive
To
Kwa N
Verbal preposition?
On
N‐ni
Suffix
Over
Kupitia? (verb) ? (verb)
Context‐dependent
Through
Kupitia (verb)
Verbal preposition
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9: Tok Pisin (0, SVO) From
Long N
To
Long N
On
Long N
Over
Antap long N
Through
Brukim N
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10: Wari’ (0, VOS) From
Verb
(motion from)
To
Verb
(motion to)
On
To be at
(motion at rest)
Over
Na‐in tama‐xut xut
Locational noun
Through
Verb
(motion past)
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11: Basque (15, SOV) From
Ablative
To
Allative
On
locative
Over
No data
Through
ablative
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At in on Place through
39/25
12: Chukchi (13, no dominant order) From
Ablative
To
Allative
On
Locative
Over
No data
Above ? Ger goca
Through
No data
Perlative (along)
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13: Epena Pedee (15, SOV) From
N‐pa
Movement from case
To
N‐a
Movement to case
On
N‐de
General locative
Over
No data
Iti (above)
Through
No data
Movement down??
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14: Finnish (15, SVO) From
N‐sta, N‐lta
To
N‐hun, N‐lle
On
N‐lla
Over
N‐n ylla:, pa:a: : ylla:
Postp
Through
N‐n kautta
postp
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15: Gooniyandi (13, no dominant order) From
Ablative 1
To
Allative 1
On
locative
At on into in near
Over
? Spatial adverbial
Lanngaddi (above, on top of)
Through
Perlative
Through, along, beside, around, pat, via
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16: Hunzib (11, SOV) From
Dative‐elative, elative, adessive‐ Complex cases elative, superessive‐elative, superessive sub‐elative, cont elative, cont‐ela, com‐ ela, all‐ela
To
Allative
On
Supereesive
Over
N Xodo (above)
postp
Through
N Giso, riso
Postp with dative
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17: Japanese (11, SOV) From
N kara
To
N e, made
On
N de, no ue de
Over
N wo koete
Through
N wo toutte
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18: Hungarian (18, no dominant order) From
N‐bo’l
To
N‐ba, N‐ig
On
N‐on
Over
N a’t/ keresztul keresztul postp
Through
N a’t/ keresztul keresztul postp
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19: Nez Perce (13, no dominant order) From
Ablative
To
Allative
On
locative
Over
Locative
Through
locative
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In into, on at, through, over
47/25
20: Pitjantjatjara (13, SOV?) From
Ablative
To
Allative
On
Locative‐instrumental instrumental
Over
munkara
Through
‐wanu Transverse case
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General adverb of place (over, on the other side of, beond, futther on)
48/25
Basque (Hualde & de Urbina 2003) 15 Absolutive
0
Ergative
k
Dative
(r)I
Genitive
ren
Benefactive
nentzat
Comitative
Rekin
Instrumental
Z
Partitive
Rik
Prolative
Tzat
Locative
N
Ablative
Tik
Allative
Ra
Directional
rantz
Terminative
raino
Relational R Reitaku University
ko 090827 Nose Helsinki 090827 Nose Helsinki
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Chukchi (Dunn 1999) 13 Absolutive
t
Ergativeinstrumental
e
Equative
u
Allative
Ytae
Ablative
jpae
Perlative
jekwe
Orientative
Yjit
Inessive
caeku
Sublative
jikwae
Comitative
Ye, e
Associative
Ya, ma
Privative
e, ke
Locative
k
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Epena Pedee (Harms 1994) 15 Ergative
a
Absolutive
Zero
Dative
maa
Cause
pot
Possessive
de’
Accompaniment
o’me
External goal
ithe’e
Location 1
de
Location 2
ma
Movement to
aa’, ee’
Movement from
pa
Movement down
du’
Origin
pe’ma
Similarity
kha
Dissimilarity R Reitaku University
ra 090827 Nose Helsinki 090827 Nose Helsinki
