Contrastive study of the adverbial case functions between Finno Finno‐Ugric and Australian languages New trends in Uralistics: typology, syntax, sociolinguistics, 2009 SEP3 : typology, syntax, sociolinguistics, 2009 SEP3‐5, Szeged, Hungary
R Reitaku University
Masahiko Nose Reitaku University, Chiba, Japan Reitaku University, Chiba, Japan
Number of cases (Iggesen 2005a)
• Eurasia and Australia: rich case system • Needless to say, no genealogical relations
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Questions of this study • Why Finno‐Ugric and Australian languages Ugric and Australian languages have many cases? • Which kinds of cases Finno‐Ugric and Which kinds of cases Finno Australian have? • Which kinds of cases Finno‐Ugric and Which kinds of cases Finno Australian have for adverbial functions?
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Sampling method: Finno‐Ugric & Australian Ugric & Australian • Not including Samoyed languages, such as Nganasan and Enets. • Finno‐Ugric: – not only languages (Finnish, Hungarian) with rich case system, but also those (Ostyak, Vogul)with a few cases
• Australian: languages with rich case system – Availability of reference grammars
• Not considering genealogical relations between Finno‐Ugric and Australian Ugric and Australian
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Sampling result; languages
• Finno‐Ugric: 8 – Finnic: Cheremis, Estonian, Finnish, Udmurt – Ugric: East Ostyak, North Ostyak, Hungarian, Vogul
• Australian: 4 – Dyirbal, Gooniyandi, Guugu Yimidhirr, Yidin
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Sampling result; map
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Australian Aboriginal languages (Blake 1987) • Over 200 languages, 150 description • Hard to reconstruct proto‐Australian Hard to reconstruct proto – Agglutinative morphology – Rich case system – Singular, dual, plural – Ergative case marking – Possessive construction: • Guugu Yimidhirr: N P‐genitive suffix genitive suffix • “House” “woman”‐”genitive” (The woman’s house) ”genitive” (The woman’s house)
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Language map of Australia
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http://www.decs.sa.gov.au/corporate/a8_publish/modules/p 090903 Nose Szeged 090903 Nose Szeged ublish/content.asp?navgrp=default&id=aboriginalaustralia
Research objectives • How many cases the sample languages have? • Which kinds of cases the languages have? • Which kinds of adverbial cases the languages have? • Contrast between Finno‐Ugric and Australian Contrast between Finno – Characteristics of Adverbial cases – Functional differences – Genitive case and possessive constructions
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Results and discussion • Number of cases (based on descriptive grammars) Languages Finnish Estonian Udmurt Cheremis Hungarian Eastern Ostyak
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Cases 15 14 15 11 18 9
Languages Norhtern Ostyak Vogul Gooniyandi Dyirbal Guugu Yimidhirr Yidin
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Cases 3 6 13 9 11 6‐9
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Contrastive study of cases • Grammatical functions – Fu: Nominative, Accusative(‐Genitive), Dative Fu: Nominative, Accusative( – Au: Absolutive, Ergative, Dative
• Locative functions – Adessive, Locative, Lative, Allative, etc.
