Habit And Leaf Form.docx

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Habit and leaf form. Aquatic herbs; laticiferous (with articulated laticifers). Without conspicuous aggregations of leaves; rhizomatous. Hydrophytic; rooted. Leaves emergent, or floating. Heterophyllous (in the sense that the leaf primordia arise in threes: one giving rise to a scale-leaf on the underside of the rhizome, which at first envelopes the terminal bud, while the second develops into an upper scale leaf which enwraps the petiole base of the large laminate leaf). Leaves medium-sized, or large; with the peculiar arrangement described; foliage leaves long petiolate; simple; peltate. Lamina entire; palmately veined. Leaves stipulate. Stipules intrapetiolar; concrescent; ochreate. Leaf development not ‘graminaceous’. Leaf anatomy. Stomata present; anomocytic. Lamina with secretory cavities. Secretory cavities containing latex. The mesophyll without sclerenchymatous idioblasts. Foliar vessels absent. Axial (stem, wood) anatomy. Secretory cavities present; with latex. Primary vascular tissues consisting of scattered bundles. Secondary thickening absent. The axial xylem without vessels. The axial xylem presumably with tracheids. Root anatomy. Root xylem with vessels. Reproductive type, pollination. Unisexual flowers absent. Plants hermaphrodite. Pollination entomophilous; via beetles. Inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed morphology. Flowers solitary; bracteate (via an upper scale leaf); ebracteolate; large; regular; acyclic. The perianth acyclic and the androecium acyclic, or the perianth acyclic, the androecium acyclic, and the gynoecium acyclic (the gynoecium in ‘more or less distinct’ whorls). Free hypanthium absent. Perianth with distinct calyx and corolla (the outer several members perhaps interpretable as K), or sequentially intergrading from sepals to petals; about 22–30; free. Calyx (if so interpreted) 2–8; polysepalous; not persistent; imbricate. Corolla (if the inner members so interpreted) 18–28; polypetalous; imbricate; yellow, or red to pink. Androecium about 200–400. Androecial members maturing centripetally; free of the perianth; free of one another; spiralled. Androecium exclusively of fertile stamens. Stamens about 200–400; filantherous. Anthers adnate; non-versatile; dehiscing via longitudinal slits; introrse and latrorse; tetrasporangiate; appendaged. The anther appendages apical (as a flat or clavate extension of the connective). Endothecium developing fibrous thickenings. Microsporogenesis simultaneous. Tapetum glandular. Pollen shed as single grains. Pollen grains aperturate; 3 aperturate; colpate; 3-celled. Gynoecium 12–40 carpelled; apocarpous; eu-apocarpous; superior. Carpel apically stigmatic (the stigma annular-dilated); 1(–2) ovuled. Placentation apical to marginal (ventral). Ovules pendulous; apotropous; with dorsal raphe; non-arillate; anatropous; bitegmic; crassinucellate. Outer integument not contributing to the micropyle. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type. Antipodal cells formed; 3; not proliferating; very ephemeral. Synergids pear-shaped. Endosperm formation cellular. Embryogeny asterad. Fruit non-fleshy (but the individual carpels sunken in the spongy receptacle); an aggregate. The fruiting carpels not coalescing (ultimately — free within the receptacle, released separately as it disintegrates),

or coalescing into a secondary syncarp (i.e. this structure being not unreasonably described as such). The fruiting carpel indehiscent; nucular. Fruit loosely enclosed with its neighbours in the spongy, swollen receptacle, finally released by decay; 1 seeded. Seeds non-endospermic. Perisperm absent. Cotyledons 2 (connate, and sheathing the plumule). Embryo chlorophyllous (1/2). Physiology, phytochemistry. Not cyanogenic. Alkaloids present. Iridoids not detected. Saponins/sapogenins absent. Proanthocyanidins present. Ellagic acid absent. Sieve-tube plastids S-type. Geography, cytology. Sub-tropical to tropical. Eastern U.S.A. to Colombia, and warm Asia to Northeast Australia. X = 16. Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Crassinucelli. Dahlgren’s Superorder Magnoliiflorae; Nelumbonales. Cronquist’s Subclass Magnoliidae; Nymphaeales. APG III core angiosperms; peripheral eudicot; Superorder Proteanae. APG IV Order Proteales. Species 2. Genera 1; only genus, Nelumbo. Economic uses, etc. N. pentapetala rhizomes provided starchy food for American Indians. Kebiasaan dan bentuk daun. Herba akuatik; latisifer (dengan latatik artikulasi). Tanpa agregasi daun yang mencolok; rhizomatous. Hidrofitik; berakar. Daun muncul, atau mengambang. Heterophyllous (dalam arti bahwa primordia daun timbul bertiga: satu yang menghasilkan daun skala di bagian bawah rimpang, yang pada mulanya menyelimuti tunas terminal, sementara yang kedua berkembang menjadi daun skala atas yang meliputi dasar petiole dari daun laminasi besar). Daun berukuran sedang, atau besar; dengan pengaturan aneh yang dijelaskan; daun daun panjang petiolate; sederhana; melempari. Seluruh Lamina; palmined berurat. Daun menetapkan. Intrapetiolar stipul; concrescent; ochreate. Pengembangan daun tidak 'graminaceous'. Anatomi daun. Stomata hadir; anomositik. Lamina dengan rongga sekresi. Rongga sekretorik mengandung lateks. Mesofil tanpa idioblas sclerenchymatous. Kapal-kapal foliar tidak ada. Anatomi aksial (batang, kayu). Rongga sekretorik hadir; dengan lateks. Jaringan vaskular primer yang terdiri dari kumpulan yang tersebar. Penebalan sekunder tidak ada. The xilem aksial tanpa kapal. Xilem aksial mungkin dengan tracheids. Anatomi akar. Akar xilem dengan pembuluh. Jenis reproduksi, penyerbukan. Bunga Unisex tidak ada. Tanaman hermaprodit. Penyerbukan entomofili; melalui kumbang. Perbungaan, bunga, buah dan morfologi biji. Bunga-bunga soliter; bracteate (melalui daun skala atas); ebracteolate; besar; reguler; asiklik. The perianth asiklik dan androecium asiklik, atau perianth asiklik, androecium asyclic, dan gynoecium acyclic (gynoecium dalam 'lebih atau kurang berbeda' whorls). Kehadiran hypanthium gratis. Perianth dengan calyx dan corolla yang berbeda (beberapa anggota luar yang mungkin diinterpretasikan sebagai K), atau secara berurutan memadukan dari sepal ke kelopak; sekitar 22–30; bebas. Calyx (jika

