Grammar Packet

Principles of English II Mr. Paap

Parts of Speech description 1. Noun – a word that names a person, place, thing, or an idea. EX: student, community, poem, hunger a. Proper Nouns are specific names. EX: Mr. Paap, Arizona, Carson Junior High School, Sears 2. Pronouns – words that take the place of nouns EX: he, she, me, I, we, they, who, them

3. Adjectives – words that DESCRIBE nouns & pronouns EX: young, beautiful, blue, tall, old, goofy a. ARTICLES – a, an, & the are adjectives 4. Verbs – a. Action verbs – words that DO. EX: run, yell, scream, cry, hop, write, listen b. Linking verbs – words that link/join the subject & the predicate – no action EX: be, feels, was were, are 5. Adverbs – words that describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. EX: today, well, carefully, intensely, never, almost, next 6. Conjunctions – CONNECT words to show how they are related EX: and, but, or, nor, yet, for neither, both 7. Interjections – words that show strong emotion EX: ARGH! I forgot my homework 8. Prepositions – a word that introduces a phrase and shows the relationship between the object of the phrase and some other word in the sentence. about above across after against along among around at

amid before behind below beneath beside between beyond

but by down during except for from in

inside into like near or off on onto

out outside over past since through throughout to

toward under underneath until up upon with within without

Feelings

Quality

Abstract

love sad happy fear anger joy despair surprise trust serenity grief somber excitement selfish confusion hope stress disappointment courage hatred somber gratitude pride generous frustration kindness isolation contempt suspense shame

expectation greatness trust loyalty obedient cheerful reverent leadership fellowship relationship fragile honesty friendship justice ignorance knowledge youth success helpful dishonest strength dexterity feeble

religion choice mystery prejudice expectation spirit youth life death conflict character luck values miracle labor desire serendipidy

Plural vs. Possessive Nouns

Name ___________________________ Period ___________________________

Each space in the paragraph below is preceded by an "opportunity for error" in the formation of plurals or possessives. If the word is correct, write a C in the space; if it is incorrect, write an I.

THE FAMILY REUNION My friend's

, the Rodriguez's

together since the late 1980's

, had a big family reunion last summer. They hadn't been , according to Carmen, and there were many cousins

hadn't seen since then and some new baby's Uncle Silvio's

she'd never met before. "Aunt Flo

she and

family had really grown," she said. Flo, who already had five kids of her

own, had divorced and remarried and Flo's -- filled a minivan and two taxis

and Silvio's

kids -- like a bunch of elves

. Fortunately, Flo and Silvio have PhD's

psychology with good incomes to match. "We should've leased busses

in

for everyone,"

Carmen added.

They had their big dinner down at that place owned by Joe Pagani, Paganis Illinois's

Ristorante,

most popular and expensive restaurant. It was jammed and familys

arriving in bunch's waitresses the childrens'

until some people ended up sitting on box's

went crazy keeping up with the order's

and benches

. The

, especially with kids ordering from

menu. When it came time to pay the bill, they couldn't find Agnes's

purse, and she had collected all the money. They had a lot of laughes all those dish's

kept

about washing

until Uncle Antony found his baby girl, Eutrusca, curled up under his chair,

sound asleep, using Agneses'

bag for a pillow. Eutrusca hadn't waited for her grandpas

long after-dinner speech to put her to sleep.

A pronoun is a word that stands for a noun. Here are the ways we use pronouns ¾ to name specific people or things: You look like him. ¾ to point to non-specific people or things: Everyone enjoyed the party, but nobody remembered to thank the hostess. ¾ to point to something: This is the dress I want. ¾ to refer back to the subject: Bruce hurt himself. ¾ to show mutual action: Ryan and Wesley were wrestling and hurt each other. ¾ to add emphasis: I myself love intensive pronouns. ¾ to ask a question: Who is that? ¾ to show ownership: That's not yours; its mine! A pronoun takes the place of a noun. The antecedent is the noun that the pronoun takes the place of or stands for. Example: I am Kristen. I is the pronoun. Who or what does it stand for? It stands for Kristen. The antecedent of I is Kristen. Tucker gave his sister her doll. His is a pronoun. Who does it stand for? It stands for Tucker, so the antecedent of his is Tucker. The word her is also a pronoun and it stands for sister. The antecedent of her is sister. The pronoun almost always refers to the noun closest to it. If you put pronouns in odd places, it's hard to tell what the antecedent is. Common pronouns Personal pronouns:

(First person) I, me, my, mine, we , us our, ours, (Second Person) you, your, yours, he, him, his, she, (Third Person) her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs.

Indefinite pronouns

(An indefinite pronoun does not refer to a definite person, place, thing, or idea.)

all, both, few, nobody, other, any, either, more, none, several, anyone, everything, much no one, some Interrogative pronouns (introduces a question) what, which, who, whom, whose

1. Pronouns must AGREE in NUMBER with the noun they replace. If the pronoun takes the place of a singular noun, you have to use a singular pronoun. Example: Right If a student parks a car on campus, he or she has to buy a parking sticker. Wrong If people want to stay healthy, you must eat well and watch your waistline. (people is third person; you and your are second person.) Wrong Each girl wants to look be beautiful on their prom night. (girl is singular; their is plural) Remember: The words Everybody, anybody, anyone, each, neither, nobody, someone, a person, are some of the singular pronouns that take the place of singular nouns.

2. Pronouns must AGREE in PERSON. If you are writing in the "first person" (I), don't confuse your reader by switching to the "second person" (you) or "third person" (he, she, they, it, etc.). Similarly, if you are using the "second person", don't switch to "first" or "third". Example: When a person comes to class, he or she should have his or her homework ready. (NOT: When a person comes to class, you should have your homework ready.) 3. Pronouns must REFER CLEARLY to a specific noun. Don't be vague or ambiguous. Example: Although the motorcycle hit the tree, it was not damaged. (Is "it" the motorcycle or the tree?) I don't think they should show violence on TV. (Who is "They"?) Vacation is coming soon, which is nice. (What is nice, the vacation or the fact that it is coming soon?)

Adjectives are describing words that give us information about a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. Adjectives modify or affect the meaning of nouns and pronouns and tell us which, whose, what kind, and how many about the nouns or pronouns they modify. They come before the noun or pronoun they modify except for the predicate adjective which comes after a linking verb and modifies the subject. There are seven (7) words in the English language that are always adjectives. They are the articles a, an, and the and the possessives my, our, your, and their. (The possessives are from the possessive pronoun list but are always used with nouns as adjectives.) Being only seven in number, you should memorize them so they are immediately recognized as adjectives. Basic adjectives (definitely not a complete list)

which that this a, an the those which what upper, lower

whose his/her theirs someone, somebody no one, nobody its, ours my, your Bob’s

what kind blue, green (color) new, old, wet, used (type or age) English, Austrian (origin) square, short (shape) big, small (size) beautiful, costly (description) amazed, frightened (attached by a linking verb and followed by a preposition)

how many 1, 3, 33, 1,000 (number) some, none more, many any, all fewer several another

Articles Two types of articles: definite (the) and indefinite (a or an) We use "definite" to mean sure, certain. "Definite" is particular. We use "indefinite" to mean not sure, not certain. "Indefinite" is general. When we are talking about one thing in particular, we use the. When we are talking about one thing in general, we use a or an. Think of the sky at night. In the sky there is 1 moon and millions of stars. So normally we could say: ƒ ƒ

I saw the moon last night. I saw a star last night.