• Adverbial functions – Instrumental(‐comitative), Abessive, Essive, etc. comitative), Abessive, Essive, etc. – Possessive constructions
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Locative cases • Finno‐Ugric – Differences among [on], [in], and [by] – Lative in Cheremis, Eastern Ostyak and Vogul – Locative carrying [on], [at], [in], [to], etc. – Egressive in Udmurt
• Australian – 2 ablatives and 4 allatives, Perlative in Gooniyandi – Locative‐allative in Guugu Yimidhirr allative in Guugu Yimidhirr – Instrumental‐locative in Yidin locative in Yidin – Causal‐Ablative in Yidin Ablative in Yidin
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Possessive • Finno‐Ugric: – No Genitive case in Hungarian, Ostyak, Vogul • Possessive suffix: Hu: az autó‐m (my car) Possessive suffix: Hu: az aut
– Genitive‐Accusative: Estonian, Fnnish Accusative: Estonian, Fnnish – Genitive in Cheremis, Udmurt
• Australian: – No Genitive case in Gooniyandi, Guugu Yinidhirr, and Yidin • Genitive suffix: Yidin: waga:l : Yidin: waga:l‐ni (my wife)
– Simple genitive and general genitive in Dyribal
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Some examples in Finno‐Ugric Ugric • Modal‐comparative in Cheremis “ comparative in Cheremis “‐la” – Mar‐la ojla “speaks Mari”: adjectival, derivational la ojla “speaks Mari”: adjectival, derivational
• Adverbial in Udmurt “‐ ‐ja” – “according to”
• Translative in Vogul “‐Ɣ Ɣ” Ɣ” – “become S”, “work as S”
• Instrumental in Eastern Ostyak – “with tools”, “together with(comitative function)”
• Essive in Finnish “‐na/‐ ‐nä” – opettaja‐na (as a teacher) na (as a teacher)
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Some examples in Australian • Deprivative in Gooniyandi – gamba‐winjya (for lack of water) winjya (for lack of water)
• Purposive in Guugu Yimidhirr – “goal, purpose” (also including “fear of”)
• Fear in Yidin – Bama‐yida (for fear of the people) yida (for fear of the people)
• Simple genitive/General genitive in Dyribal – Simple “‐u”: alienable – General “‐mi”: past owner mi”: past owner
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Adverbial cases • Finno‐Ugric – Cheremis: Modal‐comparative comparative – Caritive, Abessive – Adverbial, Approximate in Udmurt, – Comitative‐Instrumental: sharing or seprating Instrumental: sharing or seprating – Partitive in Finnish, Estonian – Translative (Iggesen 2005b, 95: Ungarinjin has it), Essive (Iggesen 2005b, 94: Nunngubuyu has it), Terminative
• Australian – Deprivative in Gooniyandi – Purposive, Causal, Abessive in Guugu Yimidhirr – Fear in Yidin (also in Pitjantjatjara)
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Contrastive of Fear case
• Yidin (Lynch 1998:188) – Yingu waguuja garba‐ng bama‐yida. Yingu waguuja garba – This:abs man:abs hide‐ ‐present people‐fear – “This man is hiding for fear of the people”
• Hungarian – Fél valaki‐től (for fear of someone): Ablative
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Contrastive of Instrumental • Hungarian: instrumental “‐val/‐vel” Hungarian: instrumental “ – Az autó‐val (with a car): Instrumental – A barát‐om‐mal (with my friend): Comitative
• Finnish(instrumental, not comitative) – Instructive “‐n”: kaksi‐n k n käsi‐n (with both hands) – Comitative ”‐ine”: vaimo ine”: vaimo‐ine‐n (with his wife)
• Guugu Yimidhirr – Ergative “‐ngun”: gabiirr ngun”: gabiirr‐ngun (girl‐erg) – Instrumental “‐ngun”: miil ngun”: miil‐ngun (with the eye)
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Answers of this study • Why Finno‐Ugric and Australian have many cases? Ugric and Australian have many cases? – FU: many locative cases, or few locative cases (Ob‐ FU: many locative cases, or few locative cases (Ob Ugric) – Au: many locative and adverbial cases • Which kinds of cases Finno‐ ‐Ugric and Australian have? – FU: Nominative‐Accusative Accusative – Au: Ergative‐Absolutive • Which kinds of cases Finno‐ ‐Ugric and Australian have for adverbial functions? – FU: Essive, Translative, Instrumental(‐comitative) FU: Essive, Translative, Instrumental( – Au: Ergative(‐instrumental), Fear, Genitive (past instrumental), Fear, Genitive (past ownership) R Reitaku University 19/23
Contrastive results Case functions
Abessive
Causal, Purpose
Essive, Translative
Comitative, Fear Instumental
Finno‐Ugric
○
○
◎
◎
× ○
Comitative Locative Australian
△
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◎
×
○
Suffix
Ergative
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Genitive
Accusative
◎ ○ Suffix (+ past ownership)
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Conclusion • Adverbial functions between Finno‐Ugric and Adverbial functions between Finno Australian languages are partly similar in instrumental function. • Peculiar adverbial cases respectively in Finno‐ Peculiar adverbial cases respectively in Finno Ugric and Australian. – Common grammaticalization process – Different grammaticalization process
• Such differences are not only based on typological features but also are considered as a geographical tendency.
