Helen Keller-revised 6 Feb 2008

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_nt\mbv ]n. tP¡_v. tImgn-t¡mSv ‘\n¡mäv’ (NICAT) A¡m-Z-anIv Ub-d-IvSÀ. _mw¥qcnse ‘C³Uy kn³Unt¡än’ Cw¥ojv Is−âv hn`mKw ko\nbÀ tIm¸n FUnäÀ, aebmf at\mcabn k_v FUnäÀ F¶o \ne-I-fn {]hÀ¯n-¨p. CSp¡n PnÃbnse s\Sp¦−w No\n¸md s]m¶t¼Â ]n.F. Nmt¡mbpsS aI³. tN¼fw skâv tacokv, aphmäp]pg \nÀ½e, I«¸\ Hkm\mw F¶o kvIqfpIfnepw s\Sp¦−w Fw.C.Fkv., ]mem skâv tXmakv tImfPpIfnepw hnZym`ymkw. Cw¥ojv kmlnXy¯n _ncpZm\´c _ncpZw t\Sn. B⬠sNt¡mhnsâ sNdpIYIÄ, tSmÄtÌm-bnbpsS t\mh ‘A¶ Itc\n\’ F¶nh hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp {]kn²oIcn¨n«p−v. `mcy dn³kn. a¡Ä: tUm¬, sU¶nkv. hnemkw: s]m¶t¼Â, 37/540, IrjvW³\mbÀ tdmUv, Icphnticn t]mÌv, tImgnt¡mSvþ10. email: [email protected], t^m¬: 9446419949. 

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sle³ sIÃÀ   Helen Keller Benoy P. Jacob © Pulari First Edition : January 2008 Pages : 64 Price : Rs. 25/-

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ISBN :??????????????????

_nt\mbv ]n. tP¡_v

Pulari - 00 Pulari Prasidheekaranam An Imprint of New Horizon Media Pvt. Ltd. KL Building, First Floor, TC 38/607 [2], Power House Road, Thiruvananthapuram - 695036 Phone : 0471-4013390/91/92/93 In Chennai

       

“IjvS-¸m-Sp-IÄ CÃm-Xm-Ip-t¼m-g-Ã, Ahsb sacp-¡m³ ]Tn-¡p-t¼mgmWv PohnXw kt´m-j-]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶-Xv. ”

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an¶pw Xmcw AÔbpw

_[n-c-bp-am-bn-cp¶n«pw Fgp-¯p-Im-cn, kmaq-ln-I-{]-hÀ¯-I, {]kw-KI F¶o \ne-I-fn {]mKÛyhpw {]i-kvXnbpw t\Snb h\n-X-bmWv sle³ sIÃÀ. Hma-\-¯hpw {]k-cn-¸p-apÅ Btcm-Ky-h-Xn-bm-bncp¶p sIm¨p sle³. 19-þmw amk-¯n Xe-t¨m-dn AWp-_m[ ]nSn-s]«v AhÄ Kpcp-X-cm-h-Ø-bn-em-bn. Ip«n acn-¨p-t]m-Ip-sa-¶p-hsc Icp-Xn. F¦nepw AhÄ Pohn-X-¯n-te¡p Xncn-¨p-h-¶p. Poh³ Xncn-¨p-In-«n-sb-¦nepw Ipªpsle\v ImgvNbpw tIÄhnbpw \jvS-s¸-«p. tIÄ¡msX i_vZ§Ä Xncn-¨-dn-bm-\m-hn-Ã-tÃm. aäp-Å-h-cpsS apJ-N-e-\§Ä ImWm\pw Ign-bn-Ã. AXn-\m kwkm-c-tijnbpw CÃm-sX-bmWv AhÄ hfÀ¶-Xv. AÀ°-anÃm¯ Nne i_vZ-§Ä D−m¡pw, A{X-am-{Xw. Ft¸mgpw tZjyhpw ]nSn-hm-inbpw. Cu sshI-ey-§-fpsS \Sp-hn \n¶v temI-¯nsâ apgp-h³ kvt\lhpw BZ-chpw t\Sp-thmfw hfÀ¶ hyànbmWv sle³. Bß-_-e-¯nsâ aqÀ¯-`mhambpÅ Cu hfÀ¨-bn hgn-Im-«nbm-bn-cp-¶tXm ]IpXn AÔ-bmb B\n kÅn-h³. Iym]vä³ BÀXÀ sIÃdpw sIbväv BUwkpw BWv slesâ amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä. k¼¶ IpSpw-_w. \m«p-ImÀ¡pw ho«p-ImÀ¡pw {]nb-s¸-«-hÀ. P\\w 1880 Pq¬ 27\v Ata-cn-¡-bnse Ae-_ma tÌänse SkvIw-_n-b-bnÂ.

acWw 87mw hb-kn 1969 Pq¬ H¶n\v IW-IvSn¡«v tÌänse shÌvt]mÀ«v AÀ¡³dnÖnÂ. tImfPv hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb BZys¯ AÔ-_-[nc hyàn-bmWv sle³. Ah-cpsS al-Xz-¯n\p \nZm-\- Page | 3  amb C\n-bp-sa{X t\«-§Ä. B PohnX¯n-te¡v Hsc¯n-t\m-«-amWv Cu Xmfp-I-fnÂ.

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A½-bpsS Icp-X H¶c hb-Ên ac-W-¯nsâ h¡n \n¶p Xncn-¨pIn-«nb aIÄ¡v ImgvNbpw tIÄhnbpw \jvS-s¸-«psh¶v {Ita-W-bmWv amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä Adn-bp-¶-Xv. Ip«n i_vZ-§-tfm-sSm¶pw {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã, Bscbpw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶n-Ã, apJ-¯n\p ap¶n ssI hoin-bm t]mepw Adn-bp-¶n-Ã. ISp¯ s\m¼-c-§-fpsS Ime-ambn-cp¶p AhÀ¡v ]n¶o-Sv. sle³ hf-cp-t´mdpw {]iv\-§Ä IqSn-b-tX-bp-Åq. A\p-k-c-W-bn-Ã. Ft¸mgpw ZpÈm-Ty-§Ä. D¨-¯n Ae-dp-Ibpw ]m{X-§fpw hnf-¡p-I-f-sams¡ XÃn-s¸m-«n¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. _Ôp-¡Ä¡p IqSn AhÄ Atemk-c-ambn tXm¶n. Bdp hb-Êm-b-t¸m-tgbv¡v Ahsf \nb-{´n-¡mt\ Ign-bm-Xm-bn. ZpxJhpw \ncm-ibpw apdpIn. tIbväv sIÃÀ NmÄkv Un¡³knsâ ‘Ata-cn-¡³ t\mSvkv’ F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯n AÔbpw _[n-c-bpamb temd {_nUvPvam³ F¶ Ip«nsb AÛp-X-I-cambn \¶m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p¶ IY hmbn-¨n-cp-¶p. AÛp-X§Ä¡v C\nbpw CS-ap-s−¶p hniz-kn¨v AhÀ _mÄ«n-aq-dnse Hcp hnZKv[ tUmIvS-dpsS D]-tZiw tXSn. sle\v C\n Hcn-¡epw ImgvNbpw tIÄhnbpw hos−-Sp-¡m-\m-hn-sö thZ-\n-¸n-¡p¶ hnh-c-amWv At±l¯Â \n¶p In«n-b-Xv. F¶m {]Xo£ ssIhn-tS− Imcy-an-sÃ-¶m-bncp¶p tUmIvS-dpsS A`n-{]m-bw. sles\ hnZym-`ymkw sN¿n-¡m\pw \¶m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡m\pw Ignbpw F¶v At±lw ]d-ªp. _[n-c-hn-ZymÀYn-Isf ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡p¶-Xn hnZ-Kv[-\mb Hcm-fpsS ASp-¡-te-bv¡v At±lw Ahsc Ab-¨p. B hnZ-Kv[³ Bcm-bn-cp-s¶t¶m?

sSen-t^m¬ I−p-]n-Sn¨ Ae-Ivkm-−À {Klmw s_Â. _[n-hn-ZymÀ°n-Isf ]Tn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p At±lw At¸mÄ kzbw kzoI-cn-¨n-cp¶ sXmgnÂ. Xsâ hnfn AXm-sW¶v At±lw IcpXn; AXn-\mbn Page | 4  kzbw kaÀ¸n-¨p. amk-¨p-sk-ävknse s]À¡n³kv C³Ìn-äyq«v Ub-dIvSÀ ssa¡Â A\m-tám-kn\v Is¯-gp-Xm³ {Klmws_ \nÀt±-in-¨p. A\m-támkv slesâ Imcyw ASnb-´-c-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¨p. s]À¡n³knse ]qÀÆ-hnZymÀ°n-bmb B\n kÅn-hs\ Ah-fpsS ]cn-N-c-W¯n-\mbn hn«p-sIm-Sp-¯p.

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s\-bpw-sIm−v Häbv¡p amdn-¯m-a-kn-¡m³ B\n A\phmZw t\Sn.

 

BZyw ]Tn-¨Xp acymZ B\n kÅn-h³ SkvIw-_n-b-bnse slesâ ho«nse-¯p-¶Xv 1887 amÀ¨v aq¶n-\m-Wv. slesâ ho«n Xma-kn¨v B\n Ipd-ª-Imew sIm−v Ahsf ‘sacp¡n’. {ItaW sle\v amXm-]n-Xm-¡-sf-¡mÄ CjvSw B\n-tbm-Sm-bn. hnc-ep-sIm−v slesâ ssIsh-Å-bn A£-c§Ä Fgp-Xn-bmWv B\n -]-Tn-¸n-¡Â XpS-§n-b-Xv. k½m-\-ambn sIm−p-h¶ Hcp ]mh slesâ Hcp ssIbn h¨p-sIm-Sp-¯n«v atä ssIsh-Å-bn Un.-H.FÂ.-FÂ. F¶o A£-c-§Ä hnc-ep-sIm-s−-gp-Xn. tI¡v F¶ hm¡mWv ASp-¯-Xmbn ]Tn-¸n-¨-Xv. hncÂN-e\w A\p-I-cn-¡m³ ]Tn-s¨-¦nepw AXnsâ AÀ°-sa-´m-sW-s¶m¶pw sle\p a\-Ên-em-bn-Ã. A£-c-§fpw AÀ°-§fpw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\m¸w AXn-tesd ]mSpÅ Hcp bÚ-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p B\n. sles\ ‘acymZIÄ’ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-I. ZpÈm-Ty-§fpw hnIrXn-I-fp-am-bn-cp¶p Ip«n-bpsS ssIbn-en-cp-¸v. `£-W-ta-ibnse s]cp-am-ä-am-bn-cp¶p Gsd IjvS-sa-¶mWv slesâ Pohn-X-IY ]d-bp-¶-Xv. taibv¡p Npän-\-S¶v FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw ]m{X-¯n \n¶p hmcn-¯n-¶pw. ssIsIm−p am{Xta Ign-¡q; kv]qWpw t^mÀ¡pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡n-Ã. -Ip-«nsb acymZ ]Tn-¸n-t¡-−Xv AXym-h-iy-am-sW¶v B\n¡p tXm¶n; F¶m a\Êp XI-cmsX t\m¡pIbpw thWw. acym-Z-]-T-\-¯nsâ kuI-cy-¯n\v hoSn\Sp-¯p-X-s¶-bpÅ sNdn-sbmcp tImt«-Pn-te¡v sle-

sles\ ]Tn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ {ia-§-fpsS ]ptcm-KXn B\n tkm^nb tlm]vIn³kn\v Ab¨ I¯p-I-fn Page | 5  sXfn-bp-¶p-−v. B\n s]À¡n³knse hnZymÀ°n-bm-bncns¡ amXr-Xp-ey-amb hmÂkeyw \ÂInb k¼-¶bmb Hcp kv{Xobm-bn-cp¶p tkm^n-b. B\n AhÀ¡v apS-§msX I¯p-I-f-b-bv¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp I¯n \n¶pÅ `mK-amWv Xmsg: ‘Ahsf ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ XpS-§n-b-t¸mÄ apX Fsâ ap¶n {]Xn-_-Ô-§-fm-bn-cp¶p. At§-bäw hsc s]mcp-Xn-bn-«-ÃmsX Hcp Imcy-¯nepw AhÄ hg-§n-Ã. ]dªp a\-Ên-em-¡ntbm {]tem-`n-¸nt¨m ]pIgv¯ntbm H¶pw Ahsf A\p-k-cn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã. apSn NoIp-I, ssI Igp-Ip-I, jqkv sI«pI t]mse-bpÅ sNdnb Imcy-§Ä¡p t]mepw _ew {]tbm-Kn-t¡-−n-h-cp-¶p, HSp¡w AXp Iem-]-{]-I-S-\-§-fnte Iemin-¡q… A\p-k-cn-¡m³ ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc Ahsf `mjtbm asä-s´-¦n-eptam ]Tn-¸n¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶Xv hyÀ°-am-sW¶v F\n¡p a\-Ên-em-bn. Rm³ Hcp-]mSv Nn´n¨p; Adnhpw AXp-t]m-se-Xs¶ kvt\lhpw Ip«n-bpsS a\-Ên-te¡p IS-¡m\pÅ hmXn A\p-k-cW Xs¶-bm-sW¶v Nn´n-¡p-t´mdpw F\n¡v IqSp-X t_m[yam-Ip-¶p…’ Xo³a-cym-Z-Ifpw kz´w apSn sI«m\pw jqkp sI«m\pw Hs¡ B\n Ahsf ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ {ian-¨p.

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CXp Ip«n-bpsS kz`mhw IqSp-X A{I-am-k-à-am-¡n. AXn\v B\n ‘\Ã’ in£ \ÂIn. sle-t\mSv kwkmcn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶p. hnc-ep-IÄsIm-−pÅ kwkmcw Ip«n¡p CXn-\Iw henb CjvS-am-bn-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶p. A§s\ GXm\pw BgvN-IÄ¡p-Ån sle³ acym-Z-¡m-cn-bmbn. c−p-t]cpw X½n Dujva-f-amb Hcp _Ôw Dd-IqSn.

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Xs¶ GXm\pw aWn-¡q-dp-IÄ¡p-Ån sle³ ap¸tXmfw hm¡p-IÄ ]Tn-¨p.

 

BZys¯ AÛpXw Hcp amkw Ign-ª-t¸m-tgbv¡v Bfp-IÄ ‘AÛpXw’ F¶p hnti-jn-¸n¨ Imcyw kw`-hn-¨p. hm¡p-I-fpsS AÀ°tam Ah X½n-epÅ _Ôtam H¶pw AXp-hsc sle\p a\-Ên-em-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. 1887 G{]n A©v. B kw`hw ]n¶oSv sle³ hnh-cn-¨Xv C§-s\-bmWv: “tX³a-W-apÅ sNSn-I-fpsS aWw Bkz-Zn¨v Ipf-¸pc-bn-te-¡pÅ hgn-bn-eqsS R§Ä \S-¶p. Btcm AhnsS shÅw tImcp-¶p-−m-bn-cp¶p. So¨À Fsâ ssI ]nSn¨v Hgp-In-ho-gp¶ shÅ-¯n-\-Sn-bn h¨p. Ipfn-cpÅ B Pe-[mc Hcp ssIbn-eqsS Hgp-In-bn-d-§pt¼mÄ AhÀ Fsâ adp-ssI-sh-Å-bn ‘hm«À’ F¶ hms¡-gp-Xn. BZyw kmh-[m-\-¯nÂ, ]ns¶ thK¯nÂ. Rm³ A\-§msX \n¶p. Fsâ {i² apgp-h³ Ah-cpsS hnc-e-\-¡-§-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p. aªp-aq-Snb HmÀ½ t]mse s]s«¶v F¶n t_m[-ap-WÀ¶p. aS§n-h-cp¶ HmÀ½-{]lÀjw, `mj-bpsS \nKq-V-X-IÄ Fsâ ap¶n sasà Xpd-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p”. DS³ Xs¶ ]¼nsâ t]cv þ ]¼v F¶ hm¡v þ Fgp-Xm³ sle³ Bh-iy-s¸-«p. ]ns¶ s{Senkv þ sNSn-IÄ ]SÀ¯n-hn-Sp¶ Ccp¼p s{^bnw þ F´msW¶p tNmZn-¨p. ho«n-te¡p aS-§pw-hgn sXm« hkvXp¡-fp-sS-sbÃmw t]cv AhÄ tNmZn-¨p]Tn-¨p. ]ns¶ B\n-bpsS t]sc-´m-sW¶p tNmZn-¨p. ‘So¨À’ F¶v AhÀ slesâ ssIsh-Å-bn-se-gp-Xn. B Hä Znhkw

A¶p cm{Xn BZy-ambn sle³ B\n-tbm-sSm¸w Dd-§n. AtX-¸än B\n ]n¶oSv ]d-ªXv “Fsâ Page | 7  lrZbw s]m«n-t¸m-Ip-sa¶p tXm¶n, A{X kt´m-j-ambn-cp¶p F\n¡v” F¶m-Wv. B\n t_mÌ-WnepÅ Hcp kplr-¯n\v Fgp-Xnb I¯n \n¶v Hcp `mKw: ‘sles\ Gähpw IqSp-X _p²n-ap-«n¨ hm¡p-IÄ ‘aKv’ ‘an¡v’ F¶n-h-bm-sW¶v Rm³ t\ct¯ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶-tÃm. Cu \ma-]Z-§sf ‘IpSn-¡pI’ F¶ {Inbm-]-Z-am-bn-«mWv AhÄ BZyw a\-Ên-em-¡n-b-Xv. ‘IpSn-¡pI’ F¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-t¡− hm¡v AhÄ¡-dnbn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. ]t£ aKv Ft¶m an¡v Ft¶m Fgp-Xp-t¼m-sgÃmw AhÄ IpSn-¡p¶ BwKyw ImWn-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. C¶p cmhnse apJw Igp-Ip-t¼mÄ AhÄ Ft¶mSv ‘shÅ’¯nsâ t]sc-´m-sW¶p tNmZn-¨p. AhÄ¡v F´n-sâ-sb-¦nepw t]c-dn-b-W-sa¶p tXm¶n-bm AXn-tebv¡p Nq−n-bn«v Fsâ ssIbn Xtem-Spw. Rm³ Ah-fpsS ssIbn U»yp-þ-F-þ-än-þ-C-þ-BÀ Fs¶-gp-Xn. ]ns¶ Rm³ B hnjbw hn«p. Im¸n-IpSn Ign-ªt¸m-gmWv F\n-s¡mcp sFUnb tXm¶n-b-Xv. Cu ]pXnb hm¡p-sIm−v ‘an¡v-þ-aKv’ {]XnkÔn adn-I-S¡mw F¶v F\n¡p tXm¶n. Rm³ sle-s\bpw Iq«n ]¼v lukn-\-Spt¯¡p t]mbn. shÅw ]¼v sNbvXn«v AhfpsS ssIbnse aKv AXn-\-Sn-bn ]nSn-¸n-¨p.