Comparisons Adjectives that have one syllable usually take -er and -est. Adjectives that have two syllables and end in y (early), ow (narrow), and le (gentle), can also take -er and -est. Almost all other adjectives with two or more syllables require the use of more and most. The rules are indicated in the chart below: Number of Syllables Unchanged Comparative Superlative 1

fast

faster

fastest

2

happy

happier

happiest

complex

more complex most complex

beautiful

more beautiful most beautiful

3 or more

English also has a few adjectives whose comparative and superlative forms are irregular: Positive Comparative

Superlative

good

better

best

bad

worse

worst

little

littler, less

littlest, least

far

farther, further farthest, furthest

Where do we put adjectives in a sentence? Adjective Before Noun We sometimes use more than one adjective before the noun: ƒ I like big black dogs. ƒ She was wearing a beautiful long red dress. What is the correct order for two or more adjectives? 1 The general order is: opinion, fact: a nice French car (not 'a French nice car') ('Opinion' is what you think about something. 'Fact' is what is definitely true about something.) 2 The normal order for fact adjectives is size, age, shape, color, material, origin: ƒ

a big, old, square, black, wooden Chinese table

3 Determiners usually come first, even though they are fact adjectives: ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

articles (a, the) possessives (my, your...) demonstratives (this, that...) quantifiers (some, any, few, many...) numbers (one, two, three)

Here is an example with opinion and fact adjectives: adjectives

noun

determiner opinion fact

Two

nice

age

shape

color

old

round red

When we want to use two color adjectives, we join them with 'and': ƒ ƒ

Newspapers are usually black and white. She was wearing a long, blue and yellow dress.

candles.

We can use an adjective after certain verbs. Even though the adjective is after the verb, it does not describe the verb. It describes the subject of the verb (usually a noun or pronoun). For example: subject verb adjective • • • • • • • • •

Ram is English. Because she had to wait, she became impatient. Is it getting dark? The examination did not seem difficult. Your friend looks nice. This towel feels damp. That new film doesn't sound very interesting. Dinner smells good tonight. This milk tastes sour. Some other examples of adjectives:

colors

blue dark yellow dim bright colorful faded tarnished highlighted

descriptions

beautiful new ugly vivacious rectangular Asian historical large funny

comparisons

new/newer/newest old/older/oldest good/better/best quick/quicker/quickest nice/nicer/nicest impatient/ more impatient/ most impatient bad/worse/worst

pronouns & possessives his hers family’s Anderson’s company’s teacher’s my your theirs

adjective phrases The boy, who never told a lie, said it was the girl in the pigtails. Raise your hand if you have fewer than three years of experience.

**REMEMBER: Adjectives are words or phrases that modify a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. Words that modify adjectives are adverbs. For example: She knights intricately patterned mittens. The adverb intricately modifies the adjective patterned which modifies the noun mittens.

Articles Student: Do you know what the 3 articles are? ______________, ______________, & _______________ An ARTICLE is the most commonly used __________________________________ . The 3 articles are ______________, ___________________, & ___________________ .

Rules to Remember!! Indefinite articles (a, an) they refer to someone or something in general. 1. Us the article A before words that begin with a _____________________ sound. o (your example) _________________________________________________________ . 2. Use the article An before words that begin with a _______________ , or consonant words having a vowel sound. o (your example) _________________________________________________________ .

Definite articles (the) refers to someone or something in particular. 3. When the article "The" comes before a word beginning with a consonant, pronounce the article THE . . . ____________ (tha) ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. When the article "the" comes before a word beginning with a vowel sound, pronounce the article THE . . . __________ (thee) ___________________________________________________________________________

* Articles are the most commonly used adjectives!!

Name ____________________ Date NOTE: Every sentence has at least one verb. A verb expresses action or a state of being. Verbs can be action verbs or linking verbs. Examples:

Action verbs

Linking verbs

run dance sing study talk climb debate fall drink

is was were have been be are should have been appear become

may be can be will be looks am seem turn taste remain

Directions: Underline all the action verbs once and the linking verbs twice in the following paragraphs. Paragraph 1 It was in that class that I fell in love with my corner gal who looked like Hayley Mills, except she was not as boyish. I was primed to fall in love because of the afternoon movies I watched on television, most of which were stories about women and men coming together, parting with harsh feelings, and embracing in the end to marry and drive big cars.