ditafsirkan demikian) 2–8; polisepal; tidak gigih; imbricate. Corolla (jika anggota batin begitu ditafsirkan) 18–28; polypetalous; imbricate; kuning, atau merah ke merah muda. Androecium sekitar 200-400. Anggota-anggota khusus yang matang secara sentripetal; bebas dari perianth; bebas satu sama lain; berputar. Androecium secara eksklusif dari benang sari subur. Benang sari sekitar 200–400; filantherous. Anthers adnate; tidak serbaguna; dehiscing melalui celah longitudinal; introrse dan latrorse; tetrasporangiate; terlampir. Apher pelengkap apikal (sebagai ekstensi datar atau klavata dari ikat). Endothecium berkembang menjadi serabut fibrosa. Microsporogenesis simultan. Kelenjar tapetum. Serbuk sari ditumbuk sebagai biji-bijian tunggal. Bijih serbuk sari aperturate; 3 aperturate; colpate; 3-sel. Gynoecium 12-40 diasah; apokarpus; eu-apocarpous; unggul. Carpel apically stigmatic (stigma annulardilated); 1 (–2) berovulasi. Placentation apikal ke marginal (ventral). Ovules terjumbai; apotrop; dengan punggung raphe; tidak beraroma; anatropous; bitegmic; crassinucellate. Luar integumen tidak berkontribusi pada micropyle. Embrio-kantung pengembangan Polygonum-type. Sel-sel antipodal terbentuk; 3; tidak berkembang biak; sangat fana. Sinergid berbentuk buah pir. Formasi sel endosperma. Embryogeny asterad. Buah yang tidak berdaging (tetapi individu-individu karamel tenggelam di wadah spons); sebuah agregat. Karpel yang berbuah tidak bersatu (akhirnya - bebas dalam wadah, dilepaskan secara terpisah saat ia hancur), atau bergabung menjadi sinkarp sekunder (yaitu struktur ini tidak digambarkan seperti itu). Karangan buah yang membuahkan hasil yang tak terhindarkan; nucular. Buah-buahan yang dikatupkan dengan tetangganya dalam wadah yang melimpah dan bengkak, akhirnya dilepaskan oleh pembusukan; 1 biji. Biji non-endospermic. Tidak ada Perisperm. Cotyledons 2 (berkonotasi, dan menyarungkan bulu kecil). Embryo chlorophyllous (1/2). Fisiologi, fitokimia. Bukan sianogenik. Alkaloid hadir. Iridoids tidak terdeteksi. Saponin / sapogenin tidak ada. Proanthocyanidins hadir. Asam Ellagic tidak ada. Saringan-tabung plastida tipe-S. Geografi, sitologi. Sub-tropis ke tropis. AS Timur ke Kolombia, dan Asia yang hangat ke Australia Timur Laut. X = 16. Taksonomi. Subkelas Dicotyledonae; Crassinucelli. Superorder Magnoliiflora Dahlgren; Nelumbonales. Subclass Magnoliidae milik Cronquist; Nymphaeales. APG III angiosperma inti; eudicot perifer; Superorder Proteanae. APG IV Orde Proteales. Spesies 2. Genera 1; hanya genus, Nelumbo. Penggunaan ekonomi, dll N. rimpang pentapetala menyediakan makanan bertepung untuk Indian Amerika.

https://www.delta-intkey.com/angio/www/nelumbon.htm

https://www.delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm

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