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Finnish (Karlsson 1999) 15 Nominative Genitive Accusative Inessive Elative Illative Adessive Allative Ablative Essive Partitive Translative Instructive Abessive Comitative R Reitaku University
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Gooniyandi (McGregor 1990) 13 Absolutive
zero
Ergative
ngga
Dative
yoo ~woo woo
Locative
ya
Ablative 1
nhingi
Ablative 2
yangga
Allative 1
yidda
Allative 2
yayi
Allative 3
yayoo
Allative 4
yawoo
Perlative
binyi
Comitative
ngaddi
Deprivative R Reitaku University
winyja 090827 Nose Helsinki 090827 Nose Helsinki
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Hungarian (Kiss 2002, Keresztes 1995) 18 Nominative Accusative Dative Elative Inessive Illative Delative Superessive Sublative Ablative Adessive Allative Terminative Essiveformal Instrumental Translative
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Hunzib (Berg 1995) 11 Nominative
Zero
Dativeelative
Ergative
l
Genitive
s
Adelative
Instrumental
d
Superelative
Dative
v
Subelative
Adessive
g
Superessive
x
Subessive
***
Contactive
***
Comitative
gur
Allative
daer
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Contactiveelative Comitativeelative Allativeelative
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Nez Perce (Rude 1985: 83) [13] Unmarked
O
[subj][intrans]
Ergative/ Genitive
nim
[agentive][possession]
Direct object
ne
[acc][indirect object]
Benefactive
‘ayn
[for][beneficiary]
Associative
iin
[with][human]
Allative
px
[to][place][goal]
Ablative
pkin’ix
[from][place]
Locative
pe
[in, on, at , to]
Instrumental
ki
[with][instrument]
Resultative
wecet
[because of][for]
Temporal
met
[whereupon][then]
Senior vocative
e’
[kinship]
Junior vocative
e
[kinship]
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Pitjantjatjara (Bowe 1990) 13 Ergative
ngku
Absolutive
Zero
Nominative
na
Accusative
ni
Purposivegenitive
ku, mpa
Locativeinstrumental
ngka, la
Allative
kuta > kutu kutu???
Ablative
nguru
Tranverse
wanu
Aversive
tawara
Causal
kitja
Privative
tjiratja
“Having”
tjara
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Japanese (Koizumi 2007) 11 topic nominative accusative locative source allative instrumental comitative comparative terminative genitive
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Masahiko Nose Reitaku University, Chiba, Japan Reitaku University, Chiba, Japan
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Simple grammar of Tok Pisin • Preposition: long • To: Mi go long Tokyo. • From: Mi kam long Tokyo. : Mi kam long Tokyo. • In, On, At: Mi stap long Finland. : Mi stap long Finland. • With: Mi paitim long stik. : Mi paitim long stik. • For, Because, etc. • Many functions to one form, or…
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Rich case system in Hungarian • Locative functions in Hungarian – Inessive: autó‐ban (in a car) – Superessive: autó‐n (on a car) – Adessive: autó‐nél (by a car) – Sublative: autó‐ra (onto a car) – Delative: autó‐ról (from a car on) – Illative: autó‐ba (into a car) – Elative: autó‐ból (from car in) – Allative: autó‐hez (toward a car) – Ablative: autó‐tól (from a car by)
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Some questions of this study • Some languages do not have a case‐marking Some languages do not have a case – Other languages have many cases
• Languages have some forms expressing locative functions: prepositions, postpositions, prepositions, postpositions, cases, and others (clitics, adverbials, verbs) (clitics, adverbials, verbs) • Is it necessary to use several forms for locative functions (long in Tok Pisin carries some in Tok Pisin carries some locative functions) • Is there a boundary between cases and other forms in locative functions?