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XWp¯ shÅw HgpIn hogp-t¼mÄ Ah-fpsS atä ssIbn Rm³ U»yp-þ-F-þ-än-þ-C-þ-BÀ Fs¶-gp-Xn. ssIbn-eqsS ]X-sªm-gp-Ip¶ shÅ-¯nsâ XWp¸pw adp-ssI-bnse A£-c§fpw Ah-fpsS a\-Ên Xd-ªp. aKv Xmsgbn«v AhÄ AkvX-{]-Ú-bmbn \n¶p. AhfpsS apJ¯v Hcp ]pXnb {]Imiw ]c-¶p.’

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Akm-am-\y-{]-Xn` ]ns¶-b-t§m-«pÅ ]ptcm-KXn AhÀ®-\o-b-am-bn-cp¶p. aq¶m-gvN-bv¡p-Ån sle³ \qdn-tesd hm¡p-IÄ ]Tn-¨p. B\n kÅn-h³ s]À¡n³kn ]Tn¨ ]mT-§sfÃmw Xsâbpw sle-sâbpw {]Ir-X-§Ä¡v A\p-cq]-s¸-Sp¯n {]tbm-Kn-¨p. ]T\w an¡-hmdpw hoSn\p ]pd¯m-bn-cp-¶p. AÔbpw _[n-c-bp-ambn Ip«n¡v Ah-tijn-¡p¶ aq¶v C{µn-b-§Ä þ kv]Àiw, KÔw, cpNn þ D]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv IqSp-X \¶mbn ]Tn-¡m³ km[n¡pI F¶v B\n a\-Ên-em-¡n. B\n-bpsS hm¡p-IÄ: ‘hm¡p-IÄ Bi-b-§-sf P\n-¸n¡p-¶Xv F{X BÝ-cy-amWv! sle³ ]Tn-¡p¶ Hmtcm hm¡pw IqSp-X hm¡p-IÄ Bh-iy-am-¡n. Ahn-cm-a-amb Cu {]{In-b-bn-eqsS Ah-fpsS a\Êv hfÀ¶p-sIm-t−-bncp-¶p.’ ImgvNbpw tIÄhn-bp-an-Ãm¯ Hcm-fnepw I−n-«nÃm¯{X anSp-t¡msS AhÄ ]pXnb ]pXnb Imcy-§Ä ]Tn-s¨-Sp-¯p. Gsd sshImsX Xs¶ B\n Ahsf hmbn-¡m\pw ]Tn-¸n-¨p þ BZyw XSn-¨p-bÀ¶p \n¡p¶ A£-c-§Ä, ]ns¶ s{_bn en]n. XpSÀ¶v Fgp-Xm\pw ioen-¨pþ ssS¸v ssdäÀ D]-tbm-Kn¨v. km[m-cW ssS¸vssd-ädpw s{_bn ssS¸vssd-ädpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ sle\p \à hi-am-bn-cp-¶p. slesâ hfÀ¨-bn ssa¡Â A\m-tám-kn\p henb Xm¸-cy-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-sf-¸än FgpXnb teJ-

\-§-fn-sem-¶n sles\ At±lw hnti-jn-¸n-¡p¶Xv ‘Hcp {]Xn-`mkw’ F¶m-Wv. A¯cw teJ-\-§Ä Ahsf {]i-kvX-bm-¡n. sle³ tjIvkv]n-bÀ {KÙ§Ä hmbn¡p¶Xn-sâbpw hfÀ¯p-\msb Xmtem-en¡p-¶-Xn-sâ-bp-sams¡ Nn{X-§-f-S¡w Cu teJ-\-§Ä Page | 9  ]{X-am-kn-I-I-fn {]Xy-£-s¸-«p. A\m-tám-kn-s\bpw {Klmw s_Ãn-s\bpw F¶-t]mse {]kn-Uâv ¢ohvem³Un-s\bpw kµÀin-¡m³ sle\v Ah-kcw e`n-¨p.

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kwkm-cn-¡m³ ]Tn-¡p¶p sle³ 1888 apX 94 hsc s]À¡n³kv AÔ-hnZym-e-b-¯n ]Tn-¨p. 1990 amÀ¨n tacn kzn^väv emwksW I−p-ap-«n. Ah-cmWv sles\ kwkmcn¡m³ ]Tn-¸n-¨-Xv. AhÄ Gsd sImXn¨ Imcy-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. aäp-Å-h-cpsS Np−nepw sXm−bnepw hncÂsXm-«m AhÀ ]d-bp-¶Xp a\-Ên-em¡m³ sle\p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m Ah-sct¸mse D¨-¯n kwkm-cn-¡m³ AhÄ sImXn-¨p. F¶m Cu L«-¯n-sem¶pw AhÄ¡v AXn\p Ignªn-Ã. kwkm-cn-¡m³ XpS-§p-¶-Xn\p ap³]v thm¡Â tImÀUp-IÄ¡p th− hymbm-ahpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw sImSp-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-Xp-sIm-−mbncp¶p Cu ]cm-P-b-sa¶v ]n¶oSv Is−-¯n. 1994 B\nbpw sle\pw tPm¬ Un ssdäv, tXmakv lypta-bvk³ F¶n-hsc I−p-ap-«n. _[n-csc kwkmcw ioen-¸n-¡p¶ kvIqÄ \yqtbmÀ¡n XpS§m-s\m-cp-§p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p AhÀ. slesâ kwkmcw sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯m-sa¶ hmKvZm\w tI«v B\n sle-s\-bpwsIm−v \yqtbmÀ¡v \K-c-¯n-te¡p t]mbn. c−p hÀjw ssdäv-þ-lyq-tabvk³ _[n-c-hn-Zym-e-bw, tlmdkv am³ _[n-c-hn-Zym-ebw F¶n-hn-S-§-fn ]Tn-¨p. B\n¡pw ASp-¯-dn-bm-hp¶ aäp NneÀ¡pw a\-Ên-emIp-¶-Xp-t]mse Ipd-s¨ms¡ kwkm-cn-¡m-dmbn F¶Xn-\-¸pdw kwkm-c-tijn Imcy-ambn sa¨-s¸-«n-Ã.

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sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

   

tIw{_n-Pv, Hcp hnhm-Zhpw sle³ B\n-s¡m¸w ’96 amk-¨p-sk-ävkn aS§n-sb¯n tIw{_nPv kvIqfn tNÀ¶p. dm-Uv¢n^v tImfPv {]th-i-\-¯n\pth−n ]Tn-¡pIbm-bn-cp¶p e£yw. B\n sle-s\-s¡m−v Aan-Xm-[zm\w sN¿n-¡p¶p F¶v kvIqÄ Ub-d-IvSÀ BÀXÀ KnÂam³ slesâ A½bv¡v Fgp-Xn. sles\ B\n-bn \n¶p amän KnÂamsâ Npa-X-e-bn-te¸n¡p¶ sSen{Kmw Bbncp¶p adp-]-Sn. sle\pw A¶v H¸w Xma-kn-¨n-cp¶ ktlm-Zcn anÂs{UUpw B\n-bn-ÃmsX KnÂam-t\m-sSm¸w t]mIm³ hnk-½-Xn-¨p. B\n A¶p cm{Xn kvIqÄ hn«p-t]m-bn slesâ A½, {Klmw s_Â, hnI-emw-Kt£-a-{]-hÀ¯-I-bmb Feo-\À l«¬ F¶n-hcpÄs¸sS Hcp-]mSv t]À¡p sSen-{Km-ap-I-f-b-¨p. ]ntä¶p Xncn-s¨-¯nb B\n sle-s\bpw anÂ{U-Uns\bpw ImWmsX Ahn-S¶p t]mIn-söp iTn-¨p. HSp¡w Ah-scbpw Iq«n Xma-k-Ø-e-t¯¡p aS§n. B\nbpsSbpw -sl-esâbpw kplr-¯mb tPmk^v C. tNw_Àen³ KnÂam-\p-ambn kwkm-cn¨v Ahsc Xsâ ho«n Xma-kn-¸n-¡m³ k½Xw hm§n. CXn-\Iw slesâ A½bpw F¯n. {Klmw s_ Hcp {]Xn-\n-[nsb Ab¨v Ahn-Sps¯ kw`-h-§-fpsS sXfn-hp-IÄ tiJ-cn-¨p. GXm-bmepw sle³ ]ns¶ tIw{_n-Pn-te¡p XncnsI-t¸m-bn-Ã. amk-¨p-sk-ävknse sd´mw F¶

Øe¯v tNw_Àensâ ho«n Xma-kn¨v B\n-bpsS in£-W-¯n dmUv¢n^v {]th-i-\-¯n-s\m-cp-§n. sle-s\bpw B\n-sbbpw thÀ]n-cn-¡m-\pÅ Hcp {iahpw Hcn-¡epw ^ew I−n-Ã.

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sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

   

dmUv¢n^v, Bß-IY B\n-bpsS Iogn-epÅ ]T\w ^ew I−p. 1990 sle³ {]i-kvX-amb dmUv¢n^v tImf-Pn tNÀ¶p. A¶v lmÀhmÀUv tImf-Pn\p Xpey-amb Øm\-ap-−mbn-cp¶p dmUv¢n-^n-\v. lmÀhmÀUn BWp-§Ä¡p am{Xta {]th-i-\-apÅq; dmUv¢n^v kv{XoIÄ¡p am{Xw. dmUv¢n-^n {]th-i\w t\Snb sle³ Ahn-sSbpw B\n-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS \¶mbn Xnf-§n. eIvNdpIfpw s{_bn en]nbn e`y-a-Ãm¯ ]pkvX-I§fpw t\m«p-I-fp-saÃmw B\n kv]Ài-`m-j-bn ]cn-`mj-s¸-Sp-¯n. bYmÀ°-¯n B\n sle-s\-s¡m−v Aan-X-`mcw FSp-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã, sle\p th−n kzbw Aan-X-`mcw FSp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-cpsS I®p-IÄ ho−pw XfÀ¶p-Xp-S-§n. Znh-khpw A©p aWn-¡q-sd-¦nepw sle\p hmbn-¨p-sIm-Sp¡pw F¶p ]d-ª-t¸mÄ B\n-bpsS I®p-tUm-IvSÀ ]d-ªXv: “ssZhta! CXp apgp-{`m-´mWv ankv kÅn-h³. \n§fpsS I®p-IÄ¡p \à hn{iaw sImSp-¯n-sÃ-¦n ankv sIÃÀ¡p tImgvkv ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡m³ IgnbnÔ F¶mWv. Cc« se³kpÅ I®-S-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv B\n hmbn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. F¶m hnNn-{X-amb Imcyw B\n I®S [cn-¨n«pÅ Hcp t^mt«m t]mepw Cà F¶-XmWv. dmUv¢n-^n \¶mbn IjvS-s¸-tS-−n-h-¶p. tPmen`mcw aqew B\n-bpsS DÅ ImgvN-i-àn-IqSn a§n-¯pS-§n. C¡m-e¯v sle³ Bß-IY Fgp-Xn-¯p-S-§n. s{_bn en]n-bnepw km[m-cW ssS¸vssd-ä-dnepw

Fgp-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu Ime¯v AhÀ tPm¬ BÂ_À«v tabvknsb ]cn-N-b-s¸-«p. At±lw slesâ Bß-IY þ Z tÌmdn Hm^v ssa sse^v þ FUnäv sN¿p-¶-Xn klm-bn-¨p. {KÙw 1903 {]Imi\w sNbvXp. BZy-sams¡ hn¸\ hfsc ]Xp-s¡- Page | 12  bm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m ]n¡m-e¯v h³ {]Nmcw t\SpIbpw ¢mkn-¡mbn temI-sa§pw Adnb-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu {KÙw A³]-Xn-tesd `mj-I-fn-te¡p hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-«n-«p-−v. sles\ Gsd BZ-cn-¨n-cp¶ {]ikvX Fgp-¯p-Imc³ amÀIv ssSz³ Ahsf hyh-km-bn-bmb sl³dn l«v«¬ tdmtP-gvkn\p ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-Sp-¯p. At±-lhpw `mcybpw tNÀ¶v slesâ ]T-\-s¨-ehp apgp-h³ hln-¨p. 1904 sle³ _ncpZw t\Sn. AÔXbpw _[n-c-Xbpw and-I-S¶v _ncpZw t\Sp¶ BZys¯bmÄ.

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

hn¹-h-Nn-´-IÄ, CSn-bp¶ P\-{]oXn dmUv¢n-^n ]Tn¡p¶ Ime¯v sle³ ]cn-N-bs¸« tPm¬ tabvkn Ah-cpsS Bß-I-Y-bpsS FUn-ädmbn. {ItaW sle-sâbpw B\n-bp-sSbpw Dä kplr¯m-bn. 1905 B\nsb hnhmlw Ign-¨p. B\n kÅnh³, B\n kÅn-h³ tabvkn-bm-bn. aq¶p t]cpw tNÀ¶v amk-¨p-sk-ävknse sd´m-an (Wrentham) Xma-k-am-¡n. C¡m-e¯v sle³ ‘Z thÄUv sF enhv C³’ Fgp-Xn. tPm¬ tabvkn-bn \n¶v temI-s¯-¸-än-bpÅ ]pXn-sbmcp ImgvN-¸mSv þ hn¹-h-Nn-´-I-fpsS ImgvN-¸mSv þ t\Snb sle³ 1909 tkmjy-enÌv ]mÀ«n AwK-ambn. 1913 ‘Hu«v Hm^v Z UmÀIv’ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. tkmjy-enÌv Nn´-IÄ {]Xn-^-en-¡p¶ Cu teJ-\-kam-lmcw s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯n slesâ {]Xn-Ñm-b-bn henb amä-§-fp-−m-¡n. Ah-cpsS cmjv{Sob \ne-]m-SpIÄ ]c-ky-am-b-Xn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶v Hcp-]mSp t]À i{Xp-¡fm-bn. am[y-a-§Ä ISp¯ hnaÀi\w Agn-¨p-hn-«p. 1909 apX 1921 hsc sle³ tkmjy-enÌv ]mÀ«n AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. C¡m-e¯v AhÀ sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤t£-a-¯n\p th−n \nc-´cw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw {]kw-Kn¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tkmjy-enÌv ]mÀ«n Øm\mÀ°nbmbn {]kn-Uâv Øm\-t¯¡p aÂk-cn¨ bqPn³ hn.sU-_vkn\v ]n´p-W-bp-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A{X-bpw-Imew slesâ Ign-hp-IÄ¡p kvXpXn ]mSn-bn-cp¶ ]{X-§Ä ]eXpw Ah-cpsS ISp¯ hnaÀi-I-cm-bn. imco-cnI sshI-ey-§Ä Ah-cpsS

_p²n-sbbpw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-sfbpw hnI-e-am-¡n-bn-cn¡p¶p F¶p-hsc NneÀ Fgp-Xn. sshI-ey-§Ä s]cp¸n-¨p-Im-«n-bpÅ teJ-\-§Ä [mcmfw h¶p; slesâ P\-{]o-Xn¡v CSnhp X«n. ‘C¯cw kmaq-lnImÔ-Xbpw _[n-c-X-bp-amWv Hcp-]mSv P\-§-fpsS imco-cnI sshI- Page | 13  ey-§Ä¡p ImcWw’ F¶m-bn-cp¶p slesâ adp-]-Sn.

