Hebrew Bible And Commentary

Torah TANAK Targum Gemara Midrash Akkedah

Tanakh Torah or law N’ vi’im or prophets Kituvim or writings

Tanakh Torah N’ vi’im Kethuvi m

Targum Targum means “translation” An early Jewish translation of the Bible into Aramaic (all except Ezra, Nehemiah, Daniel) The Targum Onqelos is widely accepted by Jews as the most authoritative Targum to the Torah

Talmud • The word “Talmud” means “study” or “learning” • “Talmud” refers to the opinions and teachings students acquire from their teachers • The totality of one’s acquired knowledge • Most commonly denotes two bodies of material that are commentary on the “Mishna” (the Jewish legal texts):

Mishnah • An early 3rd century compendium of largely legal material containing the regulations and beliefs that are foundational to Rabbinic Judaism and all later Jewish thought. • It builds upon the legal material in the Hebrew Bible, but stands independent from it. • It comprises about 150 authorities from about 50 BCE to 200 CE • The Tosefta is a “supplement” to the

Gemara • The Aramaic name for both the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmud. • Palestinian Talmud = 350-450 CE • Babylonian Talmud = 550-600 CE, and represents the fully expounded system of Rabbinic Judaism – Oral Torah: includes Mishnah and Tosefta – Written Torah: theological themes in the Hebrew Bible