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Outline of this study and a typological sampling • Research objectives • Sampling • No case‐marking and rich case system marking and rich case system • Research method • Results and Discussion • Conclusion
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Research objectives • Locative functions, cross‐linguistically Locative functions, cross • Choices of cases or prepositions/postpositions • Five locative meanings for the 20 languages, and summarize the functional choices of cases or prepositions/postpositions. – FROM, TO, ON, OVER, THROUGH
•
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Sampling: Languages of rich case system and no case marking • Genealogically balanced: – IE, Uralic, and others
• Geographically balanced: – Not only Eurasia and Africa, but also Pacific and America
• Availability of reference grammars • 20 languages
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Sampling • No case marking: – Amele, Chinese, Hausa, Hixkaryana, Lakhota, Nguna, Spanish, Swahili, Tok Pisin, Wari’
• More than 10 cases: – Basque, Chukchi, Epena Pedee, Finnish, Gooniyandi, Hungarian, Hunzib, Japanese, Nez Perce, Pitjantjatjara
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Sample 20 languages
Generated by WALS Language Viewer
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10 languages with no case‐ marking
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10 languages with more than 10 cases
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Locative expressions: Selecting 5 Locative expressions: Selecting 5 functions 1. FROM: basic, origin 2. TO: basic, destination, ( , destination, (not dative) 3. ON: basic, on top of 4. OVER: complex, rather adverbial (cf. above) , rather adverbial (cf. above) 5. THROUGH: complex, rather adverbial (cf. , rather adverbial (cf. along) • Possible Types – Preposition, Postposition, Case, and other forms
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Functional descriptions of each language Language name (number of cases, word order) From To On Over Through
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1: Amele (0, SOV) From
N dec
Postposition
To
N na
Postp Na: at, in, on, with, of
On
N na
Over
N sec
Postp: sec (way)
Through
N gemo
Gemo: locational noun
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Field reserch: Amele and Siroi • Amele
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• Nguna
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17: Japanese (11, SOV) From
N kara
Postposition
To
N e, made
Postp Made: Terminative
On
N de, no ue de
Postp, No ue de (ue: upper) : Periphrastic form
Over
N wo koete
Accusative wo + verbal Koete: across, past, over
Through
N wo toutte
Accusative wo + verbal Toutte: passing, going by
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Research summary (selected 6 languages) English
FROM
TO
ON
OVER
THROUGH
Amele
N dec
N na
N na
N sec
N gemo
Swahili
Kutoka N Kwa N
N‐ni
Kupitia
Kupitia
Tok Pisin
Long N
Long N
Long N
Antap long N
Brukim N
Hungarian
N‐ból N‐ról N‐tól
N‐ba N‐ra N‐hez
N‐on
N‐n át N‐n keresztül (case‐marekd)
N‐n át N‐n keresztül (case‐marked)
Japanese
N kara Ablative
N e Direction
N de Location
N wo koete N wo toutte
Nez Perce
Ablative N‐pkni’x
Allative N‐’ayn
Locative N‐pe
Locative N‐pe
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Locative N‐pe
17/25
Observations #1: no case‐marking marking From
To
On
Over
Postposition Preposition Preposition
Inside verb
Preposition
Adverbial
Amele
Verb
Adverbial
Chinese
Genitive preposition
Preposition
Hausa
Suffix
Hixkaryana
Postposition Postposition Preposition
Verbal preposition
No data (no form?)
Preposition
Through
Adverbial preposition
Postposition Lakhota
Preposition
Inside verb? Nguna
Complex preposition Complex
Spanish
verbal
Verbal preposition
Swahili
Preposition long
Complex prep: antap long antap
Adverbial preposition? brukim
Tok Pisin
Inside verb [motion]
Locational noun
Inside verb [past]
Wari’
Preposition
Verbal preposition
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suffix
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Observations #1: no case‐marking marking From
To
On
Over
Through
Preposition long
Complex prep: antap long antap
Adverbial preposition? brukim
Preposition
Complex preposition Complex
Spanish
Preposition
Verb
Adverbial
Chinese Hausa
Tok Pisin
Preposition
Inside verb
Preposition
Genitive preposition
Preposition
Preposition
Verbal preposition
No data (no form?)
Preposition
Inside verb? Nguna
Preposition
Verbal preposition
suffix
verbal
Verbal preposition
Swahili
Postposition
Suffix
Hixkaryana
Postposition
Adverbial
Amele
Postposition
Adverbial preposition
Postposition Lakhota
Inside verb [motion]
Locational noun
Inside verb [past]
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Wari’
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Observations #2: rich case system From
Over
Through
Case
No data
Case
Basque
Case
No data (adverbial “above”)
No data (perlative case “along”)
Chukchi
Case
No data (adverial adverial “above”?)