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

a\Êp XIÀ¶ Fgp¯pImcn

Fs¶mcp KpcpX-c-kw-ibw slesâ DÅn \pc-s]m´n.

sle-sâbpw B\n-bpsS Pohn-X-¯n kzm`m-hn-Iamb {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ¡p ]pdta Kpcp-X-c-amb IÃp-I-SnIÄ thsd-bp-ap-−m-bn. ]Xn-s\m¶mw hb-Ên (1891Â) Fgp-Xnb ‘aªp-cmPmhv’ (Z t{^mÌv InMv) F¶ IY-bmWv BZys¯ hnó. s]À¡n³kv C³Ìn-äyq«v Ub-d-IvSÀ ssa¡Â A\m-tám-kn\v ]nd-¶mÄ k½m-\-ambn Ab-¨p-sIm-Sp¯-XmWv Cu IY. B\-µ-`-cn-X-\mb A\m-támkv kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯n AXnsâ {]m[m\yw Du¶n-¸-dªp-sIm−v B IY Hcp amkn-I-bn {]kn-²oIcn¨p. kmln-Xy-tam-jWw F¶ t]cn AXp Ip{]-kn-²-amIp-Ibpw A\m-tám-kp-am-bpÅ _Ôw Ft¶-bv¡pambn Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\v CS-bm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. amÀK-cäv Im³_n-bpsS ‘aªp-tZ-h-X-IÄ’ (Z t{^mÌv s^b-dokv) F¶ IrXn-bn \n¶p tamjvSn-¨p F¶m-bn-cp¶p Btcm-]-Ww. At\z-j-W-§fpw hnNm-cW-Ifpw \S-¶p. Ip«n-¡m-e¯p hmbn-¨p-tI-«n-«pÅ Hcp]mSv IY-I-fn H¶nsâ HmÀ½ At_m-[-a-\-Ên InS¶-XmImw F¶m-bn-cp¶p \nK-a-\w. IY-sb-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ sle\v 11 hbtk Bbn-cp-¶p-Åq. GXm-bmepw t_m[]qÀÆ-apÅ tamj-W-a-söv At\z-j-IÀ XoÀ¨-bm-¡n. {Klmw-s_Ãpw amÀIv ssSz\pw DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ kplr¯p-¡fpw sles\ hniz-kn-¨p. ]t£ A\mtámkpam-bpÅ _Ôw \jvS-s¸-SpI Xs¶ sNbvXp. sle\pw B\nbpw tNÀ¶p Xs¶ I_-fn-¸n-¡p-I-bmbn-cp¶p F¶v At±lw hniz-kn-¨p. Cu kw`-h-¯n\v asämcp {]Xym-LmXw IqSn-bp-−mbn. Xsâ Nn´-I-fn-te-sX-¦nepw XtâXp Xs¶bmtWm

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sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

\mbvt{]aw, sNdp-¸-¯nse XymKw sle\v sNdp-¸-¯n Iq«p-Im-cn-bmbn Hcp \mbv¡p«n-bp-−m-bn-cp-¶p þ eb-W-kv. AhÄ¡v eb-W-kns\ henb CjvS-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m eb-W-kns\ Btcm shSn-h¨p sIm¶p. sles\ AXp hÃmsX k¦-S-s¸-Sp¯n. F«p-h-bÊp am{X-apÅ AÔbpw _[n-c-bp-ambn Ip«n-bpsS Cu ZpxJIY am[y-a-§-fn henb hmÀ¯bm-bn. [mcmfw Bfp-IÄ asämcp ]«n-¡p-«nsb hm§m³ AhÄ¡p ]Ww Ab-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯p. B ]Ww sIm−v AhÄ ]«n-¡p-«nsb hm§p-Ibà sNbX-Xv. Xs¶-t¸mse Xs¶ ImgvNbpw tIÄhnbpw \jvSs¸« tSman kv{Sn§À F¶ Ip«nsb s]À¡n³kv C³Ìn-äyq-«n Ab¨p ]Tn-¸n-¡m-\mbn B ]Ww AhÄ kw`m-h\ \ÂIn.apXnÀ¶p Ignªv sle\pw B\nbpw ]e-X-hW kµÀin¨ cmPy-§-fn-sem-¶m-bn-cp¶p P¸m³. AhnSs¯ P\-X-bp-ambn Bg-amb _Ôw-Xs¶ AhÀ hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯p. 1937 P¸m-\nse AInX {]hniy kµÀin-¨-t¸mÄ lmNntIm F¶ \mb-sb-¸än AhÀ At\z-jn-¨p. 1935 acn¨ lmNntIm, AInX hwi¯nÂs¸« \mb-bm-bn-cp-¶p. sle\v Hcp AInX \mbsb hfÀ¯Wsa¶v B{Klw tXm¶n. Hcp amk¯n-\p-Ån HcmÄ Iman-I-sk-þtKm F¶p t]cn« Hcp AInX \mbv¡p-«nsb F¯n-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯p. c−p hbÊm-b-t¸m-tgbv¡v AXp sshd tcmKw _m[n¨p N¯p-t]m-bn. At¸mÄ P¸m³ kÀ¡m-cnsâ HutZymKnI k½m-\-ambn sI³k³-þtKm F¶ \mbv¡p«nsb sle\p \ÂInþ 1939 Pqsse-bnÂ. AInX \mb-hwis¯ Ata-cn-¡-bn-se-¯n-¨-Xp sle³ sIÃ-dm-Wv. Cu \mbv¡sf sIÃÀ¡p henb CjvS-am-bn-cp-¶p.

“tcma-¡p-¸m-b-a-Wnª amem-J-bp-s−-¦n AXp Iman-Imtk Bbn-cp-¶p. C\n-sbm-cn-¡epw asämcp hfÀ¯p-ar-K-t¯mSpw F\n¡v C{X hmÂkeyw tXm¶p-I-bn-Ã. Rm\m-{K-ln¨ FÃm KpW-§fpw AInX \mb-bv¡p−v þ im´-X, kulr-Z-`m-hw, hniz- Page | 15  k-\o-bX” F¶mWv AhÀ AInX Ipdn¸n Fgp-Xn-bXv. s]À¡n³kv Ata-cn-¡-bnse t_m̬ kwØm-\-¯nse amk¨p-sk-ävkn-emWv ‘s]À¡n³kv C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ Z ss»³Uv’. AÔ-_-[nc hnZymÀYn- ]cn-io-e-\-¯n temI-¯nse Xs¶ Gähpw anI¨ Øm]-\-§-fn-sem¶m-Wn-Xv.

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

temI-]-cy-S\w, C´ym-k-µÀi\w temI-sa§pw Adnb-s¸-Sp¶ {]kw-K-Ibpw Fgp¯p-Im-cn-bp-ambn sle³ hfÀ¶p. ssh-I-ey-§Ä _m[n-¨-h-cpsS t£a-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡mbn PohnXw Dgn-ªp-h¨ AhÀ aäp kmaq-ln-I-ta-J-e-I-fnepw kpNn´n-X-amb A`n-{]m-b-§Ä ]peÀ¯n. kv{XoI-Ä¡p thm«-h-Im-i-¯n\p th−n hmZn-¨n-cp¶ sle³ bp²hn-cp-²bpw kam-[m-\-{]-hÀ¯-I-bpw Xo{h tkmjyenÌp-am-bn-cp-¶p. P\-\-\n-b-{´-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä¡v ]n´pW \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. 1915 AhÀ AÔ-Xm-\n-hmcW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡mbn ‘sle³ sIÃÀ CâÀ\m-j\Â’ F¶ kwL-S-\bv¡p cq]w \ÂIn. 1920 Ata-cn¡³ knhn en_À«okv bqWn-b³ cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶Xn ]¦p-h-ln-¨p. t{KmhÀ ¢ohvem³Uv apX en³U¬ _n.tPm¬k¬ hsc-bpÅ Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-Uâp-amscsbÃmw sle³ kµÀin-¨n-cp-¶p. Ae-Ivkm-−À {Klmw-s_Â, NmÀfn Nm¹n³, amÀIv ssSz³ F¶n-h-cS¡w \nc-h[n {]i-kvXÀ slesâ kplr-¯p-¡fpw A`yp-Z-b-Imw-£n-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. sle\pw B\nbpw IqSn \mÂ]-tXmfw temI-cm-Py§-fn ]cy-S\w \S-¯n. temI-]-cy-S-\-§-fn BZyL«w {]`m-j-W-§-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Bth-i-`-cn-X-cmb BÄ¡q-«-§-Ä¡p ap³]n sle³ Xsâ Pohn-Xm-\p-`h-§Ä ]¦p-h-¨p. B\n hymJym-\-§fpw hni-Zo-I-c-W§fpw \ÂIn. Bfp-I-fpsS kwi-b-§Ä¡pw tNmZy§Ä¡pw sle³ adp-]Sn \ÂIn. GXm−v 1918 BbtXmsS {]`m-jW ]cy-S-\-§Ä¡p Unam³Uv Ipd-ªp.

c−mw L«w tÌPv tjmI-fm-bn-cp-¶p. sshI-ey-§-fpam-bpÅ slesâ t]mcm-«¯nsâ BZy-\m-fp-I-fpw ‘hm«À’ F¶ BZy-hm¡v ]Tn-¡p-¶Xpw Hs¡ tkmZml-c-W-hn-i-Zo-I-W-§-fmbn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. BZyw Page | 16  apXte Cu tÌPv tjmIÄ h³ hnP-b-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu ka-b-¯mWv tlmfn-hp-Un Hcp kn\n-abv¡pÅ Ah-kcw ssIh-cp-¶-Xv. ‘sUen-h-d³kv’ F¶ t]cn slesâ Pohn-X-IY kn\n-a-bm-¡n. kn\n-a-bnse AXn-`m-hp-I-Xzw \ndª Ah-X-c-W-¯n sle³ A{X k´p-jvS-b-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-h-s{X. km¼-¯nI-ambpw B kn\na Dt±-in-¨{X hnPbw t\Sn-bn-Ã. F¬]-Xm-as¯ hb-Ên 1960-emWv sle³ C´ybn-se-¯p-¶-Xv. A¶s¯ {][m-\-a-{´n-bm-bn-cp¶ PhlÀem s\{lp-hp-ambn AhÀ IqSn-¡mgvN \S-¯n. CtX-¯p-SÀ¶v s\{lp hnI-emw-K-t£-a-¯n-\mbn \nch[n {]²-Xn-IÄ {]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

tÌPv tjm \ndª kZ-Êp-IÄ¡p ap³]n tÌPv tjmIÄ XpSÀ¶p. Pohn-X-t]m-cm-«-§fpw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Ifpw cmjv{So-b-\n-e-]m-Sp-Ifpw kw_-Ôn¨ tNmZy-§Ä¡p sle³ adp-]Sn \ÂIn. B\n Ahbv¡p hni-Zo-I-c-W§fpw hymJym-\-§fpw \ÂIn. BgvN-bn c−m-bncw tUmfÀ hsc AhÀ k¼m-Zn-¨p. CXv A¡m-es¯ kmam\yw \à hcp-am-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. tNmtZym-¯-c-co-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp¶p tÌPv ]cn-]m-Sn. ap³Iq«n X¿m-dm-¡nb tNmZy-§Ä B\n hmbn¡pw; sle³ Ahbv¡p adp-]Sn ]d-bpw. ka-Im-enI cmjv{Sobhpw kzIm-cy-Po-hn-Xhpw Hs¡ NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸«p. D¯c-§Ä an¡-hmdpw ^en-X-ckw \nd-ª-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p; ]eXpw cmjv{So-b-{]-hÀ¯-Isc e£yw h¨p-Å-h. GXm\pw DZm-l-c-W-§Ä: 1. A¼n-fn-¡-e-bpsS kuµcyw A\p-`-hn-¨-dn-bm³ Ign-bp-¶pt−m? D¯cw: CÃ. Rm\Xp aW-¯-dn-bp-¶p. 2. \n§-fpsS So¨-dn Gä-hp-an-jvS-s¸« Imcy-sa´mWv? D¯cw: \À½-t_m[w! _lp-ap-J-amb kl-Xm-]hpw BÀ{Z-Xbpw! tkh-\-a-t\m-`mhw 3. cmjv{So-b-¯n\p Xm¦Ä \ÂIp¶ hymJym\w? D¯cw 1: H¶p hmKvZm\w sNbvXp asäm¶p k½m\n-¡p¶ Ie. D¯cw 2: em`-I-c-amb sXmgn-ep-IÄ Is−-¯p-Ibpw Ah-bn H«n-¸n-Sn-¨p-In-S-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Ie. 4. Xm¦Ä Dd-§p-t¼mÄ I®-S-bv¡m-dpt−m? D¯cw: Ds−¶p Icp-Xp-¶p. DWÀ¶p-t\m-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-Xp-sIm−v Dd¸p ]d-bm³ h¿. 5. C¶p \½psS cmjv{Sw t\cn-Sp¶ Gähpw {][m\-s¸« hnjbw F´mWv?

D¯cw: Hcp t\cw IpSn-¡m-\pÅ hI. 6. P\w kt´m-j-t¯msS AwKo-I-cn-¡p¶ \nIpXn GsX¶p ]d-bmtam? D¯cw: tImSo-iz-c-·m-cpsS taepÅ \nIp-Xn. 7. Ata-cn¡ AXnsâ BZÀi-§-tfmSp \oXn Page | 17  ]peÀ¯n-bn-«pt−m? D¯cw: D¯cw ]d-bm³ t]Sn-bm-Wv. Ip ¢Ivkv ¢m³ Fsâ ]nS-en¡p ]nSn-¡pw. 8. Pohn-X-¯n Xm¦Ä Gä-hp-an-jvS-s¸-Sp¶ hocXmcw BcmWv? D¯cw: bqPn³ hn.-sU-_vkv. aäp-Å-hÀ sN¿m³ `bs¸-«Xp sN¿m³ At±lw ss[cy-s¸-«p. 9. kv{XoIÄ¡p clkyw kq£n-¡m³ Ign-bpsa¶p Icp-Xp-¶pt−m? D¯cw: XoÀ¨-bm-bpw. R§-fn \n¶v tIÄ¡p-¶bmÄ¡mWv AXp kq£n-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-Xv. 10. What  can  a  person  do  when  his  constitution is gone? () D¯cw: Do  as  the  United  States  does!  Live  on  the  amendments. (Zz-bmÀ° {]tbm-Kw. amendments\v t`Z-KXn F¶pw k-lmb§Ä F¶pw kmµÀ`nImÀ°w. constitution\v `c-W-L-S\ F¶pw ico-c-L-S-\, BtcmKyw F¶pw AÀ°w.)

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

thÀ]mSpIÄ sle\pw B\nbpw tPm¬ tabvknbpw IqSn 1918 \yqtbmÀ¡nse t^mdÌv lnÂkn-te¡p Xmakw amän. Ata-cn-¡³ ^ut−-j³ t^mÀ Z ss»³Un\p th−n-bpÅ [\-k-am-l-cW bXv\-§-fnepw AÔ-þ-_[nc t£a-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw sle³ AI-a-gnªp apgp-In. [\-k-am-l-cWw am{X-am-bn-cp-¶nà Ah-cpsS {]hÀ¯-\w. hnI-emw-K-cpsS Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-IÄ sa¨-s¸Sp-t¯-−-Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-Ifpw AXn-\pÅ amÀ¤§fpw kw_-Ôn¨v hym]-I-amb {]Nm-c-W-{]-hÀ¯-\§fpw sle³ \S-¯n. hnZym-`ymk kuI-cy-§-sfm-¶pan-ÃmsX ic-Wm-e-b-§-fn ASn-ªp-Iq-tS-−n-h-¶ncp¶ AÔÀ¡v sa¨-s¸« kml-N-cy-§Ä ssIh-¶Xn slesâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡p henb ]¦p-−m-bncp-¶p. slesâ A½ tIbväv 1921 acn-¨p. As¡mÃw Xs¶ B\nsbbpw Kpcp-X-c-amb Ah-i-X-IÄ _m[n¨p. 1922 t{_mss¦-änkv _m[n¨v B\n-bpsS i_vZhpw \jvS-s¸-«p. sle\v kz´w i_vZw \jvS-s¸«-Xp-t]m-se-bm-bncp¶p CXv. 1914 apX sle\pw B\n¡pw XpW-bmbn sk{I-«-dn-bmbn {]hÀ¯n-¨p-h¶ t]mfn tXmw]vk¬ Xnb-ädpI-fn slesâ hymJymXm-hm-bn. 1931 _¡nwKvlmw sIm«m-c-¯n tPmÀPv cmPm-hns\bpw cmÚn-sbbpw kµÀin-¡m³ Ah-kcw e`n-¨p. Bfp-Isf kv]Àin¨v Ah-cpsS kwkmcw a\-Ên-em-¡m\pÅ slesâ Ignhv Ahsc AXn-i-bn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. B\n kabw apgp-h³ sle\p th−n Dgn-ªp-hbv¡p-¶-Xn Jn¶-\mbn tabvkn B\n-bp-ambn thÀ]n-

cn-ªn-cp-¶p. At±-ls¯ Xncn-sI-s¡m-−p-h-cm³ B\n \S-¯nb {ia-§-sfm¶pw hnP-bn-¨n-Ã. I¯n-S-]mSp-Ifpw am[y-Øy-{i-a-§-fp-saÃmw ]mgn-em-bn. F¦nepw Ccp-hcpw ]c-kv]cw DÅn kvt\ln-¨n-cp-¶p. 1932 tPm¬ tabvkn acn¨p. CX-dn-ª-tXmsS B\n IqSp- Page | 18  X Ah-ibpw ZpxJnX-bp-am-bn. 1936 B\nbpw acn¨p. B\n IqSn acn-¨-tXmsS sle³ t]mfn-sbbpw Iq«n IW-Ivän-¡-«nse shÌvt]mÀ«n-epÅ AÀ¡³dnÖnte¡p Xmakw amdn. ]ns¶ acWw hsc AhÀ AhnsS-bmWv Xma-kn-¨-Xv. t]mfn tXmw]vkWv 1957 ho−pw kvt{Sm¡v D−mbn. AXp ]qÀ®-ambn kpJ-s¸-«n-Ã. AhÀ 1960 acn¨p. hmjnw-KvS¬ \mj-\ I¯o-{U-en B\n kÅn-hsâ NnXm-`vk-a-¯n\p kao]w Xs¶ t]mfn-bpsSbpw `kvaw AS¡w sNbvXp. t]mfnsb ip{iq-jn¡m³ \nb-an-¨n-cp¶ hn¶n tImÀ_en XpSÀ¶pÅ Imew sle\p Iq«m-bn.

sle³ sIÃÀ 

sle³ sIÃÀ  

‘A]-cm-Pn-X’, I¯n-t¸mb ‘So¨À’ c−mw

temI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-e-¯n\p

tijw

slesâbpw t]mfn-bp-sSbpw temI-]-cy-S-\-§Ä ‘Atacn-¡³ ^ut−-j³ t^mÀ Z HmhÀkokv ss»³Uv’ F¶ kwL-S-\bv¡p ]Ww kzcq-]n-¡m-\m-bn-cp-¶p. FÃm `qJ-WvU-§fnepw AhÀ k©-cn-¨p. Cu bm{XIÄ¡n-S-bn-emWv AÀ¡³dnÖnse hoSv Aán-¡n-cbmb hÀ¯-am\w F¯p-¶-Xv. hoSv ]p\x\nÀ½n¡mw; \jvS-amb Hcp-]mSv k½m-\§fpw kvamc-I-§fpw t]ms«¶p hbv¡mw. ]t£ sle³ FgpXn ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡m-dm-bn-cp¶ ]pkvXIw B Xobn Nm¼-em-bn-t¸m-bn. AXv Ahsc hÃmsX ZpxJn¸n-¨p. B\n kÅn-h-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ B ]pkvX-I¯nsâ t]cv ‘So¨À’ F¶m-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-\nsS t]mfn-bpsS Btcm-Kyhpw £bn-¨p-Xp-S§n. P¸m-\n h¨v Hcp XhW kvt{Sm¡p-ap-−m-bn. bm{X-IÄ¡v Ah-[n-sIm-Sp-¡m³ tUmIvSÀamÀ D]-tZ-in¨p. X¡m-e-t¯¡v A\p-k-cn-s¨-¦nepw t]mfn BtcmKyw hos−-Sp-¯-tXmsS bm{X-IÄ ]qÀÆm-[nIw iàn-bm-bn. slesâ Pohn-Xs¯ Bkv]-Z-am¡n 1953 \nÀ½n¨ ‘A]-cm-PnX’ (The Unconquered) anI¨ apgp\of tUmIyp-saâ-dn-¡pÅ A¡m-Zan AhmÀUp- t\Sn. I¯n-t¸mb ]pkvXIw ‘So¨À’ Ggp hÀjs¯ CS-thfbv¡p tijw ho−pw FgpXn ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n. 1955 AXp {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p.