Paragraph 2 He did not answer. When he went away, I remember that a new moon hung over the mountains, and I watched him go in silence up the hill. I expected him the next day, but he did not come. The details of packing my personal belongings, loading my car, arranging the bed over the seat, where the dog would ride, occupied me until late in the day. I closed the cabin and started the car, noticing that the sun was in the west and I should do well to be out of the mountains by night fall. I stopped by the orphanage and left the cabin key and money for my light bill with Miss Clark.

Linking Verbs

A linking verb is a verb that expresses a state of being. A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence with a word in the predicate that identifies or describes the subject. Linking Verbs - Be am is are was were been

has been have been had been will be shall be

may be might be can should be would have

Other linking verbs appear become feel prove

grow look remain

seem smell sound

stay taste turn

Some words may be linking or action verbs depending on how they are used. Example: Amy looked through the telescope. Amy looked pale.

FINDING SUBJECTS AND VERBS Underline the verbs twice and the subjects once.

1. He depends on her in times of need.

2. Watch your step.

3. The insurance agent gave her sound advice.

4. On the table was her purse.

5. In the newspaper, an interesting article appeared.

6. Look before you leap.

7. Across the road lived her boyfriend.

8. We are forced to inhale and exhale this smog-filled air.

9. In the gutter, I found a shiny new dime.

10. Around every cloud is a silver lining.

11. Every one of the roses bloomed.

Verbs must agree with their subject (nouns) in number.

Name

_________________

Date

_________________

Period _________________

Directions: From the choices provided. After each sentence select a word that would correctly complete the sentence. 1. The piano as well as the pipe organ ____________ to be tuned for the big concert. A. has B. have 2. The mayor together with his two brothers ____________ going to be indicted for accepting bribes. A. are B. is 3. Neither of my two suitcases ____________ adequate for this trip. A. is B. are 4. There ____________ a list of committee members on the head-table. A. are B. is 5. Everybody in the class ____________ done the homework well in advance. A. has B. has 6. The jury ____________ their seats in the courtroom. A. take B. takes 7. Neither the teacher nor the students ____________ to understand this assignment. A. seem B. seems 8. ____________ either my father or my brothers made a down-payment on the house? A. Has B. Have 9. Hartford is one of those cities which ____________ working hard to reclaim a riverfront. A. is B. are 10. Some of the grain ____________ gone bad. A. have B. has 11. John or his brother ____________ going to be responsible for this. A. are B. is 12. A few of the students ____________ doing so well they can skip the next course. A. are B. is 13. Either the Committee on Course Design or the Committee on College Operations ____________ these matters. A. decide B. decides 14. One of my instructors ____________ written me a letter of recommendation. A. have B. has

Name

_____________________

Date

_____________________

Period ______

Directions: Identify the verb in each of the following sentences. Then label each verb as either an action verb or a linking verb. If the verb is a linking verb, give the two words that it connects. Examples: 1. We sent our dog to obedience school. 1. sent - action verb 2. Some breeds are extremely nervous. 2. are - linking verb; breeds, nervous. 1. Everyone felt sorry about the misunderstanding.

2. In daylight, the sweater looks blue.

3. The temperature plunged to almost ten degrees below zero.

4. The museum exhibited Inuit sculptures of whales and seals.

5. Loretta felt her way carefully through the dark, quiet room.

6. The city almost always smells musty after a heavy summer storm.

7. Dakar is the capital of Senegal.

8. The firefighter cautiously smelled the burned rags.

9. Antonia Novello was the Surgeon General of the United States.

10. They looked handsome in their party clothes.

Linking Verbs Quiz Directions:

Identify the linking verb(s) in each of the following sentences. Write the verb on the line provided.