No data (case “down”? )
Epena Pedee
Case
Postposition with genitive with
Postposition with genitive
Finnish
Case
Adverbial
Case
Gooniyandi
Case
Postposition with superessive
Postposition with superessive
Hungarian
Complex cases
To
Case
Case
On
Postposition Postposition Hunzib with dative Verbal gerund
Verbal gerund
Case Case
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Japanese Nez Perce
Adverbial
Case
Pitjantjatjara
20/25
Observations #2: rich case system From
To
On
Over
Through
Case
Nez Perce
Case
Adverbial
Case
Pitjantjatjara
Case
Adverbial
Case
Gooniyandi
Case
Postposition with superessive
Postposition with superessive
Hungarian
Case
Postposition with genitive with
Postposition with genitive
Finnish
Case
No data
Case
Basque
Case
No data (adverbial “above”)
No data (perlative case “along”)
Chukchi
Case
No data (adverial adverial “above”?)
No data (case “down”? )
Epena Pedee
Complex cases
Case
Case
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Postposition Postposition Hunzib with dative Verbal gerund
Verbal gerund
Japanese
21/25
Summarizing the results • No case‐marking: – Preposition/Postposition – “Through” has some prepositions – “Over” has adverbial, verbal, etc. – Wari’: completely different, inside verb
• More than 10 cases: – Nez Perce uses cases for 5 functions – “Over” and “Through” do not have cases • Adverbial, postpositions, Verbal gerund, or no data
– Some languages have case forms for “Through”
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Conclusion • Basic locative functions (FROM, TO, ON) are grammaticalized in one form (pre/post grammaticalized in one form (pre/post‐ position, or case) • Complex locative functions (OVER, THROUGH) – “Through” has prepositions, postpositions, or cases in some languages – “Over” is expressed by several forms • Verbal, Adverbial, locational noun, etc.
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Formal streams among various locative functions
Preposition Adverbial, clitic
Postposition
Case R Reitaku University
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Verb serialization 24/25
References (selected) Haspelmath Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie (eds.). 2005. The World Haspelmath Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie (eds.). 2005. Atlas of Language Structures. Oxford: OUP. Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005a. Number of cases. In: Haspelmath In: Haspelmath et al. (eds.): feature 49 in WALS: 202‐ 205. Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005b. Case‐Asymmetry: a world Asymmetry: a world‐wide study on lexeme‐class‐dependent deviations in morphological case inventories. Munchen: Lincom Europa. Kahr, Joan Casper. 1975. Adpositions and locationals: typology and diachronicc development. Working Papers on Language Universals 19: 21‐54. Stanford University. 19: 21 Kurzon, Dennis & Silvia Adler(eds.). 2008. Adpositions: pragmatic, semantic and syntactic perspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. . Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Kurzon, Dennis. 2008. “Ago” and its grammatical status in English and other languages. In: Kurzon & Adler(eds.): 209‐227. Mihalic, Francis. 1986. The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin. Milton: The The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin Jacaranda Press/Web Books Nose, Masahiko. 2006. Diversity of Cases: Using The World Atlas of Language Structures. Nose, Masahiko. 2006. Diversity of Cases: Using The World Atlas of Language Structures. Gengo Kenkyuu 130: 109‐123. Rude, Noel E. 1985. Studies in Nez Perce Grammar and Discourse: promotion, genitives, antipassive, objects, ergative, Indians, northwest. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oregon. Roberts, John R. 1987. Amele. London: Croom Helm. . London: Croom Helm. Siegel, Jeff. 2008. The emergence of Pidgin & Creole languages. Oxford: OUP. The emergence of Pidgin & Creole languages Svorou, Soteria. 1993. The grammar of space. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. . Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Tyler, Andrea. & Vyvyan Evans. 2003. The Semantics of English Prepositions. The Semantics of English Prepositions. Cambridge: CUP.