Page | 19 

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

s]men-ªp-t]mb -{]-Wbw kpµ-cn-bm-bn-cp¶p sle³ sIÃÀ. ]pcp-j-·msc AhÀ¡v CjvS-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. hnhmlw Ign¨p Pohn-¡W-sa¶v B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. ]t£ {]Wbw, hnhmlw apX-emb Imcy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v AhcpsS a\-Ên kwLÀj-§-fm-bn-cp¶p– thWw-þ-th− kwL-«-\-§Ä. Xs¶-t¸m-semcp `mcw Npa-¡m³ BcmWv X¿m-dm-hpI F¶m-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS Bi-¦. “GsX-¦n-ep-sam-cmÄ Fs¶ hnhmlw Ign-¡m³ B{Kln-¡p-sa¶v Icp-Xmt\ h¿” F¶mWv AhÀ Hcn-¡Â ]d-ª-Xv. A§-s\-bn-cns¡ 1916Â, 36þmw hb-ÊnÂ, Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-¯n hen-sbmcp amäw IS-¶p-h-¶p. tcmKm-Xp-cbmb B\n kÅn-h³ IÀi-\-hn-{i-a-¯nÂ; sk{I-«dn t]mfn tXmwk¬ Ah-[n-bn kvtImSve³Un-te¡p t]mbn-cn-¡p-¶p. t]mfn-bpsS Akm-¶n-[y-¯n sles\ klm-bn-¡m³ D−m-bn-cp-¶Xv ]oäÀ ^mK³ Fs¶m-cm-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp-Zn-hkw AbmÄ Ah-fpsS ssIIÄ Xsâ ssIIfn-se-Sp¯v arZp-hmbn {]W-b-samgn sNmÃn. hnhmlw Ign-¡m-\pÅ B{K-lhpw {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p. ]oä-dnsâ hnhmlm-`yÀ°\ tI«-t¸mÄ sle\v Bi-¦bpw sR«-ep-amWp-−m-b-Xv. ]ns¶ AhÄ¡p kt´mjw tXm¶n. “Fsâ \nÊ-lm-b-X-bp-sSbpw GIm-´-X-bp-sSbpw ta {]Imiw sNmcnª s]m³kq-cy-\m-bn-cp¶p At±-l¯nsâ kvt\lw” F¶mWv ]n¶oSv sle³ Fgp-Xn-bXv. ]oädpw sle\pw Hcp-an¨p bm{X-IÄ t]mbn, kulrZw Bkz-Zn-¨p, AKm-[-{]-W-b-¯n-em-bn. ]oädnsâ Imcyw A½-tbmSpw B\n-tbmSpw ]d-b-W-sa¶p

sle³ Xocp-am-\n¨p; F¶m AXp ]mSn-söv ]oäÀ Ahsc hniz-kn-¸n-¨p. AbmÄ hnhml ssek³kn\v At]-£n-¡pI IqSn sNbvXp. Cu hnhcw A½-tbmSp ]d-bm³ t]mepw sle\p kabw In«p-¶-Xn\p ap³t] ssek³kv At]-£-bpsS Imcyw ]{X-hmÀ¯-bm-bn. Page | 20  sles\ ho«p-ImÀ ktlm-Zcn anÂ{U-Unsâ Ae-_m-abnse ho«n-te¡p Iq«n-s¡m-−p-t]m-bn. Hfn-t¨mSn hnhm-ln-X-cmImw F¶p hmKvZm\w sN¿p¶ I¯p-IÄ s{_bn en]n-bn-se-gpXn ]oäÀ F§-s\-sbm-s¡tbm slesâ ASp-¡Â F¯n-¨p. sle³ _mKp-I-sfms¡ s]dp-¡n-s¡«n GXp-hn-t[\bpw ho«n \n¶p ]pd-¯p-I-S¶p Im¯p-\n-¶p, ]t£ ]oäÀ F¯n-bn-Ã. F´mWp kw`-hn-¨-sX-¶-dnbm³ sle\p amÀ¤-sam-¶p-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. lrZbw XIÀ¯ \ncm-i-bn- hosW-¦nepw ]n¶oSv AhÄ AXpw \Ã-Xn-\m-bn-cp¶p F¶ hnizm-k-¯n-se-¯n. Cu {]W-b-Im-es¯ AhÀ ]n¶oSv hnti-jn-¸n-¨Xv “Fsâ B\-µ-¯nsâ sIm¨p-Xp-cp¯v” F¶m-Wv. F´m-bmepw ]n¶oSv AhÀ hnhm-l-¯n-s\m¶pw X¿mdm-b-Xp-an-Ã.

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

t_m-[-amWv C¡m-e¯v Ata-cn-¡³ P\-X-bn D−mb-Xv.

^ut−-j³ t^mÀ Z ss»³Uv Ata-cn-¡-bnse AÔ-scbpw _[n-c-scbpw {]Xn-\n[o-I-cn-¡m³ 1921 cq]o-I-cn¨ kwL-S-\-bmWv Ata-cn¡³ ^ut−-j³ t^mÀ Z ss»³Uv (F.-F-^v.-_n.). 1924 apX sle\pw B\nbpw t]mfnbpw kwL-S-\bpsS Aw_m-k-UÀam-cmbn. F.-F-^v.-_n. {]kn-Uâpw FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv Ub-d-IvS-dp-amb Fw.-kn.-an-sK kwLS-\-bn-te¡p P\-{i-²-bm-IÀjn-¡m-\mbn Ahsc \nb-an¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kwL-S-\bv¡p th−n ]Ww kzcq-]n¡p-I, AÔ-cp-sSbpw _[n-c-cp-sSbpw t£a-¯n\p th− {]Nm-cWw \S-¯pI F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p AhcpsS Npa-X-e-IÄ. AXv Ah-cpsS {]Ir-X-¯n\p tNcp¶-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu {]hÀ¯-\-¯n sle\p \à Bthiw tXm¶n. AXv AhÀ¡p km¼-¯nI kpc£n-X-Xzhpw \ÂIn. F¶m XnI¨pw A\m-bm-k-am-bn-cp-¶nà {]hÀ¯\w. ^ut−-jsâ sle³ sIÃÀ F³tUm-hvsaâv ^−n\p th−n Bdp amkw sIm−v Ccp-]Xp e£w tUmfÀ kzcq-]n-¡m-sa-¶m-bn-cp¶p B\nbpw sle\pw IqSn Xocp-am-\n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. F¶m ansK kwi-bn-¨n-cp¶-Xp-t]m-se, AhÀ¡p e£y-¯n-\-Sp-s¯-§p-sa-¯m\m-bn-Ã. [\-k-am-l-c-W-¯n henb hn-P-bsam¶p-am-bn-cp¶n-sÃ-¦nepw {]Xn-Ñmb hfÀ¯p-¶-Xn sle³-þ-B-\nþ-t]m-fn bÚw hnPbw t\Sn. aq¶p hÀjw-sIm−v 123 \K-c-§-fnse 249 thZn-I-fnembn c−c e£-t¯mfw t]À Ah-cpsS ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn ]¦p-sIm-−p. AÔXsb-¡p-dn¨v ap³s]-¶-s¯-¡mfpw henb Ah-

Page | 21 

sle³ sIÃÀ 

sle³ sIÃÀ  

bmWv \½psS bÚ-¯nsâ F\n¡p tXm¶p-¶p.

c−p at\m-`m-h-§Ä [\-k-am-l-c-W-¯nse

]cm-Pbw sle³ 1925 PqWn ansK-en\v FgpXn:

kw_-Ôn¨v

…-e-£y-¯n-\-Sp-¯p-t]mepw F¯m³ Ign-bm-¯Xn\v R§Ä kzbw ]gn-¡p-¶p. B IW-¡p-Iq-«-ep-IÄ XnI¨pw _men-i-am-bn-cp-s¶¶v R§Ä Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. Bcpw tI«n-«n-Ãm¯ ]pXn-sbmcp kwL-S-\-bpsS t]cp ]dªv Bdp amkw-sIm−v Ccp-]-Xp-e£w tUmfÀ kam-l-cn-¡pI F¶Xv kmam-\y-t_m-[-¯n\p \nc-¡p¶-X-Ã. R§-fpsS {]hÀ¯\w kw_-Ôn¨v Xm¦-fpsS a\Êv F§s\ Nn´n-¡p-¶p-sh¶p a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Rm³ Ipsd-sbms¡ {ian-¨p-t\m-¡n. Rm³ Hcn-¡epw Hcp Iym¸n-ä-enÌv Bbn-cp-¶n-«nÃ; AXp-sIm−v hensbmcp apXÂap-S¡nbn«v t]cn\p am{Xw Xncn-sI-¡n-«pt¼mÄ Hcp Iym¸n-ä-en-Ìnsâ a\-knse-´m-bn-cn-¡psa¶-dn-bm³ F\n¡p Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. Hcp-]t£ henb \ncmi tXm¶n-bn-cn-¡mw, R§Ä Ab-bv¡p¶ \nÊm-camb kw`m-h-\-IÄ¡p th−n C{X-tbsd sNe-h-gn-¡p¶Xp icn-bmtWm F¶p Nn´n-¨n-cn-¡mw. C\nbpw In«n¯p-S-§m¯ kZv^-e-§Ä¡mbn £a-tbmsS Im¯n-cn¡p¶ Xm¦-fpsS at\m-`mht¯mSv R§-fpsS BZ-chv tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. e£-¡-W-¡n-\m-fp-IÄ kt½-f-\-§-fn-se-¯n, R§fpsS IY-IÄ tI«p, sNdnb kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIn ]ncnªp-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp… R§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\§fpsS DZvt_m-[-\-aqeyw hfsc hep-Xm-sW¶p Xs¶ Rm³ Icp-Xp-¶p. AÔ-cpsS Bh-iy-§fpw ti-jnIfpw kw_-Ôn¨v Bfp-I-fn Ah-t_m-[-ap-−m-¡p-I-

{][m\

`mK-sa¶v

F¶m A{X ab-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶nà B\n-bpsS \ne]m-Sp-IÄ. NqS³ {]IrXw Ahn-sSbpw \ng-en-¨p. 1926se Page | 22  ]cy-S-\-¯n kam-l-cn¨ XpI sle³ sIÃÀ F³tUm-hvsaân-te-¡-Ã, ^ut−-j\v AwKXzw kaml-cn-¡m-\mWv hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-sX-¶-dn-ª-t¸mÄ AhÀ s]m«n-s¯-dn-¨p. Icm-dn\p ]pdta e`n-¡p-sa¶v Icp-Xn-bn-cp¶ hcp-am-\-sam¶pw In«p¶ e£-Whpw I−n-Ã. HSp¡w B\nbpw ansKepw H¯p-XoÀ¸n-se¯pI Xs¶ sNbvXp. ]t£ AXn\v B\n-bpsS tIm]w sI«-gn-¨p-hn-tS-−n-h-¶p-sh¶p am{Xw: …\n§-sf-¸än Rm³ a\-Ên kzcq-]n-¨ncp¶ A`n-{]m-b-¯n\p \nc-¡pw-hn-[-aà slet\m-Spw Ft¶mSpw \n§Ä s]cp-am-dn-bXv. ^ut−-jsâ F³tUm-hvsaâv ^−n\p th−n ]Ww kzcq-]n-¡m³ R§Ä \S¯p¶ bXv\-§sf AI-a-gnªv A`n-\-µn-¡p¶-Xn-s\m¸w Xs¶ \n§Ä, tdmUp-]-Wn-¡mtcmSv apX-emfn t]ip-¶-Xp-t]mse, R§-tfmSv hne-t]-ip-¶p. kwkmcw _n-kn-\-kn-s\-¡p-dn¨m-Ip-t¼mÄ R§Ä sN¿p¶ tPmen-bpsS kz`m-hhpw aäpw \n§Ä ad-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p, Gähpw Ipdª Iqen¡p R§-sf-s¡m−p ]Wn-sb-Sp-¸n-¡pI F¶Xp am{X-amWv At¸mÄ \n§-fpsS a\-ÊnÂ.

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

cN-\-IÄ slesâ Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ BZy-c-N\ 1891se ‘aªpcm-Pmhv’ (Z t{^mÌv InMv) BWv. A\m-tám-kp-ambpÅ _Ôw apdn-bm-\n-S-bm-¡nb hnhm-Z-I-Y. 1903 sle³ Aß-I-Y þ Z tÌmdn Hm^v ssa sse^v þ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. B\n kÅn-h-\pw `À¯mhv tPm¬ tabvknbpw sles\ klm-bn-¨n-cp-¶p. Ccp-]¯n-sbm¶mw hb-Êp-h-sc-bpÅ Pohn-Xhpw Fgp-Xnb I¯p-I-fp-sam-s¡-bmWv Cu Bß-I-Y-bn-ep-Å-Xv. dmUv¢n^v tImf-Pn ]Tn-¡p¶ Ime-¯mWv CsX-gp-Xnb-Xv. 1908se ‘Rm³ Pohn-¡p¶ temIw þ Z thÄUv sF enhv C³ þ Cu temI-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ kz´w ImgvN¸m-Sp-I-fpsS shfn-s¸-Sp-¯-em-bn. 1913 ‘Hu«v Hm^v Z UmÀ¡v’ þ tkmjy-en-k-s¯¡p-dn-¨pÅ teJ-\-]-c-¼-c. ‘Fsâ aXw’ þ ssa dnen-Pn-b³ þ F¶ t]cn 1927 Cd-§nb ]pkvXIw ]n¶oSv ‘Fsâ Ccp-«nse shfn¨w’ þ sseäv C³ ssa UmÀIvs\kv þ F¶ t]cn ]p\x{]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. slesâ Bßob BßI-Y-sbt¶m B´-cn-I-Po-hn-X-I-Y-sbt¶m Hs¡ hntijn-¸n-¡m-hp¶ Cu {KÙw F½m-\p-h kzoU³t_mÀKnsâ {]t_m-[-\-§sf ]ns©-¶p-Å-hbm-Wv. (tb-ip-hnsâ c−mw-h-chpw A´y-hn-[nbpw ZÀin-¨p-sh¶v Ah-Im-i-s¸« kn²-\m-bn-cp¶p kzoU³t_mÀKv. At±-l-¯nsâ Nn´m-k-cWn

kzoU³t_mÀKn-b-\nkw F¶ t]cn {]Øm-\-ambn hfÀ¶p). ]{´−p ]pkvX-I-§fpw \nc-h[n sle³ FgpXn {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-«p-−v.

teJ-\-§fpw Page | 23 

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

Dd-¡-¯nÂ, im´-amb acWw 1961 sle\v XpSÀ¨-bmbn kvt{Sm¡p-I-fp-−m-bn. ]n¶o-SpÅ Imew GXm−v ]qÀW-ambpw AhÀ IWIvän-¡«v shÌvt]mÀ«nse AÀ¡³ dnÖn-epÅ ho«n hn{i-a-Po-hn-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1964 sk]väw-_À 14\v {]knUâv en³U³ _n.-tPm¬k¬ AhÀ¡v ‘{]knU³jy saU Hm^v {^oUw’ \ÂIn. Ata-cn-¡bn km[m-c-W-P-\-§Ä¡p e`n-¡m-hp¶ Gähpw henb c−p _lp-a-Xn-I-fn H¶m-Wn-Xv. 1965 \yqtbmÀ¡nse hna³kv lmÄ Hm^v s^bn-an-te¡p Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«p. Ata-cn-¡³ ^ut−-j³ t^mÀ Z ss»³Un\p th−n ]Ww kzcq-]n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p sIÃ-dpsS Ah-km-\-Ime {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn apJyw. im´-amb Dd-¡-¯n 1968 Pq¬ H¶n\v sle³ acW-a-S-ªp. \nXy-{]-Im-i-¯nsâ temI-t¯-bv¡v. IWIvän-¡-«nse {_nPvt]mÀ«n ih-Zmlw \S-¯n. hmjnwKvS-Wnse \mj-\ I¯o-{U-en {]tXyI {]mÀ°-\IÄ¡p tijw NnXm-`kvaw B\n kÅn-h-s\bpw t]mfn tXmw]vk-s\bpw kwkvI-cn-¨-Xn\p sXm«p-Xs¶ AS¡w sNbvXp. AhÀ A´y-hn-{iaw sImÅp¶ Øew Xnc-t¡-dnb SqdnÌv tI{µ-am-Wv. AhnsS HmSn \nÀ½n¨ kvamc-I^-e-I-¯nepÅ Fgp¯v s{_bn en]n-bn-emWv: “sle³ sIÃdpw {]nb-kp-lr¯v B\n kÅn-h³ tabvknbpw Cu tZhm-e-b-¯n\p ]n¶nse NnXm-`vk-aIp-So-c-¯n AS¡w sN¿-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.” kµÀi-IcpsS kv]Ài-taäv s{_bn en]n amªp-t]m-b-Xp-aqew c−p-X-hW Cu ^eIw amdn-h-¨p-h-s{X.