1. J.K. Rowling is an author.

_______________

2. The students remained quiet through the lesson on linking verbs.

_______________

3. Jesus looked pale and green after lunch.

_______________

4. It looks like rain today.

_______________

5. The sky appears to be sunny and warm.

_______________

6. Her child grew over the summer!

_______________

7. The hot, cinnamon apple pie smells delicious.

_______________

8. Everyone felt sad at the end of the movie.

_______________

9. The band sounds great tonight.

_______________

10. Harold and George were restless at the assembly.

_______________

11. M*A*S*H was my favorite television show.

_______________

12. Susan’s brother is an Air Force pilot.

_______________

13. I felt nervous the first day of school.

_______________

14. It looks like another great semester is ahead of us.

_______________

15. The circus is in town.

_______________

16. Josh seems upset about having to do homework tonight.

_______________

17. It should be an exciting year for the Freshmen Football team.

_______________

18. The Principal looks out for what is best for his students.

_______________

19. It has been a while since I read Lord of the Rings.

_______________

20. My little brother’s feet smells like a swamp!

_______________

21. I can succeed.

_______________

22. She feels like dancing at the party.

_______________

23. This has been a very helpful practice.

_______________

24. Linking verbs are not difficult to understand.

_______________

25. I will do my homework and study vocabulary words tonight.

_______________

Action Verb Practice Sheet Directions:

Identify the action verb(s) in each of the following sentences. Write the verb(s) on the line provided

1. For a science project, Zeek built an Aztec sundial.

_______________

2. Ms. Santos Carefully explained the problem again.

_______________

3. I enjoy soccer more than any other sport.

_______________

4. The hiker plummeted 12 feet and landed in a patch of poison sumac.

_______________

5. Mike’s skateboard skidded on the pavement.

_______________

6. Mrs. Morrow showed us the recipe for chocolate covered crickets.

_______________

7. To avoid clumps, mix all of the ingredients slowly.

_______________

8. The heavy Los Angeles traffic delayed us.

_______________

9. For the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur, Rachel gave a special prayer.

_______________

10. The early Aztecs worshiped the sun.

_______________

11. I saw the movie Tomb Raider last week.

_______________

12. Everyone boogied at our wedding.

_______________

13. Oh no! My father volunteered to chaperone our senior prom!

_______________

14. Mary Lou invited me to the meeting.

_______________

15. She runs four miles every morning.

_______________

16. Derrick greeted the visitors.

_______________

17. Felicia painted her entire room black and bought a black light too.

_______________

18. Her parents asked Sam for help with their computer.

_______________

19. His Grandfather wrestled with the garbage can lid.

_______________

20. Ricardo sang in the car as he drove to the concert.

_______________

21. Mickey Mouse waved to me at Disney Land.

_______________

22. Shakira’s dog tore up the living room rug.

_______________

23. The teacher waited for the class to stop talking before he continued.

_______________

24. The students complained about the worksheet they had to do.

_______________

25. We practiced action verbs in class today.

_______________

Name ________________________

An adverb is a word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and tells these things:

1. where: there, here, outside, inside, away 2. when: now, then, later, immediately, yesterday 3. how: quickly, slowly, stupidly, gracefully, effortlessly 4. how often or how long: frequently, never, twice, sometimes 5. how much: hardly, extremely, minimally, greatly, too, more

Difference between an adjective and an adverb is that an adjective modifies a noun or pronoun only while an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Adjective

Adverb

sad

sadly

kind

kindly

quick

quickly

tender

tenderly

artistic

artistically (irregular spelling -ally)

noisy

noisily )irregular spelling y becomes i

Which is correct, the adverb or the adjective? 1. This is a (large, largely) house. 2. I am (extreme, extremely) tired. 3. He looked (stupid, stupidly). 4. This sentence is written awfully (bad, badly). 5. I am (real, really) sure that this is a (real, really) diamond, not a fake.

A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions join two sentences together. The chart shows the types of coordinating conjunctions. If you can remember the word FANBOYS you will be able to remember coordinating conjunctions.