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Thank you for your attention
Acknowledgments: •GrantinAid for Young Scientists(Startup), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science up), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science •Research project fund (2009), Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University Research project fund (2009), Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University •Amele, Tok Pisin: Villagers of Sein, Papua New Guinea Amele, Tok Pisin: Villagers of Sein, Papua New Guinea •Nguna: Villagers of Nguna island, Vanuatu •Chinese: Chen Yanyun (Tohoku University, Japan) Chinese: Chen Yanyun (Tohoku University, Japan) •Swahili: Mariko Fujimoto (University of Kyoto, Japan) Swahili: Mariko Fujimoto (University of Kyoto, Japan)
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Locative expressions: Selecting 5 Locative expressions: Selecting 5 functions 1. FROM: Ablative 2. TO: Allative 3. ON: Superessive 4. OVER: Subessive? (above) 5. THROUGH: Perlative?? (along)
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Language name (number of cases, word order) From To On Over Through
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1: Amele (0, SOV) From
N dec
To
N na
On
N na
Over
N sec
Through
N gemo
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2: Chinese (0, SVO) From
Cong （人人） ） N
To
Dao （到）N
On
Zai （在）N
Over
Verb （越）
Through
Adv. Guo （過） ）
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3: Hausa (0, SVO) From
Da’ga’ N
To
Zuwa’ N
On
A’ N (in, on at) )
Over
Saman N (genitive prep)
Through
Ta N
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4: Hixkariyana (0, OVS) From
N haye
To
N hona
On
N ho (at, on)
Over
N ohoye
Through
N‐rye, N horye
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Postp (relator)
Rye (suffix)
32/25
5: Lakhota (0, SOV) From
N ong
To
N ekta
On
N akan
Over
itakasangpa
Through
N opta
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postp
Adverbial preposition
33/25
6: Nguna (0, SVO) From
Pae N
prep
To
Paki N
Verbal preposition (go‐to)
On
No data
No form?
Over
Tap’au N
Through
Paki‐liina (come‐through) (come
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Verbal preposition?
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7: Spanish (0, SVO) From
Desde N
To
A N
On
Sobre N
Over
Encima de N
Through
A traves de N
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8: Swahili (0, SVO) From
Kutoka N
Verbal infinitive
To
Kwa N
Verbal preposition?
On
N‐ni
Suffix
Over
Kupitia? (verb) ? (verb)
Context‐dependent
Through
Kupitia (verb)
Verbal preposition
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9: Tok Pisin (0, SVO) From
Long N
To
Long N
On
Long N
Over
Antap long N
Through
Brukim N
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10: Wari’ (0, VOS) From
Verb
(motion from)
To
Verb
(motion to)
On
To be at
(motion at rest)
Over
Na‐in tama‐xut xut
Locational noun
Through
Verb
(motion past)
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11: Basque (15, SOV) From
Ablative
To
Allative
On
locative
Over
No data
Through
ablative
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At in on Place through
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12: Chukchi (13, no dominant order) From
Ablative
To
Allative
On
Locative
Over
No data
Above ? Ger goca
Through
No data
Perlative (along)
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13: Epena Pedee (15, SOV) From
N‐pa
Movement from case
To
N‐a
Movement to case
On
N‐de
General locative
Over
No data
Iti (above)
Through
No data
Movement down??