Page | 24 

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

ap³t] \S-¶-hÄ sle³ sIÃÀ Pohn-¨n-cp-¶Xv C¶m-bn-cp-s¶-¦n AhÀ¡v Pohn-Xm-`n-emjw km£m¡-cn-¡m³ Gsd _p²n-ap-«p-−m-In-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. AÔ-_-[n-csc kwkmcw ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡m-\pÅ B[p-\nI b{´-kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä F{Xtbm C¶p kpe-`am-Wv. ]c-k-lmbw IqSmsX aäp-Å-h-cp-ambn kzX-{´ambn ‘kwkm-cn-¡m³’ Ah _[n-csc {]m]vX-cm-¡p-¶p. C¯cw kwhn-[m-\-§-sfm-¶p-an-Ãm¯ Ime¯v a\Èànbpw ØntcmÂkm-lhpw \sÃmcp amÀ¤ZÀinbpw am{Xw _e-ambn AhÀ \S-¶p-XoÀ¯ Zqc§Ä F{X hep-Xm-Wv. C¶s¯ kmt¦-Xn-h-fÀ¨-bn t\cn«p ]s¦m-¶p-ansÃ-¦nepw teJ-\-§-fn-eq-sSbpw {]`m-j-W-§-fn-eqsSbpw AhÀ D−m-¡n-sb-Sp¯ Ah-t_m[w Cu hfÀ¨-bn henb ]¦p hln-¨n-«p-−v. sshI-ey-§Ä temIm-h-km-\-sam-¶p-aà F¶pZvtLmjn-¨p-sIm−v e£-¡-W-¡n\p a\-Êp-I-fn {]Xym-i-bpsS Xncn-sX-fn¡m³ Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-¯n-\m-bn. Ah-cpsS Xs¶ hm¡pÄ tIÄ¡mw: “AÔ-X-aqew HcmÄ H¶n\pw sImÅm-¯-bmtfm aµ-_p-²ntbm {]Xn-`tbm H¶p-am-Ip-¶n-Ã. hnZy A`ykn-¡m³ tijn-bpÅ Hcp a\Êpw ]cn-io-e-\-¯n-eqsS anIhp t\Sm³ Ign-hpÅ ssIIfpw km£m-XvIm-c¯n\p th−n A{im-´-]-cn-{iaw sN¿m³X¡ aqeyapÅ kz]v\-§fpw AhÀ¡p-ap-−v. ]cn-{i-a-¯n-eqsS kz´w shfn¨w Is−-¯m³ Ahsc klm-bn-¡pI F¶Xv kaq-l-¯nsâ D¯-c-hm-Zn¯w Xs¶-bm-Wv.”

Page | 25 

sle³ sIÃÀ 

sle³ sIÃÀ  

slesâ Pohn-X-Nn-{X-W-§Ä sle³ sIÃ-dpsS PohnXs¯ B[m-c-am¡n ]e kn\n-aIfpw \mS-I§fpw \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-−v.

sSen-hn-j³

kn\n-aIfpw

1919 Cd-§nb ‘sUen-h-d³kv’ F¶ \nÈ-_vZ-Nn{Xw AXy´w \mS-Io-b-am-bmWv slesâ IY ]d-bp¶-Xv. ‘Z and-¡nÄ hÀ¡À’ F¶ \mS-I-]-c-¼c slesâ Bß-I-Ysb Ah-ew-_n-s¨-gp-Xn-b-h-bm-Wv. B\n-bpsS £am-]qÀ®-amb ]cn-N-c-W-¯n sle³ h\y-amb s]cp-am-ä-§fpsS _mey-¯n \n¶v ]Iz-amb _u²nI-Po-hn-X-¯n-te¡v F¯p-¶-Xn-sâ IY ]d-bp-¶ Cu \mS-I-§Ä sle\pw B\n kÅn-h\pw X½n-epÅ _Ô-¯n-sâ Dujva-f-X-bn Du¶n-bp-Å-h-bm-Wv. B\n-bpsS A[ym-]-\-ssh-`-hhpw hyàn-Kp-W-§fpw FSp-¯p-Im-«p-¶p. ‘AÛp-X-{]-hÀ¯I’ F¶v B\n kÅn-hs\ amÀ¡v ssSz³ hnti-jn-¸n-¨-Xns\ ]ns©¶mWv \mS-I-]-c-¼-cbv¡v Cu t]cn-«-Xv. Ip«n-bmb sle-\p-ambn kwh-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn B\n kÅn-hsâ BZy hnPbw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ ‘Z and-¡nÄ hÀ¡À’sSen-hn-j³ \mS-I-ambn 1957 Ac-t§-dn. 1959 amän-sb-gpXn AXv t{_mUvthbnse Xnb-ä-dp-Ifn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. hnaÀi-IÀ hmt\mfw ]pI-gv¯nb B \mSIw c−p hÀj-t¯mfw XpSÀ¨-bmbn Ifn-¨p. 1962 AXp ^o¨À ^nen-am-¡n. B\n-bp-sSbpw slesâbpw tdmfp-I-f-h-X-cn-¸n¨ \Sn-amÀ HmkvIÀ AhmÀUn-\Àl-cpam-bn. 1979epw 2000epw CXp ho−pw

sSen-hn-j\p th−n ]p\À\nÀ½n-¨p. 1984 ‘Z and-¡n I−n-\yqkv’ F¶ t]cn Snhn kn\na Cd-§n. F¶m Cu kÀ¤-kr-jvSn-I-sfm¶pw sle³ sIÃdpsS kmaq-ln-I-{]-hÀ¯-\-§tfm cmjv{Sob \ne-]m-Sp- Page | 26  Itfm kw_-Ôn¨v Imcyamb kqN-\-IÄ t]mepw \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. 2000 hmÄ«v Unkv\n I¼\n \nÀ½n¨ kn\n-a-bpsS ASn-¡p-dn-¸p-I-fn-sem¶n ‘sle³ kmaqln-Ika-Xz-¯n\p th−n {]hÀ¯n-¨ncp¶p’ F¶p ]dbp-¶XmWv Bs-I-bpÅ ]cm-aÀiw. t_mfn-hpUv kn\na ‘»m¡v’ (2005) sIÃ-dpsS _meyw apX tImfPv ]T\w hsc-bpÅ Imew Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. 2005 Xs¶ kzoU³t_mÀKv ^ut−-j³ \nÀ½n¨ ‘ssj\nMv tkmÄ: sle³ sItÃgvkv kv]ncnNz sse^v B³Uv seKkn’ F¶ tUmIyp-saâdn kzoU³t_mÀKnsâ BßobNn´-IÄ sIÃ-dpsS PohnX-¯n\p Icp-¯p-]-IÀ¶-sX-§s\ F¶p ]cn-tim-[n¡p-¶p. AÔ-X, _[n-c-X, kwkm-c-ssh-Ieyw F¶o aq¶p sshI-ey-§-fpsS taepw sle³ t\Snb hnP-b¯nsâ Nme-I-iàn kzoU³t_mÀKn-b³ Nn´-I-fmsW-¶mWv Nn{X-¯nsâ ktµ-iw. ‘A\n-ta-äUv lotdm ¢mknIvkv’ F¶ ]c-¼-c-bn 20 hoc-\m-b-I-cpsS IY ]d-bp¶ Câ-dm-IvSohv Unhn-Unbn sle³ sIÃ-dpsS IY ]d-bp-¶p-−v. CâÀs\äv aqho tUäm-t_-bvkn CXp e`y-am-Wv. sshI-ey-§sf ]cn-l-kn-¡p¶ Ipcp-¯w-sI« Xami-I-fpsS cq]-¯nepw sle³ sIÃÀ kmln-Xy-¯nÂ

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

CSw t\Sn-bn-«p-−v. ‘sle³ sIÃÀ tPmIvkv’ F¶-dn-bs¸-Sp¶ Ch A]-lm-k-¯nsâ AcpNn IeÀ¶-h-bmWv. Page | 27 

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

sle³ sIÃÀ BÀss¡hvkv

I¯p-I-fp-a-S-¡-apÅ kzIm-cy-tc-J-I-tf-sdbpw Ah-cpsS B{Klw am\n¨p I¯n-¨p-I-f-bp-I-bm-Wp-−m-b-Xv.

Ata-cn-¡³ ^ut−-j³ t^mÀ Z ss»³Un\p Iogn sle³ sIÃ-dp-ambn _Ô-s¸« tcJ-IÄ ]cn-c£n-¡p¶ tI{µw. ]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ Ahkm-\-Z-i-I-§Ä apX Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ Ah-km\-]mZw hsc-bpÅ Ata-cn-¡³ kwkvIm-c-]-cn-Wm-aw kw_-Ôn¨ ]e hne-s¸« tcJ-I-fp-sSbpw Aaq-ey-I-eh-d-bm-Wn-hnSw. AÔ-X, _[n-c-X, AÔ-þ-_-[n-c-t£-a{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä, kv{Xoim-ào-I-cW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä, kmln-Xyw, Ata-cn-¡³ kwkvImcw XpS-§n-bh hnjb-§Ä¡v Gsd {][m-\-s¸-«-h-bmWv Chn-Sps¯ tcJIÄ. imco-cn-I-ssh-I-ey-§-fp-sSbpw kv{XoI-fpsS kmaqln-I-Øn-Xn-bp-sSbpw I®m-Sn-¡p-g-en-eqsS Ata-cn-¡³ Ncn-{X-¯n-te-¡pÅ kq£va-ZÀin-\n-bm-Wn-Xv. 1878 apX 1998 hsc-bpÅ Imes¯ tcJ-I-fmWv Chn-sS-bp-Å-Xv. CXn-te-sdbpw 1885-þ1980 Ime-L-«-¯nte-Xm-Wv. DS-¼-Sn-IÄ, {]am-W-§Ä, eLp-te-J-IÄ, \nth-Z-\-§Ä, {]kw-K-§Ä, dnt¸mÀ«p-IÄ, ]{X-te-J-\§Ä, ssIsb-gp-¯p-{]-Xn-IÄ, Fgp-Xn-bXpw ssS¸v sNbvXXpw s{_bn en]n-bn-ep-Å-Xp-amb I¯n-S-]m-SpIÄ, t^mt«m-IÄ, s\K-äo-hp-IÄ, HmUntbm sdt¡mÀUp-IÄ, ^nen-ap-IÄ, ssat{Im-^n-en-ap-IÄ, Iem-kr-jvSn-IÄ Hs¡ Cu tiJ-c-¯n-ep-−v. B\n kÅn-hsâ Nne I¯p-Ifpw Ihn-X-Ifpw teJ-\-§fpw sle³ sIÃÀ BÀss¡-hvkn D−v. B\n-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« aäp Iptd tcJ-Ifpw hkvXp¡fpw amk-¨p-sk-ävkv hm«ÀSu-Wn-epÅ s]À¡n³kv kvIqÄ t^mÀ Z ss»³Unepw amk-¨p-skävkv hgvÌdn-epÅ Ata-cn-¡³ Bân-tIz-dn-b³ skmssk-än-bn-epam-Wp-Å-Xv. F¶m Ah-cpsS Ub-dn-¡p-dn-¸p-Ifpw

Page | 28 

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

hgn-Im-«n-IÄ, Iq«p-ImÀ I®n-sâbpw ImXn-sâbpw `mj-IÄ \ntj-[n-¡-s¸«v GIm-´-Xbpw ZpÈm-Ty-§fpw am{Xw Iq«m-bn-cp¶ Hcp Ip«n-bpsS temI-¯n am{´n-I-h-k´w hncn-bn¨ Hcp A[ym-]n-I-bpsS IY IqSn-bmWv slesâ Pohn-Xw. B\n kÅn-h³ F¶ B A[ym-]n-I-bpw AÔ-bm-bncp¶p F¶Xv Gsd-sbm¶pw Adn-b-s¸-Sm¯ Imcyw. ‘sle³ sIÃ-dpsS t\À]-IpXn’ F¶mWv {]ikvX Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mb amÀIv ssSz³ B\nsb hnti-jn-¸n-¨Xv. B\n IqSp-X ka-bhpw {i²bpw sle\p \ÂIp¶p F¶ ]cm-Xn-bp-am-bn B\n-bpsS `À¯mhv tPm¬ tabvkn ]nW-§n-t¸m-IpI hsc sNbvXp. kvtImSve³Up-Im-cn-bmb t]mfn tXmw]vk¬ slesâ klm-bn-bmbn F¯p-¶-Xv 1914-emWv. ho«ptPm-en-I-fn klm-bn-¡m-s\-¯nb t]mfn {ItaW sk{I-«-dnbpw kplr-¯p-sam-s¡-bmbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. B\n 1936 acn-¨p. B\n-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ HmÀ½-IÄ Ae-«m¯ A´-co-£-amWv \Ã-sX¶p IcpXn sle\pw t]mfnbpw IqSn IW-Ivän-¡-«n-te¡p Xmakw amän. AÔ-t£-a-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡mbn ]Ww kzcq-]n¨p-sIm−v AhÀ temI-sa§pw Npän-k-©-cn-¨p. 1957 kvt{Sm¡v _m[n¨ t]mfn 1960 acn-¨p. ]ns¶ slesâ klm-bn-bmbn h¶Xv hn¶n tImÀ_en Bbn-cp-¶p. slesâ acWw hsc AhÀ H¸-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p.

tPm¬ tabvknbpw ]oäÀ ^mK-\p-am-bn-cp¶p slesâ Pohn-X-¯n henb kzm[o\w sNep¯nb aäp c−p-t]À. ‘Fsâ Pohn-X-IY’ Fgp-Xp¶ Ime¯v klm-bnbpw Page | 29  FUn-ädpambn F¯nb tabvkn 1905 B\nsb hnhmlw Ign¨p. hnhm-l-ti-jhpw AhÀ slesâ XpW-bm-bn-¯s¶ Pohn-¨p. tabvknbpw sle\p \à kplr-¯m-bn-cp-¶p. lmÀhmÀUn A[ym-]-I\pw Hcp amkn-I-bn kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-I-\p-am-bn-cp¶ tabvkn slesâ amt\Pcpw FUn-ä-dp-am-bn. Ata-cn-¡-bnepw hntZ-i¯pw slesâ ]pkvX-I-§Ä {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶Xp kw_Ôn¨ Imcy-§Ä apgp-h³ Ah-[m-\-X-tbmsS \nÀh-ln¨Xv At±-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. A-Xn\p th−n At±lw kv]Ài-`mj ]Tn-¨p. AÃmsX Xncp-¯-ep-IÄ ]d-ªpsIm-Sp-¡m³ Ign-bp-I-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶-tÃm. tabvkn-bmWv sle-sâ-bp-Ån tkmjy-enÌv Nn´m-K-Xn-Ifpw cmjv{Sob \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw hfÀ¯n-b-Xv. slesâ sk{I-«-dn-bmbn F¯nb ]oäÀ ^mK³ Ah-cp-ambn {]W-b-¯n-em-Ip-Ibpw hnhm-l-¯n\p {ian¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ho«p-Im-cpsS FXnÀ¸p-aqew AXp \S-¡msX t]mbn.

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

B\n kÅn-h³ A[ym-]n-Ibmbn slesâ ho«n-se-¯nb B\n Ah-fpsS Pohn-X-¯nsâ Bßmhpw iàn-bpambn amdpI-bm-bn-cp-¶p. tIhew A[ym-]n-Ibpw injybpw F¶Xn-s\-¡mÄ F{Xtbm henb _Ô-am-bn-cp¶p sle\pw B\nbpw X½nÂ. A½bpw aI-fp-sa¶ t]msetbm ktlm-Z-cn-am-sc-¶-t]m-setbm Dä an{X-§sf-t¸m-setbm Hs¡-bm-bn-cp¶p AhÀ. sle\pw B\nbpw tNÀ¶v XpS§nh¨ Imcy-§fmWv AÔt£a{]hÀ¯-\-§-fn Ct¶mfw hgn-Im«n-bm-bn-«p-Å-Xv. sles\ ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ B\n Is−¯nb amÀ¤-§-fmWv AÔ-hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n\v ASn-¯-dbm-b-Xpw. Ggmw hb-Ên {St¡ma F¶ tcmKw _m[n-¨mWv B\n-bpsS ImgvN \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ]Xn-\©mw hbÊn s]À¡n³kv C³Ìn-äyq-«n h¨v Hcp ikv{X-{In-bbn-eqsS ImgvN-iàn Iptd-sbms¡ Xncn-¨p-In-«n. sFdnjv hwi-P-cpsS IpSpw-_-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p B\nbpsS P\-\w. AhÄ¡v F«p hb-Êp-Å-t¸mÄ A½ acn-¨p. Aѳ XnIª aZy-]³. B\nbpw ktlm-Z-c³ Pn½nbpw Zcn-{ZÀ¡pÅ ic-Wm-e-b-¯n-emWv ]ns¶ hfÀ¶-Xv. amdm-tcm-Kn-Ifpw ]e-Xcw Ipä-hm-fn-Ifpw \ndª AhnsS PohnXw Zpcn-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-\n-SbnÂs¸«v Pn½n acn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tacn Fs¶mcp ktlm-Zcnsb Aѳ _Ôp-¡-fp-sSsbm¸w Ab-¨ncp¶p. tacnsb ]n¶o-sSmcn-¡epw B\n I−n-t«-bn-Ã. Fhn-sS-bm-sW-¶-dn-bm-am-bn-cpt¶m F¶p-Xs¶ kwi-bam-Wv.