F

A

N B O Y S

for and nor but or yet so

correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They join similar elements. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. both. . . .and not only . . . but also either . . . or neither . . . nor whether . . . or

as in: as in: as in: as in: as in:

Both the students and the teachers enjoyed the presentation. Not only was the test long, but also very difficult. We will either win the war or die trying! Neither the local police nor the FBI could solve the murder. Whether you try hard or not, you still need to pass this class.

A subordinating conjunctions (sometimes called a dependent word or subordinator) comes at the beginning of a subordinate (or Dependent) clause and establishes the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning. He took to the stage as though he had been preparing for this moment all his life. Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the movies. Unless we act now, all is lost. Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions in the table below — after, before, since — are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence.

after although as as if as long as as though

because before even if even though if if only

Common Subordinating Conjunctions in order that than now that that once though rather than till since unless so that until

when whenever where whereas wherever while

Interjections are words that show emotions. This is the only part of speech that is not dependent upon any other part of speech and can be deleted in its entirety and the sentence will still maintain its meaning – but it may not show the emotions associated with the interjection. Interjections add color and personality to writing and are usually followed by an exclamation point. They should not be abused, though. People use interjections a lot when they speak, showing emotions. Slang, derogatory, and “street language” is full of interjections, which are not usually appropriate for an English class. However, in your writing (outside of class) these elements may add realism and validity to your writing. Sample interjections may include: Wow! Wow! I just passed my English final! Oh my god! Oh my god! Can you believe what she’s wearing?! Aarrgghh! I just totally bombed my driving test. Aarrgghh! Ouch! Ouch! I just stepped on a cactus! Yah whooo! Yah whooo! I am going skiing for Spring Break! Oh, (not always followed by an exclamation point) Oh, I didn’t see you standing there. other examples: I don’t know what the heck you are talking about! No, you shouldn’t have done that. Man! I knew I should have studied. Yo, Brian, wait up for me. Ah, is the answer Julius Ceaser?

RULE Prepositions are the words that we use to indicate location. Usually, prepositions show this location in the physical world. The cat is above the desk. The cat is below the desk. The cat is on the desk. The cat is behind the desk. The cat is in the desk. The cat is beneath the desk. The cat is next to the desk. The cat is in front of the desk. The cat is near the desk. The cat is underneath the desk.

RULE Prepositions can show location in time. At midnight, Jill went outside. In the spring, Jack went up the hill. During the night, they met by the well. After they fetched the water, they both fell down. Before they reached the bottom, Jack broke his crown.

RULE Prepositions usually introduce prepositional phrases. Preposition

+

optional modifiers

+

noun or pronoun

= a prepositional phrase

Examples: At school at = preposition ]

[ school = noun

under the stove under = preposition ]

[ the = modifier ]

[ stove = noun

in the crumb-filled, rumpled sheets in = preposition ]

[ the, crumb-filled, rumpled = modifiers ]

[ sheets = noun

Directions: Using the table, write each sentence using a prepositional phrase. Example: The boy hit the ball. The boy hit the ball on the roof. 1. We came home. ____________________________ 2. They danced all night. ____________________________ 3. I could see the mountains. ____________________________ 4. He sits at the front desk. ____________________________ 5. The cat ran.

about above according to across after against along along with among apart from around as as for at because of before behind below beneath beside between beyond but* by by means of

concerning despite down during except except for excepting for from in in addition to in back of in case of in front of in place of inside in spite of instead of into like near next of off on

_____________________________

Directions: Circle the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. 1. On Saturdays, we often eat a late breakfast. 2. Inside, the house was very cold. 3. The manager recommended Jim for the new position. 4. The evidence in this case is quite clear. 5. We acted quickly at the first warning of the flood. 6. Nine of the team members left their uniforms on the bus. 7. My new suit will be ready after 2:00 P.M. Thursday. 8. Marsha has been working on her speech for five days now.

onto on top of out out of outside over past regarding round since through throughout till to toward under underneath unlike until up upon up to with within without