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14: Finnish (15, SVO) From
N‐sta, N‐lta
To
N‐hun, N‐lle
On
N‐lla
Over
N‐n ylla:, pa:a: : ylla:
Postp
Through
N‐n kautta
postp
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15: Gooniyandi (13, no dominant order) From
Ablative 1
To
Allative 1
On
locative
At on into in near
Over
? Spatial adverbial
Lanngaddi (above, on top of)
Through
Perlative
Through, along, beside, around, pat, via
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16: Hunzib (11, SOV) From
Dative‐elative, elative, adessive‐ Complex cases elative, superessive‐elative, superessive sub‐elative, cont elative, cont‐ela, com‐ ela, all‐ela
To
Allative
On
Supereesive
Over
N Xodo (above)
postp
Through
N Giso, riso
Postp with dative
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17: Japanese (11, SOV) From
N kara
To
N e, made
On
N de, no ue de
Over
N wo koete
Through
N wo toutte
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18: Hungarian (18, no dominant order) From
N‐bo’l
To
N‐ba, N‐ig
On
N‐on
Over
N a’t/ keresztul keresztul postp
Through
N a’t/ keresztul keresztul postp
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19: Nez Perce (13, no dominant order) From
Ablative
To
Allative
On
locative
Over
Locative
Through
locative
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In into, on at, through, over
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20: Pitjantjatjara (13, SOV?) From
Ablative
To
Allative
On
Locative‐instrumental instrumental
Over
munkara
Through
‐wanu Transverse case
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General adverb of place (over, on the other side of, beond, futther on)
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Basque (Hualde & de Urbina 2003) 15 Absolutive
0
Ergative
k
Dative
(r)I
Genitive
ren
Benefactive
nentzat
Comitative
Rekin
Instrumental
Z
Partitive
Rik
Prolative
Tzat
Locative
N
Ablative
Tik
Allative
Ra
Directional
rantz
Terminative
raino
Relational R Reitaku University
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Chukchi (Dunn 1999) 13 Absolutive
t
Ergativeinstrumental
e
Equative
u
Allative
Ytae
Ablative
jpae
Perlative
jekwe
Orientative
Yjit
Inessive
caeku
Sublative
jikwae
Comitative
Ye, e
Associative
Ya, ma
Privative
e, ke
Locative
k
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Epena Pedee (Harms 1994) 15 Ergative
a
Absolutive
Zero
Dative
maa
Cause
pot
Possessive
de’
Accompaniment
o’me
External goal
ithe’e
Location 1
de
Location 2
ma
Movement to
aa’, ee’
Movement from
pa
Movement down
du’
Origin
pe’ma
Similarity
kha
Dissimilarity R Reitaku University
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Finnish (Karlsson 1999) 15 Nominative Genitive Accusative Inessive Elative Illative Adessive Allative Ablative Essive Partitive Translative Instructive Abessive Comitative R Reitaku University
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Gooniyandi (McGregor 1990) 13 Absolutive
zero
Ergative
ngga
Dative
yoo ~woo woo
Locative
ya
Ablative 1
nhingi
Ablative 2
yangga
Allative 1
yidda
Allative 2
yayi
Allative 3
yayoo
Allative 4
yawoo
Perlative
binyi
Comitative
ngaddi
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Hungarian (Kiss 2002, Keresztes 1995) 18 Nominative Accusative Dative Elative Inessive Illative Delative Superessive Sublative Ablative Adessive Allative Terminative Essiveformal Instrumental Translative
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Hunzib (Berg 1995) 11 Nominative
Zero
Dativeelative
Ergative
l
Genitive
s
Adelative
Instrumental
d
Superelative
Dative
v
Subelative
Adessive
g
Superessive
x
Subessive
***
Contactive
***
Comitative
gur
Allative
daer
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Contactiveelative Comitativeelative Allativeelative
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Nez Perce (Rude 1985: 83) [13] Unmarked
O
[subj][intrans]
Ergative/ Genitive
nim
[agentive][possession]
Direct object
ne
[acc][indirect object]
Benefactive
‘ayn
[for][beneficiary]
Associative
iin
[with][human]
Allative
px
[to][place][goal]
Ablative
pkin’ix
[from][place]
Locative
pe
[in, on, at , to]
Instrumental
ki
[with][instrument]
Resultative
wecet
[because of][for]
Temporal
met
[whereupon][then]
Senior vocative
e’
[kinship]
Junior vocative
e
[kinship]
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Pitjantjatjara (Bowe 1990) 13 Ergative
ngku
Absolutive
Zero
Nominative
na
Accusative
ni
Purposivegenitive
ku, mpa
Locativeinstrumental
ngka, la
Allative
kuta > kutu kutu???
Ablative
nguru
Tranverse
wanu
Aversive
tawara
Causal
kitja
Privative
tjiratja
“Having”
tjara
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Japanese (Koizumi 2007) 11 topic nominative accusative locative source allative instrumental comitative comparative terminative genitive
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