Nne kmaq-ln-I-{]-hÀ¯-IÀ tNÀ¶mWv B\nsb ic-Wm-e-b-¯n \n¶v t_mÌ-Wnse s]À¡n³kv C³Ìn-äyq-«n F¯n-¨-Xv. CXp Pohn-X-¯n hgn-¯ncn-hm-bn. Ahn-sS-h¨v c−p ikv{X-{In-b-I-fn-eqsS ImgvNiàn Ipsd-sbms¡ Xncn-¨p-In-«n. 1886 Page | 30  s]À¡n³kn \n¶p _ncpZw t\Sn. F¶m ImgvN¡p-dhp aqew AhÄ¡v tPmen In«pI _p²n-ap-«m-bn-cp¶p. A§-s\-bmWv ]cn-N-b-an-Ãm¯ tPmen-bm-sW¦nepw A\m-tám-knsâ \nÀt±iw am\n¨v AÔbpw _[n-cbpw aqI-bp-amb sles\ ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ B\n X¿m-dm-Ip-¶-Xv. temI-N-cn-{X-¯n Xs¶ CSw-]n-Sn¨ Hcp Bß-_-Ô-¯nsâ XpS-¡-ambn AXv. _p²n-aXnbpw [oc-bp-am-bn-cp¶p B\n. aäp-Å-h-tcmSv klm-\p`q-Xnbpw D−m-bn-cp-¶p. B\n A[ym-]n-I-bmbn F¯n-b-Xp-ap-X sle\v amXm-]n-Xm-¡-sf-¡mÄ CjvSw Ah-tcm-Sm-bn-cp-¶p. B\n Ahsf s]À¡n³kv C³Ìn-äyq-«nepw sIm−pt]m-bn. C³Ìn-äyq«v Ub-d-IvSÀ ssa¡Â A\m-támkv slesâ anSp-¡p-I−v AÛp-X-s¸-«p. At±lw t_mÌWnse ]e {]ap-J-À¡pw Ahsf ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¯n. Ah-scÃmw Ahsf A\p-tam-Zn-¡p-Ibpw Ah-fpsS anSp¡n AXn-i-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1888 Bbn-cp¶p CXv. sle\v {]mbw F«p hb-kv. Ahsf C³Ìn-äyq«n Ønc-ambn Xma-kn-¸n-¡m-sa¶v A\m-támkv hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. Ah-fn-eqsS C³Ìn-äyq-«n\p {]ivkvXn ssIh-cp-sa-¶m-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ IW¡p-Iq-«Â. sles\ AÛp-X-_m-en-I-bmbn {]N-cn-¸n¨v AhfpsS kzIm-cy-Xbpw sskzchpw sISp-¯p-¶Xv B\n¡v CjvS-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. AXp Ip«n-bpsS PohnXw XI-cm-dnem-¡p-sa¶v AhÀ IcpXn. AXn-\m B\n B

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

hmKvZm\w \nckn¨p. slesâ ho«nepw s]À¡n³knep-ambn amdn-amdn Xma-kn¨v AhÄ sle\v A½bpw ktlm-Z-cnbpw Iq«p-Im-cnbpw Kpcp-\m-Y-bp-am-bn. A¶ tam−n-tkm-dn-bn \n¶p {]tNm-Z\w DÄs¡m-−Xm-bncp¶p B\n-bpsS in£-W-co-Xn. ¢mkvdqw A´-co-£¯nse A[y-b-\-a-Ã, Hmtcm Ip«n-bp-sSbpw (hy-àn-bpsS-bpw) Bh-iy-§fpw A`n-cp-Nn-Ifpw A\p-k-cn-¨pÅ ]cn-io-e-\-amWv th−-sX¶v AhÀ hniz-kn-¨p.

Page | 31 

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

Aaq-ey-amb ZÀi-\w, kaÀ¸Ww tkm^nb tlm]vIn³kn\v B\n kÅn-h³ B-b¨ Nne I¯p-Ifpw slesâ Bß-I-Y-bn DÄs¸-Sp-¯nbn-cp-¶p. sles\ ]Tn-¸n-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xnse _p²n-ap-«pIfpw AXn-\mbn B\n Is−-¯p¶ amÀ¤-§fpw Hs¡-bmWv Cu I¯p-I-fn-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Cu I¯p-IÄ hmbn¨ {Klmw s_ B\n-bpsS ]cn-io-e-\-amÀ¤-§Ä AÔ-_-[n-c-hn-Zym-e-b-§-fnse A[ym-]-I-sc-sbÃmw ]Tn-¸n-¡-W-sa¶v \nÀt±-in-¨p. B I¯p-IÄ ‘thmÄ« _yqtdm’bv¡v t\ct¯ \ÂIm-Xncp-¶-Xn At±lw Ahsc kvt\l-]qÀÆw imkn-¨p. ‘F´p ]Tn-¸n-¡-W-sat¶m F§s\ ]Tn-¸n-¡-Wsat¶m Adn-bn-Ã, A¸-g-t¸mÄ tXm¶p-¶-Xp-t]me sN¿p-I-bmWv’ F¶mWv sles\ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶Xns\¸än B\n ]d-ªn-cp-¶-Xv. F{X Kw`o-c-amb ]mTy]-²-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv B\n sles\ \bn-¡p-¶Xv F¶v {Klmw s_ AhÀ¡-b¨ I¯n BÝ-cy-s¸«p: “\n§-fpsS Cu I¯p-IÄ AÔ_-[nc hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\pÅ ASnØm-\-am-Ipw. slesâ BZy-Ime hnZym-`ym-k-¯n \n§Ä ]n´pSÀ¶ XXz-§Ä A[ym-]-I-tem-I¯n\v Aaq-ey-am-Wv. slesâ ]ptcmKXn¡p ImcWw Ah-fpsS ]cn-{i-a§Ä F¶-t]mse Xs¶ Ah-fpsS A[ym-]n-I-bp-sSbpw ]cn-{i-a-§fpw hyàn-Xzhpw kaÀ¸-W-hp-am-sW¶v Rm³ F¶pw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p.

AXn\p \n§Ä kzoI-cn¨ amÀ¤§Ä Fsâ hnizmkw Du«n-bp-d-¸n¡p-¶p.” AÔ-hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n\pw kmaq-ln-I-{]-hÀ¯-\- Page | 32  §Ä¡pw hnZym-`ym-khpw Pohn-Xhpw kw_-Ôn¨ ZÀi\-§Ä¡pw \ÂInb kw`m-h-\-Isf am\n¨v 2003 B\n kÅn-h³ tabvkn-bpsS {]Xna Ata-cn-¡³ \mj-\ hna³kv lmÄ Hm^v s^bvan Øm]n-¨p. B\n-¡pÅ _lp-aXn saU Ata-cn-¡³ ^ut−j³ t^mÀ Z ss»³Uv Gäp-hm§n kq£n-¡p-¶p.

sle³ sIÃÀ

sle³ sIÃÀ 

 

{]W-bmÀ{Z-amb a\Êv sd´m-anse ho«n Xma-kn-¡p¶ Ime-¯mWv B\nbpw tPm¬ tabvknbpw X½n ASp-¸-¯n-em-Ip¶-Xv. tPm¬ AhnsS ]Xn-hp-k-µÀi-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. B\n-bpsS kvt\l-¯nsâ Bgw am{X-aà Fgp-¯pIebpw Pohn-X-ZÀi-\-§fpw IqSn shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-hbm-bn-cp¶p AhÀ tPmWn-\-b¨ I¯p-IÄ. Fsâ lrZ-bta:þ …\o Fs¶ hn«p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ F\n-s¡mcp hnd-b t]mse-bm-Wv, acWw AXnsâ Nnd-IpIÄ Fsâ tate sIm«n-b-S-bv¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-se; ]t£ \nsâ kvt\l-¯nsâ Bgs¯¡p-dn¨pÅ HmÀ½ Fsâ lrZ-b-¯n-te¡p Poh{]hml-ambn ASp¯ \nanjw Xs¶ IS-¶p-h-cpw. …-\n-s¶-¡p-dn¨p Xs¶ HmÀ¯v, Ft¶m-SpÅ \nsâ kvt\l-¯n\p Imc-W-§-f-t\z-jn¨v Rm³ Hcp-]mSp t\cw Ccp-¶p. F{X at\m-l-c-amWv \nsâ kvt\lw! Hcp-X-c-¯nepw a\-Ên-em-¡m-\mhm-¯Xpw! kvt\lw Pohn-X-¯nsâ k¯ Xs¶-bm-Wv. AXn bpàn¡v bmsXmcp Øm\hp-an-ÃXs¶! AXv FÃm-än-\p-ap-]-cnbpw FÃm-äns\-bpw-ImÄ ià-hp-am-Wv. Hcp \o− \nanjw Rm³ Fs¶-¯s¶ ad¶v ]c-am-\-µ-¯n-embn þ hn[n¡p- t]mepw amän-a-dn-¡m-\m-hm-¯{X iàamb Hcp kvt\l-s¯¡p-dn-¨pÅ Dd¨ t_m[yw, B \nanjw Pohn-X-¯nse kÀÆ \ng-ep-Ifpw AXn-a-t\m-l-c-§-fmb bmYmÀ°y-§-fmbn ]cnW-an-¨p…

asämcp I¯n \n¶v: Fsâ kz´w {]nb tPmWo; \o ChnsS D−m-bn-cp-s¶-¦n F¶p Rm³ sImXn-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶p. {]W-bn-I-fpsS `mj-bn ]d-ªmÂ, Rm³ izmkw Ign-¡p-¶-Xn-s\¡mÄ IqSp-X XhW \ns¶-¡p-dn¨pÅ HmÀ½-I-fn apgp-Ip-¶p, F¶p ]d-tb-−n-h-cpw; ]t£ t_m[-]qÀÆw A§s\ Rm³ ]d-bp¶n-Ã, {]W-bn-\n-bpsS Nn´-I-fpsS Xs¶ `mKambn amdpw-hn[w Ah-fn Pohn-¡p-I-btà Ah-fpsS Imap-I³. Rm³ Hä-bv¡m-Wv, ]t£ ]qÀ®-ambn XIÀ¶n-«n-Ã, ZpxJ¯nsâ Cu Znh-k-§-fn Fs¶ HmÀ½n-¡p¶ ImÄ Fs¶ Xm§n\nÀ¯p-¶p. F¶n-«pw, IS-¶p-t]mb B\-µ-§fpsS Ah-in-jvS-§Ä¡n-S-bn-Â, Ft¶m Hcn¡Â kz´-am-bn-cp¶ tZh-Kmw`ocy-t¯msS Ign-¨p-Iq-«p¶ GIm-´-X-bpsS aWn-¡q-dp-IÄ Ipsd-bp-−v. C\nbpw \yqtbmÀ¡v aXn-bm-bntÃ? ¢ºp-Ifnepw Hms¸-d-I-fnepw C§s\ Npän-¯n-cn-bp¶Xn henb ck-sam-¶p-an-söp tXm¶p¶ntÃ? ]{´−pw ]Xn-\©pw aWn-¡q-dp-IÄ tPmen sNbvXn-cp¶ B Znh-k-§-fn-te¡v þ F¶n-te¡pw þ XncnsI hcm³ sImXn tXm¶p¶ntÃ?

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sle³ sIÃÀ

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ZpxJ`-cn-X-amb A´y-\m-fp-IÄ 1936 acWw ASp-s¯-¯nb \mfp-I-fnsem-¶n B\n ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp¯v t]mfn-sbs¡m−v Fgp-Xn¨ ktµiw: KpUv ss_ tPm¬ tabvkn, Rm³ thKw \nsâ ASp-¡-se-¯pw, KpUv ss_, Rm³ \ns¶ Hcp-]mSv kvt\ln-¨n-cp-¶p. F\n¡p kvt\lw thW-am-bn-cp-¶p, Rm³ Hä-bv¡m-bn-cp-¶p. At¸mÄ sle³ Fsâ Pohn-X-¯n-te¡p IS-¶p-h-¶p, Ah-sfs¶ kvt\ln-¡-W-sa¶p Rm³ B{K-ln¨p, AXpsIm−v Ahsf Rm³ kvt\ln-¨p. ]ns¶ t]mfn IS-¶p-h-¶p, Ah-sfbpw Rm³ kvt\ln-¨p; R§-Ä þ Rm\pw Fsâ t]mfn, Fsâ sle³ þ Ft¸mgpw Hcp-an¨v kt´m-j¯n Ign-ªp. {]nb-s¸« Ip«n-Itf \½-sfÃm-hcpw ho−pw kam-[m-\-¯n I−p-ap-«-s«. Fsâ Pn½o, Rm³ Cu ]q¡Ä \nsâ ap³]n kaÀ¸n-¡-s«, Rm³ Ahs\ Hcp-]mSv kvt\ln-¨p, Ah-\m-bn-cp¶p F\n¡v BsI-bp−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv… t]mfn sles\ {i²n¡-Ww. hÀj-§Ä IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ Ah-fpsS {]`m-j-W-§Ä Bfp-IÄ {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶{X anI-¨-Xm-bn-söp hcpw, A¶v Gähpw anI-¨Xp ]pd-s¯-Sp-¡m³ Ahsf klm-bn-¡m³ Fsâ Ic-§-fp-−m-hnÃ.

sle³ Pohn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn Fsâ PohnXw kaÀ¸n-¡p-hm³ Ign-ª-tÃm, ssZh-¯n\p \µn. Rm³ t]mbn-¡-gn-bp-t¼mÄ Fs¶-¡qSmsX Pohn-¡m³ ssZhw Ahsf klm-bn-¡s«. AKm-[-{]-Wbw D−m-bn-cp-¶n«pw B\n ]e XhW tPm¬ tabvkn-bpsS hnhm-lm-`yÀY\ \nc-kn-¨ncp¶p. tPmk^v ]n. emjv Fgp-Xnb ‘sle\pw So¨dpw’ F¶ Poh-N-cn-{X-{KÙw CXn\p ]e Imc-§Ä Is−-¯p-¶p−v. Xsâ NqS³ {]IrXw ssIImcyw sN¿m³ tabvkn¡p Ign-bnà F¶ `oXn-bmWv {][m\ Imc-Wambn emjv Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶-Xv. tabvkn s{]m«-Ìâpw B\n It¯m-en-¡m-hn-izm-knbpw Bbn-cp-¶Xpw Hcp Imc-W-ambn ]d-bp-¶p. sle-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Nn´-Ifpw Hcp Imc-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. sle\pw tPmWpw ]c-kv]cw \¶mbn a\-Ên-em¡nbn-cp-s¶-¦nepw Xm³ tPmWns\ hnhmlw Ign-¨m Kpcp-in-jy-_Ôw amdn-a-dn-bp-sa¶v B\n `b-s¸-«p. GXm-bmepw slesâ `mK-¯p-\n¶v Akq-bm-]qÀ®-amb s]cp-am-ätam hne-¡p-Itfm D−mb-Xmbn CXp-h-sc e`y-amb I¯n-S-]m-Sp-I-sfm¶pw kqN\ \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. B\n-þ-tabvkn hnhmlw kw_Ôn¨v sle\v Bi-¦-I-sf-s´-¦nepw D−m-bn-cp-s¶¦n Xs¶ AXv AhÀ DÅn-sem-Xp-¡n-bn-t«-bp-Åq. HSp¡w B\n-bpsS sshap-Jy-§-sf-sbÃmw adn-I-S¶v tPm¬ Ahsc hnhm-l-¯n\p k½-Xn-¸n-¨p. Cu hnhmlw sle\pw KpWta sN¿q F¶v B\n hnizkn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AhÄ¡p tPmWns\ \à hnizmk-am-bn-cp-¶p, Xsâ ac-W-tijw tPm¬ sles\ t\m¡n-s¡mÅpw F¶pw AhÀ IcpXn. (tPm¬ B\n-

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sb-¡mÄ 11 hbkv Cf-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. ]t£ F´mbmepw acWw BZyw sIm−p-t]m-bXv tPmWn-s\-bmWv. ]ns¶bpw \mep hÀjw Ign-ªmWv B\n acn-¨Xv). hnhm-l-¯n\p ap³]v 1905 B\n kplr¯v Feo\À l«sâ D]-tZiw tXSn: \nb-a-]-c-ambn ]pXnb _Ô-§-fn-te¡p IS-¡p-t¼mÄ sle-sâbpw Fsâbpw Imcy§Ä kw_-Ôn¨pw `mhn-bn Ah-fpsS hcp-am\w ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶Xp kw_Ôn¨pw Hcp ]²Xn apt¶m«p hbv¡-Wsa¶v F\n¡p tXm¶p-¶p. GsX-¦nepw Imcy-¯n Xncp-¯Â thW-sa-¦n Nq−n-¡m«-Ww… …-sl-e³ Fgp-Xp-¶-sX´pw Ah-fp-tSsX-¶-t]mse Fsâ IqSn A[zm-\-¯nsâ ^e-am-sW¶v \n\-¡-dn-bm-a-tÃm. _p²nbpw Nn´-Ifpw Ah-fp-tS-Xv, an\-t¡Spw A[zm\hpw Ftâ-Xv. Fsâ klmbw IqSmsX {]kn-²o-I-c-W-¯n-\mbn Hcp teJ-\hpw X¿m-dm-¡m³ AhÄ¡p Ign-bm¯ ØnXnbm-Wp-Å-Xv. Ah-fpsS Pohn-X-¯nsâ {]Xnk-Ôn-IÄ AXo-h-Kp-cp-X-c-am-Wv. hmbn-¨psIm-Sp-¡m-³, ssS¸vssd-äÀ icn-bmbn h¨psIm-Sp-¡m³, Ah-fpsS ssIsb-gp-¯p-{]-XnIÄ hmbn-¨p-Xn-cp-¯m³, hm¡p-IÄ ]c-Xnsb-Sp-¡m³…-A-§-s\, ImgvN-bp-−m-bn-cps¶-¦n AhÄ Xs¶ sN¿p-am-bn-cp¶ Hcp]mSv Imcy-§Ä sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-¡m³ Ft¸mgpw Acn-In HcmÄ IqSntb Xocq.