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References (selected) Blake, Barry. 1987. Australian Aboriginal Grammar. London/New York: Croom Helm Australian Aboriginal Grammar Dixon, R.M.W. 1972. The Dyibal Language of North Queensland. Cambridge: CUP. The Dyibal Language of North Queensland Dixon, R.M.W. 1977. A Grammar of Yidin. Cambridge: CUP. Dryer, Matthew S. 2005. Order of subject, object and verb Dryer, Matthew S. 2005. Order of subject, object and verb. In: Haspelmath et al. (eds.): feature 81 in WALS: 330‐333. Haspelmath Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie (eds.). 2005. The World Haspelmath Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie (eds.). 2005. Atlas of Language Structures. Oxford: OUP. Haviland, John B. 1979. Guugu Yimidhirr sketch grammar. In: R. M. W. Dixon and B. Blake(eds.). Handbook of Australian Languages Vol I. : 26 Vol I. : 26‐180. Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005a. Number of cases. In: Haspelmath In: Haspelmath et al. (eds.): feature 49 in WALS: 202‐ 205. Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005b. Case‐Asymmetry: a world Asymmetry: a world‐wide study on lexeme‐class‐dependent deviations in morphological case inventories. Munchen: Lincom Europa. Kahr, Joan Casper. 1975. Adpositions and locationals: typology and diachronicc development. Working Papers on Language Universals 19: 21‐54. Stanford University. 19: 21 Kurzon, Dennis & Silvia Adler(eds.). 2008. Adpositions: pragmatic, semantic and syntactic perspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. . Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Kurzon, Dennis. 2008. “Ago” and its grammatical status in English and other languages. In: Kurzon & Adler(eds.): 209‐227. Lynch, John. Pacific languages: an introduction. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. McGregor. 1990. A functional grammar of Gooniyandi. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. A functional grammar of Gooniyandi Nose, Masahiko. 2006. Diversity of Cases: Using The World Atlas of Language Structures. Nose, Masahiko. 2006. Diversity of Cases: Using The World Atlas of Language Structures. Gengo Kenkyuu 130: 109‐123. Svorou, Soteria. 1993. The grammar of space. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. . Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
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Thank you for your attention
Acknowledgments: •GrantinAid for Young Scientists(Startup), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science up), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science •Research project fund (2009), Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University Research project fund (2009), Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University •Amele, Tok Pisin: Villagers of Sein, Papua New Guinea Amele, Tok Pisin: Villagers of Sein, Papua New Guinea •Nguna: Villagers of Nguna island, Vanuatu •Chinese: Chen Yanyun (Tohoku University, Japan) Chinese: Chen Yanyun (Tohoku University, Japan) •Swahili: Mariko Fujimoto (University of Kyoto, Japan) Swahili: Mariko Fujimoto (University of Kyoto, Japan)
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Classification of Adverbial cases
• Semantic map
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Cheremis 11 • • • • • • • • • • •
Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Inessive Lative Illative Ablative Modal‐comparative Comitative Caritive
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Estonian 14 • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Nominative Genitive/Accusative Inessive Elative Illative Adessive Allative Ablative Essive Partitive Translative Comitative Abessive Terminative
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Finnish 15 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Nominative Genitive Accusative Inessive Elative Illative Adessive Allative Ablative Essive Partitive Translative Instructive Abessive Comitative
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Udmurt 15 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Nominative Accusative Genitive Ablative Dative Caritive Adverbial Instrumental Approximate Inessive Illative Elative Egressive Translative Terminative
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Hunagrian 18 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Nominative Accusative Dative Elative Inessive Illative Delative Superessive Sublative Ablative Adessive Allative Terminative Essive‐formal Instrumental Translative Causal‐final Associative
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Eastern Ostyak, 9 • Nominative • Lative • Locative • Ablative • Approximative • Translative • Instrumental‐final • Comitative‐instrumental instrumental • Abessive
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Northern Ostyak, 3
• Nominative • Locative • Translative
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Vogul, 6
• Nominative • Lative • Locative • Ablative • Instrumental • Translative
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Gooniyandi, 13 • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Absolutive Ergative Dative Locative Ablative 1 Ablative 2 Allative 1 Allative 2 Allative 3 Allative 4 Perlative Comitative Deprivative
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Dyribal, 9 • Nominative • Ergative • Instrumental • Simple genitive • Locative • General genitive • Dative • Allative • Ablative
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Guugu Yimidhirr, 11 • • • • • • • • • • •
Absolutive Ergative Dative Purposive Causal Instrumental Locative‐allative Ablative Superjacent Adessive Abessive
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Yidin, 6‐9 • Absolutive • Ergative • Instrumental – Locative – Allative
• Fear • Dative • Causal – Ablative
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