Rm\pw Ah-fpw X½n-epÅ bYmÀ° _Ôw F´m-sW¶v slesâ kplr-¯p¡-fn ]eÀ¡pw a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-ªn-«nà F¶-Xp-sIm-−mWv Rm³ C¡m-cy-§sfm-s¡ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Fs¶-¡q-SmsX Xs¶ AhÄ¡v hcp-am-\-ap-−m-¡p¶ Imcy-§Ä sNbvXp kzbw apt¶m«p t]mIm³ Ignbpw F¶mWv AhÀ Icp-Xp-¶-Xv… 1913 s^{_p-h-cn-bn B\nbpw sle\pw IqSn ]Xn\©p amks¯ Hcp {]`m-j-W-]-cy-S-\-¯n\p ]pd-s¸Spt¼mÄ B\n-þ-tPm¬ Zm¼-Xy-¯n XIÀ¨-IÄ I−pXp-S-§n-bn-cp-¶p. tabn tPm¬ Häbv¡v bqtdm-¸nte¡p t]mbn. B\n ]e Xc-¯n {ian-¨n«pw ]ns¶ Xncn-¨p-h-cm³ Iq«m-¡n-bp-an-Ã. B\n-bpsS NqS³ {]IrXw, IpSpw-_-¯nsâ ZpÀ_-e-amb km¼-¯n-I-Øn-Xn, B\n sle\p Xs¶-¡mÄ ap³K-W\ \ÂIp¶p F¶ tXm¶Â Hs¡ Imc-W-§-fmbn Duln-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

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hmÀ[-Iysa{X `oI-cw, Zb-\obw s\à {_mUn sl¶n Fgp-Xnb “B\n kÅn-h³ tabvkn” F¶ Pohn-N-cn{Xw B\n-bpsS hm¡p-IÄ D²cn-¡p-¶Xv C§-s\-bmWv: hmÀ[-Iy-¯nsâ `oI-c-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v Zb-\o-b-am-hn[w Rm³ t_m[-h-Xn-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. {]mb-amb Bsc¦nepw bYmÀ° kt´mjw A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶p-t−msb¶v Rm³ AXn-i-bn-¡m-dp-−v. ]ecpw A§s\ `mhn-¡m-dp-−v. ]t£ {]k-cn-¸pÅ Ime¯v X§-sf´m-bn-cp¶p F¶v HmÀ½-bpÅ Bcpw DÅn hnd-sImÅpw. hb-Êm-Ip-¶Xv F\n¡p shdp-¸m-Wv. buh-\hpw {]k-cn-¸pÅ Imes¯ Pohn-Xhpw am{Xta kpµ-c-am-bn«p-Åq. A¸w IqSn I\n-hpÅ ssZh-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦n k´m-t\mÂ]m-Z-\-t¯msS PohnXw Ah-km-\n-¡pwhn[w Imcy-§Ä {Iao-I-cn-t¨-s\, ap«-bn-«p-I-gn-bp-¶tXmsS Xsâ kÀÆ-tim-`-tbm-Spw-IqSn \nim-i-e`w acWs¯ ]pÂIp-¶-Xp-t]m-se. C\n-sbmcp P·-ap-−m-bm CXp-t]mse Xs¶ A[ym-]n-I-bm-Im³ CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶pt−m F¶ tNmZy¯n\v ‘\½psS hgn \½Ä Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-I-b-Ã-tÃm, hn[n \½sf Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-I-bmWv’ F¶m-bn-cp¶p B\n-bpsS adp-]-Sn.

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\mÄhgn 1866 1876 1880 1880 1882 1886

1887 1887

1888 1891

1894 1896

B\n kÅnhsâ P\-\w. amk¨pskävknse ^oUnMv lnÂknÂ. B\nsb SyqIvkv_-dn-bnse icWmeb¯n tebv¡v Ab-bv¡p¶p. sle³ sIÃ-dpsS P\-\w. Ae_mabnse SkvIw-_n-b-bnÂ. B\n AÔÀ¡m-bpÅ s]À¡n³kv kvIqfn tNcp-¶p. sle³ sIÃÀ Xe-t¨m-dn AWp_m[sb¯p SÀ¶v AÔbpw _[n-c-bp-am-Ip-¶p. sles\bpw Iq«n Aѳ Iym]vä³ BÀXÀ sIÃÀ Ae-Ivkm-−À {Klmw s_Ãns\ kµÀin-¡p¶p. s]À¡n³kv kvIqÄ Ub-d-IvSÀ ssa¡Â A\m-tám-kpambn _Ô-s¸-«m \à A[ym-]n-Isb In«p-sa¶v D]-tZ-iw. B\n kÅn-h³ slesâ A[ym]nIbmbn F¯p-¶p. ‘thmÄ« _yqtdm’ (C-t¸mÄ Ae-Ivkm-−À {Klmw s_ ^ut−-j³ t^mÀ Z sU^v) Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. B\n sles\ t_mÌ-Wnte¡p Iq«ns¡m−p t]m-Ip-¶p. A\m-tám-kn\p ]nd-¶mÄ k½m\ambn sle³ ‘aªp-cm-Pmhv’ (Z t{^mÌv InMv) F¶ IY Ab-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. hnhm-Z-amb IY Ah-cpsS _Ôw Ah-km-\n-¡m\pw Imc-W-am-bn. B\nbpw sle\pw IqSn \yqtbmÀ¡nte¡v. sle³ ssdäv-þ-lyp-ta-bvk³ _[n-c-hn-Zym-e-b¯n tNcp-¶p. slesâ AÑsâ ac-Ww. kzoU³t_mÀKn-b-\nkw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. tIw{_nPv kvIqfn ]T\w XpS-§p-¶p.

1897

1900 1902

1903 1904 1905 1906 1908 1909 1910 1913 1914

1916 1917 1919

sle\pw B\nbpw tIw{_nPv kvIqÄ hn«v sd´m-an tPmk^v C.-tNw-_Àensâ ho«n Xma-kn¨v dmUv¢n^v {]th-i-\-¯n\p ]Tn-¡p¶p. sle³ dmUv¢n^n ]T\w XpS§p¶p. Page | 37  slesâ Bß-IY ‘Fsâ Pohn-X-IY’ þ Z tÌmdn Hm^v ssa sse^v þ Z teUokv tlmw tPW-en ]c-¼-c-bmbn {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. BßIY ]pkvXIcq]¯nÂ. sle³ dmUv¢n^n \n¶p _ncpZw t\Sp¶p. sle\pw B\nbpw sd´m-an-te¡p Xmakw amäp-¶p. B\n kÅnh\pw tPm¬ BÂ_À«v tabvknbpw hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip-¶p. amk¨pskävkv I½nj³ t^mÀ Z ss»³Uv I½n-än-bn sle³ \nb-an-X-bm-Ip-¶p. ‘Rm³ Pohn-¡p¶ temIw’ þ Z thÄUv sF enhv C³ þ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. sle³ tkmjyenÌv ]mÀ«nbnev tNcp¶p. ‘I·-Xn-ensâ kwKoXw’ þ Z tkmMv Hm^v Z tÌm¬ hmÄ þ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. B\nsbbpw sles\bpw hn«v tPm¬ tabvkn bqtdm-¸n-te¡p t]mIp-¶p. ‘Ccp-«n \n¶v’ þ Hu«v Hm^v Z UmÀIv’ þ {]kn²o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. sle-s\bpw B\n-sbbpw klm-bn-¡m³ t]mfn tXmwk³ F¯p-¶p. sle³ ]oäÀ ^mK\pambn Hfnt¨mSm³ ]²Xn bn-Sp-¶p. sd´manse hoSp hnäv \yqtbmÀ¡nse t^mdÌv lnÂkn hoSp hm§p-¶p. tlmfn-hpUv kn\na ‘sUen-sh-d³kv’ (tam-N-\w)

sle³ sIÃÀ 

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1919 - sle\pw B\nbpw tNÀ¶v tÌPv tjmIÄ 1922 Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. 1921 Ata-cn-¡³ ^ut−-j³ t^mÀ Z ss»³Uv (F.-F-^v.-_n.) cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. slesâ A½ tIbväv acn-¡p-¶p. 1924 sle\pw B\nbpw F.-F^v._n¡p th−n {]hÀ¯\w XpS-§p-¶p. 1929 anUvkv{Sow {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p¶p. 1930 Cw¥-−v, kvtImSve³Uv, AbÀe³Uv ]cyS\w. 1931 1932 tPm¬ tabvknbpsS acWw Cw¥-−v, kvtImSve³Uv, bqtKm-Ém-hy, {^m³kv ]cy-S\w 1933 Cw¥-−v, kvtImSve³Uv ]cyS\w slesâ ]pkvX-I-§Ä \mkn PÀ½-\n-bn I¯n-¡p-¶p. s\à {_mUn sl¶n Fgp-Xnb “B\n kÅnh³ tabvkn” {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. 1935 kwkm-cn-¡p¶ ]pkvX-I§Ä {]kn²oIcn ¡m³ s^U-d A\p-a-Xn. 1936 B\n kÅn-hsâ acWw 1937 P¸m³ ]cy-S\w 1938 tPW {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. t^mdÌv lnÂknse hoSp hnäv sle-\pw t]mfn tXmwkWpw IW-Ivän¡«nse shÌvt]mÀ«n-te¡p Xmakw amäp-¶p. 1943 ssk\n-Im-ip-]-{Xn-I-fn kµÀi\w 1946 Cw¥-−v, {^m³kv, {Kokv, Cäen, AbÀe³Uv ]cy-S\w þ Ata-cn¡³ ^ut−-j³ t^mÀ HmhÀkokv ss»³Un\p th−v. shÌvt]mÀ«nse hoSv I¯n-t¸m-Ip-¶p. 1948 Hmkvt{S-en-b, \yqkn-e³Uv, P¸m³ ]cyS\w. 1951 Z£n-Wm-{^n¡ ]cy-S\w

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956 1957 1957 1959 1960 1961 1964 1968

CuPn]vXv, kndnb, e_\³, tPmÀ±m³, C{k tbÂ, {^m³kv ]cy-S\w eqbn s{_bn-en-bpsS \qdmw Nc-a-hmÀjnIw {]am-Wn¨v ]mco-knse tkmÀt_m¬ kÀh-I-emim-e-bn {]`m-j-Ww. Page | 38  ‘Z B¬tIm¬tIUv’F¶ tUmIyp-saâdn {]Im-i\w {_koÂ, Nnen, s]dp, ]\m-a, saIvknt¡m ]cyS-\w. slesâ SkvIw_nbbnse IpSpw_hoSv ‘sFhn {Ko³’ Ncn-{X-Ø-e-§-fpsS tZiob ]«nI-bn tNÀ¡p-¶p. C´y, ]m¡nØm³, _Àa (aym·À), tlmt¦m Mv, ^nen-ss¸³kv, P¸m³, Cw¥−v kµÀi\w. ‘So¨À’ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. lmÀhmÀUv kÀh-I-em-ime HmW-ddn _ncpZw \ÂIp-¶p. kvtImSve³Uv, t]mÀ¨pKÂ, kvs]bn³, {^m³kv, kznävkÀe³Uv kµÀi\w Im\U, sFkve³Uv, kznävkÀe³Uv, ^n³e³Uv, kzoU³, t\mÀth, sU·mÀ¡v kµÀi\w t]mfn tXmwkWv kvt{Sm¡v ‘Z and-¡nÄ hÀ¡À’ {]ZÀi\w XpS-§p¶p t]mfn tXmwk¬ acn¡p¶p. sle\v BZys¯ kvt{Sm¡v _m[ en³U³ _n.tPm¬k¬ {]knU³jy saU Hm^v {^oUw k½m-\n-¡p¶p sle³ sIÃdpsS acWw.

sle³ sIÃÀ 

sle³ sIÃÀ  

sle³ sIÃ-À D²-c-Wn-IÄ slesâ {]kw-K-§Ä, teJ-\-§Ä, ]pkvX-I-§Ä F¶n-h-bn \n¶pÅ D²-c-Wn-I-fmWv Chn-sS-bp-Å-Xv. ]d-¶p-b-cm³ A`n-hm-RvO-bpÅ Hcmfpw Cg-ªp\o§m³ k½-Xn¡pI-bn-Ã. o _[n-c-cpsS

kwkm-c-]-cn-io-e-\-¯n-\mbpÅ Ata-cn-¡³ Atkm-kn-tb-j\p ap³]n \S-¯nb {]kwK¯n \n¶v þ 1896 Pqsse 8 {Inkvakv Ime¯v lrZ-b-¯n {Inkvakv CÃm-¯hÀ am{X-amWv bYmÀ° AÔÀ. "Christmas  in  the  Dark"  in  Ladies Home Journal (December 1906)  o

kt´m-j-¯nsâ Hcp hmXn AS-bp-t¼mÄ asäm¶p Xpd-¡p¶p; ]t£ \½Ä ASª hmXn-en-s\¯s¶ t\m¡n-\n¶v Xpd¶ hmXn ImWm-sX-t]m-Ip¶p. Page | 39  o

A]-I-S-§sf Hgn-hm¡n IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶Xv Ahsb kss[cyw t\cn-Sp-¶-Xns\¡mÄ H«pw kpc-£n-X-aÃ. `ocp-¡fpw [oc-·mcpw Hcp-t]mse A]-I-S-§-fn IpSp§m-dp-−v. o

hnÚm-\-¯n k¦Â]-kr-jvSn-bm-Wv. o

henb

The Open Door (1957)  

]¦pw

The Five‐sensed World (1910) 

ImgvN-bp-Å-hcpw CÃm-¯-hcpw X½n-epÅ hyXymkw C{µn-b-ti-jn-bn-eÃ; AXv F§s\ D]-tbmKn-¡p¶p F¶-Xn-em-Wv; C{µn-bm-Xo-X-amb Úm\w t\Sm³ F{X-am{Xw `mh-\bpw ss[cyhpw {]I-Sn-¸n¡p¶p F¶-Xn-em-Wv. o

Let Us Have Faith (1940) 

kpc-£n-XXzw F¶Xv GXm−v AÔ-hn-izmkw Xs¶-bm-Wv. A]-I-S-§sf Hgn-hm¡n IS-¶p-t]m-Ip¶Xv Ahsb kss[cyw t\cn-Sp-¶-Xns\¡mÄ H«pw kpc-£n-X-aÃ. PohnXw H¶p-In Hcp [oc-km-l-kn-IIr-Xy-amWv; AsÃ-¦n H¶p-a-Ã. o

temI-¯nsâ

We Bereaved (1929) 

The Five‐sensed World (1910) 

\½psS P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp t]cp am{X-amWv. \½Ä thm«p sN¿p-¶p-s−t¶m? AXn-se-´m-Wn{X alXzw? GIm-[n-]-Xn-I-fpsS þ ]c-ky-am-b-sÃ-¦nepw þ c−p Iq«cn \n¶v H¶ns\ Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p¶p-sht¶ AXn\À°-ap-Åq. Nm¯\pw t]m¯-\pw… c−n-sem-cmsf Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶p. kv{XoIÄ¡p thm«-h-Imiw thWsa¶p \n§Ä hmZn-¡p-¶p. {_n«-\nse `qan-bpsS ]Xns\m-¶n ]¯p `mKhpw c−p-e£w t]cpsS ssIhihancn-¡p-Ibpw]Xn-s\m-¶n Hcp `mKw am{Xw _m¡n \mÂ]Xp tImSn t]À¡mbn hoXn-¡-s¸-SpIbpw sN¿p-¶n-S¯v thm«pIÄ sIm−v F´p t\Sm³? e£-¡-W-¡n\p thm«p-IÄ kz´-ambpÅ \n§-fpsS

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]pcp-j-·mÀ¡v Cu A\o-Xn-bn \n¶p tamN\w t\Sm\mtbm? o

Quoted  in  A  People's  History  of  the  United States (1980) page 345. 

Z tÌmdn Hm^v ssa sse^v (Fsâ Pohn-X-I-Y) F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ\n¶v Fsâ Kpcp-\mY B\n kÅn-h³ tabvkn Fsâ-b-Sp¡-tebv¡p h¶ Znh-k-amWv Fsâ Pohn-X-¯nse Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« Znh-kw. AXp _Ôn-¸n¡p c−p temI-§Ä X½n-epÅ A´cw HmÀ¡p-t¼mÄ F\n¡v AÛpXw AS-¡m³ Ign-bm-dn-Ã. 1887 amÀ¨n-em-bn-cp¶p AXv. F\n¡v Ggp hbÊp XnI-bp-¶-Xn\v aq¶p amkw ap³]v. (A-[ymbw 4) I\¯ aqSÂa-ªn IS-en IpSp-§n-t¸m-bn«pt−m? sXm«-dn-bm-hp¶ shfp¯ Ccp«v Bh-cWw sN¿p-t¼mÄ thh-em-Xn-IÄ thhp¶ I¸Â Xocw tXSn X¸n-¯-S-bp-¶-Xp-t]m-se. Xpcp-Xpcm anSn-¡p¶ lrZ-b-hp-ambn \ÃXp kw`-hn-¡m³ Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ \nan-j-§Ä. AXp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp¶p hnZym-`ymkw XpS§p-¶-Xn\p ap³]v Fsâ ØnXn. hS-¡p-t\m-¡n-b{´hpw am]n-\n-I-fp-sam-¶p-an-Ãm-bn-cp-s¶¶p am{Xw. Xoct¯bv¡v F{X Zqcaps−¶v Hsc-¯pw-]n-Sn-bp-an-Ã. “shfn¨w! F\n¡p shfn¨w Xcq!” CXp am{X-am-bncp¶p Fsâ Bßm-hnsâ i_vZ-an-Ãm¯ \ne-hn-fn. B aWn-¡q-dn kvt\l-¯nsâ A\ÀK-f-{]-Imiw Fsâ ta Xnf-§n. (4) kÀh-`m-j-I-fp-sSbpw hmXn Xpd-¡m-\pÅ Xmt¡m F\n¡p In«n-¡-gnªp; C\n AXv D]-tbmKn-¡m³ ]Tn-¡-Ww. tIÄhn-i-àn-bpÅ Ip«n-IÄ¡v Bbmkw IqSmsX `mj ]Tn-¡mw; aäp-Å-h-cpsS hmbn \n¶p hogp¶ hm¡p-IÄ AhÀ ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡pw.

F¶m _[n-c-\mb ]mhw Ip«n, Ah\v AXv hfsc kmh-[m-\-¯n Gsd thZ-\-IÄ klnt¨ a\-Ên-em¡m³ Ign-bq. ]t£ B hgn-IÄ F{X ITn-\-am-bmepw AXnsâ ^ew AÛp-X-Icw Xs¶. Hmtcmtcm hkvXp¡-fpsS t]cp-IÄ apX \½Ä bm{X XpS-§p-I-bm-Wv; Page | 40  IjvS-s¸-«p-¨-cn¨ BZys¯ i_vZ-am{X apX tjIvkv]n-bÀ {KÙ-¯nse Nn´m-{]-hmlw hsc-bpÅ A\-´-Zqcw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn \S-¶p-XoÀ¡m-\pÅ bm{X. (6) ‘ehv’ F¶ hm¡nsâ AÀ°w tNmZn¨ B {]`mXw Rm³ Ct¸mgpw HmÀ¡p-¶p. Hcp-]mSv hm¡p-IÄ ]Tn¡p-¶-Xn\p ap³]mWv. tXm-«-¯n \n¶v Rm³ GXm\pw hb-eäv ]pjv]-§Ä Rm³ So¨-dn\p sIm−ph¶p sImSp-¯p. AhÀ Fs¶ Npw_n-¡m-\mªp; ]t£ A¡m-e¯v F\n¡v A½-b-ÃmsX aämcpw Fs¶ D½-h-bv¡p-¶Xv CjvS-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. B\n Ic§Ä sIm−v Fs¶ hebw sNbvXn«v Fsâ ssIIfn FgpXn: ‘sF ehv sle³’ þ F\n¡v sles\ CjvS-am-Wv. “F´mWv kvt\lw?” Rm³ tNmZn¨p. Fs¶ tNÀ¯p-\nÀ¯n-bn«v AhÀ ]dªp: “AXv Chn-sS-bmWv”. F¶n«v Ah-scsâ lrZ-b-¯ntebv¡p Nq−n. AXnsâ anSn-¸p-IÄ Rm³ BZy-ambn {i²n-¡p¶Xv At¸m-gm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-fpsS hm¡p-IÄ Fs¶ Ipg-¡n-¡-fªp; ImcWw sXm«p-t\m-¡n-b-ÃmsX Hcp km[-\hpw Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ F\n-¡m-hp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ah-cpsS ssIbnse hb-eäv ]pjv]-§Ä aW-¯pt\m-¡n-bn«v Rm³ Iptd hm¡p-Ifpw Iptd BwKy§fpw Hs¡ D]-tbm-Kn¨v Hcp tNmZyw tNmZn-¨p. ‘]q¡fpsS am[p-cy-amtWm kvt\lw?’ F¶v AÀ°w hcp¶ Hcp tNmZyw.

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Aà F¶v So¨À D¯cw ]d-ªp. Rm³ ]ns¶bpw Nn´n-¨p. kqcy³ R§-fpsS ta arZp-hmbn NqSp sNmcn-bp-¶p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. “CXtà kvt\lw?” NqSp-h-cp¶ Zni-bn-te¡p hnc Nq−n Rm³ tNmZn-¨p. FÃm-¯n-sâbpw hfÀ¨bv¡p \nZm-\-am-Ip¶ kqcys\-¡mÄ at\m-l-c-ambn H¶pw D−m-IpI km[y-a-söp-Xs¶ Rm³ hniz-kn-¨p. B\n At¸mgpw \ntj[mÀ°-¯n Xe-bm-«n; F\n¡v BsI A¦-em¸pw \ncm-i-bp-am-bn. kvt\lw Im«n-¯-cm³ So¨À¡p Ignbm-¯Xv F{X hnNn-{X-am-sW¶v F\n¡p tXm¶n. (6) B\n Fsâ s\än-bn kv]Àin-¨p. F¶n«v hÃms¯mcp Du¶-temsS Fsâ ssIbn än.þF-¨v.þsFþF³þ-sI F¶p Ipdn-¨p. Fsâ Xe-bv¡p-Ån \S¡p¶ B {]{In-bbpsS t]cmWv ‘Xn¦v’ þ Nn´ þ F¶v Hcp shfn-]m-Sn-se-¶-t]mse Rm³ Xncn-¨-dn-ªp. AaqÀ¯-am-sbmcp Bi-bs¯ Rm³ BZy-ambn Xncn¨-dn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Gsd t\c-t¯¡v Rm³ \nÝ-e-bm-bn-cp-¶p…. Cu ]pXnb Bi-b-¯nsâ shfn-¨-¯n ‘ehv’ F´msW¶p a\-Ên-em-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Rm³. kqcys\ taL-§Ä ad-¨n-cp¶ Hcp Znh-k-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. CS-bv¡nsS sNdnb ag-bp-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. s]mSp¶s\ kqcy³ kÀh-tim-`-tbm-Spw-IqSn {]Im-in-¨p. Rm³ ho−pw So¨-dn-t\mSp tNmZn¨p: “CXtà kvt\lw?” “kqcy³ sXfn-bp-¶-Xn\p ap³]v BIm-i-¯n \ndªn-cp¶ taL-§-sf-t¸m-se-bmWv kvt\lw”. AhÀ

]d-ªp. ]ns¶ A¶v F\n¡p a\-Ên-em-¡m³ {]bmk-am-bn-cp¶ Cu hm¡p-IÄ¡p ]Icw efn-X-amb hm¡p-I-fn AhÀ ]d-ªp-X¶p: “taL-§sf \ap¡p sXmSm³ Ign-bp-I-bnÃ; ]t£ Page | 41  ag \ap¡v A\p-`-hn-¨-dn-bmw. s]mÅp¶ Hcp ]I-en\p tijw C¯ncn ag In«p-t¼mÄ Zmln-¨p-h-eª `qanbpw ]q¡fpw F{X kt´m-jn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v \ap-¡dn-bmw. kvt\l-s¯bpw \ap¡p sXmSm³ Ign-bn-Ã; ]t£ FÃm-bn-S-t¯¡pw AXp sNmcn-bp¶ am[p-cyw \ap¡v A\p-`-hn-¨-dn-bmw. kvt\l-an-Ãm-bn-cp-s¶-¦n \n\¡p kt´m-j-ap-−m-Ip-I-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p, Ifn-¡m³ CjvSw tXm¶p-I-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p.” B at\m-l-c-kXyw Fsâ ap¶n CXÄhn-SÀ¶p. Fsâ Bßm-hns\ aäp-Å-h-cpsS Bßm-¡-fp-ambn _Ôn-¸n-¡p¶ AZr-iy-tc-J-IÄ ]SÀ¶p-In-S-¡p-¶Xv Rm³ Xncn-¨-dn-ªp. (6) ImWp¶ hkvXp-¡Ä ss\an-jn-Ihpw ImWm-¯h imiz-X-hp-am-sW¶ AKm-[hpw im´n-Zm-b-I-hp-amb Hcp t_m[yw ss__nÄ F\n¡p ]IÀ¶p-X-cp-¶p. (21) ‘amIvs_-¯n’\p sXm«p-]n-¶m-se-bmWv Rm³ ‘InMv enbÀ’ hmbn-¨-Xv. ¥Ì-dnsâ I®p-IÄ Ip¯n-s¸m-«n¡p¶ cwKw hmbn-¨-t¸m-gs¯ `oXn Rm³ Hcn-¡epw ad-¡n-Ã. Rm³ tIm]m-Ô-bm-bn-t¸m-bn, Fsâ hnc-epIÄ A\-§m³ hnk-½-Xn-¨p, Hcp ZoÀL-\n-anjw Rm³ ac-hn-¨n-cp-¶p-t]m-bn, Fsâ sN¶n-I-fn tNmc ]nS-¨pI-b-dn, Hcp Ip«n-bpsS a\-Ên tXm¶m-hp-¶{X hntZzjhpw tZjyhpw Fsâ lrZ-bs¯ Iog-S-¡n. (21)

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H]vän-ankw (1903) F¶ {KÙ-¯n \n¶v F{X aµ-_p-²ntbm Xcw-Xm-W-ht\m _p²n-amt\m Bbn-s¡m-Ås«, Hmtcm-cp-¯\pw kt´mjw Xsâ Aew-L-\o-b-amb Ah-Im-i-am-sW¶ Nn´-bm-Wp-Å-Xv. an¡-hmdpw Bfp-IÄ kt´mjw Af-¡p-¶Xv `uXnI-kp-J-§-fp-sSbpw hkvXp-¡-fp-sSbpw Af-hp-sIm-−mWv. N{I-hm-f-§-fn AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯nb Fs´¦nepsamcp e£yw t\Spt¼mÄ Ah-cpsS kt´mjw F{X hep-Xm-Wv. Hcp Ignhv AYhm Hcp A\p-Iq-e-kml-Ncyw CsÃ-¶m-bm Ah-cpsS ØnXn F{X Zb-\o-bam-bn-cn-¡pw. A§s\ Af-t¡− H¶mWv kt´m-j-sa¦n ImgvNbpw tIÄhn-bp-an-Ãm¯ Rm³ Hcp aqebv¡v ssII-fn apJw s]m¯n-bn-cp¶v hne-]n-t¡-−-X-tÃ. Fsâ CÃm-bva-IÄ¡p \Sp-hnepw Rm³ kt´m-j-h-Xnbm-sW-¦nÂ, Fsâ kt´mjw hnizm-k-t¯mfw BgapÅ-Xm-sW-¦nÂ, Hcp Pohn-X-ZÀi-\-t¯mfw Nn´m-kp`-K-am-sW-¦n þ Npcp-¡n-¸-d-ªmÂ, Rms\mcp ip`m]vXn-hn-izm-kn-bm-sW-¦nÂ, ip`m-]vXn-hn-izm-k-sa¶ Pohn-X-ssi-en¡p Rm³ \ÂIp¶ km£yw tIÄ¡s¸-tS-−-Xm-Wv; AXn\p X¡ aqey-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. Hcn-¡Â, bmsXmcp {]Xo-£bv¡pw Øm\-an-Ãm¯ AKm-[-KÀ¯¯n Ign-ªn-cp-¶h-fmWv Rm³; FÃmän-sâbpw apJ-a-S¨v Ccp«p am{Xw. ]ns¶ kvt\lw IS¶p-h¶v Fsâ Bßm-hns\ hntam-Nn-¸n-¨p. Hcn-¡Â F\n¡v Ccp«pw \nÝ-e-Xbpw am{Xta Adnbp-am-bn-cp¶p-Åq. C-t¸mÄ Rm³ {]Xym-ibpw kt´m-jhpw Adn-bp-¶p. Hcn-¡Â Rm³ thh-em-Xn-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Fs¶ _Ô-\-¯n-em-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶ aXn-ep-I-fn XeX-Ãp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. C¶p Rm³ Nn´n-¡m\pw {]hÀ¯n-¡m\pw kzÀ¤w {]m]n-¡m-\pw Ign-hp-Å-hÄ F¶ Ah-t_m-[-¯n B\-µn-¡p-¶p. `qXtam `mhntbm CÃm-¯-Xm-bn-cp¶p Fsâ PohnXw; \ncm-im-`cn-X-cpsS `mj-bn ‘Xo{h-ambn acWw A`n-e-jn-¡p¶

ØnXn’. iq\y-Xsb Cdp-sI-¸p-W-cm³ {ian-¨p-sIm-−ncp¶ Fsâ ssII-fn asäm-cm-fpsS hnc-ep-I-fn \n¶v Hcp sIm¨p-hm¡v ASÀ¶p-hoWp; Fsâ lrZbw PohnX-¯nsâ BËm-Z-§-fm XpÅn-¨m-Sn. Nn´-bpsS ]Ien\p ap¶n Ccp-«-I¶p; kvt\lhpw kt´m-jhpw Page | 42  {]Xo-£bpw IS-¶p-h-¶p. ISp¯ _Ô-\-¯n \n¶v C¯-c-samcp tamN\w In«nb HcmÄ¡v, kzmX-{´y¯nsâ alXzpw Bth-ihpw th−p-thmfw A\p-`-hn-¨dnª HcmÄ¡v F§s\ \ncm-im-hm-Zn-bm-Im³ Ignbpw? Cu temIw ]oU-I-Ä \nd-ª-Xm-sW-¦nepw AXpt]m-se-Xs¶ AXn-Po-h-\-§fpw \nd-ª-Xm-Wv. AXmbXv Fsâ ip`-hn-izmkw hcp-¶Xv Xn· Cà F¶ Nn´bn \n¶Ã, {]XypX kÀhm-Xn-im-bn-bmb \·-bnepÅ hnizm-k¯n \n¶mWv; \·-bpsS A´n-a-hn-Pb-¯n\mbn Ft¸mgpw kl-I-cn-¨p-{]-hÀ¯n-¡m-\pÅ a\Ên \n¶m-Wv. The Simplest Way to be Happy (1933) F¶ ]pkvXI-¯n \n¶v: IjvS-¸m-Sp-IÄ CÃm-Xm-Ip-t¼m-g-Ã, Ahsb sacp¡m³ ]Tn-¡p-t¼mgmWv PohnXw kt´m-j-]qÀ®-am-Ip¶-Xv. Dd-hn-S-a-dn-bm¯ aäp Nne D²-c-Wn-IÄ Rm³ HcmÄ am{X-am-Wv, ]t£ Rm³ HcmÄ BWv. FÃmw sN¿m³ Fs¶-s¡m-−m-hn-Ã, ]t£ NnesXms¡ sN¿m³ F\n¡p Ign-bpw. F\n¡p sN¿m³ Ign-bp¶ NneXv sN¿p-¶-Xn Rm³ hogvN hcp-¯m³ ]mSn-Ã. slesâ t]cn D²-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Cu hmNIw bYmÀ°-¯n Ah-cpsS _Ôp-hmb

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FtUzÀUv Fh-sdäv tlbv Fgp-Xnb ‘sS³ ssSwkv h¬ Cukv sS³’ (]¯v Hä-IÄ tNÀ¶m ]¯mIpw) F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯n \n¶m-Wv. sle\pw tlbvepw X½n \à ASp¸-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. slesâ Bß-I-Y-bn tlbven-s\-gp-Xnb I¯p-Ifpw DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p−v. 1910 Fgp-Xnb ‘Z tkmMv Hm^v Z tÌm¬ hmÄ’ (I·-Xn-ensâ kwKo-Xw) sle³ kaÀ¸n¨Xv Xte-hÀjw acn¨ tlbven\v Bbn-cp-¶p. apJw kqcy\p t\tc Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡pI. ImtW-−n-h-cn-I-tb-bn-Ã. kqcy-Im-´n-¸q-¡Ä ¶Xv AXm-Wv.

\ng sN¿p-

temIw {]iv\-¡p-cp-¡p-IÄ \nd-ª-Xm-Wv, kwi-banà Xs¶. F¶m Ipcp-¡p-I-f-gn-¡p-¶-hÀ DÅn-St¯mfw \½psS temIw at\m-lcw Xs¶-bm-bn-cn-¡pw. temI-¯nse Gähpw \ÃXpw at\m-l-c-hp-ambn hkvXp-¡Ä It−m sXmt«m Adn-bm-hp-¶-h-bÃ; Ah lrZbw sIm−v A\p-`-hn-¨p-Xs¶tb Adn-bm³ Ignbq. C´ym-k-µÀi-\-th-f-bnse ktµiw \msf \n§Ä AÔ-cm-bn-¯oÀt¶-¡mw. AXp a\-Ên-em¡n C¶p \n§-fpsS ImgvN {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. aäv C{µn-b§-fpsS Imcyhpw A§-s\-X-s¶. \msf tIÄhn \jvS-s¸t«-¡m-sa-t¶mÀ¡pI; C¶p kwKo-Xhpw ]£n-I-fpsS ]m«pw Bkz-Zn-¡p-I. ]pjv]-kp-K-Ô-§Ä Bkz-Zn-¡p-I. `£W]m\o-b-§Ä cpNn-tbmsS Ign-¡p-I.

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Major names are given in English itself for reference.   o o o o o o o o o o

Tuscumbia, Alabama, USA   Arcan  Ridge,  Westport,  Connecticut,  USA   Perkins School for the Blind   Wright‐Humason School for the Deaf   Horace Mann School for the Deaf   Henry Huttleton Rogers,   John Macy   Anne Sullivan   Polly Thompson   Winnie Corbally 

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